(完整word)第2章 汉英翻译基础知识(新编汉英翻译教程 陈宏薇)

“文化”（culture）

物质文化（material culture）

制度文化（institutional culture）

心理文化（也称观念文化）（mental culture）咖啡（coffee）、

巧克力（chocolate）、

色拉（salad）、

三明治（sandwich）、

歇斯底里（hysteria）、

休克（shock）、

基因（gene）、

钙（calcium）、

维他命（vitamin）、

奥林匹克（Olympic）、

雷达（radar）、

先令（shilling）、

夹克（jacket）、

电视（television）、

激光（laser）、

飞机（aeroplane）、

火车（train）、

交响乐（symphony）、

基督徒（Christian）、

面包（bread）、

盲文（brail）、

圣诞老人（Santa Claus）、

圣经（Bible）、

马海毛（mahair）、

贝雷帽（beret）、

革命（revolution）

、营养（nourish）、

解放（liberate）、

民主（democracy）、

科学（science）、

独裁（dictatorship）、

心理学（psychology）、

形而上学（metaphysics）、

图书馆（library）、

想象（imagination）、

暗示（hint）、

投资（investment）

磁卡电话（card phone）、

立交桥（overpass）、

隐形眼镜（contact lenses）、

下拉菜单（pulldown）、

软驱（floppy drive）、

光驱（CD drive）、

鼠标（mouse）、

电脑（computer）、

内存条（RAM chip）、

复印机（xerox machine）、

安乐死（euthanasia）、

艾滋病（AIDS）、

香波（shampoo）、

连锁店（chain store）、

热狗（hot dog）、

自助餐（buffet）、

牛仔服（cowboy suit）、

T恤衫（T-shirt）

意合(parataxis)

隐性(covertness)

显性(overtness)

形合(hypotaxis)

伦理(ethics)

认知(cognition)

顺其自然(Let nature take its course in accordance with its natural tendency)、

听其自然(leave the matter as it is; take the world as it is)、

听天安命(accept the situation)、

听天由命(be at the mercy of nature; be left to God's mercy; let fate have its way; submit the will of Heaven; wait for one's fate)。

individualism（

不管别人怎样做）只按个人方法行事的感觉或行为；我行我素

个体主义”。

整体(integrity)

综合性(synthetic)

个体(individuality)、

分析性(analytic)

直觉(intuition)

实证(evidence)

天人合一”(The Unity of Man and Heaven

形象思维(figurative thinking)

逻辑思维(logical thinking)

表象(presentation)

天亮(daybreak; dawn

明枪易躲，暗箭难防(It is easy to dodge a spear thrust in the open, but difficult to guard against an arrow shot from hiding)、

脚踩两只船(比喻因为对事物认识不清或存心投机取巧而跟两方面都保持联系，straddle two boats; have a foot in either camp)、

脚踏实地(have a down-to-earth manner)、

胆小如鼠(as timid as a mouse; chicken-hearted)、

顶天立地(dauntless; of gigantic stature; of indomitable spirit; giant)、

调虎离山(1ure the tiger out of the mountains; lure the enemy away from his base)、丢盔弃甲(throw away everything in headlong flight)、

哭笑不得(形容处境尴尬，不知如何是好，not know whether to laugh or to cry; find sth. both funny and annoying)、

枯木逢春(比喻重获生机，get a new lease of life)、

居高临下(处在高处，俯视下面，形容处于有利的地位，occupy a commanding position)、蒙在鼓里(be kept in the dark)。英美人也用具体形象词语比喻抽象的事物，但常常喜欢用抽象名词指代具体事物。

棍子stick)、

锅wok

汉藏语系(Sino-Tibetan Family

印欧语系(Indo-European Family)

文字(script)

书面语言(system of writing

表意文字(ideographic script

音节文字(ideographic-oriented syllabic script)

字(character

词(word

偏旁部首(radical

语素(morpheme)

拼音文字(alphabetic script

象形字(pictagraph

指事字(indicative character

会意字(associative character

形声字(morpheme-phonetic character

音素(phoneme

韵母(final

声母(initial

元音(vowel

辅音(consonant)

汉语拼音字母(pinyin

国际音标(international transcription

声调语言(tonal language

重读音节(stressed syllable

语调语言(intonation language

第一音节(scholar, family

倒数第三个音节(psychology

主重音(primary stress

次重音(secondary stress) (magazine

双重音(double stress)

实词(content words

虚词(form words

音节文字(ideographic-oriented syllabic script) 拼音文字(alphabetic script

合成法(compounding

缀合法(affixation)

音变法(sound-changing

缩略法(abbreviation

重叠法(reduplication

转换法(conversion

逆构词法(back-formation

截短法(clipping

超短波

ultrashort waves

超短裙

Miniskirt

超标准

Superstandard

超语言符号

extralinguistic signs

超代数

Hyperalgebra

超大气压

Overpressure

超高频

ultra-high frequency。

命根子(lifeblood

胖子(fatty

矮子

Shorty

垫叶子

cushion, mat

掸子(duster

骗子(swindler)。

doom (n. 毁灭、末日

deem (v. 认为)

house (n. 房屋

house (v. 留宿)。

北大

Beida (Peking University)

清华

Tsinghua (Tsinghua University

央视

CCTV (Central China Television Station 华中师大

CCNU (Central China Normal University 安琪儿(angel

桑巴(samba

马拉松(marathon

扑克(poker

幽默(humour

卡路里(calorie)

康乃馨(carnation)

篮球(basketball

交响乐(symphony

工会(trade union

智商(IQ)

冰淇淋(ice cream

咖哩粉(curry

汉堡包(hamburger)

爵士乐(jazz

绷带(bandage

嘉年华会(carnival

litchi (荔枝

loquat (枇杷

kaoliang (高粱

jiaozi (饺子

ginseng (人参

sampan (舢板

kowtow (叩头

kung fu (功夫

makjong (麻将

mu (亩

yuan (元

jin (斤

panda (熊猫

moon cake (月饼

China rose (月季

mandarin duck (鸳鸯

tael (银两

empty word (虚词

gold fish (金鱼

Peking Opera (京剧

brick tea (砖茶

医生（仔仔细细）给病人作了检查。

The doctor examined the patient very, very carefully.

一眼望去，（疏疏的）林，（淡淡的）月，衬着蔚蓝的天，颇像荒江野渡光景；……

As one looked into the distance, the sparse trees and pale moon set off by the blue sky offered a view like that at a deserted ferry on a desolate river．

(朱自清《桨声灯影里的秦淮河》，胡士光译)

他很听话，我的话（句句）听。

He was very obedient and always did as I told him.

“句句”在这里强调“听话”的程度，用“always did as I told him”译出了原文强调的程度。

警察监视着犯罪嫌疑人的(一举一动)。

The police kept close watch on the man under suspicion.

“一举一动”在下例中，便换了一种译法。

我们是新雇员，得注意自己的(一举一动)。

As new employees we must be careful about what we do.

果品

fresh and dried fruits

strawberry (草莓

blackberry (黑莓

blueberry (蓝莓

raspberry (钩子

holly berries (泡叶栒子

模糊词(fuzzy words

中国古代气论(theory of vitality

元气

primordial Qi

气虚

Qi deficiency。

做家务

do the housework、do the house chore

做大扫除

do general cleaning

扫地

洗碗

洗衣服

擦玻璃

做饭

擦皮鞋

倒垃圾

sweep the floor、do the dishes、wash clothes、clean glasses、cook meals、shine leather shoes、dump rubbish。

搽药apply lotion (or ointment)

搽粉powder one's face

搽雪花膏put on vanishing cream

(1) 探春笑道：“只恐又是你的杜撰。”宝玉笑道：“除《四书》外，杜撰的太多，偏只我是杜撰不成?”

“You're making that up, I'm afraid,”teased Tan Chun. “Most works, apart from the FOUR BOOKS, are made up; am I the only one who made things up?” he retorted with a grin. (杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

(2) 贾母笑道：“你不认得他，他是我们这里有名的一个泼皮破落户儿，南省俗谓作‘辣子’，你只叫他‘凤辣子’就是了。”

“You don't know her, ”said Grandmother Jia merrily. “She's a holy terror this one. What we used to call in Nanking a ‘peppercorn’. You just call her ‘Peppercorn Feng’. She'll know who you mean!” (David Hawkes 译)

(3) 贾母笑道：“外客未见，就脱了衣裳，还不去见你妹妹!”

With a smile at Pao-yu, the Lady Dowager scolded, “Fancy changing your clothes before greeting our visitor. Hurry up now and pay your respects to your cousin.”(杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

(4) 贾母笑道：“可又是胡说，你又何曾见过他?”

“You're talking nonsense again,”said his grandmother, laughing. “How could you possibly have met her?” (杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

词义相符(semantic correspondence)

沙漠(desert

蔬菜(vegetabl

工厂(factory

历史博物馆(history museum

历史遗产(historical heritage

温室效应(greenhouse effect

环境保护(environmental protection

狐狸(fox

(1) 他是只狡猾的老狐狸。

He is an old fox．

(2) 他们的拉车姿势，讲价时的那随机应变，走路时的抄近绕远，都足以使他们想起过去的光荣，而且用鼻翅扇着那些后起之辈。”

(老舍《骆驼祥子》)

Their pulling posture, their adroit bargaining, their shrewd use of short-cuts or circuitous routes are enough to make them relive past glories and turn up their noses at the younger generation.

(3) 那本书的作者似乎没有自己的观点，书里都是人云亦云的东西。

That book, whose author doesn't seem to have his own viewpoints, is full of parrot-learned knowledge．

(4)岛之西南海边，有一块巨大的岩石，(中空)，人可穿行其间

(5)At the southwest end of the islet, there is a huge rock with a big hole in the center through Which people Can walk to and fro．

(5) 全岛6300户(人家)，共有200多架钢琴。(同上)

Of 6300 households on the islet, more than 200 have a piano at home．

词义相异(semantic non-correspondence)

三羊开泰”(Three Rams Bring Bliss

形容凶悍强暴的人，尤指悍妇或母夜叉(fierce person, esp a woman OALED

长生鸟”(mythical bird of the Arabian desert, said to live for several hundred years before burning itself and then rising born again from its ashes OALED

龙凤呈祥”(Dragon and Phoenix Bringing Prosperity

文化休克(culture shock

词义空缺(semantic zero)

糖葫芦Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick which is a kind of children's favourite food in winter

文房四宝the four treasures of the study (writing brush, inkstick, inkstone and paper)

文明礼貌月Socialist Ethics and Courtesy Month

章草zhangcao (a cursive hand formerly used in memoria1s to the throne)

站票standing-room-only tickets

特困生the most needy students

三八红旗手a woman pace-setter

三八式干部a thirty-eighter (a person who joined the revolution in l938)

三教九流people in various trades (derog.)

一日之长a slight superiority

一穷二白poor and blank

乌纱帽an official post

五星红旗the Five-Starred Red Flag (the national flag of the People's Republic of China) 五岳The Five Sacred Mountains (Taishan, the Eastern Mountain in Shangdong Province; Hengshan, the Southern Mountain in Hunan Province; Huashan, the Western Mountain in Shaanxi Province; Hengshan, the Northern Mountain in Shanxi Province; Songshan, the Central Mountain in Henan Province)

五经The Five Classics (The Book of Poetry, The Book of History, The Book of Changes, The Book of Rites, and The Spring and Autumn Annals)

小句(clause

单句(simple sentence

简单句(simple sentence

复杂句(multiple sentence

并列句(compound sentence

复合句(complex sentence

主语(subject

谓语(verb

宾语(object

补足语(complement

状语(adverbial

间宾(indirect object

直宾(direct object

意合(parataxis

形合(hypotaxis

①我常见许多青年的朋友，②聪明用功，③成绩优异，④而语文程度不足以达意，⑤甚至写一封信亦难得通顺，⑥问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。(梁实秋《学问与趣味》)

I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends (who) have done exceedingly well in their studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. (They) cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. (When I) asked them why, (they) said they were not interested in the Chinese language.

篇章(text

信息结构(information structure)

主位(theme)

述位(rheme

主题(topic

述题(comment

主题显著(topic-prominent

意念主轴(thought-pivot

主语显著(subject-prominent

主谓主轴(subject-predicate-pivot

衔接手段(cohesive devices)

照应(co-reference anaphora)。

外指(exophoric

内指(endophoric

回指（anaphoric

下指(cataphoric

（4）爸爸妈妈，你们也买个钱罐存钱吧。你们没钱用了罐子就会把肚肚里的钱掏出来给你们的。

Daddy, Mummy, please buy a piggie for yourselves. When you have no more money, the piggie will open its tummy and give you money.

(《童心》，居祖纯译)

（5）这幅画是一部用思考和修养完成的杰作，它既有历史感又有现代艺术语言的独特性。

The painting is a masterpiece reflecting deep insight and artistic attainments; it expresses a sense of history by using specific modern artistic vocabulary.

（6）稍稍能安慰我们的，是在那石上有一个不大不小的坑凹儿，雨天就盛满了水。

The only thing had interested us in the ugly stone was a little pit on top of it , which was filled with water on rainy days.

(贾平凹《丑石》，刘荣跃译)

（7）这种力，使一般人看不见的生命力，只要生命存在，这种力就要显现，……

It is an invisible force of life. So long as there is life, the force will show itself.

（8）A:苹果在哪里？Where are the apples?

B:在那边。Over there.

（9）人到了老年，会有一种似乎奇怪又不奇怪的现象：即发生在昨天的事，倒会忘得一干二净；而几十年前对自己印象极深的事情，却像是昨天刚发生一样，记得一清二楚。

我对于我的中学美术老师胡纯浦先生的怀念，就是这样。

When you are getting on in years, you tend to have a feeling that seems rather odd but, in fact, not very much so: what happened to you just a couple of days ago, you clean forget about it, but what happened as long as decades earlier with a sharp impact on you, you remember as clearly as if it had occurred yesterday.

This is how I feel about Mr.Hu Chunpu, my middle school fine art teacher.

（10）一路上吃了半斤炒栗子，睡了一会儿觉，就到了北京。

We ate half a jin of roast chestnuts, had a nap and soon arrived in Beijing.

（11）还是从火车上说起吧

（12）Let me begin with my trip on the train.

（12）我现在对我原来的父母还有个模糊不清的印象……关于我个人的历史情况，我就知道

（13）

this is what I know about my childhood and beyond that I do not remember much else 。

结构衔接（structural cohesion）

⑴①我仍旧站在那颗柿子树下，望着树梢上那个孤零零的小火柿子。②它那红得透亮的色泽，依然给人一种喜盈盈的感觉。③可是我却哭了。④哭那陌生的，但却疼爱我的卖

灶糖的老汉。

①I stood under the persimmon tree, looking at the lone little persimmon.②Its flaming redness was a joyous sight, but I cried for the strange old candy peddler who had been so fond of me.

替代（substitution

⑵——我能看看那条围巾吗？

——可以。哪一条？红的还是黑的？

—May I have a look at that scarf?

—Yes. Which one? The red one or the black one?

⑶——谁愿意和我们一起打篮球？

——我不干。

—Who'd like to play basketball with us?

—No, I won't.

⑷——他们总是把房间搞得乱七八糟。你怎么也这样呢？

—They've always made a mess of the room. Why have you, too?

⑸——我想买一套家具。

——买大连出的(家具)吧！

— I want to buy a set of furniture.

— Buy one (set of furniture) made in Dalian.

⑹——我们到那里去春游？

——（我们到）磨山（去春游）。

—Where shall we go for a spring outing？

—（We'll go to）Moshan (for a spring outing)

⑺——你决定了毕业后去西藏工作吗？

——当然！（我决定了毕业后去西藏工作。）

—Have you made up your mind to work in Tibet after graduation?

—Sure!(I've made up my mind to work in Tibet after graduation.)

对偶（antithesis

排比（parallelism

对照（contrast

顶针（anadiplosis

回环（palindrome

层递（climax

反复（repetition

⑻虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。（对偶）

Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.

⑼燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨树枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。但是，聪明的，你告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢？（排比）

Swallows fly away, yet return; willows wither, yet burgeon again; peach-blossom fades, yet

blooms afresh. But tell me, you who are wise, why do our days depart never to return?

⑽大红花一朵朵全被拉长了，这时是泼刺奔进的红锦带。带织入狗中，狗织入白云中。白云织入村女中……

Each of the great crimson flowers stretched out now into rippling red silk belts. The belts interwove with the dogs, the dogs with the white clouds, and the white clouds with the country girls.

⑾我为人人，人人为我。

One for all, all for one

⑿人不犯我，我不犯人。

We will not attack unless we are attacked.

⒀长相知才能不相疑，不相疑才能长相知。

Only by being well acquainted with each other can we be free from suspicions, and only without suspicions can we always keep bosom friends with each other.

⒁①一年，两年，三年，你的望眼将穿，②一年，两年，三年，我的归心似箭。

Year in year out you've been looking forward with eager expectation to my home-coming; year in year out I've been looking forward with great anxiety to returning home.

⒂我们自由呀！

我们自由呀！

一切的一，自由呀！

一的一切，自由呀！

自由便是你，自由便是我！

自由便是“他”，自由便是火！

We are free!

We are free!

The one that is all is free!

The all that is one is free!

Freedom is you, freedom is me!

Freedom is “he ”，freedom is fire!

词汇衔接（lexical cohesion

反复（repetition

搭配（collocation

上义词（superordinate

概括词general word

下义词（subordinate

具体词specific word

（１６）普之仁领我穿着茶花走，指点着告诉我这叫大玛瑙，那叫雪狮子，这是蝶翅，那是大紫袍，名目花色多得很。后来他攀着一株茶树的小干枝说：“这叫童子面，花期迟，刚打着朵，开起来颜色深红，倒是最好看的。”

Taking me through the groves of camellias , Pu Zhiren told me the names of different varieties : Giant Agate，Butterfly wing, Giant Purple Robe and many others. Then, taking hold of a small branch of a camellia tree, he said, “This is Baby Face . As it blooms late, it's only just in bud. With deep red blossoms, it's really most beautiful.”

（１７）孔乙己便涨红了脸，额头上的青筋条条绽出，争辩道，“窃书不能算偷……窃书……读书人的事，能算偷么？”

At that Kong Yiji would flush, the veins on his forehead standing out as he protested，“Taking books can't be counted as stealing…Taking books…for a scholar…can't be counted as stealing.”

（18）改革开放以来，中国的迅速发展使世人为之惊叹。

Since the reform and opening-up to the outside world, China's rapid development has shocked the world.

（19）他三年前创办的小商店已发展为在全国有20家连锁店的大公司了。

The store he established three years ago has been expanded into a big firm with 20 chain stores across the country.

（20）黄埔的夕潮不知怎的已经涨上了，现在沿这苏州河的两岸的各色船只都浮得高高的，舱面比码头还高了约半英尺。

The evening tide from the Whangpoo had turned imperceptibly, and now the assortment of boats along both sides of the creek were riding high, their decks some six inches above the landing-stages.

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