上海交通大学英语讲义Exercise Four听力答案与原文

Exercise Four

Section 1. Compound Dictation

Being the mother of two potentially bilingual children (the youngest is only three months old) and the teacher of French and English bilingual children, the subject of bilingualism is very important to me. In fact we have recently moved to China and are now considering multilingualism. But what are the advantages of learning several languages from an early age? What are the dangers? What?s the best way to teach your child two or more languages (1) simultaneously? I don?t suggest I have the answers here but like most mothers and teachers I certainly have a point of view!

What is a bilingual child?

The way I see it, being bilingual means being able to (2) communicate almost perfectly in two languages and also knowing something about both cultures. If I take the example of my daughter it?s about being able to understand when someone is speaking another language and being able to switch (3) automatically into speaking it with them. At two and a half she has already grasped the concept of ?Daddy speaks French and Mummy speaks English?. She has even picked up that Bai Yuoine speaks Chinese! I think it?s very important for her to know that the (4) cartoon character Noddy is also called Oui Oui by her friends at playgroup and that Marmite and Cadburys chocolate exist as well as croissants. This is what makes it possible for her to communicate with the people around her (5) regardless of whether they are French or English.

Why encourage bilingualism?

In our case it is logical that with an English mother and French father our children should be able to speak both languages to communicate, not only with us, but with their grandparents and (6) extended family. On a wider scale learning two or more languages helps children to accept cultures other than their own. If speaking their mother tongue(s) at home and at school is (7) encouraged they are more likely to enjoy their difference and view difference in general as a positive thing.

How do you raise a bilingual child?

There may be a dominant language and this will normally depend on the country you live in or the language your child uses most at school. However, it will also depend on what language is spoken in the home. We lived in France and spoke French at home but I always speak to my children in English. It?s (8) imperative that the child has consistency. They know that their English auntie will always speak to them in English and that for her to understand them they should speak to her in English.

What are the dangers?

It can be very difficult for people around you to support what you do. (9)Grandparents can be upset if they don?t understand what you?re saying to their grandchild and worry that they will never be able to communicate with them. (Please pause here for 40??-50??)This is of course highly unlikely and you should stick to your guns.

Another problem we have encountered was when our daughter refused to listen to either of us. (10)A psychologist advised us that as there wasn?t a common language at home between the parents and child and so I should stop speaking English and spend the weekend speaking only in French. (Please pause here for 40??-50??) Thankfully I decided to ignore this piece of advice and persisted with my English! I also know of one child who had problems at school because his friends made fun of him. His parents eventually gave up speaking English to him. Unfortunately children can be cruel and differences whatever they may be are often a source of bullying. Differences need to be promoted and valued and celebrations such as the International Mother Language Day help to do just that.

International Mother Language Day

21st February 2000 saw the first Mother Language Day celebrated internationally. However the importance of this date originated in Bangladesh where in 1952 a handful of students, now known as language martyrs, were killed in demonstrations defending Bangla, their mother language. (11) In 1999 UNESCO decided to take this cause onto an international scale in order to encourage cultural diversity and worldwide tolerance. (Please pause here for 40??-50??)

Section 2. Note-taking

1) always spanked and hit

2) they commit crimes and abuse their wivies and children 3) grow up to be violent

4) a lawyer and psychologist. 5) a form of discipline. 6) doesn?t hurt children 7) family researcher 8) decreasing

9) corporal punishment 10) a child psychologist

Section 3. Short Answering Questions. Keys:

1. less than four years ago

2. it would no longer publish a print edition

3. a survey about the use of e-books by library patrons 4. free e-book check-outs at the library will hurt sales 5. six months after it?s released

E-books catch on at public library

Complete the following sentence: “You go to the library to check out...?”

The obvious answer is “books.” But a harder question might be, “What do we mean by ?book??”

Electronic books or “e-books,” have established a firm foothold in American society.

The big online bookseller Amazon, for instance, recently announced that less than four years after introducing them to its catalog, it?s now selling more electronic versions of its book titles than printed ones.

And this past April, Encyclopedia Britannica, the world?s oldest and largest maker of encyclopedias - a staple at any library - announced it would no longer publish a print edition. Last week, the Pew Internet & American Life Project released a survey about the use of e-books by library patrons. It found that 12 percent of Americans age 16 and older who read e-books say they had borrowed at least one from a library within the past year.

But the survey found that the broader public, including 58 percent of those who have library cards and 53 percent of people who own electronic book readers, are not aware that they can find and check out e-books from public libraries, even though three-quarters of the libraries offer that service.

Pew Internet Project director Lee Rainie noted that e-book borrowing is becoming more popular at the same time that publishers - who are selling plenty of e-books and fewer hard-copy editions - are worried that free e-book check-outs at the library will hurt sales.

In February, for instance, the big publisher Penguin Books stopped supplying new e-books and audio books to libraries.

Penguin just reached an agreement to resume supplying one big library system - in New York City - but not until six months after they are released. That way, those who want the latest books will have to buy them.

So things are a little murky in the library world when it comes to electronic books.

More and more patrons want them, but publishers are giving the libraries a hard time about offering them. Demand?s not the problem. Supply may soon be.

Section 4. Listening & Translating

1. The president spoke Monday at the University of Texas. He talked about the decrease in college graduation rates in the United States. “In a single generation, we?ve fallen from first place to twelfth place in college graduation rates for young adults. That is unacceptable, but it is not irreversible. We can retake the lead.”

在仅仅一代人的时间内，我们的年轻人大学毕业率已从第一降到了第十二名，这是不可接受的，但并非不可逆转。我们可以重新领先。

2. Food that has come in contact with floodwaters can sicken anyone who eats it. Water from floods may contain animal and human waste. It can also contain other pollutants like chemicals from agriculture and industry. After a flood, food safety specialists at the United States Department of Agriculture have this advice: Throw away anything that is not stored in a waterproof container if there was a chance of contact. Also, throw away boxes of juice, milk or baby formula if they have come into contact with floodwater.

如果有接触的可能的话，任何没有保存于防水的容器中的东西都要扔掉。另外，盒装果汁、牛奶或儿童奶粉如果其盒子已经接触洪水这些食品也要扔掉。

3. The journal Health Affairs recently published an issue on “E-Health in the Developing World.” Editor Susan Dentzer says e-health is improving lives in different ways. “For example in Rwanda, where cell phone-based technologies are being used to keep track of dispensation of drugs to patients with H.I.V. And Rwanda is actually at the leading edge of developing nations in tapping these technologies to advance health and health care.”

卢旺达在对这些技术的利用方面在发展中国家实际上已居于领先地位，从而推进了卫生和保健的发展。

4. Vaccination is a life or death question for poor people and if you can vaccinate a child to prevent a disease from happening it is a lot more cost effective than it is to treat that disease afterwards. The biggest challenge of getting life saving vaccines to poor countries is that there?s no market. People can?t afford them. That?s why we don?t really have a malaria vaccine yet, because no one in rich countries really suffers from malaria.

要为贫穷国家获取这些救命疫苗的最大挑战是没有市场。人们无钱购买。因此我们实际上无法获得疟疾疫苗，因为富裕国家实际上没人会染上疟疾。

5． Americans have never had national education standards. Goals for what public schools should teach are set by state and local school boards. Their members are often elected. But some Americans say the lack of national standards is wrong in a competitive global economy. 公立学校的教学目的是由州和地方校董事会制定的。校董事会的成员常常是选举产生的。但是，一些美国人说，在一个全球竞争的经济体中缺乏全国性的标准是错误的。

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