动词加ed和ing规则

动词过去式变化规则及其读音规则

规则动词的过去式变化如下：

1、一般情况下，动词词尾加 -ed ，如：

work ---worked play---played wanted----wanted act----acted

2、以不发音的 -e 结尾动词，动词词尾加 -d，如：

live---lived move----moved taste---tasted hope---hoped

3、以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词，把-y变为-i 再加-ed，如：

study---studied copy---copied cry---cried carry---carried

4、以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加 -ed，如：

stop ---stopped

5、不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强，须多加记忆。

go – went make – made get – got buy - bought come - came fly-flew

不规则动词的过去式的构成

1．把动词原形中的i改为a，变成过去式。如：

begin—began，drink—drank，give—gave，ring—rang，sing—sang，sit—sat，swim—swam

2．把重读开音节中的i改为o，变成过去式。如：

drive—drove，ride—rode，write—wrote

3．改动词原形中的aw ／ow为ew，变成过去式。如：

draw—drew，grow—grew，know—knew，throw—threw（动词show除外，show—showed）

4．动词原形中的e改为o，变成过去式。如：

get—got，forget—forgot

5．动词原形中的ee改为e，变成过去式。如：

feed—fed，meet—met

6．动词原形中的eep改为ept，变成过去式。如：

keep—kept，sleep—slept，sweep—swept

7．动词原形中的eak改为oke，变成过去式。如：

break—broke，speak—spoke

8．动词原形中的ell改为old，变成过去式。如：

sell—sold，tell—told

9．动词原形中的an改为oo，变成过去式。如：

stand—stood，understand—understood

10．以ought和aught结尾，且读音是〔 :t〕的过去式。如：

bring—brought，buy— bought，think—thought，catch—caught，teach—taught

11．以ould结尾且读音为〔ud〕的情态动词过去式。如：

can—could，shall—should，will—would

12．把动词原形中的o改为a，变成过去式。如：

come—came，become—became

13．在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式，并且发生音变。如：

hear〔hi 〕—heard〔h :d〕， say〔sei〕—said〔sed〕，mean〔mi:n〕—meant〔ment〕

14．动词的过去式与动词原形一样。如：

let—let，must—must，put—put，read—read〔red〕

15．不符合上述规律的动词过去式。如：

am，is—was，are—were，build—built，do—did，eat—ate，fall—fell，feel—felt，find—found，fly—flew，go—went，have ／has—

had，hold—held，leave—left，make—made，may—might，run—ran，see—saw，take—took

过去式―-ed‖的发音规则

（1）动词词尾为―t，d‖时，发/ id /音，

want →wanted （要）need →needed （需要）

（2）动词词尾为清辅音时，发/ t / 音。

help →helped （帮助）laugh →laughed （笑）look →looked （看）

kiss →kissed （吻）wash →washed （洗） watch →watched （注视）

（3）动词词尾为t，d以外之浊辅音或元音时，发/ d /音。

call →called （叫）stay→stayed （停留）cry→cried （哭）

过去式

是英语语法的一种，表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态。一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示，而动词的过去式是在动词原形的基础上变化的。动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。 目录

过去式，过去时态 结构 概念： 例句： 构成 用法： 读法： 不规则变化动词表： 过去式，过去时态 结构 概念： 例句： 构成 用法： 读法： 不规则变化动词表： 展开 过去式，过去时态

【过去式】

1、过去发生的而现在已经结束的动作要用一般过去式来表示。 2、表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态。

3、过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为；过去主语所具备的能力和性格。 【过去时态】表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。 【过去时态结构】指的是过去时态下的动词形式的语法构成。

过去式就是动词的变化，表示过去发生的事。一般看到ago,before, in 几几年，就是过去式。 work-worked

listen-listened 一般的就是直接加ed，特殊的就有一些变化。 结构

【过去时态结构基本形式】 1、主语+动词过去式+其他； 2、否定形式

①wasn't/weren't

②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词；一般疑问句Did+主语+do+其他。 概念：

表示过去的发生动作或过去存在的某种状态 例句：

A:What did you do last weekend? B:I played football. A:Did you read books? B:Yes,I did.

构成

表示一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示，而动词的过去式是在动词原形的基础上变化的。动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。规则动词的过去式变化如下：

（1）一般情况下，动词词尾加 ed ，如：

work—worked； play—played；want— wanted； act—acted （2）以不发音的 e 结尾动词，动词词尾加 d，如： live—lived； move—moved； decide—decided； decline—declined； hope—hoped；

（3）以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词，把y变为i 再加ed，如：

studied tried copied justified cried carried embodied emptied

（4）以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加 ed，如：

stopped begged fretted dragged dropped planned dotted dripped （5）注：不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强，须多加记忆。

go - went，make - made，get - got ，buy - bought ，come - came ，fly-flew ，is/am-was，are-were ，see-saw，bring-brought，do-did，teach-taught, think-thought, say-said,sit-sat. read-read, spend-spent,

eat-ate,give-gave,sit-sat,tell-told,write-wrote,feel-felt,find-found,hear-heard,know-knew,

put-put,grow-grew,take-took,catch-caught,come-came,become-became,swim-swam，sweep—swept，sing—sang，draw—drew，

以上的（1）至（4）条中的发音均有改变，具体分别有/d/ /t/ /id/。 而不规则动词的过去式的发音则略有不同，但是有些还是按照一定规律变化的。如以上的：make - made，get - got ，buy - bought ，come - came ，fly-flew ，bring-brought，teach-taught, think-thought, say-said,sit-sat. read-read,

spend-spent,give-gave,tell-told,write-wrote,feel-felt,find-found,hear-heard,know-knew,put-put,grow-grew,take-took,catch-caught,come-came,become-became,swim-swam，sweep—swept，sing—sang，draw—drew。

仔细看一看，能发现它们的一些变化规律，也就是说不需要死记硬背这些过去式，知道了原型和变化规律，就可以写出来了。有的变化部分读音也是有规律的。分类记忆是对学习过去式很有帮助的！ 用法：

（1）

表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句,如 yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。 I worked in that factory last year. 去年我在那一家工厂工作。 I went to the Tian Long Mountain yesterday. 昨天我们去了天龙山。

一般过去时的用法一.概念：一般过去时是表示在过去的时间里发生的动作或状态，通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。

二．时间状语：yesterday, the day before yesterday, two days ago, long long ago,a minute ago,last year(week, month), just now, at that time, in those days.

三．过去时的用法：1．有确定的过去时间状语时要用过去式。 例：We had a good time last week.

2．表示过去连续发生的动作时，要用过去式。

例：The boy closed the door, turned off the window, and then went to bed.

3. 表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作，要用过去式。 例：She often came to help me at that time.

四.一般过去式的构成形式：☆Be动词的过去式： (1)肯定句：主语+ be动词的过去式（was, were）

例：He was ill yesterday. She was nine two years ago.They were my students long long ago.

(2)否定句：主语+ be动词的过去式（was, were）+ not

例：He was not ill yesterday.She was not nine two years ago.They were not my students long long ago.

(3)一般疑问句：直接把be动词提到句首。 例：Was he ill yesterday? 肯定回答：Yes, he was.

否定回答：No, he wasn't.Was she nine two years ago? Yes, she was. / No, she wasn't.Were they your students long long ago? Yes, they were. / No, they weren't.

☆实意动词的过去式：(1)肯定句：主语+动词的过去式

例：He played football last week.She watched TV last night. (2)否定句：主语+ did not +动词原形

例：He did not play football last week.She didn’t watch TV last night.

(3)一般疑问句：Did +主语+动词原形 例：Did he play football last week?

回答：Yes, he did./ No, he didn't. Did she watch TV last night?

回答：Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t.

五．动词变过去式的几种常用规则：1．一般动词直接+ ed; 例：look--looked want--wanted listen --listened

2．以e结尾的词直接+ d;例：live--lived phone--phoned 3．以辅音字母加y结尾, 变y为i加ed;例：try--tried study--studied 4．重读闭音节结尾的，词尾只有一个辅音字母，双写词尾辅音字母+ ed;例：stop--stopped plan--planned

5.不规则动词: 动词由原形转变为过去式时不按词尾加“-ed”之变化规则者叫做不规则动词。小学常见的动词不规则过去式如：是be/is/am/are- was, 是are- were, 来come-came, 去go- went, 有have- had, 做/干do- did, 做make- made 读read- read, 放put- put, 切割cut- cut,写write- wrote, 带走take- took, 买buy- bought, 带来bring- brought,想think- thought, 看见see- saw, 说say- said, 说话speak- spoke,打破break- broke, 得到get- got, 跑run- ran, 告诉tell- told,唱sing- sang, 喝drink- drank, 吃eat- ate, 游泳swim- swam,开始begin- began, 偷steal- stole, 遇见meet- met, 卖sell- sold, 坐sit- sat,跑run-ran,读read-read,想要want-want,知道know/known等等

表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句,如 yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。 I

worked in that factory last year. 去年我在那一家工厂工作。 I went to the Tian Long Mountain yesterday. 昨天我们去了天龙山。I stayed at home,yesterday.昨天，我整日呆在家里. （2）

一般过去时态：表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。谓语动词要用一般过去式。

时间标志：yesterday（昨天）, last weekend（上周）, last month（上个月）, last year（去年）, two months ago（两个月前）, the day before yesterday（前天），in 1990 (在1990年), in those days （在那些日子里）等表示过去的时间状语。 如：

I was born in 1990. (我出生在1990年)。

When did you go to the park? （你是什么时候去的公园）。 I went to the park last weekend. （我是上周去的公园） 在上面的句子中第一句属于be动词的一般过去时态； 第二句和第三句属于实义动词go的一般过去时态。 1． Be 动词的一般过去时态

在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词， am is 的过去式为was; are的过去式为were. 构成：

肯定句：主语+was (were) +表语

如：I was late yesterday. （昨天我迟到了。） 否定句：主语+was (were) +not+表语

如：We weren't late yesterday. (我们昨天没迟到) 疑问句：Was (Were) +主语+表语

如： Do you sick yesterday? （你昨天病了吗？） 肯定回答： Yes, I was. (是的，我病了。) 否定回答： No, I wasn't. (不，我没病。)

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was (were) +主语+表语 如：When were you born? 你是什么时候出生的？ 读法：

规则动词词尾加-ed有三种读音：

1. 在清辅音后读作[t]。如：asked, helped, watched, stopped

2. 在浊辅音和元音后读作[d]。如：enjoyed, studied, moved, called 3.在t / d后读作[id]。如：wanted, needed

不规则动词的过去式大体上归纳有以下六条记忆法：

1. 以t结尾的词，过去式与原形相同。如：put—put, let—let, cut—cut, beat—beat

2. 以d结尾的词，把d变成t。如:build—built, lend—lent, send—sent, spend—spent 3. 以n结尾的词，在词后加t。如：mean—meant, burn—burnt, learn—learnt 4.以ow / aw结尾的词，把ow / aw变成ew。如：blow—blew, draw—drew, know—knew, grow—grew 5.含有双写字母的词，将双写改为单写，在词尾加t。如：keep—kept, sleep—slept, feel—felt, smell—smelt 6.含有元音字母o / i的词，将o / i变成a。如：sing—sang, give—gave, sit—sat, drink—drank 但也有例外，如get的过去式是got，与第一条不符，仅仅是大多数动词符合。 不规则变化动词表： 原形 过去式 过去分词 be was/were been begin began begun bring brought brought buy catch bought caught bought caught come came come cut cut cut do did done draw drew drawn drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat feel ate felt eaten felt fight fought fought find found found fly flew flown get got got give gave given go went gone grow have grew had grown had hear heard heard know knew known leave left left lose lost lost make made made meet put met put met put read read read ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run say said said see sell saw sold seen sold send sent sent set set set shut shut shut sing sang sung sit sat sat sleep speak slept spoke slept spoken spend spent spent stand stood stood swim swam swum sweep swept swept

take took taken teach tell taught told taught told think thought thought throw threw thrown understand understood understood wear wore worn write wrote written

现在分词加ing的规则

现在分词加ing的规则

现在分词是在动词后加上ing 构成。如:starting,working, coming, sitting 等都是现在分词。现在分词的变化规则是固定的，大家用心记一下就可以了。 (1)直接在谓语动词后加ing. 例如：going, starting, working.

(2)去掉词尾不发音的e，再加ing. 例如 leaving,dining.

注意：如果单词结尾的e发音，则不能去掉，也直接加ing. 例如：see -seeing/agree - agreeing .

另外，有少数动词比较特殊，请用心记住：例如：lie - lying/die - dying/tie - tying/picnic - picnicking.

(3) 对于重读闭音节词，双写末尾字母再加ing. 例如：sitting, beginning. 这一条规律，必须要弄清什么是“重读闭音节”。下面再举一些双写的例子： run - running stop - stopping

cut - cutting

control - controlling

动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解详细内容

⒈不定式作主语

动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： (1)把不定式置于句首。如：

To get there by bike will take us half an hour.

(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： ①It＋be＋名词＋to do

It's our duty to take good care of the old. ②It takes sb+some time+to do

How long did it take you to finish the work? ③It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to do

It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour.

④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do

It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays. ⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do It seemed impossible to save money.

在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式 ，如：It'skind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English. ⒉动名词作主语

Learning without practice is no good. 动名词作主语时，也常用It句式。如：

①It's +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing… It's no good reading in dim light. It's no use sitting here waiting. ②It's＋形容词＋doing

It's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.

这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式 代替，如：It'simportant for you to keep fit. ③There is no+doing

There is no saying what will happen next.

在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于\结构。 ⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别

①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动 作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如： It's no good eating too much fat. It's no good for you to eat so much fat.

②动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如： It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules. 二、作宾语 ⒈不定式作宾语

①

以

下

动

词

后

，

只

能

跟

不

定

式

作

宾

语

。

如

：

agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,

manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，这些词大部分可接th at引导的从句。如： I decided to ask for my money back.

I decided that I would ask for my money back.

When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.

When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot.

②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语＋动 词＋it＋补语＋to do句式。如：

We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. ③介词but,except,besides+to do(do)

在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to， 带to不带do。如：

The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV. ⒉动名词作宾语

①以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't mind,give up,insist,on, put off等。如： I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health. ②动名词作介词的宾语

I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?

动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficulty(in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,there is no use(in)doing等。

⒊部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。

在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如：Your handwr iting needs improving(tobe improved). hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前 正在进行的活动或一般的行为。

在下列情况下，一般要用不定式：

①hate,like,love前有would(should)时，如：I'd like to have a cup of coffee.

②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.

③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to understand what was happening.

⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如： Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake. Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.

⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。

①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如： Don't forget fo post the letter for me.

Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? Remember to close the windows before you leave. I remember writing him a letter a year ago.

We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad. ②mean to do 打算做某事 doing 意味着……

I meant to catch up with the early bus. This means wasting a lot of money. ③try to do 设法尽力做某事 doing 试着做某事

You should try to overcome your shortcomings. Try working out the physics problem in another way.

④stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语） doing 停止做某事

On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper. You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told. ⑤can't help doing 禁不住…… to do不能帮助干……

They couldn't help jumping up at the news.

Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I can't help to make up the room for you. ⑥go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事 doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续

He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。 We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world. ⑦leave off to do 离开某地去干什么（目的状语） doing停下某事

It's time to leave off talking and to start acting. They left off to go fishing. 三、做表语

不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。 ①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. ②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter. ③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.

当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例①）。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例②）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例③），不定 式说明主语的内容。

④Our work is serving the people.

⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper. ⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.

④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is out work,而⑥句中是现在分词作 表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。 四、作定语 ⒈不定式作定语

不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： ①The next train to arrive is from Washington. ②Have you anything to be taken to your sister? ③Do you have anything to say on the question? ④Would you please give me some paper to write on? ⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： (1)表示将来的动作（例①）。

(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。

(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例②）。 (4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例①to arrive=that will arrive。 ⒉动名词作定语

①This passage can be used as listening materials.

②The reading room of our school library can hold 800people. ③All moving bodies have energy.

①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即：用来……的；第③句为现在分词作定语，单个分词作定语常置于 被修饰词之前，与被修饰词之间，可构成逻辑上的主谓关系，分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua. 五、不定式作补足语 ⒈作宾语补足语

一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，这时意思才相 对完整。

(1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（强迫），encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如： ①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary? ②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.

(2)部分动词后常接to be＋形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省略，如：believe,consider,discov er,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understa nd等。 ①We all believe John(to be)honest.

②I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School. 但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：We consider him tohave been foolish. (3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。 ①I didn't hear anyone say anything about it.

②They make the students do too much homework every day.

这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第②句：Thestudents are made to do too much homework every day.

(4)help,know后面的\可有可无。如： Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform?

I've never known her(to)be late before.但：He was known to have been to France before. (5)部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如： You may depend on them to be there early.

The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy.

常这样用的短语动词有：ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for（渴望）， prepare for,wish for等。

⒉作主语补足语

不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如： ①He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late. ②The young university student is considered to have great promise. 六、不定式作状语 ⒈作目的状语

(1) ①I stayed there to see what would happen.

②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor. (2)有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so as。如： Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not toforget it.

有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部 分可转换为so that,in order that,成为目的状语从句，如： I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see whatwould happen.

(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。 ①We are glad to hear the news.

②I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.

在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如：The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer. The room is really comfortable to live in.

常这样用的形容词有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。 ⒉作结果状语

We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. 不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如： ①so…as to;such…as to

I'm not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。 I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. ②enough…to

The speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner. ③only to

Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital. ④too…to

I'm too tired to stay up longer.

但在下列结构中，too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如：

①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了。（too修饰glad to have…，相当 于very） ②We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。 ⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如： To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome.

常见的短语有to be exact（确切地说），to begin with（首先），to do him justice（说句对他公道的 话），to be sure（真的）等等。

七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法 ⒈疑问词＋不定式结构

疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如：

①When to leave for London has not been decided yet. ②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. ③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. ④The question was where to get the medicine needed.

以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如：①When we shall leave…③…how I could learn…

经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。 ⒉动词不定式的时态、语态 (1)时态

①一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同时发生。如： I hope to become a university student this year.（tobecome发生在hope之后） We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.（play和hear同时发生）

②完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如： I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.

We are too young to have seen the old society. ③进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如：

The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when Icame in. They seemed to be discussing something important. (2)语态

如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如： It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.（不定式作主语） It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语） I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语） Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语） He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语）

在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：There are still many things to t ake care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.) ⒊动名词的时态、语态 (1)时态

①一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之前 、之后。如：

We are interested in collecting stamps.

I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the firsttime. We are not afraid of dying.

②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如： Lmagine having travelled on the moon.

We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. (2)被动语态

①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者，动名词要用被动语态，动名词的被动语态有一 般式与完成式之分。如：

The young man came in without being noticed. He prided himself on having never been beaten in class. ②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式，但表示被动意义。如： The bike needs repairing.

If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.

⒋在口语中，为避免重复，常用\代替不定式结构，有时甚至可以把to省略。如： ①—Did you go to visit the Great Wall?

—No,I wanted to,but there wasn't enough time. ②—Would you like to come to a party? —I'd love to.

③—Don't make any mistakes in your homework,will you? —I'll try not to.

④—Try to be back by 12,won't you? —OK,I'll try.

另外，be going to,ought to,used to等也常用于这一结构中。

⒌在why引起的问句中，省略\。如： Why spend such a lot of money? Why not wait for a couple of days?

⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时，只在第一个不定式前加\。如： It's quite necessary for us to read more and have morepractice. ⒎\在下列短语中是“介词”，后接动名词或名词形式。如：

devote…to,face up to（勇敢地面对），look forward to（盼望），object to（反对），take to（养 成习惯，对……感兴趣；开始从事某种活动），be used to（习惯于）等。

不定式的用法

不定式的用法

不定式由“to + 动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to + 动词原形”。不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时有“for + 名词或代词宾格”构成。

1．不定式的用法

1）作主语。不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式宾语。如：

To see is to believe.

It is right to give up smoking.

2）作宾语。不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。如：

He wanted to go.

I find it interesting to study history.

有些动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语，必须跟动名词。如：decide，plan，desire，expect，hope, wish，pretend，promise，refuse，afford，agree，ask，fail，tend，pretend，manage

3）作宾语补足语。如：

He asked me to do the work with him.

注意：在feel，hear，notice，observe，see，watch，have，let，make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to。但这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。如：

I often hear him sing the song.

He is often heard to sing the song.

注意：动词不定式在介词but后面时，如果介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。另外，在can’t choose but和can’t help but等后面的不定式也省略to。如：

She could do nothing but cry.

I have no choice but to go.

4）作定语。如：

I have some books for you to read.

①作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：

He is looking for a room to live in.

There is nothing to worry about.

Please give me a knife to cut with.

但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time，place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如：

He had not money and no place to live.

②当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：

Have you anything to send ?

（你有什么东西要寄吗？——不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”）

Have you anything to be seat.

[你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？——不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”]

5）作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件。如：

I came here to see you. （目的）

We were very excited to hear the news. （原因）

He hurried to the school to find nobody there. （结果）

To look at him, you would like him. （条件）

目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示但so as to不能置于句首。如：

In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard.

We ran all the way so as not to be late.

不定式也可以在作表语用的形容词后面作状语。如：

I am very glad to hear it.

The question is difficult to answer.

“too + 形容词或副词 + 不定式”作状语。如：

He is too old to do that.

另外，句子中有enough这个词时，常用不定式作状语。例如：

The room is big enough to hold us.

6）作表语。如：

My job is to help the patient.

7）作独立成分。如：

To tell the truth, I don’t agree with you.

8）不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where，how，what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。如：

He didn’t know what to say. （宾语）

How to solve the problem is very important. （主语）

注意：在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。例如：

Why not have a rest ?

9）不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式，多数情况下是容易判断的，但有时的确比较复杂，请注意以下几点：

①不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。如：

Have you got a key to unlock the door ?

(A key unlocks the door. )

②不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。

I have got a letter to write. （I write letter. ）

He needs a room to live in. （He lives in a room. ）

I know what to do. （I do what. ）

但这句如改为下列形式，不定式就得用被动形式：I know what is to be done.

这是因为what is to be done是宾语从句，从句中的主语what是动词do的动作对象。

③不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb. 。如：

He is hard to talk to. （to talk to him）

The book is difficult to understand. （to understand the book）

④在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。

There is a lot of work to do. （Somebody has to do the work. ）

There is a lot of work to be done. （The work has to be done. ）

请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的：

There is nothing to do. （无事可做，感到十分乏味。）

There is nothing to be done. （某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。）

2．不定式的时态

1）不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后发生。例如：

I saw him go out.

2）如果谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。例如：

He pretended to be reading a book when she went in.

3）如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式。例如：

I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.

3．不定式的语态

当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。如：

He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.

It is possible for our hopes to be realized.

4．不定式符号to的保留问题

有时为了避免重复，可以用to来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现下列动词后：expect，prefer，care，mean，forget，want，wish，hope，try以及be glad/happy等后。

如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be，have，have been，这些词要保留。如：

—Are you on holidays ?

—No, but I’d like to be.

—I didn’t tell him the news.

—Oh, you ought to have

动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解详细内容

⒈不定式作主语

动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： (1)把不定式置于句首。如：

To get there by bike will take us half an hour.

(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： ①It＋be＋名词＋to do

It's our duty to take good care of the old. ②It takes sb+some time+to do

How long did it take you to finish the work? ③It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to do

It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour. ④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do

It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays. ⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do It seemed impossible to save money.

在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式 ，如：It'skind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English. ⒉动名词作主语

Learning without practice is no good. 动名词作主语时，也常用It句式。如：

①It's +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing… It's no good reading in dim light. It's no use sitting here waiting. ②It's＋形容词＋doing

It's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.

这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式 代

替，如：It'simportant for you to keep fit. ③There is no+doing

There is no saying what will happen next.

在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于\结构。 ⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别

①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动 作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如： It's no good eating too much fat. It's no good for you to eat so much fat.

②动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如： It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules. 二、作宾语 ⒈不定式作宾语

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agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,

manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，这些词大部分可接th at引导的从句。如： I decided to ask for my money back.

I decided that I would ask for my money back.

When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.

When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot.

②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语＋动 词＋it＋补语＋to do句式。如：

We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. ③介词but,except,besides+to do(do)

在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to， 带to不带do。如：

The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV. ⒉动名词作宾语

①以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't mind,give up,insist,on, put off等。如： I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health. ②动名词作介词的宾语

I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?

动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficulty(in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,there is no use(in)doing等。

⒊部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。

在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如：Your handwr iting needs improving(tobe improved). hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前 正在进行的活动或一般的行为。

在下列情况下，一般要用不定式：

①hate,like,love前有would(should)时，如：I'd like to have a cup of coffee.

②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.

③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to understand what was happening.

⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如： Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake. Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.

⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。

①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如： Don't forget fo post the letter for me.

Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? Remember to close the windows before you leave. I remember writing him a letter a year ago.

We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad. ②mean to do 打算做某事 doing 意味着……

I meant to catch up with the early bus. This means wasting a lot of money. ③try to do 设法尽力做某事 doing 试着做某事

You should try to overcome your shortcomings. Try working out the physics problem in another way.

④stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语） doing 停止做某事

On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper. You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told. ⑤can't help doing 禁不住…… to do不能帮助干……

They couldn't help jumping up at the news.

Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I can't help to make up the room for you. ⑥go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事 doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续

He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。 We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world. ⑦leave off to do 离开某地去干什么（目的状语） doing停下某事

It's time to leave off talking and to start acting. They left off to go fishing. 三、做表语

不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。 ①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.

②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter. ③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.

当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例①）。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例②）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例③），不定 式说明主语的内容。

④Our work is serving the people.

⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper. ⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.

④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is out work,而⑥句中是现在分词作 表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。 四、作定语 ⒈不定式作定语

不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： ①The next train to arrive is from Washington. ②Have you anything to be taken to your sister? ③Do you have anything to say on the question? ④Would you please give me some paper to write on? ⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： (1)表示将来的动作（例①）。

(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。

(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例②）。 (4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例①to arrive=that will arrive。 ⒉动名词作定语

①This passage can be used as listening materials. ②The reading room of our school library can hold 800people. ③All moving bodies have energy.

①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即：用来……的；第③句为现在分词作定语，单个分词作定语常置于 被修饰词之前，与被修饰词之间，可构成逻辑上的主谓关系，分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua. 五、不定式作补足语 ⒈作宾语补足语

一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，这时意思才相 对完整。

(1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（强迫），encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如： ①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary? ②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.

(2)部分动词后常接to be＋形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省略，如：believe,consider,discov er,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understa nd等。 ①We all believe John(to be)honest.

②I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School.

但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：We consider him tohave been foolish. (3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。 ①I didn't hear anyone say anything about it.

②They make the students do too much homework every day.

这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第②句：Thestudents are made to do too much homework every day.

(4)help,know后面的\可有可无。如： Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform?

I've never known her(to)be late before.但：He was known to have been to France before. (5)部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如： You may depend on them to be there early.

The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy.

常这样用的短语动词有：ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for（渴望）， prepare for,wish for等。

⒉作主语补足语

不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如： ①He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late. ②The young university student is considered to have great promise. 六、不定式作状语 ⒈作目的状语

(1) ①I stayed there to see what would happen.

②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor. (2)有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so as。如： Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not toforget it.

有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部 分可转换为so that,in order that,成为目的状语从句，如： I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see whatwould happen.

(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。 ①We are glad to hear the news.

②I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.

在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如：The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer. The room is really comfortable to live in.

常这样用的形容词有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。 ⒉作结果状语

We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. 不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如： ①so…as to;such…as to

I'm not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。 I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. ②enough…to

The speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner. ③only to

Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital. ④too…to

I'm too tired to stay up longer.

但在下列结构中，too…to并非是“太……而不能……”之意。如：

①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了。（too修饰glad to have…，相当 于very） ②We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。 ⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如： To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome.

常见的短语有to be exact（确切地说），to begin with（首先），to do him justice（说句对他公道的 话），to be sure（真的）等等。

七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法 ⒈疑问词＋不定式结构

疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如：

①When to leave for London has not been decided yet. ②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. ③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. ④The question was where to get the medicine needed.

以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如：①When we shall leave…③…how I could learn…

经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。 ⒉动词不定式的时态、语态 (1)时态

①一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同时发生。如： I hope to become a university student this year.（tobecome发生在hope之后） We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.（play和hear同时发生） ②完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如： I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.

We are too young to have seen the old society. ③进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如：

The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when Icame in. They seemed to be discussing something important. (2)语态

如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如： It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.（不定式作主语） It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语） I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语） Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语） He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语）

在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：There are still many things to t ake care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.) ⒊动名词的时态、语态

(1)时态

①一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之前 、之后。如：

We are interested in collecting stamps.

I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the firsttime. We are not afraid of dying.

②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如： Lmagine having travelled on the moon.

We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. (2)被动语态

①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者，动名词要用被动语态，动名词的被动语态有一 般式与完成式之分。如：

The young man came in without being noticed. He prided himself on having never been beaten in class. ②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式，但表示被动意义。如： The bike needs repairing.

If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.

⒋在口语中，为避免重复，常用\代替不定式结构，有时甚至可以把to省略。如： ①—Did you go to visit the Great Wall?

—No,I wanted to,but there wasn't enough time. ②—Would you like to come to a party? —I'd love to.

③—Don't make any mistakes in your homework,will you? —I'll try not to.

④—Try to be back by 12,won't you? —OK,I'll try.

另外，be going to,ought to,used to等也常用于这一结构中。 ⒌在why引起的问句中，省略\。如： Why spend such a lot of money? Why not wait for a couple of days?

⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时，只在第一个不定式前加\。如： It's quite necessary for us to read more and have morepractice. ⒎\在下列短语中是“介词”，后接动名词或名词形式。如：

devote…to,face up to（勇敢地面对），look forward to（盼望），object to（反对），take to（养 成习惯，对……感兴趣；开始从事某种活动），be used to（习惯于）等。

英语动名词

动名词是一种非谓语动词形式。它是由动词原形 + ing 构成，同现在分词 形式一样，在句中可作主语，宾语，表语和定语。

1) 动名词作主语：

Talking like that is not polite. 那样谈话不礼貌。

2) 动名词作表语

Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。

3) 动名词作宾语

有些动词须用动名词来作宾语,它们是begin, mind, suggest, finish, stop, need, enjoy, miss, keep.

Please stop smoking in the house. 请不要在家里抽烟。 She is found of collecting stamp. 她喜欢集邮。

4) 动名词作定语

She is studying in the reading room. 她在阅览室学习。

动名词的时态：

动名词的一般时表示动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词的动 作之后发生。

I enjoy swimming in the big river. 我喜欢在大河里游泳。

动名词的完成时表示动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。

Do you remember having promised me that? 你记得给我许愿了吗？

动名词的被动形式：当动名词和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时，用动名词的被动 形式来表示。

His being looked down upon made him sick. 他被人冷落使他很伤感。

动名词的几个特殊情况：

1) 有些动词的后面能跟动名词做宾语，有些动词能跟不定式，有些两者都可以 它们的具体含义有时还不一样。

能跟动名词的动词有 avoid, consider, delay,

deny, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, can't help 等。

能跟不定式的动词有 decide, desire, expect, hope, mean, pretend, promise, refuse, undertake, want, wish, agree, manage 等。

能跟动名词和不定式的动词有 love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, continue, intend, attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try, deserve, start 等.

动词后面跟动名词还是不定式，含义不相同，总的来说，表示习惯的，一般性的 动作多跟动名词，一次性的具体的被动动作多跟不定式。

I like to go with you. 我想和你一块儿去。 I like reading. 我喜欢阅读。

2) remember, forget, regret后面跟动名词时，动名词表示过去的动作， 后面跟不定式时，不定式表示将来的动作。

I remember meeting him in the street. 我记得在街上见过他。

I remember to write a letter to my parents. 我想起来要给我父母亲写信。

3) \动名词\表示停止动名词所表示的动作， \不定式\表示停下来做不定式所表示的动作。

Stop smoking, please. 请不要抽烟 。

Let's stop to have a rest. 咱们停下来休息一下吧。

4) 动名词和分词的区别：

动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系，而分词 作定语时，分词和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系。

reading text 阅读课文 〔动名词〕 developing country 发展中国家 〔分词〕 a sleeping bag 睡袋 〔动名词〕 boiled water 开水 〔分词〕

动名词的用法总结

1．动名词由动词 + ing构成，否定形式为not doing，具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。

1）作主语。如： Seeing is believing.

Laying eggs is the ant queen’s full-time job. It is no use arguing with him.

注意：动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。如：

Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火） To play with fire will be dangerous. （指一具体动作）

但在It is no use/good, not any use/good, useless等后常用动名词间或用不定式。

2）作表语。如： Her job is teaching. 3）作宾语。如： He is fond of playing football. I like swimming.

①admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，face，feel，like，finish，forgive，give up，imagine，include，keep，mention，mind，miss，practise，put off，resist，risk，suggest，can’t help（情不自禁），can’t stand（无法忍受）等动词成词组后可以用动名词作宾语，但不能用不定式。

②forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。

Let’s go on studying Lesson 6. （让我们继续学第六课。说明前面已学了一部分。） Let’s go on to study Lesson 6. （让我们接着学第六课。说明前面已学了第五课。） I remember doing the exercise. （我记得做过练习。） I must remember to do it. （我必须记着做这事。） I tried not to go there. （我设法不去那里。） I tried doing it again. （我试着又干了一次。） Stop speaking. （不要讲话。） He stopped to talk. （他停下来讲话。）

I mean to come early today. （我打算今天早些来。） Missing the train means waiting for another hour. （误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。）

③在allow，advise，forbid，permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：

We don’t allow smoking here.

We don’t allow students to smoke.

④动词need，require，want作“需要”解，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语表示事情需要做，这时，动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用动名词的主动形式来表示被动意义。如：

The window needs/requires/wants cleaning/to be cleaned. Her method is worth trying.

⑤在短语devote to，look forward to，stick to，to be used to，object to，thank you for，excuse me for，be(kept) busy，have difficulty/trouble/problem(in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time(in)，there’s no use/good/need，feel/seem like/get down to等后的动词也必须用动名词形式，例如：

I look forward to hearing from you soon.

⑥在love，hate，prefer，like等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别。有时用动名词作宾语时，指一般情况，而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为。

⑦start，begin，continue在书面语中多后接动名词，在口语中多后接不定式。

但start和begin在下列情况下一般跟不定式作宾语：当主语是物而不是人时；当start或begin以-ing形式出现时，当后面作宾语的动词表示感情、思想或意念时。如：

It started to snow. He is beginning to cook dinner. I began to understand what he meant. ⑧在should(would) like/love等后须用不定式。 4）作定语，例如： He has a reading room.

2．动名词的复合结构

动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。在句子开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词。如果动名词的复合结构作宾语，其逻辑主语是无生命的名词时，用普通格。如：

His coming made me very happy.

She didn’t mind his crying.

Mary’s crying annoyed him.

Is there any hope of Xiao Wang’s winning.?He insists on the plan being carried out.

3．动名词的时态和语态

动名词的时态分一般式和完成式两种，如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语词所表示的动作同时发生或在谓语动词所表示的动作以前发生，用动名词的一般式。如：

We are interested in playing chess. His coming will be of great help to us.

如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用动名词的完成时态。如： I’m sorry for not having kept my promise. 生的。如：Excuse me for coming late.

主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象时，动名词用被动语态。被动语态由“being + 过去分词”或“having been + 过去分词”构成。后一种一般很少使用，以免使句子显得累赘。如：

He likes being helped.

在某些动词或词组后，常用动名词的一般形式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发

He was afraid of being left at home.

I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to do it.

英语分词用法详析

分词也是一种限定动词，分为现在分词和过去分词。它保留着动词的若干特征，又具有形容词、副词的特征。分词有时态和语态变化，又带有宾语并能被状语修饰。分词在句中主要作定语、状语用，作表语也十分普遍。

一、分词的形式

语态 时态 一般式 完成式 主动语态 被动语态 doing being done having done having been done 其否定形式是在doing之后加上not。 二、分词的作用

分词在句中可作定语、表语、状语、补足语等。 1、作定语

分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。

（1）前置定语

He is a promising young man. 他是一个有前途的年轻人。

Make less noise. There’s a sleeping child. 不要出太大声音，有个孩子在睡觉。 We only sell used books. 我们只卖用过的书。 （2）后置定语

The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper. 坐在约翰和玛丽之间的那个年轻小伙子是校园报的编辑。

The bridge built last month needs repairing. 上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。 （3）过去分词作定语有的既可前置也可后置。如：

All the broken windows have been repaired. 所有坏了的窗户已经修理好了。 All the windows broken have been repaired.

（4）分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。如：

Those wishing to join this club should sign here. 想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。 (=Those who wish to join the club should sign here.)

The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. 由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。 (The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.)

（4）完成体的分词一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。如： 我们一般不说：The girl having won the race is my deskmate. 而常这样说：The girl who has won the race is my deskmate.

（5）非限定性的完成体作定语或如果分词所修饰的词是泛指则没有这个限制。如： Anyone having passed the test has got a prize. 任何通过考试的人都能得到一份奖品。 Charlie, having lived in Paris for years, decided to return to London. 在巴黎呆过多年，查理决定重返伦敦。

（6）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和完成，只表完成。如： the question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的问题 （既表示被动也表示完成） the fallen leaves 落下的树叶 (只表示完成，不表示被动)

在英语中只表完成不表被动的往往是一些不及物动词的过去分词，常见的有： the changed situation, a newly returned sudent等。 2、作表语

分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如：

The shops have remained shut for a week. 这家商店关门一周了。 What you said is really inspiring. 你所说的真令从鼓舞。 3、作宾语补足语

I oftentimes hear a girl singing downstairs. 我有时听到楼下有一个小姑娘在唱歌。 I find some students in this school often punished by the teachers. 我发现这所学校的学生经常被老师惩罚。

用分词作宾语补足语的动词请参阅《句法篇－句子的类型》部分。 4、作状语

分词在句中作状语，可以表示各种不同的语义内容。它可以表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等。如：

（1）表示时间

Arriving in Paris, I lost my way. 到了巴黎，我迷了路。

The hunter walked slowly in the forest, followed by his wolf-dog. 猎人在森林里慢慢地走着，后面跟着一只狼狗。

表示与主句中谓语动词同时性的现在分词强调时间意义时，分词前可以加上while, when等从属连接词，但as没有这种用法。如：

Don’t talk while having dinner. 吃饭时不要说话。 When crossing the street, do be careful. 过马路时要小心。 （2）表示原因

表示原因的分词短语一般置于句首。

Having lived in London for years, I almost know every place quite well. 在伦敦住过多年，我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。

Seriously injured, he had to be taken to hospital. 由于伤得严重，只好把他送往医院。 （3）表示结果

The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable. 大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。

Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular sport. 80多个国家都踢足球，因此足球成了一种很流行的运动。

（4）表示方式

I stood by the door, not daring to say a word. 我站在门旁，不敢说一句话。 （5）表示条件

United, we stand; divided, we fall. 联合起来我们就能站立，分裂我们必然倒下。 Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes. 如果你更细心，你会犯更少的错误。 强调条件时，可以在前面加上unless, once等。如：

You shouldn’t come in unless asked to. 不让你进来你不准进来。

Once losing this chance, you can’t easily find it. 一旦失去这次机会你就很难找回。

二、分词的独立主格结构

分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则，就必须在分词前另加上自己的逻辑主语（名词或主格代词）的这个结构叫独立主格结构或分词的复合结构。

1、独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时，其作用分别相当于个时间、条件、原因状语从名句。表示伴随方式时，相当于一个并列句。如：

Supper finished (=After supper was finished), we started to discuss the picnic. 吃完晚饭，我们开始讨论野餐的事。

All the tickets having been sold out (=As all the tickets having been sold out), we had to wait for the next week’s show. 所有的票都卖出去了，我们只好等着看下周的演出。

2、表示独立主格结构中的being常省略。如：

The football match (being) over, crowds of people poured out into the steet. 足球赛五结束，从群便涌到大街上。

Nobody (being) in, I didn’t enter the hall. 里面没有人，我没进大厅。

3、表示伴随方式的独立主格结构，有时可用“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的结构来替换。如：

He lay there thinking, his hands behind his head (with his hands behind his head). 他双手放在头下，躺在那里思考着。

The river looks more beautiful, flowers and grass growing on both sides(=with flowers and grass growing on both sides). 这条河看上去更加漂亮，因为两岸长满了鲜花和绿草。 with＋宾语＋宾语补足语的结构是英语中常见常用的结构，其宾语补足语可以是现在分词、过去分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语等，在句中可作定语，也可作状语，表示原因、方式等。如：

The children looked at us, with their eyes opening wide. 孩子们眼睛睁得大大地看着我。 I would miss the train, with no one to wake me up. 没人叫我，我会错过火车的。 The river with grass and flowers on both sides runs through our schoolyard. 这条两河两岸长满鲜花和绿草正从我们校园穿过。

With the examinations over, we had a long time to rest. 考试结束了，我们有一段长长的时间可以休息。

4、有些惯用的分词短语在句里可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句。如：

generally/strictly/roughly/broadly/narrowly supposing, providing, provided等。如：

speaking,

judging

from/by, considering,

Talking of the computer, I like it very much. 谈到电脑，我非常喜欢。

Considering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning. 考试到时间，我们已经决定明早一早出发。

分词的用法

分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词有一般式和完成式。一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作；完成式（having + 过去分词）表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。例如：

He hurried home, looking behind as he went. （同时发生）

Having studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the place pretty well. （study 发生在 know 之前）

过去分词表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动的含义，所以只有一般式。

一、作定语

单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前；分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：

China is a developing country, belonging to the third world. 中国是个发展中国家，属于第三世界。

Polluted air and water are harmful to people’s health. 受到污染的空气和水对人们健康有害。

The man standing at the window is our teacher.站在窗口的那个人是我们老师。

分词作后置定语时，一般可改为定语从句。例如：

The books written by Lu Xun sell well.可改为：

The books which were written by Lu Xun sell well. 鲁迅写的书很畅销。 注意：现在分词作定语时，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。如果两个动作有先有后，一般不用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。例如：

The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window. 老师批评了那位打碎窗子的同学。 二、作状语

分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。例如：

Being too old, he couldn’t walk that far.（原因） 由于年纪大了他走不了那么远。

While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. （时间）他读书时，不时地点头。

The teacher stood there surrounded by the students.（方式） 老师站在那里，身旁围着学生。

Standing on the building, you can see the whole city.（条件）。如果你站在楼顶上，就能看到整个城市。

注意：1，分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语一致。 2，表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词 when或 while引导。

3，有时，“ with (without) +名词（或代词宾语）+ 分词”的结构表示伴随状况。例如：

The thief was brought in, with his hands tied behind. 那个小偷被反帮着双手带了进来。

4，当分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主语。例如： Time permitting, I will finish the task ahead of time. 如果时间允许，我们将提前完成任务。

His glasses broken, he couldn’t see the words on the blackboard. 他的眼镜被打破，不能看清黑板上的字。

There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们不得不走回家。

三、作表语 例如：

The news is exciting. 这个消息激动人心。

You shouldn’t try to stand up if you are badly hurt. 如果受了重伤，不要试图站起来。

四、作宾语补足语 例如：

The lost boys were last seen playing by the river. 最后一次看到那几个丢失的孩子时，他们正在河边玩。

John will get his room painted. 约翰将要找人漆房间。 注意：在see, hear, watch, feel, observe, have, make, listen to, notice等动词后，既可以用现在分词、过去分词作复合宾语，也可以用动词不定式（不带to ），但含义是有差别的。用现在分词表示动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束）；用过去分词表示动作是别人做的或与主语意识无关；用不定式表示动作发生了（即动作全过程结束了）。例如：

I saw the lady getting on the bus. 我看到那位女士正在上车。

I saw the lady get on the bus and drive off. 我看到那位女士上了车开走了。

He had his foot hurt in the fall. 跌倒时他摔伤了脚。 He had his clothes washed. 他找别人洗了衣服。

We had the fire burning all night long. 我们让火炉燃烧了一整夜。 过去分词与现在分词意义上的区别：

注：及物动词的过去分词表示“被动”，“完成”（不及物动词的过去分词只表示“完成”）；现在分词表示“主动”，“进行”。

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