新GRE阅读36套解析Execrise8

Exercise 8

Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant制冷剂 that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop闭合环路. The refrigerant, starting as a lowtemperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor压缩机driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser冷凝剂, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confrontsa flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing thetemperature of this second body of air.(126 words)

1. According to the passage, the role of the flowrestriction in a heat pump is to (A) measure accurately the flow rate of therefrigerant mass at that point (B) compress and heat the refrigerant vapor

(C) bring about the evaporation and cooling ofrefrigerant【Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts10 a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled.】 (D) exchange heat between the refrigerant and theair at that point (E) reverse the direction of refrigerant flow whenneeded

Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal焦点 points—periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clearand firm notions of scholarly procedure: how oneinquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one‘s findings, what constitutes admissible可被采纳，可被接受的 and adequate proof.The recent popular psychohistory, committed to Freudian psychoanalysis, takes a radically different approach. This commitment precludes排除了 acommitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its ―facts‖ not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces推断 its theoriesnot from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable可以评价的 by, all historians. Psychohistorians, convinced of theabsolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the ―deepest‖ explanation of any event that other explanations fall short of达不到，缺乏 the truth.

2. Which of the following best states the main point ofthe passage? (A) The approach of psychohistorians to historicalstudy is currently in vogue正在流行的 even though itlacks the rigor and verifiability of traditionalhistorical method.【这道题虽然选对了，但是确实看了5个选项后才又重新看的A，是因为in vogue这个词没理解】

(B) Traditional historians can benefit from studyingthe techniques and findings of psychohis-torians.

(C) Areas of sociological study such as childhoodand work are of little interest to traditionalhistorians.

(D) The psychological assessment of an individual‘sbehavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.

(E) History is composed of unique and nonrepeating events that must be individually analyzed on the basis of publicly verifiable evidence.

3. The author of the passage puts the word ―deepest‖ inquotation marks most probably in order to

(A) question the usefulness of psychohistorians‘insights into traditional historical scholarship (B) draw attention to a contradiction in thepsychohistorians‘ method

(C) emphasize the major difference between thetraditional historians‘ method andthat of psychohistorians (D) disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians‘claims from her opinion of their method (E) signal her reservations about the accuracyof psychohistorians‘ claims for their work

【It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable可以评价的 by, all historians. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the ―deepest‖ explanation of any event that other explanations fall short of达不到，缺乏 the truth.】

【一般in order to 这种题都是看上下文的，上文说它打破了基本的标准：别人可以评价可以接受的evidence, 从而自己推理absolute rightness of their own theories，而且上一个题也表明了作者有所保留的态度】

PS【英语里引号一般只有两个意思：1.引用 2.反语，在这里就是一个反语】

Eight percent of the Earth‘s crust is aluminum, andthere are hundreds of aluminum-bearing含铝的 minerals andvast quantities of the rocks that contain them. The bestaluminum ore is bauxite, defined as aggregates of aluminous minerals, more or less impure, in which aluminumis present as hydrated oxides含水氧化物. Bauxite is the richest of allthose aluminous rocks that occur in large quantities, andit yields alumina氧化铝, the intermediate product required forthe production of aluminum. Alumina also occurs naturally as the mineral corundum刚玉, but corundum is not found in large deposits of high purity, and therefore it is an impractical source for making aluminum. Most of the many abundant nonbauxite aluminous minerals are silicates硅酸盐, and, like all silicate minerals, they are refractory, resistant to analysis, and extremely difficult to process. The aluminum silicates are therefore generally unsuitable alternatives to bauxite because considerably more energy is required to extract alumina from them. (153 words)

4. The author implies that a mineral must either be orreadily supply which of the following in

order to beclassified as an aluminum ore?

【注意提问方式：题目里有imply，表示不是表面上写的那个，所以定位在“The best aluminum ore is bauxite.”就是错的。事实上，题干问的是：一种物质应该是什么或者应该容易提供什么，这种物质才能被定义为铝矿石？定位在―Bauxite is the richest of all those aluminous rocks that occur in large quantities,and it yields alumina, the intermediate productrequired for the production ofaluminum—也就是说，氧化铝是产生铝的必不可少的中间环节，imply 了mineral 想要炼铝，都要产生或者就是alumina；这一点在最后一句：―because considerably more energy is requiredto extract alumina from them‖中也有体现】 (A) An aggregate (B) Bauxite (C) Alumina (D) Corundum

(E) An aluminum silicate

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply 5. The passage supplies information for answeringall of the following questions regarding aluminousminerals

□A Are aluminum-bearing nonbauxite mineralsplentiful?

【Most of the many abundant nonbauxite aluminous minerals are silicates硅酸盐】其实没啥准确定位

□B Do the aluminous minerals found in bauxitecontain hydrated oxides? □C Are aluminous hydrated oxides found in rocks?

6. The author implies that corundum would be used to produce aluminum if (A) corundum could be found that is not contaminated by silicates

(B) the production of alumina could be eliminatedas an intermediate step in manufacturing aluminum

(C) many large deposits of very high quality corundum were to be discovered【but corundum is not found in large deposits of high purity, and therefore it is an impractical source for making aluminum.】

(D) new technologies were to make it possible toconvert corundum to a silicate (E) manufacturers were to realize that the world‘ssupply of bauxite is not unlimited

Tillie Olsen‘s fiction and essays have been widely and rightly acknowledged, particularly by contemporary feminists, as major contributions to AmericanLine literature. Yet few of Olsen‘s readers realize the extentto which her vision and choice of subject are rooted in an earlier literary heritage—the tradition of radical political thought, mostly socialist and anarchist, of the 1910‘s and 1920‘s, and the Old Left tradition of the 1930‘s. I do not mean that one can adequately explainthe eloquence of her work in terms of its political origins, or that left-wing politics were the single most important influence on it. My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people‘s lives—owesmuch to that earlier literary heritage.(126 words)

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply 7. According to the author, which of the followingis NOT true of the heritage mentioned in the

passage?【？？？】

□A It emphasizes gender as the determinateinfluence on people‘s lives.

□B It includes political traditions that span threedecades of the twentieth century. □C It has been the most important influence onOlsen‘s work.

8. Select the sentence in which the author denies possibleinterpretations of an earlier assertion.【注意审题，问的是作者否定的那种对他先前的论断的解读，自己选的是an earlier assertion，问的是作者对其的补充，这类题错了不少，主要原因都是没搞懂问的到底是啥，(⊙v⊙)嗯，要注意】

Yet few of Olsen‘s readers realize the extent to which her vision and choice of subject are rooted in an earlier literary heritage—the tradition of radical political thought, mostly socialist and anarchist, of the 1910‘s and 1920‘s, and the Old Left tradition of the 1930‘s.

I do not mean that one can adequately explain the eloquence of her work in terms of its political origins, or that left-wing politics were the single most important influence on it.

Our visual perception depends on the reception of energy reflecting or radiating from that which we wish to perceive. If our eyes could receive and measureinfinitely delicate sense-data, we could perceive the world with infinite precision. The natural limits of our eyes have, of course, been extended by mechanical instruments; telescopes and microscopes, for example, expand our capabilities greatly. There is, however, an ultimate limit beyond which no instrument can take us;this limit is imposed by our inability to receive sense- data smaller than those conveyed by an individual quantum of energy.(97 words)

9. Which of the following describes a situationmost analogous to the situation discussed in the last sentence?

(A) A mathematician can only solve problemsthe solution of which can be deducedfrom known axioms.

(B) An animal can respond to no commandthat is more complicated syntacticallythan any it has previously received.

(C) A viewer who has not learned, at leastintuitively, the conventions of painting,cannot understand perspective in adrawing.

(D) A sensitized film will record no detail on ascale that is smaller than the grain of thefilm. (E) A shadow cast on a screen by an opaqueobject will have a sharp edge only if thelight source is small or very distant.

Of Homer‘s two epic poems, the Odyssey has always been more popular than the Iliad伊利亚特, perhaps because it includes more features of mythology that are accessibleto readers. Its subject (to use Maynard Mack‘s5 categories) is ―life-as-spectacle奇观,‖ for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without外面，外在; the tragic悲剧的 Iliad, however, presents ―life-as- experience‖: readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. In addition, the Iliad, more than the Odyssey, suggests the complexity of the gods‘ involvement

in human actions, and to the extent that modern readers find this complexity a needless complication, the Iliad is less satisfying than theOdyssey, with its simpler ?scheme‘ of divine justice. Finally, since the Iliad presents a historically verifiable action, Troy‘特洛伊s siege, the poem raises historical questions that are absent from the Odyssey’s blithely imaginative world.(148 words)

10. The author uses Mack‘s ―categories‖ (lines 4-5)most probably in order to (A) argue that the Iliad should replace the Odysseyas the more popular poem (B) indicate Mack‘s importance as a commentatoron the Iliad and the Odyssey (C) suggest one way in which the Iliad and theOdyssey can be distinguished (D) point out some of the difficulties faced byreaders of the Iliad and the Odyssey

(E) demonstrate that the Iliad and the Odysseycan best be distinguished by comparing their respective heroes

11. The passage is primarily concerned with (A) distinguishing arguments (B) applying classifications (C) initiating a debate (D) resolving a dispute (E) developing a contrast 12. It can be inferred from the passage that a reader ofthe Iliad is likely to have trouble identifying with thepoem‘s hero for which of the following reasons? (A) The hero is eventually revealed to be unheroic.

(B) The hero can be observed by the readeronly from without. (C) The hero‘s psychology is not historicallyverifiable.

(D) The hero‘s emotions often do not seemappealing to the reader.【the tragic悲剧的 Iliad, however, presents ―life-as- experience‖: readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.】 (E) The hero‘s emotions are not sufficiently various to engage the reader‘s attention.

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