词汇学

选择

1. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.

2. Which of the following statements is Not correct?

A. A word can be formed by two free morphemes .A word can be formed by any two affixes.

3. The symbolic connection of a word to a particular thing is almost always arbitrary .

4. In different languages, the same concepts can be represented by different sounds, which shows the relation between sound and meaning is a matter of convention. 5. The pronunciation of a language has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years.

6. The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans .

7. Words may fall into content words and functional words by notion .

8. Functional words do far more work of expression in English on average than content words.

1.More than one variant, which can realize some morphemes according to the position in a word, are termed allomorphs.

2. In the words \-er\ bound morphemes.

3.Bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning but has to be used in combination with other morphemes to make words.

4. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes . 5. Root is the basic form of a word, which can't be further analyzed without total loss of identity.

6. A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in \or of two root morphemes as in a compound like \

1.affixation is defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as derivation. 2. \ the whole of Europe.

3.\ concrete denominal nouns.

4. \De-adjective nouns. 5. -able, -ive belong to deverbal suffixes.

6. When we use \to mean %unexpected winner\we should read them as a 'green hand, a 'black horse.

7. Sometimes, the meaning of a compound can be inferred from its separate elements, for example, flower pot.

8. The meanings of many compounds and derivatives are the total of the combined. morphemes

9. Which of the following statements is false? Words mainly involved in conversion are nouns, verbs and adverbs.

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10. The most productive means of word-formation in modern English are the following except acronym. 1. concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on while meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use.

2. The relationship between the word-form and meaning is arbitrary. Most words can be said to be non-motivated.

3. Which of the following is incorrect? “green horn” is the horn green in color

4. Semantic motivation explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.

5. Now people use “pen” for any writing tool though it originally denotes “feature”. This phenomenon can be explained by etymological motivation.

6. Denotative meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.

7. When readers come across the word “home” in reading, they may be reminded of their family, friends, warmth, safety, love. That is because of the “home” has connotations .

8. “Domicile, residence, abode, home” are almost the same in conceptual meaning, but differ mainly in stylistic meaning .

9. Connotative and affective meanings vary from individual to individual, from culture to culture, from generation to generation, from society to society.

10. “Pretty and handsome”, “tremble and quiver” differ mainly in their collocative meanings.

1.The word “treacle” has the following senses: (1)wild beast; (2)remedy for bites of venomous beasts; (3)antidote for poison or remedy for poison; (4)any effective remedy; (5)(BrE)molasses.What semantic process has“treacle”undergone? concatenatio

2. which group of the following are perfect homonyms?

bank(the edge of the river)—bank (an establishment for money business)

3. The following are the main sources of homonyms except change in meaning.

4. “Charm and glamour” are synonyms resulting from dialects and regional English . 5.“win” and “gain the upper hand”，“hesitate” and“ be in two minds” are two pairs of synonyms resulting from coincidence with idiomatic expressions.

6. “Timid ”and “timorous”, “comprehend” and “understand” are two pairs of synonyms mainly different in denotation .

7. Which group of synonyms of the following has prominent difference in connotation? result, consequence

8. Antonyms can be classified into three major groups except evaluative terms. 9.“parent/child,husband/wife, predecessor/successor” are relative terms D.complementary terms.

Substitutions

(1) use blends to substitute for the following: motor hotel：motel

formula translator:fortran

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slum suburb:slurb

medical care:medicare teleprinter exchange:telex automobile camp:autocamp book automobile:bookmobile lunar astronaut:lunarnaut

(2) Write down what the following acronyms stand for: WHO:Word Health Oranization G-man:Government man

NATO:the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

OPEC:Organization of Pero leum Exporting Countries TOEFL:Test of English as a foreign language 填空

1. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called emtpy words.

2. Words taken over from foreign languages are known as loan words.

3. Alien are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling and these words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin. 1. One of the variants realizing a morpheme is called allomorph.

2. Morphemes can be classified into free morphemes and bound morphemes. 3. Bound morphemes include bound roots and affixes.

4. Affixes can be grouped into derivational and inflectional.

1. Affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.

2. The most productive means of word formation are affixation,compounding and conversion.

3. Bi-, multi-, semi-,tri-,uni- fall into the category of number prefixes.

4. Suffixes can be grouped into noun suffixes, verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, etc on a grammatical basis.

5. Nouns formed by adding suffixes to the end of verbs are called deverbal nouns; and to the end of nouns, denominal nouns.

6. Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.

7. A compound is a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word.

8. Compounds can be written solid(silkworm), hplenated (honey-bee) and open (tear gas).

9. The limited number of verb compounds are created either through conversion or back-formation.

10. Conversion is a derivational process in which an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Hence the name zero derivation. 11. Almost all monmer polemic verbs can be used as nouns, which are semantically related to the original verbs in various ways.

12. Words formed by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word are called blends.

13. Words formed by joining the initial letters of names of social and political

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organization or special noun phrases and technical terms are called initialisms or acronyms .

14. Back formation is the opposite process of suffixation. 1. A word is the combination of form and meaning.

2. Only when a connection has been, established between the linguistic sign and a referent , does the sign become meaningful.

3. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional.

4. Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical.

5. In modern English, one may find some onomatopoeic words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. 6. The word meaning is made up of grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, which itself has two components: meaning conceptual and associcative meaning.

7.words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or pejorative.

1. The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt

with from two different angles: diachronic approach and synchronic approach.

2. When a word was created, it was endowed with primary meaning. With the advance of time and the development of language it took on more and more derived meanings.

3. The development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses, traditionally known as radiation and concatenation .

4. Based on the degree of similarity, homonyms fall into three classes: perfect homonym , homophone , and homograph . 5. Synonyms can be grouped into

absolute synonyms and relative synonyms.

6. “Tulip”and “rose”, are hyponyms of “flower”.“Flower”is the term and “tulip”,“rose”are the superordinate term.

7. A semantic field is a meaning area where words share the same concept . III. Define .

1. terminology ： Terminology consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine.

2. Jargon: Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.

3. Slang: Slang belongs to the sub-standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.

1. morpheme: a minimal meaningful unit of a language. 2.allomorph: one of the variants that realize a morpheme.

3.bound morpheme: a morpheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme. 4.free morpheme: a morpheme that can stand alone. 5. affix: a morpheme attached to a stem or root.

6. inflectional affix: an affix that indicates grammatical relationships.

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7.derivational affix: an affix that forms new words with a stem or root. 8. root: what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes. 9. stem: a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.

1. affixation : the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.

2. derivation : the process of forming words through affixation.

3. prefixation : the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. 4. suffixation : the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.

5. compounding : the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.

6. conversion : the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another.

7. blending : the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.

8. clipping: the way of making words by shortening a longer word by means of cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.

9. acronymy :the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names

of social and political organizations special noun phrases and technical terms.

10. Backformation: the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. 1. reference: what a linguistic form refers to in the real word. It is the relationship between language and the world.

2. motivation: the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.

3. conceptual meaning: the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.

4. Grammatical meaning: that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.

5. Associative meaning: the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning, It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate .It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education It comprises four types: connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative.

6. Stylistic meaning: Many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meaning of words.

7. Affective meaning: Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.

8. Collocative meaning: It is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion In other words, it refers to the association a word acquires in its collocation.

1.Radiation: a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays.

2.Concatenation: a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign

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of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.

3.Homonyms: words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.

4.Homographs: words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning. 5.Homophones: words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. 6.Perfect homonyms: words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.

7.Polysemy: a phenomenon that one form having more than one meaning.

8.Synonyms: words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.

9.Antonyms: words opposite in meaning.

10.Hyponymy: the relationship of semantic inclusion.

11.Semantic field: a meaning area where words share the same concept.

IV. Answer the following questions.

Discuss the major characteristics of Basic word stock with examples. Basic word stock contains the following characteristics: All national character:

Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language. Stability:

As they denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged. Stability, however, is only relative. Productivity:

Words of the basic word stock are most root words or monosyllabic words; They can form new words with other roots and affixes Polysemy:

Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undergone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous. Collocability:

Many words of the basic word stock have strong collocability:

1. Morphemes are realized by allomorphs. Illustrate this point on the basis of the knowledge obtained from this chapter.

1. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {—s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in matches /iz/. It can be realized by the change of an internal vowel as by zero morph as in “deer—deer, fish—fish”. The same is true of the past tense marker {—ed}, which is realized by /t/ after a verb ending with /p, k/ as in worked, helped; by /d/ after vowels and sounds like/m, n,η, l/ as in tried, warmed and by /id/ after /t, d/ as in wanted, landed, etc. This is also applicable to affixational morphemes. The prefix {in-} has allomorphs such as / im, ir, il/depending on the first sound of the base to which the prefix is added.

2. What are the inflectional affixes frequently used in English? Discuss the meaning each of them indicates.

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II.

-(e)s— plural number

-(e)s— third- person singular present tense -(e)d— past tense

-ing— progressive aspect -er— comparative degree -est— superlative degree -'s— possessive case

1. What is the relationship between concept and meaning?

1. Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on whereas meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use. A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world . Even in the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words.

2. What is the relationship between grammatical meaning and lexical meaning?

2. Grammatical meanings refer to that part of the meaning of the world which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms. Grammatical meaning of a word becomes important only when it is used in actual context. Different lexical items, which have different lexical meanings, may have the same grammatical meaning; on the other hand, the same word may have different grammatical meanings. Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word meaning. It is known that grammatical meaning surfaces only in use .But lexical meaning is constant in all the content words within or without context as it is related to the notion that a word conveys.

1. What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants? How to differentiate them?

Homonyms refer to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemants refer to the fact that the same word has several distinguishable meanings. By seeing their etymology, we can distinguish them, i. e. homonyms are from different sources while a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meaning of a polysemant are correlated and connected to do with one another. Additionally, in dictionary, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.

2. Discuss some of the characteristics of antonyms.

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1. Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.

2 A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym 3 Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively.

4 Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.

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