英语语言学试卷精粹（10套题）

第一部分 选择题

I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for \ it is said to be ___.

A、 prescriptive B、 sociolinguistic C、 descriptive D、 psycholinguistic

2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、 mouth B、 lips C、 tongue D、 vocal cords

3、The morpheme \

A、 bound morpheme B、 bound form C、 inflectional morpheme D、 free morpheme

4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.

A、 coordinator B、 particle C、 preposition D、 subordinator主从连词

5、\

A、 is synonymous with B、 is inconsistent with C、 entails D、 presupposes

6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、 semantics B、 pragmatics C、 sociolinguistics D、 psycholinguistics

7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化. A、 elaboration B、 simplification精简 C、 external borrowing D、 internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.

A、 Lingua franca通用语 B、 Creole C、 Pidgin D、 Standard language标准语言

9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus角回 B、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area

10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.

A、 learning B、 competence C、 performance D、 acquisition

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第二部分 非选择题

II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)

11、Chomsky defines \ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .

13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.

15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.

17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .

18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of \ 19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.

20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)

()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.

()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.

()23、The compound word \ indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.

()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only. ()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.

()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.

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()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.

()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.

()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life. ()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.

IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)

31、duality 32、diachronic linguistics 33、broad transcription 34、morphological rules 35、phrase structure rule 36、relational opposites 37、componential analysis 38、context 39、euphemism 40、brain lateralization

V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)

41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.

42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.

英语语言学试题（2）

一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)

1.The pair of words ―lend‖and ―borrow‖are ___.( ) A.gradable opposites B.relational opposites C.co-hyponyms D.synonyms

2.The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar .( ) A.Jacob Grimm B.Rasmus Rask C.Franz Bopp D.Sir William Jones

3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( ) A.unusual B.something to be feared C.abnormal D.natural

4.__produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.( )

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A.Broca's aphasic B.The linguistic deprivation

C.The damage on the angular gyrus D.Wernicke's aphasic

5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say ―night‖ as ―light‖.This shows: .( ) A.They cannot pronounce/n/

B.Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue C.The teachers do not have a good teaching method D.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 6.A word with several meanings is called __word.( )

A.a polysemous B.a synonymous C.an abnormal D.a multiple 7.The function of the sentence ―A nice day, isn't it?‖is __.( ) A.informative B.phatic C.directive D.performative

8.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary.( ) A.usage B.grammar C.pronunciation D.structure

9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.( ) A.Linguistic geography B.Lexicology C.Lexicography D.Sociolinguistics

10.The semantic components of the word ―gentleman‖ can be expressed as __.( ) A.+animate,+male,+human,-adult B.+animate,+male,+human,+adult C.+animate,-male,+human,-adult D.+animate,-male,+human,+adult 二、填空题(每空1分，共10分)

11.A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement,q________or command.

12.In sociolinguistic studies,speakers are treated as members of s__g________.

13.Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context.

14.To many people,a linguist is the same as a ________,one who can speak several languages fluently. 15.Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v__,while all vowel sounds are v________.

三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分)

16.All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.(

17.Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( ) 18.Linguistics is the course of language.( )

19.The part of a sentence which compriese comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called predicate.( )

20.Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.( )

21.The term dialect,as a technical term in linguistics,carries value judgement and not simply refers to a distinct form of language.( )

22.Morphology is translated as 形态学。( )

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23.The word ―photographically‖ is made up of 4 morphemes.( ) 24.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.( ) 25.Semantics is the main part of linguistics.( ) 四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)

26.general linguistics 27.suprasegmental features 28.root and stem 29.hierarchical structure 30.naming theory and conceptualist view 31.maxims of quality and manner 32.blending 33.sociolect 34.subvocal speech 35.contrastive analysis

五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)

36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.

(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible. (2)He saw young men and women present.

(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.

37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples. re- un- anti- super- -wise -itis -ize -age

英语语言学试题（3）

第一部分 选择题

Ⅰ.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)

1.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is ______.

A. arbitrary B.non-arbitrary C. logical D.non-productive

2.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips,i.e. rounded, EXCEPT ______.

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3.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed the ______. A.phrase structure B.surface structure C.syntactic structure D.deep structure

4.The theory of ______ accounts for the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. A.Case Condition B.Adjacent Condition C.parameter D.Adjacent parameters

5.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ______. A.polysemy B.hyponymy C.antonymy D.homonymy

6.The utterance \ A.quality B.quantity C.relation D.manner

7.In first language acquisition children usually ______ grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear. A.use B.accept C.generalize D.reconstruct

8.Standardization known as ______ is necessary in order to facilitate communications. A.language interpretation B.language identification C.language choice D.language planning

9.Which of the following choices is not the key biological basis for human language acquisition? ______.

A.Cerebral cortex B.Neurons C.Eyes D.Angular gyrus

10.Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children's telegraphic speech stage. A.the copula verb \ B.inflectional morphemes C.function words D.content words 第二部分 非选择题

Ⅱ.Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)

11.Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a

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_s_______ study of language.

12.An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any _o________ when a sound is produced.

13.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called _b________ morphemes.

14.XP may contain more than just X.For example,the NP \Det being the _s________,N the head and S the complement.

15.According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts,\fall into the category of _d________.

16.Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items.The word that is more general in meaning is called _s________.

17.Vowels can be nasalized.The vowel nasalization rule is an _a________ rule,which,for the most part, is caused by articulatory or physiological process in which successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another.

18.One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of _s________ words and expressions, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group.

19.The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called _h________, one on the right and one on the left.

20.Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and _t________ language instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.

Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)

21.( )Human capacity for language has a genetic basis,i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.

22.( )A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.

23.( )Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.

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24.( )Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.

25.( )The same semantic feature occurs in one part of speech only. For example, \such as \

26.( )According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering, advising, promising and apologizing all fall into the category of directives.

27.( )New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought to be part of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus \the \

28.( )Women in Western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and sensitive to the social significance of certain linguistic variables.

29.( )The case of Genie confirms that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop.

30.( )Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance.

Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)

31.narrow transcription 32.stem

33.derivational affixes 34.grammatical relation 35.predication 36.semantic narrowing 37.nonstandard languages 38.linguistic taboo 39.angular gyrus 40.interlanguage

Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)

41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.

英语语言学试题（5）

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一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)

1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) study. A. comparative B. diachronic C. up-to-date D. descriptive

2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ( ) phonetics.

A. auditory B. acoustic C. articulatory D. none of the above three

3. What the element ?-es‘ indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element ?-ed‘ past tense, and ?-ing‘ progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ( ). A. phonemes B. morphemes C. allophones D. phones

4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory.

A. speech act B. TG C. principles-and-parameters D. minimalist programme

5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ).

A. predication analysis B. stylistic analysis C. componential analysis D. proposition analysis

6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker‘s intention.

A. locutionary act B. illocutionary act C. perlocutionary act D. constative act

7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar ( ). A. Sir William Jones B. John Firth C. M. A. K. Halliday D. F. D. Saussure

8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ( ).

A. discourse role-switching B. activity role-switching C. social role-switching D. code-switching

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9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners‘( ). A. second language B. first language C. foreign language D. interlanguage

10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around ( ).

A. 7800 B. 6800 C. 5800 D. 4800 二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)

11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.

12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.

13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.

14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.

15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.

16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.

17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.

18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.

19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t________.

20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is called a ________.

三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分)

21. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic. ( )

22. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by ―copying‖ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus

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5. Different meanings can be associated with one linguistic form, but there is no basic meaning among them. This is known as ( ).

A. homonymy B. hyponymy C. polysemy D. antonymy

6. ―How fast did he drive when he ran the red light?‖ ( ) ―He ran the red light‖. A. entails B. contradicts C. presupposes D. includes

7. The word ―lab‖ is formed through ( ). A. back formation B. blending C. clipping D. derivation

8. ( ) in the brain fulfills the function of speech production. A. Angular gyrus B. Broca‘s area C. The right hemisphere D. Wernicke‘s area

9. When a child uses ―mummy‖ to refer to any woman, most probably his ―mummy‖ means ( ). A. + Human B. + Human + Adult

C. + Human + Adult – Male D. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent

10. ( ) is not a suprasegmental feature. A. Aspiration B. Intonation C. Stress D. Tone

二、在下列空格中填上以给出字母开始的恰当的单词。（每空1分，共16分）

1. D_________ is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.

2. S_________ study of language describes language at some point in time; d_________ study describes language as it changes through time.

3. N_________ transcription transcribes sounds with diacritics, while b_________ transcription does not.

4. A sentence has a hierarchical structure and l_________ structure as well.

5. Unlike a sentence, the meaning of an u_________ is concrete and context-dependent.

6. Chinese belongs to S_________ language family, while English belongs to I _________ language family.

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7. R_________ are situational dialects appropriate for use in particular situations; i_________ is a personal dialect.

8. When a p_________ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children learn it as their first language, it becomes c_________.

9. I_________ is the approximate linguistic system that a second language learner constructs, which represents the learner‘s transitional competence in the target language.

10. A_________ is the learner‘s process of adapting to the culture and value system of the target language community. 11. Words that have descended from a common source are c_________.

三、判断下列各题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错误的写“F”并且加以改正。（每小题2分，共20分）

1. ― Beat‖ and ―bit‖ are not a minimal pair. ( )

2. Compounds are words created by combining two or more than two words. ( )

3. Linguistic change occurs only in sound and lexical system, but not in syntax. ( )

4. In a predication, the argument is said to govern the predicate. ( )

5. Modern English began with the Norman Conquest. ( )

6. Bilingualism is a situation in which two different varieties of a language co-exist in a speech community. ( )

7. The case of Genie suggests that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period. ( )

8. Interference is the only source of errors in the second language acquisition. ( )

9. When a plural form -s is added to a noun that ends with a vowel, it is pronounced as ［z］, due to assimilation. ( )

10. In the sentence ―The father beat the child‖, ―the child‖ is both a structural and logical object. ( )

四、名词解释，并至少举一例加以说明（每小题4分，共24分） 1. duality 2. phoneme

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3. complex sentence 4. reference 5. perlocutionary act 6. linguistic taboo

五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）

1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice‘s Cooperative Principle: A: Where‘ve you been? B: Out.

2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains: specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness (每个语素0. 5分)

英语语言学试题（8）

语言学试题

第一部分 选择题

一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。

1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play ―Romeo and Juliet‖ ?A rose by any other name would smell as sweet‘ well illustrates _______.( ) A.the conventional nature of language B.the creative nature of language C.the universality of language

D.the big difference between human language and animal communication

2.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.( )

A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk

3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula \→NP VP\ ) A.hierarchical B.linear C.tree diagram D.vertical

4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.( )

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A.Case Condition B.parameter C.Adjacent Condition D.Adjacent Parameter

5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. A.phoneme B.word C.phrase D.sentence

6.According to Searle,those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.( )

A.commisives B.directives C.expressives D.declaratives

7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.

A.synchronic B.diachronic C.comparative D.historical comparative

8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term.

A.title+first name B.title+title

C.title alone D.first name+last name+title

9.Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as \\ )

A.vocal thought B.subvocal thought C.covert thought D.overt thought

10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?_______.( ) A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation

B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language

D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use

第二部分 非选择题

二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。)

11.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.

12.Clear ［1］ and dark［ ］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c________ distribution.

13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.

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14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.

15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms.

16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent.

17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________.

18.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.

19.The brain's neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________, which is specific to human beings.

20.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t________.

三、判断说明题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。)判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。

( )21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form. ( )22.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.

( )23.A compound is the combination of only two words.

( )24.―The student‖ in the sentence ―The student liked the linguistic lecture.‖,and ―The linguistic lecture‖ in the sentence ―The linguistic lecture liked the student.‖belong to the same syntactic category.

)25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.

( )26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.

( )27.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.

( )28.Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.

( )29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. ( )30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.

四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。)

31.cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)

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32.phonic medium of language 33.voicing

34.inflectional morphemes 35.reference 36.locutionary act 37.protolanguage 38.ethnic dialect 39.registers 40.acculturation

五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。)

41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples. 42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production

英语语言学试题（9）

语言学试题及参考答案

I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)

1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________. A. a particular language B. the English language C. human languages in general D. the system of a particular language

2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________. A. voiceless, bilabial, stop B. voiceless, labiodental, fricative

C. voiced, bilabial, stop D. voiced, labiodental, fricative

3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix \in the word \is known as a(n) __________.

A. derivational morpheme B. free morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D. free form

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4. In the phrase structure rule \→NP VP\ A. is equal to B. consists of C. has D. generates

5. \ A. entails B. presupposes C. is inconsistent with D. is synonymous with

6. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________. X: Who was that you were with last night?

Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks? A. quality B. quantity C. relation D. manner

7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered. A. phrases B. sentences C. morphemes D. utterances

8. In a speech community people have something in common __________a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it. A. socially B. linguistically C. culturally D. pragmatically

9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? __________.

A. language and speech B. visual and spatial skills

C. reading and writing D. analytic reasoning

10. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year. A. babbling B. one-word C. two-word D. multiword

Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)

11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic

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f before they can do anything else.

12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s rules. 13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f___________ morpheme. 14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as \ 15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s .

16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C principle proposed by J. Grice.

17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t across generations.

18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.

19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as \ speech,\ 20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.

Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)

21. ( ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the \

22. ( ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.

23. ( ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.

24. ( ) Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.

25. ( ) The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.

26. ( ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.

27. ( ) In first language acquisition children's grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language. 28. ( ) The sentences \because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.

29. ( ) Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system. 30. ( ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.

Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)

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31. synchronic linguistics 32. displacement 33. a minimal pair 34. derivational affixes 35. syntax

36. language transfer 37. hyponymy 38. sentence meaning 39. lingua franca 40. cerebral cortex

Ⅴ. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)

41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English. 42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.

语言学试题参考答案

一、 单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）

1、C 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D 6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A 10、D

二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）

11、knowledge 12、bilabial

13、morphology 14、sentence 15、complete

16、representatives 17、coinage 18、delete 19、critical

20、interlanguage

三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）

21、F

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Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.

22、F

Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.

23、F

The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound \

24、F

Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.

25、F

Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, \Scottish dialect, and \

26、T

27、T

28、F

They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.

29、F

The true statement is \to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life\

30、T

四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）

31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.

32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.

33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks. 34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.

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35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences

36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, \

37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word \is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.

38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.

39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. \

40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.

五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）

41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.

1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→ /fi:v/(Middle English)→ /faiv/(Modern English)

2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so \was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.

3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle. 4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd (\is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart \

评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。

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42、The acquisition of a second language is dependent on a combination of factors. The rate and ultimate success in SLA are affected not only by learners' experience with optimal input and instruction, but also by individual learner factors. The learner factors that have captured the attention of SLA researchers include age, motivation, acculturation, and personality:

1) Age The optimum age for SLA does not always accord with the maxim of \been demonstrated that adolescents are quicker and more effective L2 learners than young children. The early teenagers are good L2 learners because their flexibility of the language acquisition faculty has not been completely lost and their cognitive skills have developed considerably to facilitate the processing of linguistic features of a new language.

2) Motivation Adults are motivated to learn a second language because of a communicative need. If the learners have a strong instrumental need to learn a second language or have a strong interest in the way of life of native speakers of the language they are learning, they are most likely to succeed.

3) Acculturation The more a learner aspires to acculturate to the community of the target language, the further he or she will progress along the developmental continuum.

4) Personality The generally outgoing adult learners learn more quickly and therefore are more successful than the generally reserved ones.

英语语言学试题（2）

参考答案

一、单项选择题(每小题2分，共20分) 1.B 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.B 二、填空题(每空1分，共10分) 11.words question 12.social groups 13.sentence meaning 14.polyglot

15.voiceless voiced voiced 三、判断说明题(每小题2分，共20分) 16.T

17.F(Sense and reference…) 18.F(scientific study of language) 19.F(finite verb…) 20.F(diachronic)

21.F(no value judgement) 22.T 23.T

24.F(morpheme) 25.F(one of the parts)

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四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)

26.The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. 27.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.

28.The base form of a word; the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.

29.The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent, such as NP and VP.

30.The words of a language are labels of the objects they stand for; a linguistic form is linked through concepts to what it refers to.

31.Do not say what you believe to be false or without adequate evident; Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity, be brief and orderly.

32.A process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words. 33.A variety of languages used by a social class. 34.Thought when it is close to language.

35.A comparative procedure to establish linguistic differences between languages for teaching purposes. 五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)

36.(1)the hunters are shooting; the hunters are shot;

(2)young men and young women; young men and (not young) women (3)the president appoints others; the president is appointed. 37.re-:again,e.g.retype,reorganize un-: not, reverse, e.g. unhappy, unlock anti-: against, anti- drug, anti-imperialism

super- greater than usual, e.g. superpower, superman -wise: in the manner of, e.g. clockwise, moneywise -itis: infection. e.g. bronchitis, arthritis -ize: make into, e.g. realize, modernize -age: process. e.g. mileage, linkage

英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题参考答案

一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分) 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A

二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分)

11.social 12.complementary 13.root 14.complex

15.complementary 16.utterance 17.metathesis 18.bilingualism 19.lateralization 20.transfer

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三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)

21.F

The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention. 22.T 23.F

Some compounds contain more than two words. 24.T 25.F

It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions \ 26.T 27.F

The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary. 28.T 29.T 30.F

Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to ,and in later stages acquire the \

四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分)

31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e.it has to be taught and learnt.

32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication, i.e.the speech sounds. 33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.

34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories,such as-ed,-(e)s,-est in English.

35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ,if we say, \speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word \refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word \

36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. For example, by saying \locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.

37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages. 38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language,often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.

39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations,in contrast to language

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varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.

40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community.

五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分)

41.In addition to revealing a linear order, a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.

For example, the phrase \the old men and women\may have two interpretations, i.e.the adjective \difference, so it is ambiguous.Whereas,the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So,we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis.

NP NP

NP NP NP NP

The old men and the women the old men and the old women

42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis,language use in terms of perception,comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers.

When we speak,words are drawn from Wernicke's area and transferred to Broca's area, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words.

When we hear something and try to comprehend it,t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke's area,where it is then interpreted.

When we perceive a visual image,a message is sent to the angular gyrus,where it is converted into a visual pattern.

英语语言学试题（9）

参考答案

一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 1、C 2、B 3、C 4、B 5、A 6、C 7、C 8、B 9、B 10、C

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二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）

11、facts 12、sequential 13、free 14、coordinate 15、semantics 16、Cooperative 17、transmission 18、social 19、subvocal 20、Interlanguage

三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 21、（T）

22、（F）As there is an essential difference between the consonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind of obstruction of air in the production of the former, but there is not in the production of the latter, it is impossible to use the same criteria in their classification.

23、（F）We cannot always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts. 24、（T）

25、（F）The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and its referent, i.e. between language and the real world; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. 26、（T）

27、（F）In first language acquisition children's grammar never models exactly after the grammar of adult language, because children usually construct their personal grammars by themselves and generalize rules from the linguistic information they hear. 28、（T） 29、（T）

30、（F）Instruction and correction are not key factors in child language development. Linguists have found that for the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction. Instruction and correction just play a minor role.

四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）

31、Linguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study of the kind of English used during Shakespeare's time.

32、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language is not restricted by the 'here' and 'now' as animal communication is; we can virtually talk about anything we want, including what happened in the past, what is going to happen in the future, what is not existent in the immediate surroundings and even what we imagine. 33、A pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound, e.g. /pit/ and /bit/.

34、Affixes added to an existing form to create a new word ,e.g. in-,-er 35、Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, and it consists of a set of rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.

36、Language transfer is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in their learning process.

37、Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more specific word and a more general, more inclusive word. The former is included in the latter. For example, a cat is a hyponym of animal.

38、Sentence meaning refers to the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and decontextualized. For example, semantic analysis of the sentence meaning of \bag is heavy\results in the one-place predication BAG (BEING HEAVY). 39、A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people of

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diverse linguistic backgrounds. For this reason, a lingua franca must be an agree-upon \people thrown into social contact for various purposes, such as for social or commercial purposes.

40、Cerebral cortex is the outside surface of the brain, the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions. Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals, such as sophisticated reasoning, linguistic skills, and musical ability, are believed to reside in the cortex.

五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）

41、Sociological triggers for language change refer to such radical socio-political changes as wars, invasions, occupation, colonialization, and language planning and standardization policies. A typical example in the history of English is the Norman Conquest, a military event that marked the dawning of the Middle English period. This means that Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in English under William the Conqueror in 1066. And for about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest, French remained as the language of the ruling class, as far as literature and administration were concerned. So Middle English was deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. For example, such terms as \came from the language of the French rulers.

评分标准：满分10分，其中定义占3分，典型例子占5分，例词占2分。

42、 The four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's L2 acquisition are: 1) age, 2) motivation, 3) acculturation, 4) personality.

The optimal age for L2 acquisition is early teenage.

Motivation refers to the learner's overall goal or orientation. There are two types of motivation：instrumental motivation and integrative motivation. The former occurs when the learner's goal is functional and the latter occurs when the learner's goal is social.

Acculturation is the process in which the learner adapts to the new culture of the L2 community.

Personality is also related to L2 learning. Adult learners who are extroverted learn more quickly and therefore are more successful than introverted learners.

北京师范大学2004考研《语言学》试卷

北京师范大学2004考研《语言学》试卷

1. Define the following terms:20 points

1) langue 2) parole 3) allophone 4) semantic field 5) cohesion

2.Try to identify the possible paradigmatic relation between any items in the following poem by Lu Xun 10points

岂有豪情似旧时？ 花开花落两由之。 何期泪洒江南雨，

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又为斯民哭健儿！

3.Give some lexical items to illustrate social dialects. Try to explain their connotations.20 points

4. What can this rule mean in English grammar? 10 points

[d] ___ [ -id] / [t] ___

5. Define the following sounds in terms of articulatory features10 points

这些音标我打不出来 和往年的差不多 全掌握了就行

6.Try to tell some of the similarities and differences between English and Chinese nominal constructions. Supply some examples.10 points

7.We can use the pattern ―it is ……‖to emphasize any part of a sentence except the predicate. What can we do if we must emphasize it ? Please give examples to highlight your emphasis of any part of this sentence :15points

I bought a book in the city yesterday.

8. Try to discuss as many as possible the design features of human language.15 points

9. Observe the following sentences:

老王找到老张，才找到他的儿子。 老王找到老张，才找到他自己的儿子。 老王找到老张，才找到自己的儿子。 老王找到老张，才找到儿子。

Which sentence is clear in its meaning? Which one is unclear? Try to explain why. Point out some features of the Chinese language.10points

10.Discuss the following 2 sentences, and tell why we can assign different values to the year of fifteen:10 points She is already fifteen, and yet she is crying over such a small thing.

She has done it very well; she is only fifteen, you know.

11.What can linguistics do for language learning and teaching? (10 points)

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12.Determiner Phrase (DP) is the name newly given to the NP in generative grammar. A DP can be a form like 1)a book; 2)the book; 3)books; 4)o book.

This name may be better than the old name of NP in that it reminds us of sth when we (Chinese speakers) learn or teach English. Do you agree to this? Try to tell anything significant here. (10 points)

英语语言学试卷

一、Define the following linguistic terms (21% , 3 points each)

1.hyponymy

2.selectional restrictions

3.duality of structure

4.functional shift

5.bilingualism

6.suprasegmental features

7.inflectional morpheme

二、Decide true or false of the following statements.Write T if it is true and F if it is false.(15% ,1

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point each)

( )1.Radar is an example of acronym.

( )2.What is a permissible sequence in one language may not be so in another language.

( )3.English has only three bilabials,which are [p][b][m].

( )4.Phonetically similar sounds might be related in two possible ways:phonemic contrast and complementary

distribution.

( )5.Compounds often have the same stress patterns as the noncompounded word sequence.

( )6.Bloomfield's theory of syntax has two central ideas: one is the notion of discovering procedures and

the other is that of constituent structure.

( )7.Chomsky has suggested two criteria for judging grammars ,i.e.,observational adequacy and descriptive

adequacy.

( )8.Transformational rules are also called rewrite rules.

( )9.Complex symbols are in fact feature notations used to indicate the individual features of nouns or

verbs for subcategorization.

( )10.The task of the semantic component is to convert deep structures into surface structures.

( )11.Sense relations are in fact a part of the semantic structures of English .

( )12.In Britain, one of the most important markers of status is accent.

( )13.Linguists suggest that language is very variable phenomenon,and that this variability is not governed

by any rules . That is one of the reasons why we say language is arbitrary.

( )14.Chomsky thinks that human beings are innately endowed with the capacity to form some concepts rather

than others.

( )15.Generalization refers to the use of previously available strategies in new situations.

三、Choose the best answer from the four choices given.(20%, 2 points each)

1.The kind of antonymy between \

(A) converseness (B) relational opposites (C) complementarity (D) gradable opposites

2.\

(A) inconsistency (B) presupposition (C)semantic anomaly (D) tautology

3.Qualifying predication and modifying predication are two main types of __________ predications.

(A) downgraded (B)upgraded (C) overgraded (D) undergraded

4.According to Austin , a speaker, while making an utterance, is inmost cases performing _______ acts

simultaneously.

(A) two (B) three (C)four (D)five 5.\

(A)declarations (B) expressives (C)commissives (D) directives.

6.An ________ can further be divided into two types: subordinating and coordinating .

(A) endocentric construction (B) exocentric construction (C) immediate constituent (D)ultimate

constituent

7.The two criteria linguists use for judging grammars are ________

(A) competence and performance (B)generation and transformation (C) observational adequacy and descriptive adequacy (D) observation experiment

8.______ are also called rewrite rules.

(A) phonological rules (B) morphological rules (C) phrase structure rules (D) transformational

rules

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9.The major components of a transformational grammar are __________

(A)syntactic,phonological,and semantic (B)base, deep structure, and surface structure

(C)deletion, copying ,addition, and reoridering (D)generation and transformation

10.\ (A) dialectal synonyms (B) collocationally-restricted synonyms

(C) words differing in\

(D) words differing in emotive or evaluative meaning

四、Read the following and try to complete the statements according to what you have read.(20%, 2 points

each)

(Ⅰ)

Every language is part of a culture. As such, it cannot but serve and reflect cultural needs. This does not necessarily go against Saussure's thesis that the signifieds of a language are arbitrary and hence derive their exact identity from systems of relationships. What needs to be added, however, is that this

arbitrariness is not as absolute as he suggested, but is limited by the particular cultural setting from which a language extracts its signifieds. Within the broad limits set by the specific needs of a culture, a language is free to make arbitrary selections of signifieds. This element of arbitrariness is borne out by the fact that there is never at any point in time a perfect match between the cultural needs of a speech community and its linguistic resources. Thus neither linguistic determinism nor cultural determinism can adequately explain why a language should select its unique system of signs, for these selections are made partly in response to cultural needs and partly owing to the inherent (limited) arbitrariness of the process.

There is yet another sense in which language is not a passive reflector of culture. Even assuming that culture is in many cases the first cause in the language-culture relationship, language as the effect in the first link of the causal chain will in turn be the cause in the next link, reinforcing and preserving beliefs and customs and comditioning their future course.(Hu Zhuan-glin et.al.:linguistics:A Course Book) 1.This passage suggests that the relationship between language and culture should be a _______ one. (A) dialectical (B) dialectal (C) mutually exclusive (D) entirely autonomous 2.Saussure would readily agree that ________

(A)language is a naming process, a list of words, each corresponding to the thing it names. (B)ready-made ideas exist before words.

(C)there is no intrinsic connection between the signifier and the signified .

(D)as the signifieds of a language derive their identity from systems of relationships, there should be some connection between the signifier and the signified. 3.This passage suggests that ________

(A)a language is not entirely free to make arbitrary selections of signifieds . (B)a language is entirely free to make arbitrary selections of signifieds.

(C)Cultural and linguistic universals are more important than cultural and linguistic peculiarsals . (D)cultural and linguistic peculiarities are more important than cultural and linguistic universals. 4.According to this passage ,which of the following is true? ______

(A)Cultural needs and linguistic resources sometimes do not correspond to each other. (B)A linguistic system is a reproducing instrument for voicing ideas .

(C)We are not able to make distinctions unless the distinctions are lexicalized. (D)Signifeds exits prior to and independently of signifiers.

5.According to this passage ,which of the following is NOT true?______

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(A)Language can cause the changes of culture .

(B)A language selects its unique system of signs because of cultural needs and also the arbitrariness of the selection.

(C)Language can reinforce and preserve culture.

(D)Culture is the first cause in the language-culture relationship.

(Ⅱ)

The subject of 'pragmatics'is very familiar in linguistics today . Fifteen years ago it was mentioned by linguists rarely , if at all. In those far-off-seeming days ,pragmatics tended to be treated as a rag-bag into which recalcitrant data could be conveniently stuffed, and where it could be equally conveniently forgotten. Now, many would argue, as I do ,that we cannot really understand the nature of language itself

unless we understand pragmatics: how language is used in communication.

How has this change come about? In part , the whole of the recent history of linguistics can be described in terms of successive discoveries that what has gone headlong into the rag-bag can be taken out again and sewed and patched into a more or less presentable suit of clothes. To the generation which followed Bloomfield, linguistics meant phonetics, phonemics and if one was daring-morphophonemics; but syntax was considered so abstract as to be virtually beyond the horizon of discovery, All this changed after Chomsky, in the later 1950s , discovered the centrality of syntax; but like the structuralists, he still regarded meaning as altogether too messy for serious contemplation. In the earlier 1960s (for by this time the pace of linguistic advance had quickened ) Katz and his collaborators (Katz and Fodor 1963;Katz and Postal 1964;Katz 1964) began to find out how to incorporate meaning into a formal linguistic theory, and it was not long before the 'California or bust' spirit led to a colonization of pragmatics, Lakoff, with others , was soon arguing(1971)that syntax could not be legitimately separated from the study of language use . So pragmatics was henceforth on the linguistic map. Its colonization was only the last stage of a wave-by-wave expansion of linguistics from a narrow discipline dealing with the physical data of speech,to a broad discipline taking

in form, meaning, and context.

But this is only part of the story, First ,all the names mentioned in the preceding paragraph are American, for it describes the progress of mainstream American linguistics, It is probably more true of linguistics than of other subjects that its dominating influences have been American;but we should not forget that many influential scholars, both in the USA and elsewhere, have continued to work outside the 'American mainstream'. We sould not overlook independent thinkers such as Firth, with his early emphasis on the situational study of meaning ,and Halliday, with his comprehensive social theory of language, and equally important ,we should not overlook the influences of philosophy , When linguistic pioneers such as Ross and Lakoff staked a claim in pragmatics in the late 1960s ,they encountered there an indigenous breed of philosophers of language who had been quietly cultivating the territory for some time , In fact ,the more lasting influences on modern pragmatics have been those of philosophers ; notably, in recent years, Austin(1962) , Searle(1969),and

Grice(1975), (Geoffrey N.Leech:Principles of Pragmatics)

6.This passage tells us that _______ is one of the pioneers of pragmatics .

(A) Hlliday (B)Katz (C) Chomsky (D)Lakoff

7.This passage suggests that _______

(A) In linguistics, the dominating influences have been American, and other people have made little

contribution to its development.

(B) The colonization of pragmatics broadened the discipline of linguistics.

(C)One feature of pragmatics is its strict adherence to formalism.

(D)Pragmatics has the advantage of maintaining the integrity of linguistics, as within a walled city,

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away from contaminating influences of use and context.

8.According to the passage , which of the following is true?_______

(A) When the colonization of pragmatics took place, some philosophers had aleady been working in this

field for some time.

(B) Pragmatics, which studies how language is used in communication, is properly regarded as a physical

science.

(C) The generation after Bloomfield thought that syntax the most important in linguistic studies. (D) Bloomfield , chomsky, Katz , Fodor, Lakoff, Austin, Searle , and Grice are all American.

9.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?______

(A)The development of linguistics from phonetics to syntax to semantics to pragmatics is a process of

wave-by-wave expansion.

(B)Firth emphasized the situational study of meaning and thus contributed to the develipment of pragmatics. (C)Now, pragmatics,should be viewed as a rag-bag into which recalcitrant data can be conveniently stuffed.

(D)The structuralists regarded meaning as too messy for serious study.

10.According to the passage ,which of the following are experts in morphophonemics ?_______ (A)Ross and Lakoff (B)Firthand Halliday (C)Chomsky and Katz (D)None of the above

五、Answer the following questions briefly in your own words.(24%,8 points each)

1.How is the concept of communicative competence developed, and what sectors does communicative competence

consist of according to Dell Hymes?

2.Halliday distinguishes three social variables that determine the register, what are they? Please explain

each of them in some detail.

3.What is the speech act theory advanced by John Austin? Please give examples for illustration.

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