2017年6月四六级

2017年6月四级 听力批量导入

Passage one 1.

A) The man in the car was absent-minded. B) The test driver made a wrong judgment. C) The self-driving system was faulty. D) The car was moving at a fast speed. ##B 2.

A) They have done better than conventional cars. B) They have caused several severe crashes. C) They have posed a threat to other drivers. D) They have generally done quite well. ##D

Passage two

3.

A) He works at a national park. B) He is a queen bee specialist.

C) He removed the bees from the boot. D) He drove the bees away from his car. ##A 4.

A) They were looking after the queen. B) They were making a lot of noise.

C) They were looking for a new box to live in. D) They were dancing in a unique way ##B

Passage three 5.

A) The discovery of a new species of snake. B) The second trip to a small remote island. C) The finding of two new species of frog. D) The latest test on a rare animal species.

##A 6.

A) A poisonous snake attacked him on his field trip. B) He discovered a rare frog on a deserted island. C) A snake crawled onto his head in his sleep. D) He fell from a tall palm tree by accident. ##C 7.

A) From its genes. B) From its length. C) From its origin. D) From its colour. ##D

脚本：

Passage one

One of Google’s self-driving cars crashed into a bus in California last month. There were no injuries. It is not the first timeone of Google’s famed self-driving cars has been involved in a crash, but it may be the first time it has caused one. On February14th the self-driving car, traveling at 2 mph (about 3.2 km/h), pulled out in front of a public bus going 15 mph (about 24 km/h).The man in the Google vehicle reported that he assumed the bus would slow down to let the car out, and so he did not switchto the manual mode. In a statement, Google said, “We clearly bear some responsibility, because if our car hadn’t moved, therewouldn’t have been a crash. That said, our test driver believed the bus was going to slow or stop to allow us to merge into thetraffic, and that there would be sufficient space to do that.” The company’s self-driving cars have done well over a million milesacross various states in the US, and until now have only reported minor accidents.

Q1: According to Google, what was the cause of the accident? Q2: How have Google‘s self-driving cars performed so far?

Passage two

Thousands of bees left a town after landing on the back of a car when their queen got stuck in its boot. Tom Moses, whoworks at a nearby national park, noticed a “brown patch” on the back of the car after the owner parked it to do some shopping.When he looked closer, he realized it was a huge group of bees. Moses said, “I have never seen that many bees in one spot.It was very unusual. They were very close together and there was a lot of noise and movement. It was interesting to see sucha strange sight, but there were a lot of people around and I was a bit worried about the bees and the people stopping to look.I thought that someone might do something stupid.” Moses called two local bee specialists who helped removed the bees by

attracting them into a box. Moses spent three hours looking after the bee and was stung five times. He said, “My stings are abit painful but I am pleased it all worked out and I could help. People need to realize that bees are valuable and they should belooked after.”

Q3: What do we learn about Tom Moses?

Q4: What do we know about the bees on the back of the car?

Passage three

A new species of snake has been discovered on a remote island in the Bahamas. Scientists identified 20 of the one-meter-long snakes during two trips to the Caribbean islands. The second trip was made in October last year. One of the creatures madea dramatic appearance by moving onto the head of the team leader as he slept. The snake has been named Silver Boa because it is metal-colored and the first specimen found was climbing a silver palm tree. The team was led by Dr. Graham Reynolds, fromHarvard University. The scientist confirmed the snake was a previously unknown species after conducting a genetic analysis oftissue samples. Commenting on the find, snake expert Robert Henderson from the Milwaukee Museum of Natural History said, “Worldwide new species of frogs are being discovered and described quite regularly. New species of snakes, however, are muchrarer.” Q5: What is the news report mainly about?

Q6: What do we learn about the scientific team leader? Q7: How did the newly discovered creature get its name?

Passage 8.

A) The security check takes time. B) He has to check a lot of luggage.

C) His flight is leaving in less than 2 hours. D) The airport is a long way from the hotel. ##C 9.

A) In cash.

B) By credit card.

C) With a traveler’s check. D) With his smart phone. ##B 10.

A) Give him a receipt. B) Confirm his flight. C) Look after his luggage. D) Find a porter for him. ##A 11.

A) Signing up for membership of Sheraton Hotel. B) Staying in the same hotel next time he comes. C) Loading her luggage onto the airport shuttle. D) Posting a comment on the hotel’s webpage. ##D

Passage two 12.

A) He is the only boy in his family. B) He becomes tearful in wind.

C) He has stopped making terrible faces. D) He is his teacher’s favorite student. ##C 13.

A) Tell him to play in her backyard. B) Do something funny to amuse him.

C) Give him some cherry stones to play with. D) Warn him of danger by making up a story. ##D 14.

A) They could break people’s legs.

B) They could sometimes terrify adults. C) They could fly against a strong wind. D) They could knock people unconscious. ##A 15.

A) One would get a spot on their tongue if they told a lie deliberately. B) One would have to shave their head to remove a bat in their hair. C) One would go to prison if they put a stamp on upside down. D) One would have curly hair if they ate too much stale bread. ##B

脚本： Passage one

W: Did you enjoy your stay with us, Mr. Brown?

M: Yes, very much. I had a wonderful time here. Now I’m going to the airport. My flight leaves in less than 2 hours. So, couldyou tell me, what’s the quickest way to get there? W: Well, we can call a taxi for you. We also have a free airport shuttle service. M: That sounds great. But will the shuttle get me to the airport in time?

W: Yes, it should. The next shuttle leaves in 15 minutes, and it takes some 25 minutes to get to the airport.

M: Fantastic!I’ll just wait in the lobby. Will you please let me know when it’s leaving? W: Of course, sir.

M: Now I would like to settle my mini-bar bill. How much is that? W: Let’s see. It comes to $37.50. How would you like to pay for it?

M: I’ll pay with my credit card. Thanks. But I’ll need a receipt so I can charge it to my company. W: Absolutely! Here you are, sir. If you like, you can leave your bags with the porter and he can load them onto the shuttle foryou when it arrives. M: That would be great. Thank you.

W: Would you like to leave a comment on our webpage when you have time?

M: Sure. I had a really good stay here and I’d like to recommend your hotel to my friends and colleagues.

W: That’s very kind of you. Thank you again for staying at Sheraton Hotel. Q8: Why does the man ask about the quickest way to the airport? Q9: How is the man going to pay his bill?

Q10: What did the man ask the woman to do? Q11: What favor does the woman ask of the man?

Passage two

M: You know, Ben’s given up making those terrible faces he used to make. The other day, he came home from school almost intears. His teacher said if he went on like that, his face would get stuck when the winds changed. W: And he believed her?

M: Yeah, he is only a little boy. Don’t you remember all those things we used to believe when we were little? I remember myaunt Mary used to say if you swallow a cherry stone, a tree will grow out of your mouth. And I’m still terrified today, sort ofsubconsciously, you know, if I swallow one by mistake.

W: Yeah, I suppose you’re right. The one that used to get me was that swans could break your leg with a blow of the wing.

M: They can, can’t they? I always thought they could.

W: No, they are not that strong. But there is another one even more terrifying. That is if you put a postage stamp on upsidedown, you’ll go to prison.

M: No, never heard of that, but my grandmother was a terror for that kind of thing. For example, she would say, you’ll get aspot on your tongue if you tell a lie. If you eat stale bread, your hair will curl. And here’s one more. We went on a campingtrip once in Italy, and my wife spent the whole time worrying about bats getting into her hair. She said her grandmotherreckoned you had to shave your head to get it out. My wife was really terrified.

W: Silly, isn’t it? But that’s how some parents try to keep their kids from doing the wrong thing or getting into trouble.

Q12: What does the man say about Ben?

Q13: What did aunt Marry use to do when the man was a child? Q14: What does the woman believe swans could do? Q15: What did the grandmother of the man’s wife say?

Passage one

16. A) People were excited to go traveling overseas. B) People were formal and disciplined. C) Everything seemed to be changing.

D) Things from the Victorian era came back alive. ##C

43. A young woman sought explanation from a brain scientist when she noticed her unusual memory. ##E

44. Some people with HSAM find it very hard to get rid of unpleasant memories. ##O

45. A recent study of people with HSAM reveals that they are liable to fantasy and full absorption in an activity. ##I

选词填空

The method for making beer has changed over time. Hops ( 啤酒花 ), for example, which give many a modern beer its bitter flavor, are a__26__recent addition to the beverage. This was first mentioned in reference to brewing in the ninth century.Now, researchers have found a 27 ingredient in residue ( 残留物 ) from 5,000-year-old beer brewing equipment. While digging two pits at a site in the central plains of China, scientists discovered fragments from pots and vessels. The different shapes of the containers 28they were used to brew, filter, and store beer. They may be ancient ―beer-making tools,‖ and the earliest29 evidence of beer brewing in China, the researchers reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. To30that theory, the team examined the yellowish, dried 31 inside the vessels. The majority of the grains, about 80%, were from cereal crops like barley (大麦), and about 10% were bits of roots, 32 lily, which would have made the beer sweeter, the scientists say. Barley was an unexpected find: the crop was domesticated in Western Eurasia and didn‘t become a 33food in central China until about 2,000 years ago, according to the researchers. Based on that timing, they indicate barley mayhave 34 in the region not as food, but as 35 material for beer brewing. ###

(A) arrived (B) consuming (C) direct

(D) exclusively (E) including (F) inform (G) raw (H) reached (I) relatively (J) remains (K) resources (L) staple

(M) suggest (N) surprising (O) test ### 26. I 27. N 28. M 29. C 30. O 31. J 32. E 33. L 34. A 35. G

原文：

The method for making beer has changed over time. Hops (啤酒花), for example, which give many a modern beer its bitter flavor, are a relativelyrecent addition to the beverage. This was first mentioned in reference to brewing in the ninth century.Now, researchers have found a surprisingingredient in residue (残留物) from 5,000-year-old beer brewing equipment. While digging two pits at a site in the central plains of China, scientists discovered fragments from pots and vessels. The different shapes of the containers suggestthey were used to brew, filter, and store beer. They may be ancient ―beer-making tools,‖ and the earliestdirect evidence of beer brewing in China, the researchers reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Totestthat theory, the team examined the yellowish, dried remains inside the vessels. The majority of the grains, about 80%, were from cereal crops like barley (大麦), and about 10% were bits of roots, including lily, which would have made the beer sweeter, the scientists say. Barley was an unexpected find: the crop was domesticated in Western Eurasia and didn‘t become a staplefood in central China until about 2,000 years ago, according to the researchers. Based on that timing, they indicate barley mayhave arrived in the region not as food, but as raw material for beer brewing. 仔细阅读

Passage one 46.

What does the author think of the phrase “midlife crisis”? A) It has led to a lot of debate. B) It is widely acknowledged. C) It is no longer fashionable. D) It misrepresents real life. ##D 47.

How does Barbara Hagerty view midlife? A) It may be the beginning of a crisis. B) It can be a new phase of one’s life. C) It can be terrifying for the unprepared. D) It may see old-age diseases approaching. ##B 48.

How is midlife pictured in the book Life Reimaged? A) It can be quite rosy. B) It can be burdensome.

C) It undergoes radical transformation. D) It makes for the best part of one’s life. ## 49.C

According to Karl Barth, midlife is the time _________. A) to relax B) to mature C) to harvest D) to reflect ##B 50.

What does the author say about midlife today? A) It is more meaningful than other stages of life. B) It is likely to change the narrative of one’s life.

C) It is more important to those with a longer lifespan. D) It is likely to be a critical turning point in one’s life. ##D

Passage two 51.

Why do people in many cultures prize the egg?

A) It is a welcome sign of the coming of spring. B) It is their major source of protein in winter. C) It can easily be made into a work of art. D) It can bring wealth and honor to them. ##A 52.

What do we learn about the decorated “eggs” in Russia? A) They are shaped like jewel cases. B) They are cherished by the rich. C) They are heavily painted in red. D) They are favored as a form of art. ##D 53.

Why have contemporary artists continued the egg art tradition? A) Eggs serve as an enduring symbol of new life. B) Eggs have an oval shape appealing to artists. C) Eggs reflect the anxieties of people today. D) Eggs provide a unique surface to paint on. ##C 54.

Why does Chast enjoy the process of decorating eggs?

A) She never knows if the egg will break before the design is completed. B) She can add multiple details to the design to communicate her idea. C) She always drives great pleasure form designing something new. D) She is never sure what the final design will look like until the end. ##A 55.

What do we learn from the passage about egg-painting? A) It originated in the eastern part of Europe. B) It has a history of over two thousand years. C) It is the most time-honored form of fancy art. D) It is especially favored as a church decoration. ##B

脚本： Passage one

The phrase almost completes itself: midlife crisis. It’s the stage in the middle of the journey when people feel youth vanishing, their prospects narrowing and death approaching.

There’s only one problem with the cliché ( 套话 ). It isn’t true.

“In fact, there is almost no hard evidence for midlife crisis other than a few small pilot studies conducted decades ago,”Barbara Hagerty writes in her new book, Life Reimagined. The bulk of the research shows that there may be a pause, or a shifting of gears in the 40s or 50s, but this shift “can be exciting, rather than terrifying.”

Barbara Hagerty looks at some of the features of people who turn midlife into a rebirth. They break routines, because “autopilot is death.” They choose purpose over happiness—having a clear sense of purpose even reduces the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. They give priority to relationships, as careers often recede ( 逐渐淡化 ).

Life Reimagined paints a picture of middle age that is far from gloomy. Midlife seems like the second big phase of decision-making. Your identity has been formed; you’ve built up your resources; and now you have the chance to take the big risksprecisely because your foundation is already secure.

Karl Barth described midlife precisely this way. At middle age, he wrote, “the sowing is behind; now is the time to reap.The run has been taken; now is the time to leap. Preparation has been made; now is the time for the venture of the work itself.”

The middle-aged person, Barth continued, can see death in the distance, but moves with a “measured haste” to get big newthings done while there is still time.

What Barth wrote decades ago is even truer today. People are healthy and energetic longer. We have presidential candidates running for their first term in office at age 68, 69 and 74. A longer lifespan is now changing the narrative structure of lifeitself. What could have been considered the beginning of a descent is now a potential turning point—the turning point you are most equipped to take full advantage of.

Passage two

In spring, chickens start laying again, bringing a welcome source of protein at winter’s end. So it’s no surprise that culturesaround the world celebrate spring by honoring the egg.

Some traditions are simple, like the red eggs that get baked into Greek Easter breads. Others elevate the egg into a fancy art,like the heavily jewel-covered “eggs” that were favored by the Russians starting in the 19th century.One ancient form of egg art comes to us from Ukraine. For centuries, Ukrainians have been drawing complicated patterns oneggs. Contemporary artists have followed this tradition to create eggs that speak to the anxieties of our age: Life is precious, anddelicate. Eggs are, too.

“There’s something about their delicate nature that appeals to me,” says New Yorker cartoonist Roz Chast. Several yearsago, she became interested in eggs and learned the traditional Ukrainian technique to draw her very modern characters. “I’vebroken eggs at every stage of the process—from the very beginning to the very, very end.”

But there’s an appeal in that vulnerability. “There’s part of this sickening horror of knowing you’re walking on the edgewith this, that I kind of like, knowing that it could all fall apart at any second.” Chast’s designs, such as a worried man alone ina tiny rowboat, reflect that delicateness. Traditional Ukrainian decorated eggs also spoke to those fears. The elaborate patterns were believed to offer protectionagainst evil.

“There’s an ancient legend that as long as these eggs are made, evil will not prevail in the world,” says Joan Brander, aCanadian egg-painter who has been painting eggs for over 60 years, having learned the art from her Ukrainian relatives.

The tradition, dating back to 300 B.C., was later incorporated into the Christian church. The old symbols, however, stillendure. A decorated egg with a bird on it, given to a young married couple, is a wish for children. A decorated egg thrown intothe field would be a wish for a good

Q13: Who performed the best in technology skills according to the man? Q14: In what aspect did American college students perform well?

Q15: What do we learn from the conversation about American high school education?

听力长篇 Passage one 16.

A) They have small roots. B) They grow white flowers. C) They taste like apples.

D) They come from Central Africa. ##A 17.

A) They turned from white to purple in color. B) They became popular on the world market. C) They became an important food for humans. D) They began to look like modern-day carrots. ##D 18.

A) They were found quite nutritious. B) There were serious food shortages.

C) People discovered their medicinal value. D) Farm machines helped lower their prices. ##B

Passage two 19.

A) She could update her family any time she liked. B) She could call up her family whenever she liked. C) She could locate her friends wherever they were. D) She could download as many pictures as she likes. ##A 20.

A) She liked to inform her friends about her success. B) She enjoyed reading her friends’ status updates. C) She felt quite popular among them. D) She felt she was a teenager again. ##B 21.

A) She could barely respond to all her 500 Facebook friends. B) She spent more time updating her friends than her family. C) She could barely balance Facebook updates and her work. D) She didn’t seem to be doing as well as her Facebook friends. ##D

Passage three 22.

A) They have strong muscles.

B) They live a longer lifer than horses. C) They eat much less in winter.

D) The can work longer than donkeys. ##A 23.

A) It was a pet of a Spanish king.

B) It was bought by George Washington. C) It was brought over from Spain.

D) It was donated by a U.S. ambassador. ##C 24.

A) They met and exchanged ideas on animal breeding. B) They participated in a mule-driving competition. C) They showed and traded animals in the market. D) They fed mules with the best food they could find. ##C 25.

A) The wider use of horses. B) The arrival of tractors. C) A shrinking animal trade.

D) A growing donkey population. ##B

脚本： Passage one

Wild carrots probably evolved with the other flowering plants about 360 million years ago. Like apples, carrots are nativeto Central Asia. That’s why horses, which also come from Central Asia, like both apples and carrots so much.

With wild carrots, the roots are white, small and skinny, so you’d have to pick a lot of wild carrots to get enough to eat.Doctors used carrot seeds and roots as medicine, on the theory that foods that taste bad must be good for you.

Around 800 AD, people in Central Asia managed to develop a new kind of carrot—a purple carrot—that attracted moreinterest from international traders. Then, in the late 1500s, food scientists in the Netherlands cultivated large, straight, sweet,red carrots like the ones we eat today. But people still mostly fed carrots to horses, donkeys and pigs, and didn’t eat them themselves. In the 1600s, people in China used carrots as medicine, but they also ate carrots boiled in soup. The red color was popular for Chinese New Year celebrations.

But carrots got their biggest boost during the two world wars, when food shortages forced people to eat them, and governments told everyone how healthy carrots were. Today, cooler countries grow most of the world’s carrots. Machines do most of

the planting and picking, and carrots are easy to store and ship, so they are cheap almost everywhere.

Q16: What do we learn from the talk about wild carrots?

Q17: What does the speaker say about carrots in the late 1500s?

Q18: Why did people turn to carrots for food during the two world wars?

Passage two

Katherine loved Facebook. With Facebook she could stay connected with her family no matter how far away they were.She could see their photos and read their status updates. With Facebook, she could keep her relatives up-to-date on what she wasdoing. Another thing Katherine loved about Facebook was that she didn’t have to think about time zones when updating family.Whenever she called her parents or other relatives, she always had to think about the time difference so that she wouldn’t wakesomeone up or call when she knew they were at church. Facebook was so convenient.

When Katherine joined Facebook, some of her classmates at high school started to add her as a friend. At first, this didn’tbother her. She loved learning about the success of people she knew when she was just a teenager. She loved finding out peoplewere getting married, having babies, and traveling.

Soon, however, Katherine found herself comparing herself with the people she was reading about on Facebook. It beganto make her feel bad that some people seemed to be doing so much better than she was. She was also spending a lot of time onFacebook. It took a lot of time and energy to keep up with everyone’s status updates.

Katherine started to think. She looked at the list of over 500 friends she had on Facebook and realized some of them werenot really friends at all.

19. What was one particular convenience Katherine loved about Facebook?

20. How did Katherine feel when her classmates added her as a Facebook friend? 21. What made Katherine feel bad about herself later on?

Passage three

Do you know where a mule comes from? It is the child of a donkey and a horse. Mules have strong muscles like horses, butthey eat less, can work longer, and are gentler, like donkeys.

George Washington was the first person in the United States to own mules. He had heard that mules made good farm animals and he contacted the U.S. ambassador in Spain to ask about them. In 1785, King Charles III of Spain sent Washington amale donkey as a gift. That male donkey became the father of the mule industry in the U.S.

Every April, Maury County holds a Mule Day celebration. Held in Columbia, Tennessee, Mule Day had its beginningsas “Breeder’s Day” in the 1840s. Farmers and farm animal breeders would bring their animals to market every April to show,buy, and trade. This was an important businessbefore the days of tractors, when many families made a living from farming andmules were used as work animals. Eventually, tractors began to replace mules, making them less in demand.

A parade was added to Mule Day in 1934 to attract more people. Over the years other activities have been added, and todaymore than 200,000 people show up each year to watch and participate. If you visit during Mule Day celebrations, you might seemule-driving contests, square

dances, horse shows or even tree-cutting competitions. Q22: What does the speaker say about mules?

Q23: What do we learn about the donkey which is said to be the father of the U.S. mule industry? Q24: What did farmers usually do on Mule Day in the 1840s? Q25: What made mule less in demand in America?

阅读批量导入

段落匹配图

Team Spirit

[A] Teams have become the basic building blocks of organizations. Recruitment advertisements routinely call for “teamplayers”. Business schools grade their students in part on their performance in group projects. Office managers knock downwalls to encourage team building. Teams are as old as civilisation, of course: even Jesus had 12 co-workers. But a new report byDeloitte, “Global Human Capital Trends”, based on a survey of more than 7,000 executives in over 130 countries, suggests thatthe fashion for teamwork has reached a new high. Almost half of those surveyed said their companies were either in the middle of restructuring or about to embark on ( 开始 ) it; and for the most part, restructuring meant putting more emphasis on teams.

[B] Companies are abandoning conventional functional departments and organising employees into cross-disciplinaryteams that focus on particular products, problems or customers. These teams are gaining more power to run their own affairs. They are also spending more time working with each other rather than reporting upwards. Deloitte argues that a new organisational form is on the rise: a network of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy ( 等级体制 ).

[C] The fashion for teams is driven by a sense that the old way of organising people is too rigid for both the modern marketplace and the expectations of employees. Technological innovation places a greater value on agility (灵活性 ). John Chambers, chairman of Cisco Systems Inc. , a worldwide leader in electronics products, says that “we compete against market transitions (过渡 ), not competitors. Product transitions used to take five or seven years; now they take one or two.” Digital technology also makes it easier for people to co-ordinate their activities without resorting to hierarchy. The “millennials” ( 千禧一代 ) who will soon make up half the workforce in rich countries were raised from nursery school onwards to work in groups.

[D] The fashion for teams is also spreading from the usual corporate suspects (such as GE and IBM) to some more unusualones. The Cleveland Clinic, a hospital operator, has reorganised its medical staff into teams to focus on particular treatment areas; consultants, nurses and others collaborate closely instead of being separated by speciality ( 专业 ) and rank. The US Army has gone the same way. In his book, Team of Teams, General Stanley McChrystal describes how the army’s hierarchical structure hindered its operations during the early stages of the Iraq war. His solution was to learn something from the rebels it wasfighting: decentralising authority to

self-organising teams.

[E] A good rule of thumb is that as soon as generals and hospital administrators jump on a management bandwagon ( 追随一种管理潮流 ), it is time to ask questions. Leigh Thompson of Kellogg School of Management in Illinois warns that, “Teamsare not always the answer—teams may provide insight, creativity and knowledge in a way that a person working independentlycannot; but teamwork may also lead to confusion, delay and poor decision-making.” The late Richard Hackman of Harvard University once argued, “I have no question that when you have a team, the possibility exists that it will generate magic, producingsomething extraordinary… But don’t count on it.”

[F] Hackman (who died in 2013) noted that teams are hindered by problems of co-ordination and motivation that chip awayat the benefits of collaboration. High-flyers ( 能干的人 ) who are forced to work in teams may be undervalued and free-riders empowered. Group-think may be unavoidable. In a study of 120 teams of senior executives, he discovered that less than 10% oftheir supposed members agreed on who exactly was on the team. If it is hard enough to define a team’s membership, agreeingon its purpose is harder still.

[G] Profound changes in the workforce are making teams trickier to manage. Teams work best if their members have astrong common culture. This is hard to achieve when, as is now the case in many big firms, a large proportion of staff are temporary contractors. Teamwork improves with time: America’s National Transportation Safety Board found that 73% of the incidents in its civil-aviation database occurred on a crew’s first day of flying together. However, as Amy Edmondson of Harvardpoints out,organisations increasingly use “team” as a verb rather than a noun: they form teams for specific purposes and thenquickly disband them.

[H] The least that can be concluded from this research is that companies need to think harder about managing teams. Theyneed to rid their minds of sentimentalism ( 感情用事 ): the most successful teams have leaders who are able to set an overall direction and take immediate action. They need to keep teams small and focused: giving in to pressure to be more “inclusive” isa guarantee of dysfunction. Jeff Bezos, Amazon’s boss, says that “If I see more than two pizzas for lunch, the team is too big.”They need to immunise teams against group-think: Hackman argued that the best ones contain “deviants” ( 离经叛道者 ) who are willing to do something that may be upsetting to others.

[I] A new study of 12, 000 workers in 17 countries by Steelcase, a furniture-maker which also does consulting, finds thatthe best way to ensure employees are “engaged” is to give them more control over where and how they do their work— whichmay mean liberating them from having to do everything in collaboration with others.

[J] However, organisations need to learn something bigger than how to manage teams better: they need to be in the habitof asking themselves whether teams are the best tools for the job. Team-building skills are in short supply: Deloitte reports thatonly 12% of the executives they contacted feel they understand the way people work together in networks and only 21% feelconfident in their ability to build cross-functional teams. Loosely managed teams can become hotbeds of distraction—employees routinely complain that they can’t get their work done because they are forced to spend too much time in meetings or compelled to work in noisy offices. Even in the age of open-plan offices and social networks some work is best left to the individual.

本题意为：成功的团队领导人明确知道团队的发展方向并能采取果断行动。根据题干关键词组：successful team leaders 和take prompt action 定位至原文H 段：the most successful teams have leaders who are able to set an overall direction and take immediate action （最成功的团队领导人能够设定一个总方向，然后采取果断行动）。题干中的know exactly where the team should go 对应原文的able to set an overall direction；题干中的take promptaction 对应原文的take immediate action。

||本题意为：权力下放在军事行动中也被认为更加高效。根据题干关键词组：Decentralisation和military operations 定位至原文D 段：The US Army has gone the same way. In his book, Team of Teams, General StanleyMcChrystal describes how the army‘s hierarchical structure hindered its operations during the early stages of the Iraq war.His solution was to learn something from the rebels it was fighting: decentralising authority to self-organising teams（美国军队也是这样做的。在他的《团队的团队》一书中，斯坦利·麦克里斯特尔将军描述了军队的等级制度如何阻碍了在伊拉克战争初期的行动。他的解决方案是从与其对战的叛军中学到一些东西：下放权力到自行运作的团队）。由大意可知题干是对该部分的概括总结。

|| 本题意为：在很多公司，传统的组织形式正在给团队网络让位。根据题干关键词组：conventional,network

of teams 可定位至原文B 段的最后一句：a network of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy（团队网 络正在取代传统的等级制度）。题干中的is giving way to 对应原文的is replacing。

|| 本题意为：在管理不善的团队里，成员在工作上会更容易分心。根据题干中的关键词组：poorlymanaged teams 和distracted 可定位至原文J 段。本段提到：Loosely managed teams can become hotbeds of distraction—employees routinely complain that they can‘t get their work done because they are forced to spend too much timein meetings or compelled to work in noisy offices（松散的管理团队会是注意力分散的温床—— 员工们经常抱怨他们不能完成工作，因为他们被迫花太多时间开会或被迫在嘈杂的办公室工作）。题干中的poorly managed teams对应原文的Loosely managed teams；题干中的distracted 对应原文的distraction。 || 本题意为：当成员共享同一个文化时，团队合作最高效。根据题干中的关键词组：share the same culture 可定位至原文G 段。本段第二句提到：Teams work best if their members have a strong common culture（如果团队成员具有很强的共同文化，团队表现将会最佳）。题干中的most effective 对应原文的work best；题干中的share the same culture 对应原文的have a strong common culture。

|| 本题意为：根据Deloitte 的报道，团队合作在公司中正日益盛行。根据题干中的关键词report 和 Deloitte 可定位至原文A 段。本段提到：But a new report by Deloitte … suggests that the fashion for teamwork hasreached a new high… for the most part, restructuring meant putting more emphasis on teams （但是德勤的一份新报告??表明团队合作的时尚已经达到了一个新的高度。几乎一半的受访者表示他们的公司在重组中或即将开始重组；而大多数情况下，重组意味着把更多的重点放在团队建设上）。题干中的becoming increasingly popular对应原文的putting more emphasis on teams。

|| 本题意为：一些成员发现很难在成员资格和团队目标的问题上达成一致。根据题干关键词组：hard,agree on, membership 和purpose 可定位至原文F 段。本段最后一句提到：If it is hard enough to define a team‘smembership, agreeing on its purpose is harder still（如果界定一个团队的成员尚且困难，那么在目标上达成一致将更难）。由大意可知本题干是对该句的概括总结。

||本题意为：一些学者认为尽管团队合作有创造奇迹的潜力，但并不总是很可靠。E 段最后一句提到： I have no question that when you have a team, the possibility exists that it will generate magic, producing something extraordinary…But don‘t count on it（我不会怀疑，当你拥有一个团队的时候，有创造奇迹、创造非凡的可能性??但不要指望它）。题干中的not reliable 对应原文的don‘t count on it；题干中的work wonders 对应原文的generatemagic。

|| 本题意为：为确保员工工作投入，建议在工作地点和工作方式上给予员工更多灵活性。根据题干关键词：ensure 和where and how they work 定位至原文I 段。本段提到：the best way to ensure employees are ―engaged‖is to give them more control over where and how they do their work（确保员工“投入”的最佳方式是让他们更多地控制自己的工作地点和工作方式）。题干中的commitment 对应原文的engaged；题干中的give

them more flexibility 对应原文的give them more control。

45. Product transitions take much less time now than in the past. C)

36. Successful team leaders know exactly where the team should go and are able to take prompt action. ##H

37. Decentralisation of authority was also found to be more effective in military operations. ##D

38. In many companies, the conventional form of organisation is giving way to a network of teams. ##B

39. Members of poorly managed teams are easily distracted from their work. ##J

40. Teamwork is most effective when team members share the same culture. ##G

41. According to a report by Deloitte, teamwork is becoming increasingly popular among companies. ##A

42. Some team members find it hard to agree on questions like membership and the team’s purpose. ##F

43. Some scholars think teamwork may not always be reliable, despite its potential to work wonders. ##E

44. To ensure employees’ commitment, it is advisable to give them more flexibility as to where and how they work. ##I

45. Product transitions take much less time now than in the past. ##C

本题意为：当涉及到非个人信息时，超级自传体记忆症者跟普通人的记忆是相同的。根据题干关键词组 the same memory 和 impersonal information 定位至原文 H 段： they seem to be no better than average at recalling impersonal information（在记忆非个人信息方面，他们似乎并不比普通人强）。题干中的 have the same memory 对应原文的 be no better than； ordinary 对应原文的 average。所以本题选 H 段。

|| 本题意为：幻想倾向不见得一定会使人出现超级自传体记忆症。根据题干关键词组 Fantasy proneness 和 develop HSAM 定位至原文 K 段，本段首句提到： Not everyone with a tendency to fantasies will develop HSAM （不是每一个有幻想倾向的人都会发展出“超级自传体记忆症”）。由大意可知题干是对该部分的概括总结。

|| 本题意为：自从遇见少年时的初恋后，Veisch开始记得自己每天的生活细节。根据题干关键词 young love 可定位至原文 C 段： He had always had a good memory, but the thrill of

young love seems to have shifted a gear in his mind: from now on, he would start recording his whole life in detail.（他之前记忆力就一直很好，然而年轻爱情的兴奋感似乎扳动了大脑中记忆的加速档：从那时开始，他将开始记录他生命中的每个细节）。由大意可知题干是对该部分的概括总结。

||本题意为：由于大众媒体的原因，更多超级自传体记忆症者开始联系研究人员。根据题干中的关键词组：contact researchers， due to 和 the mass media 可定位至原文 G 段。本段提到：? thanks to the subsequent media interest, a few dozen other subjects (including Veiseh) have since come forward and contacted the team（得益于这些媒体的后续兴趣，其他几十个受试者，包括维瑟，主动与加利福尼亚大学欧文分校的团队取得了联系）。由大意可知题干是对该部分的概括总结。题干中的 due to 对应原文的 thanks to。

||本题意为：超级自传体记忆症者常常要努力避免专注于过去。根据题干中的关键词组： make efforts和 past 可定位至原文 P 段。本段首句提到： This means they often have to make a special effort to lay the past to rest （这意味着他们常常不得不付出特别的努力来放下过去）。题干中的 avoid focusing on the past 对应原文的 lay the past to rest。

||本题意为：大部分人对过去的事情没有清楚的记忆。文章的首段首句就提到： For most of us, memory is a mess of blurred and faded pictures of our lives. As much as we would like to cling on to our past, even the saddest moments can be washed away with time（对于大多数人来说，记忆就像一本贴满了混乱模糊且逐渐褪色的人生快照的剪贴薄。无论我们多想紧紧抓住我们的过去，然而即使最痛苦的时刻也会被时间冲走）。由大意可知本题是对该段的概括总结。 ||本题意为：超级自传体记忆症是福也是祸。根据题干中的关键词： a curse and a blessing可定位至原文L段。本段首句提到： The people with HSAM I’ve interviewed would certainly agree that it can be a mixed blessing（我所采访过的拥有 HSAM 能力者肯定都会同意，这种能力让人喜忧参半）。其中 a mixed blessing 意为“福祸或利弊参半之事”，对应题干的 a curse and a blessing。

||本题意为：当一位年轻女士注意到自己的特殊记忆力时，她向一位大脑科学家寻求答案。根据题干中的关键词组： a young woman， explanation 和 brain scientist 可定位至原文 E 段：? with a young woman named Jill Price. Emailing the neuroscientist and memory researcher Jim McGaugh one day, she claimed that she could recall every day of her life since the age of 12. Could he help explain her experiences（??一个名叫吉尔?普莱斯的女孩。 一天，吉尔发邮件给神经科学专家兼记忆研究员吉姆?麦克高夫，告诉他她能够记忆起 12 岁以来每一天的生活细节。麦克高夫能否帮助她解释她的经历呢）。由大意可知本题是对该段的概括总结。 ||本题意为：一些超级自传体记忆症者发现很难摆脱不愉快的记忆。根据题干关键词： hard 和 get rid of unpleasant memories 定位至原文 O 段。本段提到： Viewing the past in high definition can also make it very difficult to get over pain and regret（对过去记得太清楚也会导致人很难从过去的痛苦和遗憾中摆脱出来）。题干中的 find it very hard to get rid of unpleasant memories 对应原文中的 make it very difficult to get over pain and regret。

|| 本题意为：近期一项针对超级自传体记忆症者的研究表明，他们容易幻想并全身心专注于某一活动。根据题干关键词： a recent study， liable to fantasy 和 absorption 可定位至原文 I 段： Lawrence Patihis at the University of Southern Mississippi, recently studied around 20 people with HSAM and found that they scored particularly high on two measures: fantasy proneness and absorption（南密西西比大学的劳伦斯?帕特西斯最近研究了近 20 位拥有HSAM 能力者，发现他们在幻想倾向和专注力两方面得分特别高）。由大意可知本题干是对该段的概括总结。

选词填空

As if you needed another reason to hate the gym, it now turns out that exercise can exhaust not only your muscles, but alsoyour eyes. Fear not, however, for coffee can stimulate them again. During 26 exercise, our muscles tire as they run out offuel and build up waste products. Muscle performance can also be affected by a 27 called “central fatigue,” in which an imbalance in the body’s chemical messengers prevents the central nervous system from directing muscle movements 28. It wasnot known, however, whether central fatigue might also affect motor systems not directly 29in the exercise itself, such asthose that move the eyes. To find out, researchers gave 11 volunteer cyclists a carbohydrate ( 碳水化合物的 ) 30 either with a moderate dose of caffeine ( 咖啡因 ), which is known to stimulate the central nervous system, or as a placebo ( 安慰剂 ) without, during 3 hours of 31. After exercising, the scientists tested the cyclists with eye-tracking cameras to see how well their brains could still 32 their visual system. The team found that exercise reduced the speed of rapid eye movements by about 8%,33their ability to capture new visual information. The caffeine, the equivalent of two strong cups of coffee, was34 toreverse this effect, with some cyclists even displaying35 eye movement speeds. So it might be a good idea to get someoneelse to drive you home after that marathon. ###

(A) cautiously (B) commit (C) control (D) cycling (E) effectively (F) increased (G) involved (H) limited

(I) phenomenon (J) preventing (K) sensitive (L) slowing (M) solution (N) sufficient (O) vigorous ###

26. O 27. I 28. E 29. G 30. M 31. D 32. C 33. J

34. N 35. F

脚本：

As if you needed another reason to hate the gym, it now turns out that exercise can exhaust not only your muscles, but alsoyour eyes. Fear not, however, for coffee can stimulate them again. During vigorous exercise, our muscles tire as they run out offuel and build up waste products. Muscle performance can also be affected by a phenomenon called “central fatigue,” in which an imbalance in the body’s chemical messengers prevents the central nervous system from directing muscle movements effectively. It wasnot known, however, whether central fatigue might also affect motor systems not directly involved in the exercise itself, such as those that move the eyes. To find out, researchers gave 11 volunteer cyclists a carbohydrate ( 碳水化合物的 ) solutioneither with a moderate dose of caffeine ( 咖啡因 ), which is known to stimulate the central nervous system, or as a placebo ( 安慰剂 ) without, during 3 hours of cycling. After exercising, the scientists tested the cyclists with eye-tracking cameras to see how well their brains could still control their visual system. The team found that exercise reduced the speed of rapid eye movements by about 8%,preventing their ability to capture new visual information. The caffeine, the equivalent of two strong cups of coffee, wassufficient toreverse this effect, with some cyclists even displayingincreased eye movement speeds. So it might be a good idea to get someoneelse to drive you home after that marathon.

仔细阅读

Passage one 46.

The market sales of toilet paper have decreased because ________. A) Britons have cut their spending on it B) its prices have gone up over the years C) its quality has seen marked improvement D) Britons have developed the habit of saving ##A 47.

What does the author think of the future of the tissue paper market in the UK? A) It will expand in time. B) It will remain gloomy.

C) It will experience ups and downs. D) It will recover as population grows. ##B 48.

What does Jack Duckett say about toilet paper? A) Special offers would promote its sales.

B) Consumers are loyal to certain brands. C) Luxurious features add much to the price. D) Consumers have a variety to choose from. ##C 49.

What do we learn about Britons concerning toilet paper? A) They are particular about the quality of toilet paper. B) They emphasize the strength of toilet paper the most. C) They prefer cheap toilet paper to recycled toilet paper. D) They reject using toilet paper with unnecessary features. ##A 50.

What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A) More and more Britons buy recycled toilet paper to protect the environment. B) Toilet paper manufacturers are facing a great challenge in promoting its sales. C) Toilet paper manufacturers compete with one another to improve product quality. D) Environmental protection is not much of a concern when Britons buy toilet paper. ##D

Passage two 51.

What does Lindson-Hawley say about her mother? A) She quit smoking with her daughter’s help. B) She succeeded in quitting smoking abruptly. C) She was also a researcher of tobacco and health. D) She studied the smoking patters of adult smokers. ##B 52.

What kind of support did smokers receive to quit smoking in Lindson-Hawley’s study? A) They were given physical training. B) They were looked after by physicians. C) They were encouraged by psychologists. D) They were offered nicotine replacements. ##D 53.

How does Dr. Gabriela Ferreira view the result of Lindson-Hawley’s experiment? A) It is idealized. B) It is unexpected. C) It is encouraging. D) It is misleading. ##C 54.

The idea of “a marathon” (Line 2, Para. 5) illustrates the popular belief that quitting smoking ________.

A) is something few can accomplish

B) needs some practice first C) requires a lot of patience

D) is a challenge at the beginning ##B 55.

What happens when people try to quit smoking gradually? A) They find it even more difficult. B) They are simply unable to make it.

C) They show fewer withdrawal symptoms. D) They feel much less pain in the process. ##A 脚本

Passage one

Shoppers in the UK are spending less money on toilet paper to save money, research has shown.

Penny-pinching UK consumers choose cheaper products from discounters such as Aldi and Lidl rather than luxury alternatives.

This has wiped 6% off the value of the soft tissue paper market in the UK. It has shrunk from ￡1.19 billion in 2011 to ￡1.12 billion in 2015, according to a new report from market research company Mintel. Furthermore, the future of the market looksfar from rosy, with sales expected to fall further to ￡1.11 billion in 2016.

In the last year alone, despite an increase in the UK population and a subsequent rise in the number of households, sales oftoilet paper fell by 2%, with the average household reducing their toilet roll spending from ￡43 in 2014 to ￡41 in 2015.

Overall, almost three in five people say they try to limit their usage of paper—including facial tissue and kitchen roll—tosave money. “Strength, softness and thickness remain the leading indicators of toilet paper quality, with just a small proportionof consumers preferring more luxurious alternatives, such as those with flower patterns or perfume,” said Mintel analyst JackDuckett. “These extra features are deemed unnecessary by the majority of shoppers, which probably reflects how these types ofproducts are typically more expensive than regular toilet paper, even when on special offer.”

While consumers are spending less on toilet paper, they remain fussy—in theory at least—when it comes to paper quality.Top of Britons’ toilet paper wish list is softness (57%) followed by strength (45%) and thickness (36%).

One in 10 buyers rank toilet rolls made from recycled paper among their top considerations, highlighting how overall theenvironment is much less of a consideration for shoppers than product quality. In a challenge for manufacturers, 81% of paperproduct users said they would consider buying recycled toilet tissue if it were comparable in quality to standard paper.

Passage two

“One of the reasons I find this topic very interesting is because my mom was a smoker when I was younger,” says Lind-son-Hawley, who studies tobacco and health at the University of Oxford. By studying about 700 adult smokers, she found out that her mom quit the right way—by

stopping abruptly and completely.

In her study, participants were randomly ( 随机地 ) assigned to two groups. One had to quit abruptly on a given day, going from about a pack a day to zero. The other cut down gradually over the course of two weeks. People in both groups used nicotine ( 尼古丁 ) patches before they quit, in addition to a second form of nicotine replacement, like gum or spray. They also had talk therapy with a nurse before and after quit day.

Six months out, more people who had quit abruptly had stuck with it—more than one-fifth of them, compared to aboutone-seventh in the other group. Although these numbers appear low, it is much higher than if people try without support.

And the quit rates were particularly convincing given that before the study started, most of the people had said they’drather cut down gradually before quitting. “If you’re training for a marathon, you wouldn’t expect to turn up and just be able to run it. And I think people see that for smoking as well. They think, ‘well, if I gradually reduce, it’s like practice,’” says Lindsons-Hawley. But that wasn’t the case. Instead of giving people practice, the gradual reduction likely gave them cravings ( 瘾)and withdrawal symptoms before they even reached quit day, which could be why fewer people in that group actually made it tothat point. “Regardless of your stated preference, if you’re ready to quit, quitting abruptly is more effective,” says Dr. GabrieiaFerreira. “When you can quote a specific number like a fifth of the patients were able to quit, that’s compelling. It gives themthe encouragement, I think, to really go for it,” Ferreira says.

People rarely manage to quit the first time they try. But at least, she says, they can maximize the odds of success.

2017年6月六级

听力批量导入

Passage one

1.

A) Doing enjoyable work. B) Having friendly colleagues. C) Earning a competitive salary. D) Working for supportive bosses. ## B 2. A) 31%. B) 20%. C) 25%. D) 73%.

##B 3.

A) Those of a small size. B) Those run by women. C) Those that are well managed. D) Those full of skilled workers. ##A 4.

A) They can hop from job to job easily. B) They can win recognition of their work. C) They can better balance work and life. D) They can take on more than one job. ##C

Passage two 5.

A) It is a book of European history. B) It is an introduction to music. C) It is about the city of Bruges. D) It is a collection of photos. ##D 6.

A) When painting the concert hall of Bruges. B) When vacationing in an Italian coastal city. C) When taking pictures for a concert catalogue. D) When writing about Belgium‘s coastal regions. ##C 7.

A) The entire European coastline will be submerged. B) The rich heritage of Europe will be lost completely. C) The seawater of Europe will be seriously polluted. D) The major European scenic spots will disappear. ##A 8.

A) Its waterways are being increasingly polluted. B) People cannot get around without using boats.

C) It attracts large numbers of tourists from home and abroad. D) Tourists use wooden paths to reach their hotels in the morning. ##D 脚本：

Passage one

W: Welcome to Work Place.And in today‘s program, we‘re looking at the results of two recently published surveys, which bothdeal with the same topic—happiness at work. John, tell us about the first survey.

M: Well, this was done by a human resources consultancy, who interviewed more than 1,000 workers and established a top 10of the factors which make people happy at work. The most important factor, for the majority of the people interviewed, washaving friendly, supportive colleagues. In fact, 73% of people interviewed put their relationship with colleagues as the keyfactor contributing to happiness at work, which is a very high percentage. The second most important factor was havingwork that is enjoyable. The two least important factors were having one‘s achievements recognized, and rather surprisingly,earning a competitive salary. W: So, we are not mainly motivated by money? M: Apparently not.

W: Any other interesting information in the survey?

M: Yes. For example, 25% of the working people interviewed described themselves as ―very happy‖ at work. However, 20% ofemployees described themselves as ―being unhappy‖. W: That‘s quite a lot of unhappy people at work every day.

M: It is, isn‘t it? And there were several more interesting conclusions revealed by the survey. First of all, small is beautiful: people definitely prefer working for smaller organizations or companies with less than 100 staff. We also find out that, generallyspeaking, women were happier in their work than men. W: Yes, we are, aren‘t we?

M: And workers on part-time contracts, who only work 4 or 5 hours a day, are happier than those who work full-time. The researchers concluded that this is probably due to a better work-life balance. W: Are bosses happier than their employees?

M: Yes, perhaps not surprisingly, the higher people go in a company, the happier they are. So senior managers enjoy their jobsmore than people working under them.

Q1: What is the No.1 factor that made employees happy according to the survey? Q2: What is the percentage of the people surveyed who felt unhappy at work? Q3: What kind of companies are popular with employees?

Q4: What is the possible reason for people on part-time contracts to be happier?

Passage two

W: Mr. De Keyzer, I‘m a great lover of your book Moments Before the Flood. Can you tell us how you first became interestedin this subject matter?

M: In 2006, when the concert hall of the city of Bruges asked me to take some pictures for a catalogue for a new concert seasonaround the theme of water, I found myself working along the Belgian coastline. As there had been numerous alarmingarticles in the press about a climate catastrophe waiting to happen, I started looking at the sea and the beach very differently,a place where I spent so many perfect days as a child. This fear of a looming danger became the subject of a large-scalephoto project.

W: You wrote in the book ―I don‘t want to photograph the disaster; I want to photograph the disaster waiting to happen.‖ Canyou talk a bit about that?

M: It is clear now that it is a matter of time before the entire European coastline disappears under water. The same goes fornumerous big cities around the world. My idea was to photograph this beautiful and very unique coastline, rich in historybefore it‘s too late—as a last witness.

W: Can you talk a bit about how history plays a role in this project?

M: Sure. The project is also about the history of Europe looking at the sea and wondering when the next enemy

would appear.In the images, you see all kinds of possible defense constructions to hold back the Romans, Germans, Vikings, and nownature as enemy No. 1. For example, there is the image of the bridge into the sea taken at the Normandy D-Day landing site.Also, Venice, the city eternally threatened by the sea, where every morning wooden pathways have to be set up to allowtourists to reach their hotels.

W: Thank you, Mr. De Keyzer. It was a pleasure to have you with us today. Q5: What does the man say about the book Moments Before the Flood? Q6: When did the man get his idea for the work?

Q7: What will happen when the climate catastrophe occurs? Q8: What does the man say about Venice?

Passage one

9.

A) They make careful preparations beforehand. B) They take too many irrelevant factors into account. C) They spend too much time anticipating their defeat. D) They try hard to avoid getting off on the wrong foot. ##C 10.

A) A person‘s nervous system is more complicated than imagined. B) Golfers usually have positive mental images of themselves. C) Mental images often interfere with athletes‘ performance. D) Thinking has the same effect on the nervous system as doing. ##D 11.

A) Anticipate possible problems. B) Make a list of do‘s and don‘ts. C) Picture themselves succeeding. D) Try to appear more professional. ##C 12.

A) She wore a designer dress. B) She won her first jury trial. C) She did not speak loud enough. D) She presented moving pictures. ##B

Passage two 13.

A) Its long-term effects are yet to be proved. B) Its health benefits have been overestimated. C) It helps people to avoid developing breast cancer. D) It enables patients with diabetes to recover sooner. ##C 14.

A) It focused on their ways of life during young adulthood. B) It tracked their change in food preferences for 20 years. C) It focused on their difference from men in fiber intake. D) It tracked their eating habits since their adolescence. ##D 15.

A) Fiber may help to reduce hormones in the body. B) Fiber may bring more benefits to women than men. C) Fiber may improve the function of heart muscles. D) Fiber may make blood circulation more smooth. ##A 脚本

Passage one

When facing a new situation, some people tend to rehearse their defeat by spending too much time anticipating the worst.I remember talking with a young lawyer who was about to begin her first jury trial. She was very nervous. I asked what impression she wanted to make on the jury. She replied, ―I don‘t want to look too inexperienced; I don‘t want them to suspect this ismy first trial.‖ This lawyer had fallen victim to the ―don‘ts‖ syndrome—a form of negative goals setting. The ―don‘ts‖ can beself-fulfilling because your mind responds to pictures. Research conducted at Stanford University shows a mental image firethe nervous system the same way as actually doing something. That means when a golfer tells himself ―Don‘t hit the ball intothe water‖, his mind sees the image of the ball flying into the water. So guess where the ball will go.

Consequently, before going into any stressful situation, focus only on what you want to have happen. I asked the lawyeragain how she wanted to appear at her first trial. And this time she said, ―I want to look professional and self-assured.‖ I told herto create a picture of what self-assured would look like. To her, it meant moving confidently around the court room, using convincing body language and projecting her voice so it could be heard from the judge‘s bench to the back door. She also imagineda skillful closing argument and a winning trial. A few weeks after this positive dress rehearsal, the young lawyer did win. Q9: What do some people do when they face a new situation? Q10: What does the research conducted at Stanford University show? Q11: What advice does the speaker give to people in a stressful situation? Q12: What do we learn about the lawyer in the court?

Passage two

Most Americans don‘t eat enough fruits, vegetables or whole grains. Research now says adding fiber to the teen diet mayhelp lower the risk of breast cancer. Conversations about the benefits of fiber are probably more common in nursing homes thanhigh schools. But along comes a new study that could change that. Kristi King, a diet specialist at Texas Children‘s Hospital,finds it‘s hard to get teenager patients‘ attention about healthy eating by telling them that eating lots of high-fiber foods couldreduce the risk of breast cancer before middle age. That‘s a powerful message. The new finding is based on a study of 44,000women. They were surveyed about their diets during high school, and their eating habits were tracked for two decades. It turnsout that those who consumed the highest levels of fiber during adolescence had a lower risk of developing breast cancer, compared to the women

who ate the least fiber. This important study demonstrates that the more fiber you eat during your highschool years, the lower your risk is in developing breast cancer in later life. The finding points to long-standing evidence that fiber may reduce circulating female hormone levels, which could explain the reduced risk. The bottom line here is the morefiber you eat, perhaps, a lower level of hormone in your body, and therefore, a lower lifetime risk of developing breast cancer.High-fiber diets are also linked to a reduced risk of heart disease and diabetes. That‘s why women are told to eat 25 grams offiber a day—men even more. Q13: What does the new study tell about adding fiber to the teen diet? Q14: What do we learn about the survey of the 44,000 women? Q15: What explanation does the speaker offer for the research finding?

Passage one 16.

A) Observing the change in marketing. B) Conducting research on consumer behaviour. C) Studying the hazards of young people drinking. D) Investigating the impact of media on government. ##B 17.

A) It is the cause of many street riots. B) It is getting worse year by year. C) It is a chief concern of parents. D) It is an act of socialising. ##D 18.

A) They spent a week studying their own purchasing behaviour. B) They researched the impact of mobile phones on young people. C) They analysed their family budgets over the years. D) They conducted a thorough research on advertising. ##A

Passage two 19.

A) It is helping its banks to improve efficiency. B) It is trying hard to do away with dirty money. C) It is the first country to use credit cards in the world. D) It is likely to give up paper money in the near future. ##D 20.

A) Whether it is possible to travel without carrying any physical currency. B) Whether it is possible to predict how much money one is going to spend. C) Whether the absence of physical currency causes a person to spend more. D) Whether the absence of physical currency is going to affect everyday life.

##C 21.

A) There was no food service on the train. B) The service on the train was not good. C) The restaurant car accepted cash only. D) The cash in her handbag was missing. ##C 22.

A) By putting money into envelopes. B) By drawing money week by week. C) By limiting their day-to-day spending. D) By refusing to buy anything on credit. ##A

Passage three 23.

A) Population explosion. B) Chronic hunger.

C) Extinction of rare species. D) Environmental deterioration. ##B 24.

A) They contribute to overpopulation. B) About half of them are unintended. C) They have been brought under control. D) The majority of them tend to end halfway. ##B 25.

A) It is essential to the well-being of all species on earth. B) It is becoming a subject of interdisciplinary research. C) It is neglected in many of the developing countries. D) It is beginning to attract postgraduates‘ attention. ##A 脚本：

Passage one

Well my current research is really about consumer behaviour. So recently I‘ve looked at young people‘s drinking and it‘sobviously a major concern to government at the moment. I‘ve also looked at how older people are represented in the media.Again, it‘s of major current interest with older people becoming a much larger proportion of UK and indeed world society. I‘malso interested in how consumers operate online, and how that online behaviour might be different from how they operate offline when they go to the shops.

Well, I think that the important thing here is to actually understand what‘s happening from the consumers‘ perspective.One of the things that businesses and indeed government organizations often fail to do is to really see

what is happening fromthe consumers‘ perspective. For example, in the case of young people‘s drinking, one of the things that I‘ve identified is thatdrinking for people, say, between the ages of 18 and 24 is all about the social activity.

A lot of the government advertising has been about individual responsibility, but actually understanding that drinking isvery much about the social activity and finding ways to help young people get home safely and not end up in hospital is one ofthe things that we‘ve tried to present there.

The key thing about consumer behaviour is that it‘s very much about how consumers change. Markets always change faster than marketing; so we have to look at what consumers are doing. Currently I teach consumer behaviour to undergraduates intheir second year and we look at all kinds of things in consumer behaviour and particularly how consumers are presented in advertising. So they get involved by looking at advertising and really critically assessing the consumer behaviour aspects of it, andgetting involved, sometimes doing primary research. For example, last year my students spent a week looking at their own purchasing and analysed it in detail from shopping to the relationship that they have with their retail banks and their mobile phoneproviders. I think they found it very useful and it also helped them identify just what kind of budgets they had too. The fact ofthe matter is that there‘s a whole range of interesting research out there, and I think as the years go on, there is going to be muchmore for us to consider and certainly much more for students to become involved in. Q16: What is the speaker currently doing?

Q17: What has the speaker found about young people‘s drinking? Q18: What does the speaker say that his students did last year?

Passage two

Sweden was the first European country to print and use paper money, but it may soon do away with physical currencies.Banks can save a lot of money and avoid regulatory headaches by moving to a cash-free system, and they can also avoid bankrobberies, theft, and dirty money.

Claer Barrett, the editor of Financial Times Money, says the Western world is headed toward a world without physicalcurrency. Andy Holder, the chief economist at the Bank of England, suggested that the UK move toward a government-backeddigital currency. But does a cashless society really make good economic sense? The fact that cash is being drawn out of society is less a feature of our everyday lives, and the ease of electronic payments — is this actually making us spend more moneywithout realizing it?

Barrett wanted to find out if the absence of physical currency does indeed cause a person to spend more, so she decided toconduct an experiment a few months ago. She decided that she was going to try to just use cash for two weeks to make all of heressential purchases and see what that would do to her spending. She found she did spend a lot less money because it is incredibly hard to predict how much cash one is going to need—she was forever drawing money out of cash points. Months later, shewas still finding cash stuffed in her trouser pockets and the pockets of her handbags.

During the experiment, Barrett took a train ride. On the way, there was an announcement that the restaurant car was notcurrently accepting credit cards. The train cars were filled with groans because many of the passengers were traveling withoutcash. ―It underlines just how much things have changed in the last generation,‖ Barrett says. ―My parents, when they wereyounger, used to budget by putting money into envelopes. They‘d get paid and they‘d immediately separate the cash into pilesand put them in envelopes, so they knew what they had to spend week by week. It was a very effective way for them to keeptrack of their spending.‖ Nowadays, we‘re all on credit cards; we‘re doing online purchases and money is kind of becoming aless physical and more imaginary type of thing that we can‘t get our hands around.

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