2006年考研英语模拟试题一

2006年考研英语模拟试题一

Section ⅠUse of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise. Millions of individuals became 1 in a variety of aerobic activities, and 2 thousands of health spas 3 around the country to capitalize on his 4 interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed 5 to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their 6 was not on aerobics, 7 on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, 8 , and endurance in their primarily male 9 . These fitness spas did not seem to benefit 10 from the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs 11 few, if 12, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly 13 for males and for females. Many 14 programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well. 15, most physical fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health related reasons, but primarily 16 such fitness components have been related to 17 in athletics. 18, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health 19 as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now 20 that weight training be part of a total

fitness program for healthy Americans.

1.[A] imposed [B] engaged [C] confined [D] illustrated

2.[A] affluently [B] eligibly [C] gorgeously [D] literally

3.[A] enhanced [B] manifested [C] developed [D] established

4.[A] emerging [B] hovering [C] intriguing [D] mingling

5.[A] prior [B] entitled [C] liable [D] subjected

6.[A] action [B] focus [C] cement [D] snap

7.[A] or [B] or else [C] and [D] but rather

8.[A] strength [B] nutrition [C] tolerance [D] ambition

9.[A] practitioners [B] enthusiasts [C] referees [D] recipients

10.[A] financially [B] particularly [C] legitimately [D] excessively

11.[A] presented [B] offered [C] indicated [D] demonstrated

12.[A] something [B] some [C] anything [D] any

13.[A] popular [B] vigorous [C] intelligible [D] formidable

14.[A] current [B] primitive [C] uneven [D] incredible

15.[A] Practically [B] Eventually [C] Essentially [D] Historically

16.[A] because [B] in only [C] although [D] now that

17.[A] performance [B] harassment [C] identification [D] portrayal

18.[A] Moreover [B] Therefore [C] However [D] Anyway

19.[A] advantages [B] benefits [C] interests [D] profits

20.[A] recommends [B] reassures [C] speculates [D] mediates

Section ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

Directions: Reading the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1

Gene therapy and gene-based drugs are two ways we could benefit from our growing mastery of genetic science. But there will be others as well. Here is one of the remarkable therapies on the cutting edge of genetic research that could make their way into mainstream medicine in the coming years.

While it's true that just about every cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and with good reason: the last thing you want for your brain cells is to start churning out stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when so-called stem cells haven't begun to specialize.

Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells - brain cells in Alzheimer's, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few; if doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy

replacement tissue.

It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stem cells and get them to grow into neural, gut, muscle and bone cells. The process still can't be controlled, and may have unforeseen limitations; but if efforts to understand and master stem-cell development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power.

The same applies to cloning, which is really just the other side of the coin; true cloning, as first shown with the sheep Dolly two years ago, involves taking a developed cell and reactivating the genome within, resetting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated cell can develop into a full-fledged animal, genetically identical to its parent.

For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristics like milk production in a cow or low fat in a hog have real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows what Ian Wilmut did for Dolly, and other creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming year.

Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells: the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease. That could prove to be a true "miracle

cure."

21.The writer holds that the potential to make healthy body tissues will

[A] aggravate moral issues of human cloning.

[B] bring great benefits to human beings.

[C] help scientists decode body instructions.

[D] involve employing surgical instruments.

22.The word "rejuvenated" (Para. 5) most probably means

[A] modified. [B] re-collected. [C] classified. [D] reactivated.

23.The research at the University of Wisconsin is mentioned to show

[A] the isolation of stem cells. [B] the effects of gene therapies.

[C] the advantages of human cloning. [D] the limitations of tissue replacements.

24.Which of the following is true according to the text?

[A] The principle of gene therapy is applicable to that of cloning.

[B] The isolation of stem cells is too difficult to be feasible.

[C] It is reasonable for all body instructions to be activated.

[D] Cloned animals will eventually take control of the world.

25.Towards the genetic research, the author's attitude can best be said to be that of

[A] Frustration. [B] Indifference. [C] Amazement. [D] Opposition.

Text 2

What our society suffers from most today is the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be; such consensus cannot be gained from society's present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homer's epics informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies.

Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic personality has become characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In this study of narcissism, Christopher Lash says that modern man, "tortured by self-consciousness, turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for". There is widespread distress because national morale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose.

Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found in totalitarian societies, our culture is one of the great individual differences, at least in principle and in theory; but this leads to disunity, even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity, but just because our is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a myth - a vision about a common experience, a conquest that made us Americans, as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idea. Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the individual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolations, guilt, anxiety, and purposelessness - in short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values.

26.In the eyes of the author, the greatest trouble with the US society may lie in

[A] the nonexistence of consensus on the forms of the society should take.

[B] the lack of divergence over the common organizations of social life.

[C] the non-acceptance of a society based on individual diversity.

[D] the pervasive distress caused by national morale decline.

27.The asocial personality of Americans may stem from

[A] the absence of a common religion and ancestry.

[B] the multiracial constituents of the US society.

[C] the want of a shared myths they possess in life.

[D] the counterbalance to narcissistic personality.

28.Homer's epics is mentioned in Paragraph 1 in order to

[A] exemplify the contributions made by ancient poets.

[B] illustrate the role of shared fantasies about society.

[C] show an ideal stage of eternal social progress.

[D] make known myths of what a society ought to be.

29.The author concludes that only shared myths can help Americans

[A] to bring about the uniformity of their culture.

[B] to regain their consensus about a common experience.

[C] to stay away from negative feelings in their life.

[D] to counteract the effects of consensus about society.

30.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Christopher Lash is most probably

[A] a reform advocate.[B] a senior psychologist.

[C] a reputed poet.[D] a social historian.

Text 3

The early retirement of experienced workers is seriously harming the U.S. economy, according to a new report from the Hudson Institute, a public policy research organization. Currently, many older experienced workers retire at an early

age. According to the recently issued statistics, 79 percent of qualified workers begin collecting retirement benefits at age 62; if that trend continues, there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century. Older Americans constitute an increasing proportion of the population, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, and the population of those over age 65 will grow by 60% between 2001 and 2020. During the same period, the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. Keeping older skilled workers employed, even part time, would increase U.S. economic output and strengthen the tax base; but without significant policy reforms, massive early retirement among baby boomers seems more likely.

Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subject our most experienced workers to marginal tax rates as high as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early retirement. Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work, any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits.

Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed, but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough for retirement. According to the increase in 401 (k) and Keogh retirement plans, the ongoing stock

market on Wall Street, and the likelihood of large inheritances, there is evidence that baby boomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.

The Hudson institute advocates reforming government policies that now discourage work and savings, especially for older worker. Among the report's recommendations: Tax half of all Social Security benefits, regardless of other income; provide 8% larger benefits for each year beyond 65; and permit workers nearing retirement to negotiate compensation packages that may include a lower salary but with greater healthcare benefits. However, it may take real and fruitful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers; any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the serviceability of older experienced workers.

31.According to Hudson Institute researchers, the effect of the early retirement of qualified workers in the U.S. economy is

[A] constructive. [B] significant. [C] inconclusive. [D] detrimental.

32.The older experienced workers in America tend to retire early because their prolonged service may

[A] do harm to younger generations. [B] end up with few or no benefits.

[C] give play to their potentials. [D] shed light on social trends.

33.The second paragraph is written chiefly to show that

[A] there will be an acute labor shortage in the near future.

[B] baby-boomers contribute much to the US economic output.

[C] government policies concerning older people are out-dated.

[D] older workers are enthusiastic about collecting social benefits.

34.When mentioning "the ongoing stock market on Wall Street", the writer

[A] is calling attention to the privileges to which baby-boomers are entitled.

[B] is calling for the government to take countermeasures against labor shortage.

[C] is refuting a notion about experienced workers' early retirement.

[D] is justifying the ineffectiveness of federal tax and benefit policies.

35.Towards the issue, what the writer is most concerned about will be

[A] to advocate radically reforming government policies.

[B] to take into account the benefits upon retirement.

[C] to put in practice what Hudson researchers believe in.

[D] to prolong the practicability of older experienced employees.

Text 4

The history of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510) suggests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticelli's work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor of his

fellows Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when anti-academic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predecessors, Botticelli's work remained outside of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs. (Many of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure churches and private homes.)

The primary reason for Botticelli's unpopularity is not difficult to understand: most observers, up until the mid-nineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most part, did not seem to these observers to exhibit the traditional characteristics of fifteenth-century Florentine art. For example, Botticelli rarely employed the technique of strict perspective and, unlike Michelangelo, never used chiaroscuro.

Another reason for Botticelli's unpopularity may have been that his attitude toward the style of classical art was very different from that of his contemporaries. Although he was thoroughly exposed to classical art, he showed little interest in borrowing from the classical style. Indeed, it is paradoxical that a painter of large-scale classical subjects adopted a style that was only slightly similar to that of classical art.

In any case, when viewers began to examine more closely the relationship of Botticelli's work to the tradition of fifteenth-century Florentine art, his reputation began to grow. Analyses and assessments of Botticelli made between 1850 and 1870 by the artists of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as by the writer Pater

(although he, unfortunately, based his assessment on an incorrect analysis of Botticelli's personality), inspired a new appreciation of Botticelli throughout the English-speaking world. Yet Botticelli's work, especially the Sistine frescoes, did not generate worldwide attention until it was finally subjected to a comprehensive and scrupulous analysis by Home in 1908. Home rightly demonstrated that the frescoes shared important features with paintings by other fifteenth-century Florentines - features such as skillful representation of anatomical proportions, and of the human figure in motion. However, Home argued that Botticelli did not treat these qualities as ends in themselves - rather, that he emphasized clear depletion of a story, a unique achievement and one that made the traditional Florentine qualities less central. Because of Home's emphasis crucial to any study of art, the twentieth century has come to appreciate Botticelli's achievements.

36.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A] The Role of Standard Art Analyses and Appraisals.

[B] Sandro Botticelli: From Rejection to Appreciation.

[C] The History of Critics' Responses to Art Works.

[D] Botticelli and Florentine: A Comparative Study.

37.We can learn from the text that art critics have a history of

[A] suppressing painters' art initiatives.[B] favoring a Botticelli's best paintings.

[C] rejecting traditional art characteristics.[D] undervaluing Botticelli's achievements.

38.The views of Vasari and Home on Botticelli's products are

[A] identical. [B] complementary. [C] opposite. [D] similar.

39.The word "connoisseurs" (Paragraph 1) most probably means

[A] representatives in the Pre-Raphaelite Movement.

[B] people who are in favor of Florentine.

[C] critics who are likely to make assessments.

[D] conservatives clinging to classical art.

40.What does the author think of Botticelli's representation skills?

[A] They are to be fully appreciated.[B] They evolve from an uncertain source.

[C] They underlie his personality.[D] They conform to the classical style. Part B

Sample One

Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Many of the philosophers we have been reading in class seem to me to be hopelessly dated. Of course, it's easy to become trapped in writing only for the period a person lives in, and a philosophy is necessarily dependent on the historical situation and the extent of man's knowledge. (41).

However, Victor Hugo said that if he were writing for his own time only, he would have to break his pen and throw it away. (42) . And it seems to me that the most frequent objections to modern and pre-modern philosophers come from the incompatibility of their philosophies with what is considered to be established scientific fact. For instance, Plato's theory of forms does not, to me, seem to jibe with modern physics and cosmology. And although I can only vaguely glimpse the psychology which underlies Kant, it seems to be highly questionable.

(43) .

(44) . History is, of course, necessary to any understanding of a philosophy: how it came about, what people did with it, etc. Sartre, although he developed some of his ideas from Nietzsche and Kierkegaard, probably could not have expounded those same ideas of existentialism in their times; Nietzsche, who popularized the idea that "God is dead", could not have written in the time of Descartes; and Descartes could not have expressed his radically individualist ideas during the time of Plato.

I suppose that my point, which I am being exceedingly long-winded about, is that philosophy does not (and should not, and must not) stand apart from the rest of the sciences. (45) . Although the other sciences can provide us with data, observations, and theories, only philosophy can integrate those into a coherent whole, tell us what to do with them, or provide a meaningful context for using these facts in our daily lives.

[A] In my view, application of Kant's epistemology and metaphysics could never produce an artificial intelligence capable of passing a Turing test.

[B] Rather, philosophy should be integrated with the rest of the sciences through a method of rational judgment. Rather than sailing behind, or next to but away from, the rest of the sciences, Philosophy should be the flagship of the group.

[C] And many of the philosophers who have existed over the course of the centuries have necessarily had to worry about governmental, church, or societal disapproval, censorship, or punishment.

[D] After all, physics can give us insights into metaphysics, since both seek different ways to do the same thing; psychology, sociology, anthropology, and archeology can give us insights into epistemology; various "soft" sciences dealing with comparative cultures can provide food for thought in ethnics, and so on.

[E] Although some philosophical people are not necessarily considered as philosophers today，whose work was influential and instrumental in developing one of the social sciences ( psychology, sociology, political science, education) or in advancing theoretical science (what is now called philosophy of science).

[F] And so, it seems to me, the best way that a philosopher can keep from being dated is to be aware of scientific knowledge, and integrate it into philosophy. Of course, this necessitates an independent evaluation of the merits and drawbacks of a given scientific idea, which necessitates, in turn, a thorough knowledge of that theory.

[G] And so, it seems to me that, in order for a philosopher to be relevant for the future as well as the present, he must take into account all of the objections to his philosophy which can be anticipated at the present time.

Sample Two

Directions: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A] Is that what the American viewing public is getting? Perhaps 10% of prime

time network programming is a happy combination of entertainment and enrichment. There used to be television movies rich in human values, but they have now become an endangered species. I find television too much concerned with what people have and too little concerned with who they are, very concerned with taking care of No. 1 and not at all concerned with sharing themselves with other people. All too often it tells us the half truth we want to hear rather than the whole truth we need to hear.

[B] Why is television not more fully realizing its humanizing potential? Is the creative community at fault? Partially. But not primarily. I have lived and worked in that community for 32 years, as both priest and producer. As a group, these people have values. In fact, in Hollywood in recent months, audience enrichment has

become the in thing. A coalition of media companies has endowed the Humanitas Prize so that it can recognize and celebrate those who accomplish it.

[C] Every good story will not only captivate its viewers but also give them some insight into what it means to be a human being. By so doing, it can help them grow into the deeply centered, sovereignly free, joyously loving human being God made them to be. Meaning, freedom and love——the supreme human values. And this is the kind of human enrichment the American viewing public has a right to expect from those who make its entertainment.

[D] The problem with American TV is not the lack of storytellers of conscience but the commercial system within which they have to operate. Television in the U.S. is a business. In the past, the business side has been balanced by a commitment to public service. But in recent years the fragmentation of the mass audience, huge interest payments and skyrocketing production costs have combined with the FCC's abdication of its responsibility to protect the common good to produce an almost total preoccupation with the bottom line. The networks are struggling to survive. And that, the statistics seem to indicate, is mindless, heartless, escapist fare. If we are dissatisfied with the moral content of what we are invited to watch, I think we should begin by examining our own consciences. When we tune in, are we ready to plunge into reality, so as to extract its meaning, or are we hoping to escape into a sedated world of illusion? And if church leaders want to elevate the quality of the country's entertainment, they should forget about boycotts, production codes and

censorship. They should work at educating their people in media literacy and at mobilizing them to support quality shows in huge numbers.

[E] It is not a question of entertainment or enrichment. These are complementary concerns and presuppose each other. The story that entertains without enriching is superficial and escapist. The story that enriches without entertaining is simply dull. The story that does both is a delight.

[F] That is the only sure way to improve the moral content of America's entertainment.

[G] Despite questions of the motivation behind them, the attacks by the President and the Vice President on the moral content of television entertainment have found an echo in the chambers of the American soul. Many who reject the messengers still accept the message. They do not like the moral tone of American TV. In our society only the human family surpasses television in its capacity to communicate values, provide role models, form consciences and motivate human behavior. Few educator, church leaders or politicians possess the moral influence of those who create the nation's entertainment.

Order:

G 41 42 43 44 45 F

Sample Three

Direction: You are going to read a text about New Rules for Landing a Job, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each

numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

When Nick A. Corcodilos started out in the headhunting business 20 years ago, he had a keen eye for tracking talent. From his base in Silicon Valley he would send all-star performers to blue-chip companies like Xerox, IBM and General Electric. But while he would succeed in his part of the hunt, the job-seekers he located would often fail in theirs. They were striking out before, during or after the interview.

So instead of simply accounting for talent, Corcodilos began advising job candidates as well. He helped improve their success ratio by teaching them to pursue fewer companies, make the right contacts and deliver what companies are looking for in an interview. In his myth-busting book, Ask the Headhunter (Plume, 1997), Corcodilos has reinvented the rules of the job search, from preparation to interview techniques. Here are his six new principles for successful job hunting:

(41) Your resume is meaningless.

Headhunters know a resume rarely gets you inside a company. All it does is outline your past-largely irrelevant since it doesn't demonstrate that you can do the work the hiring manager needs done.

(42) Don't get lost in HR.

Headhunters try to get around the human resources department whenever possible.

(43) The real matchmaking takes place before the interview.

A headhunter sends a candidate into an interview only if he or she is clearly qualified for the position. In your own job hunt, make the same effort to ensure a good fit. Know the parameters of the job when you walk into the interview. Research the company, finding out about its culture, goals, competitors.

Remember, the employer wants to hire you.

"A company holds interviews so it can find the best person for the job," Corcodilos says. The manager will be ecstatic if that person turns out to be you because then he or she can stop interviewing and get back to work.

(44) Pretend the interview is your first day at work.

Most people treat an interview as if it were an interrogation. The employer asks questions, and the candidate gives answers. Headhunters go out of their way to avoid that scenario.

(45) Got an offer? Interview the company.

When an employer makes an offer, he does more than deliver a title and a compensation package he also cedes part of his control over the hiring process. Once you get that offer, "You have the power," says Corcodilos, to decide whether, and on what terms, you want to hire that company.

[A] Consider how Corcodilos coached Gerry Zagorski of Edison, N.J., who was pursuing an opening at AT & T. Zagorski walked over to the vice president's marker board and outlined the company's challenges and the steps he would take to increase its profits. Fifteen minutes later, as Zagorski wrote down his estimate of

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