1-2.Issue全部题目的翻译

GRE ISSUE TOPICS

Issue Topics

说明：

1. 我的分类是对在网上流行的分类题库做了一些小修改。

1) 尽可能把相近的题目放在一起，所以题号不一样按顺序排列。 2) 另外，我删除多次重复的题号。

3) 国际类（International）的两道题，我做了移动。

NO.11 大学题，移至Education --> Education & Society NO.13 语言题，移至Politics --> Others

2. 标黑体的题目是孙远推荐的练习题。 3. 高频题根据寄托天下最新机经（2006.3.2）整理，包括2005年及2006年3月的题目：2005年频率在20次以上（含

20次）或2006年1月至3月频率在3次以上（含3次）。频率标注分为两部分，前一部分指2005年2月－9月的频率，后一部分表示2006年1－3月的频率。非高频的孙远题后面也列出频率统计。 4. 欢迎指正。

Redhobor 2006/3/5

No.1 Study

Study Methods (2)

28 \facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little.\

学生们只有在学习了有助于理解事实的思想、趋势和概念后才可能记住这些事实。孤立学习事实是学不到东西的。

42 \benefit academically if they work frequently in groups.\

学习不是个人行为，而是需要人们的合作，所以各个年级的学生如果经常在一个群体里工作，他们将会在学业上获益非浅。

Study & Practice (3)

57 \experience.\

书中学到的知识远比实际经验中学到的知识要深广。

117 \experience.\

从书本中所学的知识要比从直接的实践中学到的更丰富、更广博。

204 \ 我们通过直接经验学习；没有通过实践而接受一个理论是学不到任何东西的。

提纲：

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1. Books contain knowledge which comes from many people's direct experience and transcends the limitation of personal experience.

2. But only reading books is not enough. A person must convert the knowledge in the books to a part of his inner wisdom .

3. Moreover, the knowledge in the books has to be tested in the practice. Nobel prize只是授予已经验证的理论 //很多理论可能是错误的。伪科学。 /学习游泳。 //军事理论。

//albert einstein //big bang

//neptune. 1846

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Study from Contradiction (3)

1 \own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.\

我们通常从与我们意见一致的人那里学到的东西比从与我们意见相悖的人那里学到的东西多；意见分歧产生压力并阻碍

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GRE ISSUE TOPICS

了学习。

122 \ 几乎所有的知识都归功于和我们意见不同的人，而并非和我们意见一致的人。

4 \study.\

任何领域要取得重大进展，都需要外领域者的知识和经验。

提纲：

1.only disagree can break through the present knowledge, and make an innovative discovery or invention. // the quantom theory against the Isaac Newton's three famous laws of the motion. //爱因斯坦和波尔关于相对论的争论

2. knowledge and experience from outsiders can often lead to new cross-disciplines, which plays more and more crucial roles in our quotidian lives.

new ideas often burst in debate and discussion, especialy in interrelated subjects.

//物理学和数学(mathematics)、美学(aesthetics)、哲学(philosophy)在某种程度上的一致性。(量子力学) //newton在各个方面都很突出。 //aristotle貌似也是

好句子：

disagreement and critics reveals other perspective make us to think more thoroughly and lead to a sagacious decision. sometiems, with the knowlege and expereience beyond one's specified studies, he may ahcieve greater advancement, otherwise, his study may encounter difficulties and even be impeded.

knowlege and experience from outsiders can provide different aspects of thinking, and may lead to inspiration, creation, and new discoveries.

cooperation and objection both benefit us, and one gains much from disagreement rather than agreement

Curriculum (12)

38 \In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books.\05/57; 06/3]

在电视机时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫不比从书本中学来的少。 155 \ 当代社会提供了很多学习的途径，读书这种学习方式已经不是很重要了。 -------------------------------------------------- 提纲：

1.admittedly other media like networks, tv, pc are playing more and more important roles. //vivid and intuitionistic //direct and immediate

2.reading books is still the efficient way to teach the systematic and profound conceptions such as philosophy. 3. 2)need no energy and do no harm to eyes. 1)cheap and portable.

好句子：

besides, reading book still has its own merits.

39 \The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vastly overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree.\[05/8; 06/1]

大学学习的好处被过高估计：大多数人如果通过研究和阅读的方式自学四年，会比追求一个大学学位学到的更多。

5 \allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer.\

一个国家应该要求所有的学生在上大学前都学习相同的国内课程，而不是允许不同地区的学校决定自己的教学课程。

80 \All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even if they have no interest in science.\05/12; 06/0]

所有的学生都应该被要求学习理科课程，尽管有些人对理科不感兴趣。

106 \emphasis on academic subjects.\

学生们应该被要求至少学习一种道德规范课程，即使这样会影响学术课程的学习。

51 \Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs

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GRE ISSUE TOPICS

and interests of each student.\05/90; 06/7] (41) 只有针对每个学生的需要和兴趣，教育才真正的有意义。

90 \students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than seek programs that promise entry into the job market.\

应该鼓励大学学生学习他们感兴趣的课程，而不是学习好找工作的课程。

214 \Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped.\05/17; 06/4]

社会应该找出那些具有特殊天才和能力的孩子，并在小时候就训练他们，这样他们最终能在此领域表现出众，否则这些潜能可能得不到发展。

94 \acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated.\ 大学应该要求学生学习本专业以外的课程，因为让学生们了解不同学科的知识才是教育的最佳方式。

67 \a balanced, well-rounded education.\

学院应该要求学生们参加公益活动，这样就能保证学生们得到全面平衡的教育。

98 \contemporary culture has much greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past.\

大学和学院应该在流行音乐、电影、广告和电视上开设更多的课程，因为现代文化比过去文艺和学生更密切。

158 The arts (music, dance, visual arts, etc.) are vitally important to students' education and should therefore receive as much emphasis as mathematics, science, reading and other mainstream subjects.\

艺术（音乐、舞蹈、视觉艺术等）对学生的教育非常重要的，因此它们应该得到和数学、科学、阅读以及其他主流课程一样的重视。

Limitations of Marks & Grade (2)

55 \ 人们为了分数而竞争，严重限制了人们各个阶段的学习质量。

100 \without grades would promote more genuine intellectual development.\

高分压力严重限制了学习的质量。没有分数限制的教育环境更有利于真正的智力发展。

Others (13)

27 \thinking.\

遵守传统经验和想法的人是不会成功的。

59 \Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them.\05/22; 06/4]

人们用太多的精力来模仿他人。人们应该学会独立思考和行动，而不要照搬别人的东西，这样才能做出最适合他们的选择。

74 \The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language.\05/26; 06/2]

和一大群人交流想法或者价值观的最有效方式是图像而非语言。

153 \instead of accepting it passively.\05/24; 06/1] (53)

无论学生们学习什么都应该带着一定的疑问。学生们应该质疑老师教授的东西而不只是被动的接受。(教育问题之学而好问)

164 \what is possible and thus can approach a task without constraints of established habits and attitudes.\ (23)

想象力有时比经验更有价值。缺乏实际经验的人对可能性有更自由的想象空间，所以能够不受固有的习惯和思维的限制来完成任务。

177 \The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes.\05/38; 06/0]

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对于一门学科的研究会改变我们对世界的看法。在学习这门学科之后，我们看到的世界一如既往，但是我们本身的角度和眼光已然不同。(知识对于人类的影响)

179 \taking risks and keeping the mind open -- but most people prefer to be reassured rather than to learn the complex and often unsettling truth about anything.\

人类真正希望获取的不是知识，而是确定性。获取真正的知识需要冒险，并且要有开放的心灵，但是大多数人更喜欢确定感，而不是去了解事物复杂的，甚至是使人不安的真相。

183 \As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious.\05/18; 06/2]

随着我们获取的知识越来越多，事情不是变得更好理解，而是变得更复杂更神秘。

184 \It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data.\05/17; 06/1] (29) 在没有证据之前就得出理论，是重大错误。

205 \only be positive.\

全世界的人有越来越多的途径来获取新信息，这对终身学习只会有积极的推动作用。

229 \by trying to develop a sense of the whole.\

学习新学科或技能的最佳方式是深入研究小片断或细节，而不是一开始就试图获取整体的认识。

233 \instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning.\

尽管技术创新，如录像机、计算机以及因特网看似改善了学校的教学方式，但这些技术时常分散真实的学习。

239 \information referred to as a 'fact' should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future.\

许多人们认为“真实”的信息结果是不准确的。因此，对任何被称为“事实”的信息都应该此怀疑态度，因为很有可能它将来被证实是虚假的。

No.2 Education

Purpose of Education (14)

40 \Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem.\05/11; 06/0] (34)

我们不应该仅仅关注学者和研究者的著作能否对社会做出贡献。更重要的是关注他们如何追求实现自己的兴趣，无论那些兴趣显得是多么的非同寻常。(少数和多数之科学家)

50 \In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.\05/30; 06/10] (71)

为了提高大学的教学质量，所有的教职员工应该去校外参加一些和他们教的课程相关的工作。

53 \ 大学教育应该对所有学生免费，全部由政府来承担。

102 \past.\

不论好坏，教育改变了人们以前的想法、信念和价值观。

104 \it fears.\

一种文化要想保留它认为好的思想，消除它认为不好的思想，主要是通过正规的教育。

112 \but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions.\

一些教育机构强调培养学生的推理和逻辑思考能力，但是如果也教会学生认知自我的情感，学生们将受益更多。

128 \, formal

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education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.\

人们经常说教育的目的是释放人们的心灵。但实际上，正规的教育却倾向于束缚而非释放了人们的心灵。

130 \How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society.\05/48; 06/6] (73) 孩子融入社会的能力决定了社会的命运。遗憾的是，我们还不知道怎样培养孩子使他们对社会有益。

134 \and the true conviction of their own beliefs.\

必须鼓励学生们意识到：机智和修辞技巧必须以真诚和真正的信仰为基础。

191 \productive workers.\

教育应该把这两件事看得同等重要－丰富学生的个人生活，把学生培养成生产者。

201 \prepare them for a specific job.\

教育的目的应是给学生提供一个价值系统，标准以及一系列理念，而不是使他们为某一特定工作做好准备。

213 \ability to compromise and work with others -- that is, the ability to achieve social harmony -- should be a major goal in every school.\

学校太强调教学生怎么质疑他人的主张。实际上，培养折衷和与他人合作的能力，也就是促进社会和谐的能力应该被作为每个学校的主要目标。

222 \serve an ulterior purpose and be directed toward clear goals.\

为了学习而学习已经是过时的理念。现在的教育必须是面向未来并且有明确的目标。

232 \This kind of environment is ideal because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held back by practical concerns.\

教育的目的应该是建立一个与世隔离的学术环境。这种环境是很理想的，因为这样学生们就可以不被日常事务牵扯精力而专注地研究重要问题。

Education & Society (5)

11 \All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems.\05/36; 06/4] (37) 所有的国家应共同建立一所全球性大学，用来培养学生们解决世界的最顽固的社会问题。

47 \Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect—that is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills.\05/47; 06/4]

社会对于智力还是重视不够，比如推理和认知的能力。

52 \ 教育鼓励学生们提问和批评，这样不利于社会的和谐。

78 \wars, cultural clashes, and other forms of conflict.\

学校应该教给学生所有人类之间本质的互通性，这样就能有助于消除战争、文化抵触和其他形式的冲突。

154 \Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators.\05/50; 06/1]

家长和社会都应该参与到当地的学校中来。教育太重要了，不能只靠专业教育者。

223 \ 教育主要是个人的事情，与学校或者大学基本没有关系。

Educational Methods (2)

228 \, employer, or parent -- is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.\

最佳教育方式，不管是作为一个教育工作者、雇主还是父母，都是表扬积极的行为，忽略负面的行为。

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230 \-- and people in general -- prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. Therefore, colleges should eliminate as many choices as possible in order to offer students clear direction.\

大学生－还有普通人－都更喜欢跟从指导，而不是做出自己的决定。因此，大学应该尽可能让学生少做选择，给学生提供明确的方向。

No.3 Behaviors

Goals (3)

118 \any field of endeavor -- the sciences, the humanities, the social sciences, industry, etc. -- it is not the attainment of a goal that matters, but rather the ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the goal.\ 在任何领域如科学、人文、社会科学、工业等，我们最大的收获在于达成目标的道路上的经验和发现，而不是获取目标本身。

126 \goals one sets for oneself.\

社会所给予的外部奖励不是成功的真正衡量标准。真正的成功只能通过自己所设立的目标来衡量。

212 \If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable.\05/26; 06/4] (33) 如果一个目标是值得的，那么追求目标的任何手段都是正当的。

Characteristics & Attitudes (3)

12 \attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic.\

人们的态度更多情况下取决于当时的处境和环境，而非人们的任何内在性格。

91 \the way people form values.\

大多数人认为他们持有的价值关是理性选择的结果，但其实理性和价值观的形成关系不大。

145 \principles.\

性格测试最关键的一点就是看一个人能否在不牺牲个人原则的基础上适应变化的社会习俗。

Divergence & Conformity (3)

141 \people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity.\05/29; 06/6]

大多数人只意识到个性化的益处，但实际上个人的经济成功需要一致性。

198 \ 社会应该赞赏个性差异，而不是鼓励一致统一。

238 \ 一致性几乎总是压抑个性化创造和活力。

Collaboration (3)

42 \benefit academically if they work frequently in groups.\

学习不是个人行为，而是需要人们的合作，所以各个年级的学生如果经常在一个群体里工作，他们将会在学业上获益非浅。

46 \While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation.\05/22; 06/1]

尽管一些政府领导，比如体育、工业和其他的领域的人把他们的成功归功于良好的竞争意识，一个社会还是应该给年轻人灌输合作的思想，这更有助于他们成为好的领导者。

213 \ability to compromise and work with others -- that is, the ability to achieve social harmony -- should be a major goal in every school.\

学校太强调教学生怎么质疑他人的主张。实际上，培养折衷和与他人合作的能力，也就是促进社会和谐的能力应该被作

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为每个学校的主要目标。

Individuals & Group (9)

60 \not that individual truly represents the views of the entire group.\

通常情况下，媒体和社会都希望某个个人能代表一特定群体，无论此个人能否真正地表达整个群体的观点。

61 \High-profile awards such as the Nobel Prize are actually damaging to society because they suggest that only a few people deserve such recognition.\05/14; 06/1]

最高荣誉比如诺贝尔奖实际上是在损害社会，因为这种奖项在暗示只有少数人才配得上这样的荣誉。(少数和多数，精英和大众)

95 \much more than individual competition does.\

众人拾柴火焰高。团队需要合作，这样才能比个体之间的竞争更能激发人们的激情

113 \ 定位自己，主要是通过定位自己所处的社会团体。

162 \, the conditions in which people find themselves have been largely established long before people become aware of them. Thus, the concept of personal responsibility is much more complicated and unrealistic than is often assumed.\

我们经常听到个人需要为自己的生活负责任。但是在人们认识到自己所处的情形之前，这些情形很大程度上已确定。所以个人责任要比通常认为的要复杂和不切实际的得多。

175 \It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation; the details may be worked out by a team, but true innovation results from the enterprise and unique perception of an individual.\05/14; 06/0]

总是某个个人推动了革新；可能由团队完成细节，但是真正的革新来自于个人的进取心与不寻常的洞察力。

199 \members force each other to compromise and, as a result, creative ideas tend to be weakened and made more conventional. Most original ideas arise from individuals working alone.\

真正创新的思想不是来自群体，而是来自个人。当一个群体试图创新时，群体中的成员使得彼此相互妥协，最终削弱集体的创造性，趋向遵循传统。大部分创造性思想来自于个人的独立工作。

71 \ 适当的独处有利于营造更为良好的相处关系。

200 \interaction with others.\

最难的莫过于认知自我，通常只能通过独处，而非与他人交往来了解自己。

Personal Success (11)

16 \they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.\

尽管很多人认为现在奢侈安逸的生活是完全无害的，但实际上这样的生活阻止了人们培养真正坚强独立的性格。

64 \Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best use of it.\05/9; 06/1] 很多人懂得如何去获得成功，但是很少有人知道如何最好的去利用成功。(Attain and sustain打江山容易，保江山难)

87 \In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries.\[05/46; 06/2]

在所有的研究领域中，新手要比专家更有可能获得重要的发现。

138 \Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress.\05/32; 06/1] (25) 不犯错误就不会有发现和进步。

182 \ 只相信智力是危险的。（Intelligence：The faculty of thought and reason.故智力－理性相对于直觉－感性）

188 \

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change it.\

成功，不管是学术上还是专业上的，都包括适应新环境并最终改变它的能力。

192 \in any realm of life comes more often from taking chances or risks than from careful and cautious planning.\

生活各个方面的成功更多是来自机遇或者冒险，而不是仔细和谨慎的规划。

206 \might do.\

人们行动太快了；他们应该停下来想一想行动的可能后果。

210 \Most people choose a career on the basis of such pragmatic considerations as the needs of the economy, the relative ease of finding a job, and the salary they can expect to make. Hardly anyone is free to choose a career based on his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work.\[05/13; 06/1]

大多数人找工作是基于实用性的考虑：经济需求、较易找到工作，希望拿到的薪水。很少有人自由地根据自己对某一份工作的才能和兴趣出发去选择职业。

226 \People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience.\05/22; 06/6]

人们错误地认为他们碰到的问题要比他们前辈碰到的问题更复杂、更具挑战性。这个错觉最终会随着知识和经验的积累消除。

240 \negative feedback.\

虽然很容易对他人和团体的工作给出肯定的反馈，但是给出否定的反馈更有价值。

Individual & Society (5)

75 \but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others.\

为社会做出很大贡献的人往往不是发展出自己的新思想的人，而是他们具有感知和协调他人的才能和技巧的人。

77 \that satisfaction comes from working for the greater good of the family, the community, or society as a whole.\

今天人们过于个人主义。人们需认识到满足感来自于为家庭、社区或社会创造更大利益 ，而不是关注自我和个人目标。

93 \The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.\05/26; 06/1]

“个人职责”的概念是必要的。尽管社会必须要求个人对他们自身的行为负责任，但人们的行为很大程度上是被迫的而并非个人素质。

145 \principles.\

性格测试最关键的一点就是看一个人能否在不牺牲个人原则的基础上适应变化的社会习俗。

234 \such a preference.\

大多数人更倾向于限制与规则，而不是绝对的自由，虽然他们可能会否认这一点。

Belief (5)

35 \ 不管在什么样的情况下，坚持自己的信仰都要比放弃信仰好。

146 \ 对某思想或策略最执着的人往往对其最挑剔。

165 \present opinions and ideas that differ from those held by the majority.\

在任何领域，最主要的声音来自于这些人，他们并不是由信念驱动，而是由希望表达和大多数人相异的观点和想法的意愿所驱动。

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GRE ISSUE TOPICS

235．\Most people are taught that loyalty is a virtue. But loyalty—whether to one's friends, to one's school or place of employment, or to any institution—is all too often a destructive rather than a positive force.\05/26; 06/4]

大多数人被教育说忠诚是一种美德。但是，忠诚－无论对于朋友、学校、受雇公司或任何机构来说，经常都是一种有害而非积极的力量。

Doubt (3)

18 \the value of that idea.\

只有通过质疑某个观点，并将其与其他观点做对比，人们才能真正理解那个观点的价值。

68 \might be.\

人们总是错误地对待专家，怀疑、不信任他们，不管专家们的贡献有多大。

231 \, one should say, 'Moderation in most things,' since many areas of human concern require or at least profit from intense focus.\ “对所有事情适度”是不正确的建议。而应是“对大多数事情要适度。”因为人们从事的许多领域需要或者至少得益于执着。（这里的适度类似中庸）

Others (4)

163 \of the resources available to them until they face a great problem or crisis.\

大多数人，不管是肉体上还是精神上，都局限于有限的范围内。直到他们遇到重大问题或危机的时候，才会发现自己只不过利用了可用资源很有限的一部分而已。

65 \been so encouraged by society to focus on apparent differences that they fail to see meaningful similarities among ideas, individuals, and groups.\

人们经常被社会鼓励去关注思想、个体和团体之间表面的不同，以至于往往忽略其中有意义的相似之处。

225 \do so. Instead, a thing should be considered on its own terms; we should avoid the tendency to compare it to something else.\

人们经常寻找相似处，不管两个事物有多么不同，即便这样做没有意义或是有害的。我们应该就事论事，避免把它拿去和其他事物比较。

62 \it assumes that people are intrinsically deficient.\

人们普遍认为应该把自我完善当作生命的首要目标，这样的想法是有问题的，因为它假设人们本质上是不完善的。

No.4 Politics

Government & Individuals (10)

8 \It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public.\[05/22; 06/3]

政治领导们在公众面前有所保留经常是必要的，甚至是值得赞许的。

167 \It is impossible for an effective political leader to tell the truth all the time. Complete honesty is not a useful virtue for a politician.\05/26; 06/2]

有效力的政治领导者在任何时候都告诉真相是不可能的。对于政治家来说，太坦白不是美德。

45 \people whom they serve.\

政府官员应该有自己的判断力，而不应该盲目地依从人民的意愿。

79 \and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.\

重大的政策决定应该留给那些政治家和政府专家们，他们比老百姓拥有更多的信息，因此具有更好的判断力和远见。

89 \

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GRE ISSUE TOPICS

使命造就领导者。

97 \ 尽管很不幸，但这是一个事实，政治决策和活动影响着人们生活的方方面面。

105 \from it's own citizens.\

当政府愿意接受来自其公民的质疑时，才表明这个国家真正的强大。

142 \ 当许多公民质疑权威的时候，社会才能更富强。

170 \welfare of all its people.\ (23)

伟大国家最可靠的标志不是其统治者、艺术家或者科学家的成就，而是全体人民的福利。

202 \abandon principle for the sake of compromise.\

和伟大的思想家、艺术家不同，最有效力的政治领导者必须经常向公众舆论让步，有时为了折衷要放弃原则。

Law & Morality (5)

17 \There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws.\05/38; 06/8]

有两种法律：公平的和不公平的。社会中的每个人都应该遵守公平的法律，更重要的是，不遵守或者违抗不公平的法律。

174 \times, and places.\

法律不应该太僵化、太固定。他们应该是灵活的，考虑到各种实际情况、时间和地点。

178 \, but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts and minds.\

控制、限制人们行为的法律可能建立，但是立法不能改变人们的本性，法律无法改变人们的所思所想。

180 \be legislated.\

现代社会的许多问题是法律和司法系统不能解决的，因为道德行为无法立法。

169 \other.\

认为政治和道德是两码事的人既不懂政治又不懂道德。

Leadership (6)

43 \, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.\05/36; 06/4] 一个政府官员要想成为一位有成效的领导者，必须有极高的伦理和道德修养。 (36)

160 \The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to re main consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little.\05/29; 06/5]

有效力的领导者最本质的品质就是对特定原则和目标的坚持。任何领导者，如果他很容易受到流行观点的影响，那他就一事无成。

123 \. Everything about people -- their clothes, their friends, the way they talk, what they eat -- reflects their political beliefs.\

和一个人相处很短的时间就有可能知道他的政治立场。所有与他们相关的如衣服、朋友、谈话的方式、所吃的食物都反映出他们的政治信仰。

208 \The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people.\05/48; 06/1] (46) 人们的眼神、穿着和动作都揭示了他们的态度和兴趣。你可以透过观察一个社会中人们的外貌和举止来认识该社会的理念和价值观。(以小见大)

70 \The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership.\05/18; 06/4] (37)

在任何领域，商业、政治、教育、政府，掌权者都应该在5年任期后下台。对任何事业而言，取得成功最保险的途径就是聘用新生力量担当领导。

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24 \.\ 当权者谨慎并有限度的使用他们权力的时候他们的工作才最有效力。

Politics & Media (2)

108 \proceedings can help people understand the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings-- trials, debates, meetings, etc -- that are televised, the more society will benefit.\

在很多国家，从电视上看到政府人员办公的场景已是可能。观看这些过程有助于人们理解影响他们生活的问题。政府办公如审判、辩论、会议等的各个场景，转播得越多，对社会越有益。

193 \lasting significance.\

更有持久影响的不是头版头条的政治事件，而是鲜有报道的社会变革。

Others (8)

3 \is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations.\

我们应该把更多的钱用在目前现存的社会问题上，而不是用在可能有助于后代的长期研究项目上。

31. \spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial.\05/18; 06/6]

花在研究上的资金基本上都是不错的投资，即使研究的结果是有争议的。（现实和理想）

56 \Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.\05/20; 06/4]

政府应该把更多的注意力放在解决当务之急，而不是试图解决将来预期的问题上。时间之当务之急和百年大计

20 \ 政府为儿童所想所做应该比成人多。

195 \The goal of politics should not be the pursuit of an ideal, but rather the search for common ground and reasonable consensus.\05/14; 06/0]

政治的目标不应是追求一个理想状态，而是寻找共同点和合情合理的共识。

82 \ 政府绝对不应该审查博物馆要展览的艺术品和历史陈列。

13 \of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct.\05/24; 06/4]

许多世界上鲜为人知的语言由于越来越少的人使用而逐渐消失。使用这些语言的国家应该采取措施防止这些语言绝迹。

83 \Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people.\05/47; 06/6]

政府应该保护那些疆域范围内的偏远地带，保持他们的原始状态，尽管这些地区一般来说非常偏僻，很少有人能够到达。

152 \The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies.\05/40; 06/7]

对于公司的执行官，他们唯一的任务就是在法律允许的范围内，为公司赚取尽可能多的金钱。

224 \, justified.\ 审查制度很少被证明是正当的。

No.5 Communications & Media

Functions of Media (8)

111 \worldwide distribution of television programs and advertisements is seriously diminishing the differences among cultures.\

全球性电视节目和广告极大地减少了各种文化之间的差异。

151 \

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and thoughtful communication.\

高速的电子通讯媒介，如电子邮件和电视，阻止了人们有思想、有意义的交流。

215 \clearly and extensively on a single issue over a long period of time.\

当今社会视觉影像的爆炸使得人们不能长时间明确且全面地关注某一问题。

107 \the time to develop thoughtful, well-reasoned points of view.\

实时通信系统促使人们匆忙决定并快速作出回应，而不是花时间得出一个仔细思考过、合情合理的观点。

219 \people are less likely than ever to think deeply or originally. They feel unable to compete with -- much less contribute to -- the quantity of information that is now available electronically.\

现在计算机技术已经使快速地访问大量的信息成为可能，人们已经不像以前那样进行深入和有创造力地思考了。他们感觉无法，也没有意义去和现在可以电子化获取的信息量相比。

29 \When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy.\05/8; 06/6] 公众人物，例如演员、政治家和运动员应该预料到人们对他们私生活的关注。当他们决定成为公众角色时，他们应该想到自己至少将失去某些隐私。

161 \In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any woman or man as a hero. The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.\

在媒体铺天盖地的年代，不可能树立英雄。任何人在媒体的“审视”下都会名声扫地。

185 “Scandals—whether in politics, academia, or other areas—can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could. ” [05/64; 06/4]

丑闻，不管是政治、学术还是其他领域，都是有用的。它们能吸引人们的注意力，而使我们聚焦于问题，以一种演讲者和改革家都做不到的方式。

Others (2)

109 \person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves.\

很多广告的目的是要让消费者因为拥有产品后“像”广告中的人物而购买某种产品，这样的广告是有效的，因为这样既销售了产品，又让人们自我感觉良好。

No.6 Society

Problems (5)

186 \Practicality is now our great idol, which all powers and talents must serve. Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today's world.\05/21; 06/0]

实用主义是我们现在主要的追求，一切的力量和才智都必须为其服务。任何并非显著实用的东西在当今世界几乎是没有价值的。(当务之急和长远大计的关系)

15 \.\ 社会的安定取决于社会对人们极端行为的回应措施。

121 \human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.\05/23; 06/6]

在过去不同的地质时期，很多物种的灭绝都是自然因素造成，而并非人类行为。所以，社会没有理由花费很大的人力物力去拯救濒临灭绝的物种。

149 \environmentally sensitive projects.\

保护野生环境最实际有效的方法就是通过环保项目吸引更多的观光客到那些地方去。

242. \and financial well-being.\

社会应尽力挽救每一动植物物种，不管花费多少人力、时间和财力。

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Progress of Society (4)

133 \choice, no one today would prefer to live in any other time.\

现代社会中的问题使很多人抱怨：“我们生活在一个糟糕的年代。”但如果让他们来选择，没有人会愿意过以往的生活。

137 \.\ 我们所谓的进步只不过是把一个问题转化成了另一个问题。

147 \Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them.\05/32; 06/7] 传统和现代化是水火不容的。人们必须二者选一。

211 \future conditions more than present conditions.\

一个决策，不管政府、企业抑或个人做出的，都应该考虑将来的情形多于目前的情形。

Ideality & Reality (2)

99 \In any realm of life -- whether academic, social, business, or political -- the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options.\05/22; 06/0](33) 在生活的各个领域，不管是学术、社交、商业或政治，要想成功，只能靠实际而并非理想化的观点。注重成效的行为确保了生存，而理想化的观点倾向于被更简单、更直接的观点取代。

148 \ 许多人崇尚理想主义，但它往往带来失望或烦恼。

Competition (2)

2 \ 对社会而言，竞争最终利大于弊。

37 \ 在大多数社会中，通常情况下竞争总是起到消极的作用，而不是积极的作用。

No.7 Culture (5)

10 \Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated.\[05/27; 06/1]

政府必须要确保主要城市发展所需的财政支持，因为一个国家的文化传统主要是在城市中得以保存和发展。

6 \ 了解当代文化最有效途径是分析其年青人的趋势和潮流。

63 \other culture, one that is distinctly different from your own.\

为了真正地了解你自己的文化，不管你怎样定义它，你需要了解至少一种其他的文化，并且这种文化和你的文化完全不同。

207 \Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are.\05/25; 06/2] (33)

典礼和仪式有助于确立一种文化，否则人们的社会或群体的角色归属感削弱。

243 \ 文明真正的价值反映在它的艺术创作上，而不是科学成就上。

No.8 Arts

Imaginative Works (2)

49 \picture of human experience than do factual accounts. Because the creators of fiction shape and focus reality rather than report on it literally, their creations have a more lasting significance.\

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有想象力的作品，比如小说、戏剧、童话和传说向人们展示了过去人们经验的精确且有意义的画面，而事实记述则稍逊。因为小说的作者重在刻画和关注事实，而非表面事实的报道，他们的作品有更深远的意义。

14 \ 每个人都有必要去阅读诗、小说、神话和其他有想象力的文学作品。

Government & Arts (3)

85 \Government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts.\05/10; 06/0] 政府对艺术的资助威胁着艺术的独立性。

101 \ 政府应资助艺术家，促进艺术繁荣，以便人们都能接触到艺术。

190 \resources to support the arts is inappropriate -- and, perhaps, even cruel -- when one considers all the potential uses of such money.\

当人们挨饿、失业或者缺少维持生存的基本技能时，动用公众资源来支持艺术就不合适了，也许，考虑到这些金钱的所有可能用途时，就更不人道了。

Artists & Critics (4)

76 \ 真正影响深远的思想家和具有高度创造力的艺术家们总是与他们的时代和社会步伐不一致。

96 \works of art, they have a responsibility to establish standards by which works of art can be judged.\

尽管那些评价艺术作品的批评家企图否定在评价艺术作品时任何客观标准的存在，他们还是有责任建立起一套艺术作品的评判标准。

143 \*those who evaluate works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc.

艺术家应该对给予他们的批评毫不理会。批评家总是削弱和限制艺术家的创造力 。*评价艺术作品，例如小说、电影、音乐、绘画等的人。

144 \It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of lasting value.\*a person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc. \05/75; 06/11] (54)

是艺术家而不是批评家，带给社会一些具有持久价值的东西。*批评家指经常评价艺术作品，例如小说、电影、音乐、绘画等的人。

167 \field.\05/15, 06/7]

批判性的判断在任何领域当中都是没什么用处的，除非它是来自于该领域中的专家。统一和分歧之专家

Value of Arts (2)

131 \The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society.\ (29)

艺术（绘画、音乐、文学等）展现了那些隐藏的观点和社会的脉动。

218 \In order for any work of art -- whether film, literature, sculpture, or a song -- to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.\05/26; 06/2]

艺术作品要有价值，不管是电影、文学还是歌曲，都必须让大多数人能够理解。 No.9 Science & Technology

Affections of Science (13)

88 \Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics.\05/30; 06/3] 科学技术不但影响而且决定了社会风俗和道德规范。 (36)

114 \but the overall condition of humanity is no better. War, violence, and poverty are still with us. Technology cannot change the condition of humanity.\

人道主义在上个世纪并没有真正的发展。科技发展，但是人道主义的整体面貌并没有得到改善。战争、暴力、贫穷一直困扰着我们。科技不能改变人道主义状况。

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129 \ 科技对现代生活是必须的，但并非任何时候都能起到积极的作用。

135 \technology to find solutions to these problems.\

虽然我们面临的大多数环境问题都来源于科技的应用，我们应该依靠科技本身来寻找这些问题的解决方案。

150 \Because of television and worldwide computer connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete.\05/47; 06/5]

由于电视和全球范围内的计算机网络，人们现在可以熟悉很多以前从未涉足过的地方。其结果就是使得旅游变得过时了。(旅游将会被淘汰，技术进步对人类社会的影响之旅游)

166 \past century, the most significant contribution of technology has been to make people's lives more comfortable.\

上个世纪，科技的最大贡献在于使人们的生活更舒适。

196 \solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life.\[05/15; 06/3]

科技产生的问题多于所解决的，可能威胁或降低人们的生活质量。

24 \time. Ironically, though, instead of making more leisure time available, these developments have contributed to a pace of human affairs that is more rushed and more frantic than ever before.\

快餐、实时通讯、高速运输，所有这些最新发展都是为了节省人们的时间。但具有讽刺意味的是，这些进步非但没有给人们带来更多的闲暇时间，反而让人们的生活节奏越来越忙乱。

58 \ 快节奏的生活导带来的问题比解决的问题多。

115 \such tools, we have no reference points to indicate how far we have advanced or retreated.\

通过逻辑思维和精确的测量手段才能获知我们的进步。没有这些工具，就没有参考点来标明我们进步了多少，退步了多少。

237 \available to everyone. The great advantage of this new technology is that it will enable anyone—not just scholars—to conduct in-depth research without having access to the original works.\

计算机以及视频技术可以制作原件的复制品，使得普通人都能接触到绘画或历史文件，此新技术的巨大优点在于它使得每一个人－而不只是学者－能够不接触原件而进行深入的研究。

7 \The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records.\05/52; 06/2] (34) 数码相机可以精确、令人信服地记录当代人们的生活，作为一种记录方式，它的重要性已经超过了纸笔记录。

41. \Such non-mainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science.\05/71; 06/5]

研究界的一些非主流领域，比如星象学、占卜术和意念及超自然探索，在社会中起到了很重要的作用，因为它们满足了人们无法从主流科学获得的需求。(少数和多数之非主流学科)

159 \The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.\05/28; 06/0]

人类的智慧将总是高于机器，因为机器只是人类智慧的工具。技术进步对人类社会的影响（类似于影响和决定人类传统）

Objectives of Science (3)

30 \The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time.\05/15; 06/1]

技术进步的主要目标是提高人们的效率，使得每个人都有更多的闲暇时间。

66 \surely deteriorate.\

人们越来越依赖于技术去解决问题，而人类自身思考的能力却被消弱。

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GRE ISSUE TOPICS

176 \05/5; 06/4]

科学的目的是使人们安心，艺术的目的是使人们不安。这就是它们各自的价值。

Others (2)

4 \study.\05/35; 06/6]

任何领域要取得重大进展，都需要外领域者的知识和经验。

9 \Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use.\

近年来学术领域如此专业化，以至于学者们的思想只能使少部分人了解。只有使更多的人理解，他们的思想才能发挥作用。

No.10 History

History & Contemporary (8)

26 \Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served.\05/18; 06/3] (27)

很多人认为建筑代表了一个社会过去的历史价值，但是当现代城市的规划者想要利用老建筑占用的地盘做新的规划时，就会引起很多争辩。在这样的情况下，现代的发展应该优先被考虑，以使当代的需要得到满足。

54 \History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.\05/29; 06/4]

历史只教会我们一件事：了解过去并不能帮助今天的人们在重大的事情上做决定。

103 \The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives.\05/34; 06/3] 研究历史的价值只体现在这种研究和我们的日常生活相关时。 (53)

110 \When we concern ourselves with the study of history, we become storytellers. Because we can never know the past directly but must construct it by interpreting evidence, exploring history is more of a creative enterprise than it is an objective pursuit. All historians are storytellers.\05/18; 06/0]

当我们研究历史时，我们变成了讲故事的人。因为我们无从直接知道过去发生的事情，必须通过一些证据来构建，所以历史研究是一个有创造成分的领域，而并非一个客观的学科。所有的历史学家都是讲故事的人（storyteller）。

120 \So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present.\05/33; 06/9] (36) 现代生活是崭新、复杂的，认知过去对现在没有指导价值。

125 \ 过去并不能预示将来。

189 \present.\

如果人们忽视了过去的伟大成就，那是因为这些成就已不能再回应目前的需要。

226 \People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience.\05/22; 06/6]

人们总是错误地认为自己面临的问题要比前人来得更复杂和更具有挑战性。不断增加的知识和经验最终消除这种假象。(现在和过去)

Effects of History (2)

81 \ 对国家历史的带有爱国主义色彩的崇敬往往对国家发展起阻碍作用，而不是推动作用。

221 \chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history.\05/20; 06/0] (33)

研究历史最明显的好处就是消除了这样的错觉，某个时代的人们与历史上另一个时代的人们有重大的差别 - 16 -

GRE ISSUE TOPICS

Individual & History (3)

36 \The greatness of individuals can be decedied only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.\05/58; 06/6]

241 \of a person's greatness are people who belong to a later time.\

个体的伟大成就不能由同时代的人来评判；对于成就最客观的评价者是后来人。

48 \The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten.\05/50; 06/7] (68)

对历史的研究把太多的重点放在对某些个人上。而历史上一些重大的事件和发展趋势不是由个别名人决定的，而是由那些已经被人们淡忘的社会群体所创造的。

No.11 International (4)

116 \aspect of society -- including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences -- will benefit greatly from international influences.\

随着经济和通讯等领域的全球化，毫无疑问，社会的方方面面，包括教育、政治、艺术和科学，都将从这种国际化影响中获益非浅。

197 \The material progress and well-being of one country are necessarily connected to the material progress and well-being of all other countries.\05/16; 06/0]

一个国家的生活质量提高和社会的安定是和其他所有国家的生活质量提高和社会安定密不可分的。

No.12 Other Topics (4)

127 \Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions.\05/27; 06/4]

事实都是固执的。它不可能随着我们的愿望、喜好或者情绪而改变。(客观和主观)

136 \The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare.\05/31; 06/3] (35) 没有选择的情况少之又少。

157 \There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires.\05/28; 06/2] 纯粹客观的观察是不存在的。所有的观察都是主观的；观察总是被观察者的预期或者喜好所左右的。(主观和客观之观察)

173 \in new ways.\

创新并不意味着一定要想一些人们从未想过的东西；它意味着用新方法来重组老观点。(新旧问题)

Leak:

69. “Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development.” (36)

203. \society chooses as its heroes or its heroines.\ (32)

25. \can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction—in other words, to make things as simple as possible.\ (20)

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