2022届上海高三英语二模汇编--十一选十(学生版)

2019届高三英语二模汇编——十一选十

1、2019黄浦二模

Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once.

The Next Frontier: Using Thought to Control Machines

Technologies are often billed as transformative. For William Kochevar, the

term is justified. Mr Kochevar is paralysed below the shoulders after a cycling

accident, yet has managed to feed himself by his own hand. This 31

progress is partly thanks to electrodes, implanted in his right arm, which stimulate

muscles. But the real magic lies higher up. Mr Kochevar can control his arm

using the power of thought. His intention to move is 32 in neural(神经的)

activity in his motor region; these signals are detected by implants in his brain and

33 into commands to activate the electrodes in his arms.

An ability to decode thought in this way may sound like science fiction. But

brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) like the BrainGate system used by Mr Kochevar provide evidence that mind-control can work. Researchers are able to tell what words and images people have heard and seen from neural activity alone. Information can also be encoded and used to stimulate the brain. Over 300, 000 people have cochlear(耳蜗的) implants, which help them to hear by 34 sound into electrical signals and sending them into the brain. Scientists have “35 ” data into monkeys heads, instructing them to perform actions via electrical pulses.

As our Technology Quarterly in this issue explains, the pace of research into BCIs and the scale of its ambition are 36 . Both America’s armed forces and Silicon Valley are starting to focus on the brain. Facebook dreams of thought-to-text 37 . Kernel, a startup, has $100m to spend on neurotechnology. Elon Musk has formed a firm called Neuralink; he thinks that, if humanity is to survive the arrival of artificial intelligence, it needs an upgrade. Entrepreneurs imagine a world in which people can communicate using thoughts, with each other and with machines, or acquire 38 abilities, such as hearing at very high frequencies.

These powers, if they ever materialise, are decades away. But well before then, BCIs could open the door to wonderful new 39 . Imagine stimulating the visual region to help the blind, making new neural 40 in stroke victims or monitoring the brain for signs of depression. By turning the firing of neurons into a

The Historical Change of Reader’s Digest

During World War I, Mr. DeWitt Wallace was wounded in a battle. During his recovery in the hospital, he read a lot of magazines and (31) ___________ a lot of interesting information. At the same time, he also found that few people had time to read so many magazines that he realized the idea of excerpting (摘录) these articles and publishing them.

He was (32) ___________ to publish a pocket magazine they called Reader’s Digest with his wife Lila Acheson. They opened an office downstairs in an illegal hotel in Greenwich Village, New York, and spent only $5,000 in capital and began (33) __________ subscribers. After a period of hard work, the first volume was (34)

__________ published on February 5, 1922. Its purpose is to inform the readers in daily life and give the readers entertainment, encouragement and guidance. The first article, (35) ___________ How to Stay Young Mentally, was one and a half pages long.

In 1920, he put (36) ____________ selected articles into Reader’s Digest samples and displayed them to major publishers in the United States. He hoped that someone would be willing to publish them, but they were all (37) ___________. Mr. Wallace did not give up and decided to publish it himself. He worked at home with his wife, and finally published the first issue of Reader’s Digest in February 1922. The first was printed in 5,000 copies, (38) ___________ at 25 cents, and sent to 1,500 payment subscribers by mail. By 1935, the circulation of Reader’s Digest had reached one million copies.

The Chinese (39) ___________ of Reader’s Digest was first published in March 1965. The first editor-in-chief was Lin Taiyi, the daughter of Mr. Lin Yutang, master of literature. In November 2004, Reader’s Digest and Shanghai Press and Publication Bureau announced the (40) __________ of a long-term publishing cooperation.

Like many people acting on the desire to eat healthy and local, Acropolis resident Eduardo Jimenez decided to plant a garden in his backyard. He ploughed the soil, he planted the seeds, and he even set up a fence to keep out the deer. Eduardo did everything right. Or so it seems. However, when (31) _____ time has come, he has not one tomato, bean, or leaf of lettuce to show for his hard work. How did this happen? The answer comes in the form of a small, brown, particularly smelly insect: the stink bug.

Unlike their picky cousins, stink bugs feed on some 300 species of plants, including figs, blueberries, corn, and kiwi fruits as well as soybeans, peas, and weeds. Although they do little damage to the plant itself, they make the fruits and vegetables (32) _______. For this reason, stink bugs pose the most serious threat to the big agriculturalists and macro farm operators. Macro farmers have more (33) _______ in their produce, and therefore have more to lose. While hobbyists like Eduardo are left to face the disappointment of an unsuccessful garden, macro farmers are forced to live with the loss of entire tracts of cash crops—a fact that has left many (34) _______ able to clothe their children or put food on the table.

Last season alone, several New Jersey pepper farmers saw 75% of their crops damaged. Pennsylvania lost half of its peach population, and, according to the US Apple Association, apple farmers in the mid-Atlantic states lost $37 million. This year could be worse. As a result of this (35) _______ in the supply of fresh fruits and vegetables, shoppers have seen (36) _______—sometimes quite dramatic—in prices at the grocery store. Prices of apples in Maryland are up 8%. In the north-Atlantic states, prices for peppers shot up an astonishing 14%. Not only are these items becoming more expensive, but they are also getting harder to find. Last week, Marge Jenkins of Athens, Georgia reported having to check three different stores before encountering a decent batch of peas. And this, she assures us, is a regular (37) _______. Accidentally brought from Asia, the stink bug has no natural (38) _______ in America, and thus its population is rising sharply. Reported sightings of stink bugs are becoming increasingly numerous, as the dried, brown, trapezoidal（不规则四边形）shells of the dead bugs are everywhere in some areas. This has farmers and scientists alike (39) _______ their heads in search of a remedy. Hope, they believe, may lie with an Asian parasitic wasp（黄蜂）, which helpfully lays its eggs inside stink bug eggs.

The larvae（幼虫）of the wasp consume the stink bug from the inside. But the (40) _______ of such a solution is still several years away, as scientists must first determine if it is safe for the wasp to be introduced into America. Until then, some farmers are resorting to homemade traps. Others have even contemplated the use of peacocks and praying mantises, which, they imagine, will gulp down the little stinkers.

The odds are high that you’ve seen a beauty pageant (选美比赛)or two in your life. They are among the most attended and viewed events in the world. Despite numerous different opinions, beauty pageants continue to not only __31__ but also become more popular.

Miss World, Miss Universe, Miss International and Miss Earth are known as the Big Four beauty pageants, and all of them continue to this day. These competitions __32__ young women on their physical attractiveness, of course, but they also are judged on their personality, intelligence, talent, and responses to interview-based questions. The eventual winners receive prizes including cash, scholarships, clothes, beauty queen crowns, and of course, the title of the event for one year.

All these awards do not come cheap for the young ladies. They have duties to fulfill while holding their titles. Beauty queens often appear at functions to raise social awareness about environmental and social issues such as nature __33__, racial or gender discrimination, and disease prevention. By projecting the image of a well-educated, respectable character__34__with a successful personality, every beauty pageant winner is seen as a role model, and not just for young girls alone.

Some beauty contests __35__ men rather than women. Similar to their feminine counterparts, men enter Mister Global, Mister International, and Mister World for their looks, style, and talent. These contests should not be __36__ with the Mister Universe contest, which is an annual bodybuilding competition.

There are other strange and __37__ pageants all over the world that celebrate everything from being old to being pregnant.

Beauty contests, whether organized with noble __38__ or just for fun, have attracted criticism since they were first held. Some critics object to the focus on physical beauty, especially emphasis on a certain stature and body shape. Further, they point out that some participants will actually harm themselves through dieting or plastic surgery to achieve the perfect appearance. Despite these complaints, beauty may be only skin deep, but __39__ it and competing for the glory of being the fairest of them all holds a timeless and universal __40__.

Measles (麻疹) breaks out in the Northwest

The U.S. is experiencing outbreaks of measles, a disease it had declared eliminated years ago, largely due to a drop in vaccination (接种疫苗) rates in some communities.

An outbreak in Washington state has sickened 23 people this month, mostly children under 10. Local health officials in Clark County, declared a public-health 31 on Friday. They also urged residents to track 32 symptoms and call ahead before heading to medical centers.

State officials announced the 33 of measles from the U.S. in 2000, thanks to a widespread vaccination program. But travelers entering the country with measles, as well as dropping vaccination rates in some states in recent years, has led to a rise in infection. Last year, there were a total of 17 outbreaks, 34 as three or more cases linked together, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. New York and New Jersey 35 for roughly half of the 2018 cases. The Clark County outbreak began early last week with three confirmed cases and has since grown to 23 confirmed and two more 36 . Of those cases, 20 were unvaccinated and the others are unconfirmed.

Measles is highly 37 ; the virus spreads through the air by coughing or sneezing, the CDC says. Early 38 include a high fever, cough, runny nose and red, watery eyes, followed by tiny, white spots inside the mouth and the red, bumpy rash(疹子) that people 39 associate with the infection. Children younger than 5 or adults older than 20 are more likely to suffer from complications, according to the CDC.

In order to prevent the further spread of the outbreak, local health officials are posting times and places where residents may have been exposed. They are urging residents who haven’t been vaccinated to 40 whether they have been exposed and to take appropriate action.

A recent troubling study showed that “fake news” spread significantly faster, deeper and more broadly than the truth, and the effect is even more remarkable when regarding news as opposed to reporting on natural disasters, finance or science. So how can we encourage inpiduals to seek 31 online content? Leading scholars are trying hard to deal with this question.

Processing new information requires a considerable mental effort, especially when that information seems to conflict with your 32 worldview. It takes the 33 to admit you may be wrong. But with a great amount of conflicting information available, who’s to say what’s actually true and what’s false? If you can’t tell, why not just make life easy and go with what supports your current beliefs?

So what 34 do we have? Many suggest that we can 35 the issue by reforming adult behavior, but this is aiming too far from source. An alternative solution is using early education to help inpiduals recognize these problems and 36 critical thinking to the information they deal with. Currently, there is a push in the

US to include Internet information classes into primary and secondary school curriculums. The movement, which has received some support, aims to make fact-checking seem like second 37 to inpiduals at an early age.

Primary and secondary school are 38 to be supplying students with the skills they need to develop into productive and informed members of our society. As our society develops, the curriculum we are teaching our students needs to develop as well.

The Internet is an amazing tool, but to use it most effectively we have to accept its benefits while also understanding the ways in which it makes us dangerously 39 . If students are still learning the practices such as writing in school, shouldn’t they be learning how to 40 the Internet responsibly as well?

When was the last time that you dialed a phone number from memory? It probably depends on how long you've been using 31 like a cellphone. While some generations can recall the days of memorizing phone numbers, it's possible that members of Generation Z have never had to remember a single 32 . Why is this? Because smartphones offer quick and convenient ways for storing and 33 information. There is no need to memorize anything. But this isn't without consequence. As digital devices develop, more and more users' heavy reliance on them may be having disabling effects. "Digital dementia (失智)" is the term being used by medical professionals to identify some of these effects.

Some professionals like Jim Kwik, an expert in memory improvement and optimal brain performance, are taking a closer look at this effect. Kwik describes digital dementia like this: "... we're 34 our brains to our smart devices. We're so reliant on our smartphones that our smartphones are making us stupid. As medical studies chart the decline in memory and cognitive skills among smartphone users, a connection is made between symptoms 35 with dementia."

The seriousness of overuse becomes 36 when you consider just how young smartphone users are becoming. Author and speaker Simon Sinek points out that young minds "Are not ready for it! Their minds cannot cope with the dopamine(多巴胺). " Consequently, the overstimulation of screens and sounds lead to 37 more often than not. So now parents, teachers and managers are asking how to handle the influx (汇集) of young people with this kind of addiction.

●First, monitor your cellphone use. Keep downloading applications like Forest or Checky. Then cut back on

any 38 usage. Set a specific goal of how much you think you should use your phone.

●Determine 39 areas for cellphone use. For example, while you're at home, only allow yourself to check

your phone somewhere like a home office. This way, the time in between tasks isn't 40 filled with staring at your screen.

Genes That Make You Smarter

The contributions genes make to intelligence increase as children grow older. This goes against the idea most people hold that as we age, environmental influences gradually overpower the genetic legacy（遗产）we are born with and may have (31)______ for education.

“People ass ume the genetic influence goes down with age because the environmental differences between people pile up in life,”says Robert Plomin.“What we found was quite (32) ______ and goes in the other

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