中国儿童E—book设计开发研究 - 图文

中国儿童E—book设计开发研究

Design, Development and Research on E-book for Chinese Children

1. 绪论 Introduction

1.1 研究背景及目的

Research background and purpose

微软创办人Bill Gates说:电子书将改变全世界的阅读方式。电子书并算不上是新兴的阅读媒介,早在互联网兴起的时代,纸质书已经悄然地开始了它的数字化征程。从阅读对象的数字化到到阅读方式的数字化;从单纯的传统印刷图书直接对应的电子版图书到生产和发布都只有数字化形态的电子读物,再到集成了声音、视频、动画、实时变化模块、交互模块等要素的多媒体读物,科技的进步带动了电子书的发展。

Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft, once said that E-books would change the way of reading around the world. In fact, E-books are not the rising reading media. As early as the era when Internet emerged, paper books had quietly began its digital journey. From the digitalization of reading objects and the digitalization of reading ways; from the corresponding E-books of the pure traditional printed books to the E-books with the production and publication being only digitalized and even to the multi-media readings integrating various elements, such as sounds, videos, cartoons, real-time change modules and interactive modules, technological advance promotes the development of E-books.

我国的数字出版产业在短短几年内产值突飞猛进,实现了跨越式发展,电子阅读器风生水起,国民阅读习惯和环境产生了明显变化。 同样,早在电脑技术发展的二十一世纪初就已经产生的儿童电子书同 其他电子电子出版物一并经历了演变发展。现今的儿童电子书已经不单单 只是以PC机等传统设备为平台而存在,更多地出现在了更为方便的移动设备上。基于移动设备的儿童电子书是指以智能手机、平板电脑等移动设备为载体,以文字、语音、图片、动画、音效、音乐等多因素为手段,以交互性为特点的新型电子书。智能手机、平板电脑的普及让更多儿童开始接触以移动设备为载体的儿童电子书,并使得更多的家长和相关业内人员开始关注这类新型的电子书对于儿童的发展影响。

In just a few years, production value of Chinese digital publishing industry has made a spurt of progress and achieved great-leap-forward development. The prosperity of e-readers causes obvious changes in national reading habits and environment. Similarly, children’s E-books appearing as early as at the beginning of the 21st century when computer technology developed, as well as other electronic publications, underwent evolution and development. At present, children’s E-books haven’t existed only relying on the traditional equipment, like PC, which more frequently appear on the more convenient mobile devices. Children’s E-books based on mobile devices are the new-type E-books with mobile devices, like smart phones and tablet computers, as the carrier, such factors as words, voices, pictures, cartoons, sound effects and music as means and interactivity as the feature. Popularization of smart phones and tablet computers enables more children to begin to get exposed to Children’s E-books with mobile devices as the carrier and more parents and related staff in the industry to focus on the influence of the new-type E-books on Children’s development.

本文以此为背景对基于移动设备的儿章电子书的产生和发展情况进行阐述和梳理,分析现今的儿童电子书的特点和受众群体的需求和特征,通过调研和分析,儿童的视觉听觉器官机能的发展和交互性儿

童电子书具备的文字、语音、图片、动画、音效、音乐多媒体、多点触控等互动性效果,进而归纳总结出基于移动设备的儿童电子书的新的发展 特点和方向。本文以儿童心理学、设计艺术学、设计心理学、新媒体设计、 交互设计、移动终端技术等理论为基础,用调研、分析与实践相结合的方 法,联系实际的案例来进行研究。对基于移动设备的儿童电子书的研究在 本文研究中不包括电子阅读的设备,而主要是狭义地指通过电子阅读器所感知到的数字内容。

Based on the above mentioned, the paper elaborates and reorganizes the appearance and development of children’s E-books based on mobile devices and analyzes the characteristics of the present children’s E-books, as well as the requirements and features of the audience groups. By investigating and analyzing the development of children’s visual and auditory organs function, as well as the interactive effects the children’s E-books are possessed with, like words, voices, pictures, cartoons, sound effects and music, as well as multi-media and multi-touch effects, the paper further summarizes the new development characteristics and orientations of Children’s E-books based on mobile devices. Based on such theories as Child Psychology, Design Art, Design Psychology, New Media Design, Interactive Design, Mobile Terminal Technology, the paper applies the approach combining investigation, analysis and practice to make research integrating practical cases. In the research of the paper, the research on Children’s E-books based on mobile devices doesn’t contain e-reading devices, which mainly refers to in the narrow sense the digital content that e-readers can sense.

1.2 研究范围和方法 Research scope and approach

世界人口卫生组织最新发布的数据显示,目前世界15岁以下儿童数约为18亿 。这庞大的市场需求为儿童电子书的发展提供了条件。而目前出版的儿童电子书中针对不同年龄阶段儿童的心理和生理需求来设计的儿童交互电子书很少,这就需要我们设计者来探讨和研究。

The latest statistics issued by World Population Organization shows that at present there are approximately 1.8 billion children under the age of 15. The giant market requirement provides conditions for the development of children’s E-books. However, there are very few interactive children E-books aiming at the psychological and physiological requirements of children of different ages among the children’s E-books published recently, which requires the designers’ investigation and research. 不同年龄阶段儿童的认知方式，国外Chall的六阶段理论将儿童的阅读能力分为六个有本质区别的阶段。前阅读阶段、初始阅读和编码阶段、巩固熟练阶段、为获取新知识而阅读阶段、多视角阶段、建构和再结构阶段。其中6岁和6岁前的儿童是出于前阅读阶段。根据儿童的生理和心理特征，不同年龄阶段儿童不同认知方式适合的读物不同，可将学龄前儿童即0-7岁的儿童更细分为0-2岁初探期、3-5岁发展期和6-7岁学习起步期。上学以后的儿童文字语言系统开始发展，文字类的书籍更吸引他们的注意。而4-6学前期的儿童能够正确掌握12种颜色的名称及使用，并对颜色鲜艳、刺激的产生一定的心理反应，并且表此案出相应的喜怒哀乐情绪。学前期的儿童在逻辑思维方面较之前也有较好的发展，能对具象符号化的生活事物产生思维反应，他们不再仅仅偏爱于复杂多动的画面，转为喜欢有一定秩序和逻辑的画面。这一时期的儿童只有短时间的控制注意力的能力，大约为15分钟。在这一时期，他们会表现出强烈的主动性和好奇心，因而这一时期的儿童自主学习能力会大大加强。同时，考虑到儿童的视觉听觉器官机能的发展，新型的儿童电子书具备的文字、语言、图片、动画、音效、音乐多媒体、多点触控等互动性效果说更合适于4-6岁的儿童使用。所以，本文主要对儿童电子书的研究对象设定在4-6岁的儿童群体。 Children at different ages have different cognitive patterns. The foreign Chall six-stage theory divide children’s reading ability into six stages of essential differences, pre-reading stage, initial reading, encoding stage, consolidation and mastery stage, reading stage for attaining new knowledge, multi-view stage and construction and re-construction stage. Children at the age of 6 or before the age of 6 belong to pre-reading stage.

According to psychological and physiological characteristics of children, different reading materials are appropriate for children at different ages and with different cognitive patterns, so preschool children (namely the children at the age of 0-7) can be subdivided into three stages, primary exploration stage (0-2), development stage (3-5) and study starting stage (6-7). After they are at school, children’s word language system begin to develop, so text books attract more of their attention. And children in the preschool stage (4-6) can master correctly the names and application of 12 colors and produce a certain psychological response to the stimulation of bright colors, as well as presenting the corresponding emotions, like pleasure, anger, sorrow and joy. Preschool children have a better development in logic thoughts and can produce thoughts and responses on concrete and signifying life objects. They no longer have preference for complex and varying pictures. Instead, they begin to prefer the pictures with a certain order and logic. What’s more, in the period children can only have the ability to control their attention in a short time, which lasts about 15 minutes and present powerful initiation and curiosity, so their autodidacticism ability will be greatly strengthened. Simultaneously, considering the development of children’s visual and auditory organs function, new-type E-books with the interactive effects, like words, language, pictures, cartoons, sound effects, music, multi-media and multi-touch are more appropriate for children at the age of 4-6. Therefore, the paper set its research object of Children’s E-books as the children at 4-6.

具有关部门统计，我国16岁以下儿童有3.8亿左右，占人口比重约20%。目前中国儿童消费已占到家庭总支出的30%左右，全国0-12岁的孩子每月消费总金额超过数十亿。专家预测，未来几年儿童用品经以每年12.4%的速度递增。国内儿童消费主要集中在服装、玩具、文具盒教育培训等方面。国内儿童消费主要集中在服装、玩具和教育培训等方面。国内儿童消费市场空间巨大，儿童消费增长为市场细分奠定了两的基础。

According to the statistics of related departments, there are about 380 million children under the age of 16, making up about 20 percent of the total population. At present in China children’s consumption has accounted for about 30 percent of the total household expenditure and the monthly total consumption of children at the age of 0-12 surpasses billions of yuan. Experts predict that in the future years children products gradually increase at the rate of 12.4 percent annually. In China, children consumption mainly concentrates in clothes, toys, stationeries, education and training, so the market space of children consumption is great. The growth in children consumption lays a good foundation for market segmentation.

为了研究现阶段对儿童电子书的了解程度和使用情况以及对现阶段我国电子书的满意程程，用调查的方法在全国范围内，从对电子书的了解、关注和使用等方面通过网络对200人进行相关的调查。 To study the understanding level and application of children’s E-books, as well as the satisfaction level for Chinese E-books, we make related investigations on 200 people through Internet in such aspects as the understanding, concern and use of E-books around the whole country.

现如今使用移动终结设备阅读电子书的人较多，且年轻人占了较大的比例，且居住在大城市的人比其他地区的人更多的接触过电子书。了解儿童电子书的人比较少，可以看出我们国家的儿童电子书发展还处于起步阶段，想要被大部分所熟知还需要一个过程。 At present, there are more people using mobile terminal devices to read E-books, among whom young people account for a larger proportion. What’s more, people living in metropolis have more opportunities than those in other regions to be exposed to E-books. However, there are fewer people having an understanding of Children’s E-books, from which we can see the development of children’s E-books in China is still in the initial stage, which requires taking a course to be known intimately.

目前的电子书市场基本都是成人为目标消费群，下一波的潮流将会向儿童消费群体方向发展；而儿童电子书则会以丰富多彩的内容，动漫的表现形式，彩色的屏幕显示已经灵活的移动阅读终端体验来吸引更多的家长和少年儿童消费者。具有非常大的发展潜力。 At present, E-book market has adults as the target consumer group and the next tide will develop towards to children consumer group. What’s more, children’s E-books will rely on rich and colorful contents, the form of cartoons, the colorful screen display and flexible mobile reading terminal experience to attract more parents and youngsters, which are of great development potential.

1.3 先行的研究和限制

The previous research and restriction

在母丹的论文《基于移动设备的儿童电子书交互性研究》（2013）中，主要研究了以儿童电子书的载体——移动电子设备的产生发展和电子书的产生发展和电子书的产生发展为背景对而已电子书的产生和发展情况进行阐述的梳理，分析现今的儿童电子书的特点和受众群众的需求和特征。 但是作者仅仅只是对我国的儿童电子书进行研究，对不同时期的儿童心理和生理特点进行分析，具有图片动画音效等多媒体元素的基于移动设备的交互儿童电子书。并没有分析国外的一些儿童电子书，比如：韩国、日本、德国、美国等等。

In Mu Dan’s thesis, Interactive Research on Children’s E-books Based on Mobile Devices (2013), she mainly studies the appearance and development of mobile electronic devices--carrier of children’s e-books, as well as the appearance and development of e-books, analyzes the characteristics of children’s e-books and the requirements and characteristics of the audience in the present stage. However, in this paper the writer only studies children’s e-books in China and analyzes the psychological and physiological characteristics of children in different periods, as well as interactive e-books for children, with multi-media elements, such as pictures, cartoon and sound effects. However, the

writer doesn’t involve children e-books in foreign countries, such as, Korea, Japan, Germany, America and so on.

在邓诗元的论文《不同年龄阶段儿童的交互电子书界面设计分析》（2010），主要针对不同年龄阶段儿童的交互电子书的界面设计方法。但并没有提到儿童电子书的特点以及设计方面的研究。 In Deng Shiyuan’s thesis, Analysis of Interface Design of Interactive E-books for Children in Different Age Levels (2010), he mainly expounds the approaches of interface design in interactive e-books for children in different age levels, who, however, doesn’t mention the characteristics of children’s e-books and research on design.

在吴慧贤的论文《低幼数字图书设想》（2011），主要研究了低幼时期儿童电子书的发展，但并没有具体提到电子书的构成，以及设计。

In Wu Huixian’s thesis, Imagination of Digital Books for Children (2011), she mainly studies the development of children’s e-books, who doesn’t

mention concretely the constitution and design of e-books. 由此调研可以看出，现今儿童电子书存在一些问题，比如；儿童电子书产品内容单一；相对于国外儿童电子书，国产电子书产品数量还是少；儿童电子书过得的声光吸引往往是儿童沉溺于感官的刺激，阻碍了想象力和创造力的发挥；大量动画使得读者胡咧咧故事内容的叙述，降低了阅读理解能力，甚至有的动画设计与故事情节毫不相关，这样的感官刺激在故事内容传递上没有帮助；有些故事书国语偏重于游戏而与儿童理解故事情节并无太大联系；对于儿童电子书的研究，特别是基于设备的儿童电子书的研究还是空白。

From the investigation we can see there are some problems in the present children’s e-books. For example, the content of children’s e-books is too simple. Compared with foreign e-books for children, the number of Chinese e-books is too small. Too much stimulation of sound and light in children’s e-books make children indulged in sensory stimulation, which hinders the exertion of

imagination and creativity. Too many cartoons make readers ignore the relation of story contents and reduce their reading and comprehension ability and even some cartoon designs are irrelevant to plots. Such sensory stimulation is of no help to the expression of story contents. Some story books focus more on games, which have no much relation to children’s comprehension of plots. For the research on Children’s e-books, especially the research on children’s e-books based on devices, there is still a blank.

2. 儿童电子书的一般理论

The common theory on children’ e-books

2.1 E-book的概念 Concept of E-book

电子书是指将文字、图片、声音、影像等讯息内容数字化的出版物和植入或下载数字化文字、图片、声音、影像等讯息内容的集存储和显示终端于一体的手持阅读器。代表人们所阅读的数字化出版物， 区别于以纸张为载体的传统出版物。电子书 通过数码方式记录在以光、电、磁为介质的设备中，必须借助于特定的设备来读取、复制和传输。电子书又称为E-book。简单地说，所谓的电子书是，必须透过特殊的阅读软件，以电子文件的型式，透过网络连结下载至一般常见的平台，例如：PC、Note-book，PDA、WAP，或是任何可大量储

存digi-tal reading material的阅读器上阅读的书籍，是一种传统纸质图书的可选替代品。

E-books are the digitalized publications containing words, pictures, sounds and videos and the handheld readers with implanting and downloaded digitalized words, pictures, sounds and videos, as well as other information contents integrating store and display, which represent the digitalized publications people read and differ from the traditional publications with paper as the carrier. E-books make records by means of numerical codes in the devices with light, electricity and magnetism as the medium and must rely on specific devices to read, copy and transmit the contents. Electronic books are also E-books. Simply speaking, the so-called e-books must rely on special reading software to connect and download to common platforms through Internet in the form of electronic files, such as PC, Note-book, PDA, WAP and any reader which can store large quantities of digital reading materials, which is the optional in replace of traditional paper books.

电子图书作为一种新形式的书籍，又拥有许多与传统书籍不同的或者是传统书籍不具备的特点：必须通过电子计算机设备读取并通过屏幕显示出来；具备图文声像结合的优点；可检索；可复制；有更高的性价比；有更大的信息含量；有更多样的发行渠道等等。列举如下：方便信息检索。提高资料的利用率；存储介质相较传统书籍而言容量更大，可以容纳更多的信息量；成本更低。相同的容量比较，存储体的价格可以是传统媒体价格的1/10-1/100甚至更低；内容更丰富。数字化资料可以包含图文声像等各种资料。增强可读性。可以以更灵活的方式组织信息，方便读者阅读。降低了工作量。在电脑上处理各种资料，可以更方便。更具系统性。将各种资料有机组合，互相参照，能更好地理解资料。新的方式方法、工具手段、形式内容。 Being a new-type books, e-books possess characteristics which are different from traditional books or traditional books don’t possess, which must be read through computer devices or displayed by screens. E-books are usually possessed with advantages integrating pictures, words, sounds

and images, which can be searched and copied, with a higher price-quality ratio, a greater quantity of information content and more various distribution channels. They are listed below: being convenient for information retrieval; enhancing the utilization ratio of information; compared with traditional books, the storing media have a greater content and can contain more information contents. A lower cost; for the same contents, the price of the storage module can be one tenth to one percent of that of traditional media and even lower. More abundant contents; digitalized information can contain various information, like pictures, words, sounds and images. Strengthening readability; organize information in a more flexible way, which make it more convenient for readers to read. Reducing workload; dealing with various information on computers can be more convenient; more systemized; organize various information organically and make cross references, which can help readers comprehend the information better. It can provide new means and approaches, tools and means, as well as forms and contents.

儿童电子书就是利用计算机技术将传统的儿童书籍重新制作，形成有文字、有图像、有声音的数字化出版物，储存在相关设备中，借助于互联网或特定的设备来读取、复制和传输。

Children’s e-books utilize computer technology to re-produce traditional children books and form digitized publications with words, pictures and sounds, which are stored in related devices to be read, copied and transmitted by means of Internet and specific devices.

2.2 E-book的特征 Characteristics of E-books

近年来,伴随着互联网技术和移动通信技术的提高和应用的普及,各种信息进入了数码电子化存储传递新时代,人们不在满足于坐在固定的台式电脑面前获取信息,也不再满足于传统的移动数码设备只能拍照、打电话、 发送短信息,而是需要随时随地获取更多所需资讯,

在这种需求的驱使下, 更先进更便捷的移动设备孕育而生。在移动技术的引领下,各种信息的数字化进程速度也更加猛烈了。其中尤其是出版行业所受到的冲击尤为明显。 我国的数字出版产业在短短几年内产值突飞猛进,实现了跨越式发展,电子阅读器风生水起,国民阅读习惯和环境产生了明显变化。

In recent years, with the improvement of Internet and mobile communication technology and the popularization of application, various information enter the new era of digitized and electronic storing and transmission, when people no longer satisfy with sitting before the fixed desktop computers to acquire information or the limited functions of traditional digital devices, which can only take photos, make calls and send short messages. They now need acquire more information required anytime and anywhere. Urged by the requirement, more advanced and convenient mobile devices emerge as the times require. Led by mobile technology, the digitalization of various information proceeds more rapidly, among which the publishing industry get the more obvious impact. In China, the digital publishing industry has made a spurt of progress in a few years and achieved great-leap-forward development. The prosperity of e-readers results in obvious changes in national reading habits and environment.

电子书的特征：获取与携带方便 透过网络下载或很小的电子设备就能有大量的阅读资料。易于检索与互动 电子书可全文检索，作者与读者能透过网路互动。个人订制 读者可根据需要订制电子书。个人出版成为可能。使用方便，可透过网路超连结的特性获得更进一步资料。多元化，多媒体 可供阅读的平台越来越多源化，电子书内容亦呈现多媒体影音资料。阅读感受与阅读传统纸张几乎相同。功耗低，续航时间超长。无背光不伤眼。 Characteristics of e-books:

Easy to get and carry; it can be downloaded through the network or a lot of reading materials can be gained through very small electronic devices.

Easy to search and interact; the full text e-book can be retrieved and the author and readers can interact through the network. Individual customization; readers can get customized e-books according to their needs. Personal publishing has become possible. Easy to use; readers can obtain further information based on the characteristics of the hyperlink of Internet. Diversified and multi-media; platforms for reading have more and more sources and the contents of e-book also presents the multimedia audio and video information. Reading experience is almost the same as that of reading traditional paper. Low power consumption; long life time; without backlight, so it does not hurt eyes.

(1) 方便性，可搜索内容，改变字体大小及字形，还可随身携带。

Convenience; contents can be searched; font-size and font style can be changed; it is easy to carry.

（2）时间上，容量大，随时可网络下载，不受地域限制，传播速度快，搜索内容速度比以往人眼搜索或书签搜索快，节省时间。 In time; great capacity; internet download at any time without being restricted by areas; high speed of transmission; searching contents is faster than manual search or bookmark search; saving time;

（3）体力上，无论增加多少本电子书重量都一样，比纸质书在重量上占优势。

In weight; no matter how many e-books are added, the weight remains the same; it has an advantage over paper books in weight;

（4）金钱上，降低图书成本，价格便宜。看的时间越长用的电费越多。

In money; reducing the cost of books; a low price; the longer you read, the more electric charge you will pay;

（5）空间上，节省保存书本所需空间。 In space; saving the space required to save books;

（6）使用寿命上，可保存时间比纸质书长久。 In service life; e-books can be preserved longer than paper books;

（7）设计精美，灵活多样，有多媒体功能。

Exquisite design; non-institutionalized; with multi-media function;

（8）电子书实现了产品零库存，全球同步发行，购买方便快捷。 E-books realize zero inventory of products, synchronous distribution globally, as well as convenient and efficient purchase.

（9）节省纸张，减轻地球负担，零伐木砍伐量，真正的环保低碳。

Saving paper and reducing load for the earth; zero woodcutting; the genuine environmental protection and low carbon;

儿童的电子书更加注重的是在图画和文字方面的编辑，图画颜色鲜亮，卡通可爱，文字方面要通俗易懂，容易理解，且具有教育意义。方便性，可搜寻内容，改变字体大小及字型，还可随身携带。时间上，容量大，随时可网络下载，不受地域限制，传播速度快，搜寻内容速度比以往人眼搜索或书签搜索快，省去大量时间。体力上，无论增加多少本电子书都是一样的重量，比过往纸质书重量上有优势。金钱上，降低图书成本，价格便宜。看的时间越长用的电费越多。空间上，节省保存书本所需空间。寿命上，可保存时间比纸质书长久。内容上，书本内容可更新，不像纸质书破损、污损后或残旧后，而使内容不完整；内容的复制比纸质书容易。体积上，增加大量电子书后，都不会使知识载体的体积产生膨胀。容量上，单位体积字数容量比纸质书大。资料利用率上，电子书比纸质书高。设计精美，灵活多样，有多媒体功能。电子书实现了产品零库存，全球同步发行，购买方便快捷。节

省纸张，减轻地球负担，零树木砍伐量，真正的环保低碳。永远不会缺货。缺点上，一旦电子载体坏了，电子书将没法看。

Children’s e-books pay more attention to editing in pictures and texts. Pictures are characterized by bright colors and cute cartoons, and texts are popular and easy to understand, which are simultaneously of educational significance. Convenience; contents can be searched; font-size and font style can be changed; it is easy to carry; In time; great capacity; internet download at any time without being restricted by areas; high speed of transmission; searching contents is faster than manual search or bookmark search; saving a lot of time; In weight; no matter how many e-books are added, the weight remains the same; it has an advantage over paper books in weight; In money; reducing the cost of books; a low price; the longer you read, the more electricity is used; in space; saving the space required to save books; In service life; e-books can be preserved longer than paper books; in contents; the contents of e-books can be updated; unlike paper books, which will be not complete once damaged, defiled, or worn out; the contents of e-books are easier to be copied than those of paper books; in volume; the increase of a large number of e-books will not make the volume of the knowledge carrier expand; in capacity, the word number capacity of unit volume is larger than that of paper books; in data utilization, e-books are higher than paper books; Exquisite design; non-institutionalized; with multi-media function; E-books realize zero inventory of products, synchronous distribution globally, as well as convenient and efficient purchase; Saving paper and reducing load for the earth; zero woodcutting; the genuine environmental protection and low carbon; as for disadvantages, once the electronic carrier is broken, the e-book will not be read.

2.3 儿童E-book的构成要素 Components of children’s e-books

有不少学者对儿童电子书的发展和变化作了一系列探索和研究。大部分学者认为新型的儿童电子书应该是增强型电子书,以电子媒体为媒介和载体,综合运用文字、语音、图片、动画、音效、音乐等来表达某一故事中的情节。目前,国内也陆续出现了结合多种多媒体元素出版的儿童电子 书,特别近几年,不管是就数量还是质量来说都在不断发展,已受到广泛 关注。如图为国内公司制作发行的儿童电子故事书《神笔马良》的英文版本。这本儿童电子书不仅有语音阅读、自动阅读模式,更增添了录音功能和游戏功能,并可以通过连接互联网给其他朋友发送分享邮件和找到其他的相关或相似的儿童电子书。主要构成要素有：

There are a number of scholars having made a series of explorations and researches on the development and changes of children’s e-books. Most scholars believe that the new-type children e-books should be enhanced e-books, with electronic media as the media and carrier, integrating the use of texts, voices, pictures, cartoons, sound effects, music, and so on to express the plot of a story. At present, in China there have also appeared children’s books combining a variety of multimedia elements in succession, which, especially in recent years, whether in quantity or quality, have experienced continuous development and attracted wide attention. As is shown in the figure for, it is the English version of Ma Liang’s Magic Brush, the children’s electronic story book produced and issued by domestic companies. It not only possesses modes of phonetic reading and automatic reading, but has the game and recording function added. What’s more, it can be connected to the Internet to send other friends sharing messages and find other related or similar children’s books. The main components are:

（1）date，儿童电子书的设备通常是一种口袋大小的计算设备，通常有一个小的显示屏，触控输入，代表性设备是：智能手机、平板电脑等。以及存档大小。

Devices of children’s e-books are usually pocket-sized, usually with a small display screen and touch input. The representative devices are: smart phones, tablet PCs, as well as archive size.

（2）design，在色相的选择上要有鲜明性，在色调的选用上应多选择暖色调 。版面上适量的添加文字和数字，以有利于之一时期儿童的大脑智力发育。主题大多选用具有教育意义的主题。

Bright colors should be chosen, especially warm colors. An appropriate quantity of texts and numbers should be added to the space of a whole page, aiming to be of benefit to the intelligence development of children’s brain in the period. Themes of educational significance are usually selected.

（3）size，主屏7寸，高清彩屏电子书，分辨率在800*480，主屏13寸，分辨率1200*1600是最适合的。

If the home screen is 7 inches, for a high-definition e-book with a color screen, the resolution ratio should be 800*480; if the home screen is 13 inches, 1200*1600 is the most suitable resolution ratio.

3. 中国儿童E—book Design分析

Analysis of design of E-books for Chinese children 早在电脑技术发展的二十一世纪初就已经产生的儿童电子书同

其他电子电子出版物一并经历了演变发展。现今的儿童电子书已经不单单只是以PC机等传统设备为平台而存在,更多地出现在了更为方便的移动设备上。基于移动设备的儿童电子书是指以智能手机、平板电脑等移动设备为载体,以文字、语音、图片、动画、音效、音乐等多因素为手段,以交互性为特点的新型电子书。智能手机、平板电脑的普及让更多儿童开始接触以移动设备为载体的儿童电子书,并使得更多的家长和相关业内人员开始关注这类新型的电子书对于儿童的发展影响。通过分析比较研究能找到一些基于移动设备的儿童电子书交互性新的发展特点和方向,同时切实地考虑到儿童的健康发展,为中国

儿童电子书的发展提供一份建议,给儿童电子书交互设计者带来启发。为 基于移动设备的儿煮电子书开发找到更合适的交互性体验和更健康的设计。虽然大部分被调查者都希望以后能给自己的孩子看儿童电子书

Children’s electronic books appearing as early as at the beginning of 21st century when the computer technology developed, as well as other electronic publications, have experienced evolution and development. Today’s children’s books don’t just exist with PC and other traditional devices as the platform, which in most circumstances appear in the more convenient mobile devices. Children’s e-books based on mobile devices refer to the new type of e-books with smart phones, tablet computers and other mobile devices as the carrier, with texts, voices, pictures, animations, sound effects, music and other multi factor as the means and with interactivity as characteristics. The popularity of smart phones and tablet PCs enables more children to begin to be exposed to children’s books with mobile devices as the carrier of the and simultaneously makes more parents and other related personnel in the industry begin to pay attention to the influence of the new-type e-books on the children’s development. Through comparison, analysis and research, we can find new characteristics and directions of the interactive development of some children’s books based on mobile devices and at the same time take the children’s healthy development into consideration and provide a proposal for the development of Chinese e-books, inspiring interactive designers of children’s e-books and finding the more appropriate interactive experience and healthier design for the development of the e-books based on mobile devices. Most of the respondents expect to be able to provide e-books for their children to read.

3.1 主题分析 Theme analysis

在主题分析中，主要分为4种主题，爱的主题、友谊的主题、教训的主题，神话故事的主题。

As for theme analysis, the themes can be divided into four categories, love, friendship, lessons and fairy tales. 3.1.1 爱的主题 The theme of love

亲情——情感源。儿童对母亲的依恋是最核心的情感。由母爱可以衍生出各种亲情，是经典的幼儿教育中由来已久的主题。亲情是万物情感之源。《小蝌蚪找妈妈》的故事已经家喻户晓。小蝌蚪一路找妈妈的历程，简短的几句话，把爱的主题体现的淋漓尽致。 Family love-- source of emotions; Children's attachment to the mother is the core of all the emotions. A variety of family love can be derived from the maternal love, which is the long-standing theme in the classic infant education. Family love is the source of all of the emotions. The story, “Little Tadpoles Looking for Their Mother”, has been widely known. The journey of small tadpoles finding their mother reflects the theme of love most vividly with a few brief words.

There are a group of tadpoles, with big heads and black-gray bodies. Swaying their long tails, they are swimming here and there happily.

3.1.2 友情的主题

友情——原动力（平等，宽容，合作，分享的稳定伙伴关系）随着生活范围和认识视野的拓展，儿童必须认识和逐步建立彼此的平等，宽容，合作，分享的稳定伙伴关系。如《伯牙绝弦》是讲述知音难求的一个故事，伯牙与钟子期是一对千古传诵的至交典范。伯牙善于演奏，钟子期善于欣赏。这就是“知音”一词的由来。后钟子期因病亡故，伯牙悲痛万分，认为这世上再也不会有知音了，天下再不会有人像钟子期一样能体会他演奏的意境。所以就把自己最心爱的琴摔碎，终生不再弹琴。

Friendship -- the original power (equality, tolerance, cooperation, sharing and stable partnership) with the expansion of life scope and cognition horizon, children must know and gradually establish equal, tolerant, cooperative, sharing and stable partnership between each other. For example, “Bo Ya Casts the String” is a story relating that bosom friends are hard to find. Bo Ya and Zhong Ziqi were the best models of the most intimate friends widely read for thousands of years. Bo Ya was good at playing and Zhong Ziqi was expert in enjoying music. It is the origin of the word “bosom friend”. After Zhong Ziqi died of illness, Bo Ya was deeply grieved, thinking that there was no bosom friends any more in the world and never would be someone like Zhong Ziqi, who could experience the artistic conception of the music he played. So he broke his favorite qin into pieces and he never played the qin.

Bo Ya Casts the String

3.1.3 教训的主题 The theme of lessons

首先，自我认知——自信力。人生自信心、幸福感的建立，来自儿童早期积极、准确的自我定位。儿童电子书可以帮助儿童从生命深处，更直接明白的唤醒沉睡的自我意识，激发早期的生命感，价值感，创造力和自信力。比如中古著名的《道德经》。

First of all, self-cognition—self-confidence；the establishment of self-confidence and a sense of well-being in life come from positive and accurate self-positioning in early childhood. Children’s e-books can help children awaken self-awareness sunk in sleep from the depths of life in a more direct and clear way and stimulate the early sense of life, values, creativity and self-confidence. For example, there was a famous ancient classic, Tao Te Ching.

其次，品格养成——正能量。好的品格决定好的未来，养成儿童诚实、善良、勇敢、责任感等品格，也是儿童电子书创作的另一大主题。比如中国著名的《孝感动天》的故事。“古有虞舜永流傳，二十四孝列首位，父不慈祥弟傲慢，母出讒言百般害，修築米倉放火燒， 開挖水井填通道，多難一生逃死劫，不怨父母不怨弟，大象小鳥齊力助，荒山開墾變良田，孝感動天堯帝知，禪讓佳話傳千古。” Secondly, character forming - positive energy; Good character determines the good future, so developing children’s characters like honesty, kindness, bravery, sense of responsibility is also a major theme of the creation of children’s e-books. For example, in China there are famous stories The Feeling of Filial Piety Moved Heaven. “Since ancient times, there are stories about Shun spread, who ranked the first place among the twenty four filial exemplars; his father was not kind to him and his younger brother showed arrogance; his mother spoke evil of him and hurt him. While he was building rice store, they set on fire; when he was digging a well, they filled the channel; luckily he had a narrow escape from all the difficulties, but he never resented his parents or his yonger brother; even elephants and birds came to help him and the barren mountain was reclaimed to turn into fertile farmlands; his filial piety touched

the heaven and the emperor, Yao, who abdicated and handed over the crown to Yu, and the story spread through ages.”

3.1.4 神话故事的主题 The theme of fairy tales

神话作为民间文学的一种形式，它是远古时代的人民所创造的反映自然界、人与自然的关系以及社会形态的具有高度幻想性的故事。对于儿童大多更偏向于神话故事。比如《哪吒闹海》。

Being a form of folk literature, fairy tales are the highly fantastic stories created by people of the ancient times to reflect nature, the relationship between human and nature, as well as social forms. Most of the children prefer fairy tales, for example, “Nezha Conquers the Dragon King”.

综上所述，主题的所占比例，爱的主题占主题比例的40%；友情的主题占主题比例的20%；寓言故事占主题比例的10%；教训的主题占主题比例的30%。中国对于爱的主题比较重视，“百事孝为先”充分说明了爱的主题的重要性。

In summary, among the themes, love accounts for 40 percent, friendship accounts for 20 percent, fables account for 10 percent and

the theme of lessons accounts for 30 percent. China focus more on the love theme, so “filial piety ranks first” fully shows the importance of love theme.

3.2 Color分析 Analysis of color

颜色不仅仅能为电子书角色的表演提供必不可少的条件，同时也为读者传达更多的电子书的表现因素，如，电子书情节的推动，情绪的表达，气氛的烘托提供了必要条件。颜色作为电子书的基本构成要素，是确立电子书风格的重要条件之一，对一部作品的质量高低产生重要的影响。

Color can not only provide essential conditions for the role performance in e-book, but simultaneously provides necessary conditions for conveying to readers more performance factors of e-books, such as plot promotion, emotional expression e-book and atmosphere contrast. As the basic elements of e-books, color is one of the important conditions for the establishment of e-book styles, which will produce an important impact on the quality of a piece of works. 3.2.1 原色 Primary colors

原色，是指不能透过其他颜色的混合调配而得出的“基本色”。 以不同比例将原色混合，可以产生出其他的新颜色。以数学的向量空间来解释色彩系统，则原色在空间内可作为一组基底向量，并且能组合出一个“色彩空间”。肉眼所见的色彩空间通常由三种基本色所组成，称为“三原色”。一般来说叠加型的三原色是红色、绿色、蓝色；而消减型的三原色是品红色、黄色、青色。在传统的颜料着色技术上，通常红、黄、蓝会被视为原色颜料。（现代的美术书已不采用这种说法，而采用消减型的三原色。

Primary colors refer to the basic colors, which can’t be got through

mixing other colors. New colors can be produced by mixing primary colors in different proportions, can produce other colors. We can explain the color system by means of mathematical vector space. Then primary colors can serve as a set of basis vectors in space and can be combined into a “color space”. Visible color space usually consists of three basic colors, known as the “three primary colors”. Generally speaking, superimposed primary colors are red, green, and blue while subtractive primaries are magenta, yellow and cyan. In the traditional technology of pigment coloring, usually red, yellow and blue are regarded as primary pigments. (Subtractive primaries rather than the statement are adopted in modern art books has not this statement.

如儿童电子书《拇指姑娘》中色彩的设计，采取了大量的粉嫩的颜色，如粉紫色、淡黄色、大红色，草绿色等等。用色彩来吸引小读者们的注意力，背景中的道具采取了可爱卡通的造型风格。简单而概括。

For example, in the color design in the children’s e-book, Thumbelina, a large number of white and delicate colors are adopted, such as, pink purple, pale yellow, bright red, grass green and so on, aiming to use colors to attract the attention of little readers. In the background the props take a lovely cartoon style, which are simple and general.

3.2.2 柔和色 Soft colors

柔和的颜色其实很多,关键是要看你如何选择,每一个颜色都有自己的语言.只要不是纯度很高的颜色都可以算柔和的颜色,比如粉红(温暖),粉蓝(清新),粉绿(活泼),卡其色(古朴),烟灰色(安静)等等。 There are a lot of soft colors actually and the key is to see how you choose from them. Each color has its own language. As long as the purity is not so high, the colors can be considered soft, such as pink (warm), pink blue (fresh), pink green (active), khaki (primitive and plain), smoky gray (quiet) and so on.

儿童心理学专家研究表明:这一时期的儿童能够正确掌握12种颜 色的名称及使用,并对颜色鲜艳、刺激的产生一定的心理反应,并且 表现出相应的喜、怒、哀、乐情绪。学前期的儿童在逻辑思维方面较 之前也有较好的发展,能对具象符号化的生活事物产生思维反应。他 们不再仅仅偏爱于复杂而多动的画面,转为喜欢有一定秩序和逻辑的 画面。心理学家研究表明,这一时期的儿童只有短时间的控制注意力 的能力,大约为15分钟。在这一时期,他们会表现出强烈的主动性和好奇心,因而这一时期的儿童自主学习能力会大大加强。

The research of experts in child psychology shows that during this period children can correctly grasp the names and usages of 12 kinds of colors, and produce certain mental reactions to the stimulation of bright colors, simultaneously showing the corresponding pleasure, anger, sadness and joy. In logical thinking pre-school children have a better development than before, who can produce thinking response to the concrete and symbolized life things. No longer do they have just a preference for complex and hyperactive images. Instead, they turn to pictures of certain orders and logics. Psychologists’ research shows that children in this period have the ability to control their attention for only a short time (about 15 minutes). In this period, they will show a strong initiative and curiosity, and therefore the children’s autodidacticism ability will be greatly enhanced in this period.

由于这一时期的儿童心智初萌且活泼好动，对身边的一切事物都充满好奇和幻想，所以电子书多以开发智力和教育类的题材为主。儿童网站儿童电子书如图中的认知类交互式游戏的背景设计，造型以卡通图案为主，颜色较丰富且鲜艳多彩。如《小熊分饼》。

Since in this period children open their intelligence initially, who are active and lively, so they are full of curiosity and imagination for everything around them. Therefore, most e-books mainly have the themes of intelligence development and education. In children websites, children’s e-books have the background design of the cognitive interactive games, as is shown in the figure, styles of cartoon patterns, as well as abundant and bright colors, such as Little Bear Shares Cakes.

3.2.3 黑白色 Black and white

黑色：颜色明度低的色彩，则给人感到较重。随着明度降低，灰色、黑色则有较重的感觉。

Black: colors of low lightness usually feel relatively heavy. With the lightness decreasing, grey and black feel heavier.

黑色基本上定义为没有任何可见光进入视觉范围，和白色正相反，白色是所有可见光光谱内的光都同时进入视觉范围内。颜料如果吸收光谱内的所有可见光，不反射任何颜色的光，人眼的感觉就是黑色的。如果将三原色的颜料以恰当的比例混合，使其反射的色光降到最低，人眼也会感觉为黑色。所以黑色既可以是缺少光造成的（漆黑的夜晚），也可以是所有的色光被吸收造成的（黑色的瞳孔）。在文化意义层面，黑色比喻冷酷、阴暗、黑暗和不光明。

Black is basically defined as no visible light into the visual range, which is just opposite to white, which is all the light within the visible spectrum into the visual range at the same time. If some color absorbs all the visible light in the spectrum and doesn’t reflect light of any color, human eyes feel it is black. If the pigments of primary colors are mixed in proper proportion to make the reflection of the colored light reduce to the lowest,

human eyes will also feel it is black. Therefore, black may be due to the lack of light (like the dark night) or caused by the absorption of all the colored lights (like black pupils). In the level of cultural significance, black is the symptom of coldness, gloom, darkness, dark and dreary prospect.

在各种不同的色彩互相搭配时，有些色彩会使人在外表上有轻一些或重一些的感觉。这种色彩的轻重之感，主要与色彩的明度有密切的关系，通常明度高的色彩，给人一种较轻的感觉；而明度低的色彩，则给人感到较重。如果有两个相当重量的物品，其中一个用浅粉红色包装；另一个则用深咖啡色包装，把它们分别拿在手上，在心理上会觉得用浅粉红色包装的物品感觉较轻；而用深咖啡色包装的物品则感到较重。

When a variety of different colors match with each other, some colors will make people feel light or heavy in the appearance. Colors feeling light or heavy are mainly related to the lightness of colors closely. Usually, colors with high lightness give a lighter feeling and colors with low lightness feel heavier. For two objects of the equal weight of items, the one with a pale pink packaging will feel lighter than the one with a dark brown packaging in psychology, if they are respectively held in hands.

白色是一种包含光谱中所有颜色光的颜色，通常被认为是“无色”的。白色的明度最高，无色相。可以将光谱中三原色的光：蓝色、红色和绿色，按一定比例混合得到白光。光谱中所有可见光的混合也是白光。这个颜色在当下代表纯洁。

White is a color that contains all the colored lights in the spectrum, usually considered to be “colorless”. White is of the highest brightness white, without hues. Light of the three primary colors in the spectrum: blue, red and green, can be mixed in a certain proportion to create white light. The mixture of all the visible lights in the spectrum is also the white light. The color represents purity at the moment.

Various different solid colors, like red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple and so on, according to the research of experts in chromatics, solid colors also have different brightness. Generally lightness of solid colors is still used to decide the light and heavy feeling between hues, with only orange and green exceptional. However, though brightness of orange is higher than that of green, orange feels heavier than green. What’s more, among achromatic colors, white has the highest brightness, which is the lightest color. With the brightness decreasing, grey and black feel heavier.

儿童一般称其为具体形象思维与抽象逻辑思维交错的阶段。由于进入团体生活，开始拥有同伴的情谊，也开始区分男女角色的扮演。如这一时期，红、蓝、黄、绿等具有强烈意识的颜色更受到男孩的青睐，而女孩则更喜欢粉红、粉紫、粉橘等柔美细腻的颜色。对于很多事情，他们也有自己的主张，国语童趣的图案，会让他们觉得幼稚。 Children are generally considered to be in the stage of concrete imagery thinking and abstract logical thinking. Since entering the group life, they begin to have peer friendship and distinguish men and women role play. For example, in this period, colors of a strong sense, like red, blue, yellow, green are favored by boys, while girls prefer graceful and delicate colors, like pink, pink purple, pink

orange and so on. For many things, they also have their own ideas. Patterns, which are too childlike, will make them feel childish. 儿童对颜色的分辨能力已经达到了相对成熟的程度，能很好的分辨出各种颜色之间的细微差别。色彩联想在他们的意识中产生，看到红色会感到热烈与紧张，看到黄色会感到舒缓，黑色会感到恐惧等。这一时期的儿童对颜色的喜好已经不同于学前时期的儿童，他们开始不喜欢简单色彩的组合，而喜欢不同名都和纯度的色彩，关注的色彩范围变得广泛，同时更喜欢复杂的色彩搭配。复杂，特殊的造型图案，可以激发儿童的逻辑与思维能力；多样色彩的运用，可以训练儿童的色彩搭配能力。

Children’s ability to distinguish colors has reached a relatively mature level, who can be very good at distinguishing the subtle differences between various colors. Color association appears in their consciousness. Seeing red, they will feel warm and nervous; seeing yellow, they will feel leisurely; seeing black, they will feel frightened etc.. During this period the children’s preferences for colors are different from those of children in the preschool period. They begin to like colors of different lightness and purity of rather than combinations of simple colors and the color ranges they pay attention to become wider, and they prefer complex color matching. Complex and special shapes and patterns can stimulate children’s logic and thinking ability and the application of various colors can train children’s ability of color matching.

总之，曰本学者石井勋博士研究表明,人类通过眼、耳、舌、皮肤接纳信息 和知识,其中83%的信息由眼睛获取,ll%的信息依靠耳朵获取,其余的 占6%,可见视觉和听觉是人类获取信息的主要来源渠道。特别对于未成年 的儿童来说,由于自身条件的局限性,视觉和听觉是儿童接触外部世界接 受新信息的主要来源。婴儿出生后1个月左右,听觉就基本完全发育成熟 了,但视觉却需要较长时间来慢慢发展, 6—8个月左右,才能基本上和大 人看得一样清楚。虽然婴儿出生眼睛就能看见物体,但他的大脑还不能处 理这些视觉信息,视力趋向于近

视,只能把视力集中于8至15厘米远的 物体上。但是德国生理学家、实验心理学家普莱尔(w.T.Preyer)研究发现, 婴儿出生42天后就已经开始对有颜色物体表现出明显的愉悦。3个月大时 己具有红黄蓝三色视觉。在外界光线的不断刺激下,视力逐渐在发展,这 时的婴儿能区别不同的物体。到1.5岁时,能看见细小的东西如爬行的小 虫、蚊子,能注视3米远的小玩具,还能区别简单的形状,例如圆形、三 角形、方形。4岁的孩子已经完全具有判断出物体大小、上下、内外、前后、远近等空间概念的能力,并且各种眼部生理反射已形成并趋于稳固。 In a word, the research of the Japanese scholar, Doctor Ishii, shows that human beings take in information and knowledge through eyes, ears, tongues and skins. 83 percent of the information is attained through eyes, 11 percent of the information relies on ears and the rest accounts for 6 percent. It can be seen visual and auditory senses are the main sources and channels by which people get information. Especially for young children, due to the limitations of their own conditions, visual and auditory senses are the main source for children to be exposed to the external world and accept new information. One month or so after babies are born, their hearing ability has basically been mature, but their vision takes a longer time to develop slowly. After about 6 or 8 months, they can almost see as clearly as adults. Although when babies are born, they can see objects, their brain can’t deal with the visual information, that is, their visual acuity tends to be myopia. Or rather they can only focus their eyesight on objects 8 to 15 centimeters away. But w.T.Preyer, a German physiologist and experimental psychologist found in his research that babies have begun showing obvious pleasure to colored objects 42 days after they were born. When they are 3 months old, babies are possessed with trichromatic vision, red yellow and blue. Under the constant stimulation of the external light, their visual acuity gradually developed and then babies can distinguish different objects. Till they are 1.5 years old, babies can see small things, such as crawling mites and mosquitoes, stare at small toys 3 meters away and distinguish the simple shapes, such as circles, triangles and squares. Children at the age of 4 has been

completely possessed with the ability to determine spatial concepts, such as, the size of the object, up and down, inside and outside, before and behind, as well as far and near. What’s more, a variety of ocular physiological reflexes have formed and tended to be stable.

总而言之，在颜色的比重中，原色最多，占46%，无色占27%,柔和色占27%。对于儿童电子书，由于儿童辨别颜色的能力偏低，因此会采用大量的原色，来吸引孩子们的眼球。

In all, in the proportion of colors, primary colors account for the most, 46 percent; achromatic colors account for 27 percent and soft colors account for 27 percent. Children’s e-books always adopt a large quantity of primary colors to attract children’s eyes, for their ability to distinguish colors is relatively low.

3.3 文字 Text

文字是儿童电子书的元素之一。儿童电子书，尤其是图画故事类电子书的背景设计，一般以图形为主，文字为辅。由于文字所占有点比例并不多，所以文字在背景中往往成为图片的一部分，起到补充说明的作用。所以选择合适的文字，在儿童电子书中有着重要的意义。

Text is one of the elements of children's e-books. The background design of children’s e-books, especially the pictorial story e-books, pictures are generally the main part, with text as the supplement. Text makes up a small proportion, so in the background the text is often a part of pictures, playing a supplementary role. Therefore, choosing the right words is of the important significance in children’s e-books.

由于笔画之间的结构庴、粗与细的对比、字形宽与高的对比，不同的字体可以传达出不同的感觉，如新老以及各种表情、身份等等。如有的字体给人感觉新潮、有点字体可以传达出权威感、有的字体给人感觉随和、有的字体给人感觉华丽等等。

Due to the different structure between strokes, contrast between thick and thin strokes and the width and height in font styles, different fonts can convey different feelings, such as, old and new, as well as a variety of expressions, identities and so on. For example, some fonts feel fashionable, some can convey a sense of authority, some fonts make people feel easy-going, and some fonts feel gorgeous and so on.

本·罗森在《字体和字体设计：设计师的字体书》的前言中写道：“每个字体都是一段历史，就像描述人类交流发展湖面中的一个碎片。每个字体也是人们创造它的视觉记录——他作为设计者所具有的技能，他作为艺术家的达观和冷静，他对每个字母细节上的感情，以及字母或者一行正文的最终印象。”所以，了解字体的历史以及电子书的需求已选择合适字体，对准确的表达电子书信息与给读者带来独特的体现有着重要意义。

Ben Rosen wrote in the preface to the book, Font and Font Design: the Designer’s Font Book: “each font is a piece of history, like a piece of debris describing the development of human communication. Each font is the visual record of people creating it --the skills he possesses, as a designer, his optimistic and calm character of with, as an artist,

his feelings in details for each letter, as well as the final impression of the letters or a line of text.” Therefore, selecting appropriate fonts based on understanding of the history of font and the demand of E-books is of important significance for the accurate expression of e-book information and giving readers a unique embodiment. 3.3.1 宋体 Song typeface

宋体是一种起源于宋代，广泛使用于明代的字体。宋体字形方

正且横细竖粗，有着庄重且不呆板的风格。

Originated in the Song Dynasty, Song typeface was widely used in the Ming Dynasty. Song typeface is characterized by square font pattern, as well as thin horizontal strokes and thick vertical strokes, with a solemn and rigid style.

3.3.2 楷体 Regular script

楷体是一种最接近中国正字笔法的字体，字形端正，电话朴素无装饰且易辨认。因此这种字体适合用在认知类的低幼儿童读物上。

由于楷体字形趋势圆且与其他字体相比字面体积小，所以视觉上略微紧凑、饱满，整体感觉较疏朗。

Regular script is the typeface closes to Chinese orthography style font, with a regular font pattern. What’s more, it is without any decoration, being plain and simple and easy to identify. Therefore, the font is suitable for being used in cognitive infant children's books. Due to the fact that regular script tends to be round, with a relatively smaller typeface volume in comparison to the other typefaces, so in vision it appears slightly compact, full, with the overall feeling being sparse and cleat.

3.3.3 黑体 Boldface

黑体是一种结构紧密而富有力量感的字体。由于其笔画粗壮，横竖粗细一致、方头方脑，所以视觉上给人感觉强烈，通常用于醒目的标题饿重点文句，很少用于大面积长时间阅读的内文部分。 The boldface is a typeface with a compact structure and powerful sense. Because of its stout stroke, which is overall square, with the

horizontal and vertical strokes of the uniform thickness, it is impressive in vision. Therefore, it is usually used in eye-catching titles or key sentences, which is rarely used in the text part covering a large area and taking along time to read.

Wukong thought himself reached the boundary of the heaven, but when he looked up, he found that on the middle finger of the Buddha’s right hand, there were what he written and beside his thumb, there were the smell of his urine. Wukong was anxious and said, “No. Its’ impossible. Let me have a look.” Hardly when Wukong tried to flea, the Buddha covered him with his hand on the ground, who chanted and turned his fingers into 5 mountains signifying five elements. Then the mountains covered Wukong on the ground. 3.3. 手写体 Handwritten form

手写体一般指的是由作者书写的字体，但是在新型字库中又一种自由变体艺术也属于手写字体。他的特征是随意而独特，可以根据图形或故事内容灵活的加以变化，因此也被尝试着用在儿童电子书当中。

Handwritten form generally refers to the script written by the author. However, in the new fonts there is an art of free variant, which also

belongs to handwriting. Its features are random and unique, which can be changed flexibly according to graphics or story contents, so it is also tried out in children’s e-books.

如何在儿童交互式电子书中选择合适的字体概括起来主要有充分研究，理解作品的主题以及风格；根据主题推敲合适的字体。字体的功能和趣味必须与所传达的主题在风格上一致。如果是以图为主的书籍，正文字体的选择，要视图画的表现风格、视觉强度、页面中分配的文字量而定。通常，文字量小的，字形则可以相对活泼；文字量大的，字形可以平实些。如果是以文字为主的电子书，不需要特殊的表现，那么就选读者熟悉的，久经考验的字体。标题字中字体与字号的选择，是吸引读者目光的关键所在。选择字体是第一步，还要通过字体、字号。排列组合的方式、构图位置等几方面的运筹来实现设计意图。优化设计，推敲，是所有设计的必要步骤。设计时要挑选几种不同的字体进行组合实验，根据效果再决定哪个最令人满意。怎样才能通过推敲达到优化设计的效果，占有大量的材料资源固然重要，而更重要的是设计师的专业眼光，这靠的是长期的沉淀。形成富有自己语言特色的字体处理方式。

How to select the appropriate font in the children’s interactive e-books? In general, it mainly depends on the full research and understanding of the theme and style of the work; deliberating the appropriate fonts according to the subject. The features and tastes of

the font must be consistent with the style of the subject. If the books are based on pictures, selection of the text font should rely on view drawing style, visual intensity and page allocation of the amount of text. Usually, for a small amount of text, font can be relatively lively; if the text is large, the font patterns can be plain. If it is in the main text books, special performance is unnecessary. Then time-honored typefaces readers are familiar with should be selected. The choice of font and font size is the key to attract readers’ attention. Choosing the font is the first step. Next, the design intent should be achieved through operating the arrangement and combination ways of font and font size, as well as the composition position and other aspects. Optimal design and scrutiny are the necessary steps in all designs. In design, a combination of different fonts should be chosen to be combined for experiments. Then the most satisfying can be decided according to the effect. How to achieve optimal design through scrutiny? It is certainly important to have a lot of material resources, but what is more important is the designer’s professional vision, which is based on long-term accumulation. We should form the font processing way typical of our own language characteristic.

莫蒂默·利奇曾说：“字母可以描绘多种感情和心境，如坚定、力量、激进或过去时代的激进……”设计师可以利用不同的文字组合以形成自己独特的风格。

Mortimer Leech once said: “Letters can describe a variety of feelings and emotions, such as firmness, strength, radicalism or radicalism in the past times......” Designers can use different combinations of words to form their own unique styles.

手写体 handwritten form 7 percent 黑圆体 black round characters 5 percent 黑体 boldface 10 percent 楷体 regular script 25 percent 宋体 Song typeface 50 percent 其他 others 3 percent

综上所述，在中国的儿童电子书文字中，宋体占50%；楷体占25%；黑体占10%；黑圆体占5%；手写体占7%；其他占3%。 To sum up, in the writing of China’s children’s e-books, Song typeface accounts for 50 percent, regular script accounts for 25 percent; boldface accounts for 10 percent; black round characters 5 percent; handwritten form accounts for 7 percent and others account for 3 percent.

3.4 Illustration

图形的定义是：在载体上以几何线条和几何符号等反应事物各类特征变化规律的表达形式。在字典中有如下解释：图像，图绘形象。图样：在纸上或其他平面上表示出来的物体形状。几何图形的简称。 The definition of graphics is: the expression form of various features of variation laws of reaction objects, such as geometric lines and

geometric symbols on the carrier. In the dictionary the explanations are as follows: image and painting image. Pattern: the shape of an object that is expressed on a piece of paper or on a plane. It is the abbreviation of geometric figures.

在儿童电子书中图形主要指插画、UI等。插画是儿童电子书中的重要元素。尤其是三岁前幼儿阅读的图画书类，插画是绝对的主角。 Graphics in children’s e-books mainly refers to illustrations, UI and so on. Illustration is an important element in children’s e-books. Especially reading picture books for children before the age of three, illustration occupies the absolute dominance.

图画书中的文字一般不会太多，有些可能只有简单的几个字，甚至还有无字的图画书。插画通常是孩子最早意识接触的图画，画家和文学家们作品的特色、艺术质量以及他们用言语及插画所营造的内容意境，对孩子来说都起着先入为主的作用，因此也具备着超乎一般人想象的重大意义。

Characters in picture book are generally not too many, and there may be only a few simple. There are even picture books without any words. Illustration is often the earliest consciousness of a child to be exposed to pictures. Characteristic, artistic quality, as well as the content and artistic conception they created by means of speech and illustrations in the works of painters and writers play a preconceived role for children, so they are possessed with the important significance beyond the imagination of most people.

3.4.1 平面画 Planar drawing

平面画就是视觉元素在二次元的平面上的画。大部分做的平面图案都是的。由表面看来是不讲什么技法的，不讲“画理”、“画法”，

逾越了透视、解剖、构图等一般常规，是非“学院”派的画派。在造型上儿童画常常不按物体的实际比例进行描绘，在表现形式方面如造型、色彩构图等也有其自己的特点。儿童画好的造型，由于是在自己直观感受的支配下进行的。

A planar drawing is a picture of visual elements in the plane of the two dimensions. Most of the graphic designs are planer drawings. In the surface it appears there are no techniques, no painting principles and painting skills, which goes beyond common conventions, like perspectives, anatomies, compositions and so on. In all it can be defined as a non-academism school of painting. In the form, children’s paintings are often not in accordance with the actual proportion of the object depicted in the form of performance, such as shapes, colors, compositions, etc. They also have their own characteristics. Good shapes in children drawing are under the control of their intuitive feelings.

3.4.2 动画 Animation

动画的概念不同于一般意义上的动画片，动画是一种综合艺术，它是集合了绘画、漫画、电影、数字媒体、摄影、音乐、文学等众多艺术门类于一身的艺术表现形式。最早发源于19世纪上半叶的英国，

兴盛于美国，中国动画起源于20世纪20年代。动画是一门年青的艺术，它是唯一有确定诞生日期的一门艺术，1892年10月28日埃米尔·雷诺首次在巴黎著名的葛莱凡蜡像馆向观众放映光学影戏，标志着动画的正式诞生，同时埃米尔·雷诺也被誉为“动画之父”。动画艺术经过了100多年的发展，已经有了较为完善的理论体系和产业体系，并以其独特的艺术魅力深受人们的喜爱。

Animation is a different concept from that of cartoon in the general sense, animation is a comprehensive art, it is a form of artistic expression integrating many other kinds of art, like paintings, comic books, movies, digital media, photography, music, literature, etc. in. Originating in the first half of the nineteenth Century, the United Kingdom, animations flourished in the United States. Chinese animations originated in the 1920s. Animation is a kind of young art and it is the only art with determined birth date. On October, 28, 1892 Emil Reynolds showed optical films in the famous Grevin Wax Museum to the audience, which marked the official birth of animations for the first time in Paris, and at the same time, Emile Renaud has also been known as “the father of animation”. After more than 100 years of development, animation art has had a more perfect theory system and industrial system, which won people’s love by means of its unique artistic charm.

动画技术较规范的定义是采用逐帧拍摄对象并连续播放而形成运动的影像技术。不论拍摄对象是什么，只要它的拍摄方式是采用的逐格方式，观看时连续播放形成了活动影像，它就是动画。 A more standard definition of animation technology is that it is the image technology which is formed by the frame of shot object and continuous playback. No matter what the object is, as long as it is used in the way of shooting and watching the continuous play to form the active image, it is the animation.

3.4.3 漫画 Caricatures

漫画是绘画艺术的一个品种，它常用夸张、比喻、象征、拟人、寓意等手法，直接或隐晦、含蓄地表达作者对纷纭世事的理解及态度，是含有讽刺或幽默的一种浪漫主义的绘画。它同其他绘画的主要区别在于独特的构思方法和表现手法。它具有讽刺与幽默的艺术特点以及认识、教育和审美等社会功能。

Caricature is a variety of painting art. It often applies techniques of exaggeration, metaphor, symbol, personification and allegory, which directly or vaguely or implicitly express authors’ understanding and attitudes towards the diverse world. It is the romantic painting containing irony or humor. The main difference between it and other paintings lies in its unique conception and expression. It has the artistic characteristics of satire and humor, as well as the social functions, like understanding, education and aesthetics.

漫画可以把古今中外的人物同时邀集到一起，让他们在一个画面上演出奇异怪诞而又意蕴深邃的喜剧。它不受时空观念的限制，人与物之间也可以对话，不同质、不同类的事物可以嫁接、杂交，可以借物喻人，借古喻今，可以人神交游，幻想与现实同存，从而使画面产生幽默、诙谐、怪诞、风趣的艺术效果。

Caricature can gather all the figures at all times and all over the world and let them show a bizarre comedy with a profound implication in a picture. It is not limited by space-time concept, in which people and

objects can also have dialogues and things of different quality and different kinds can be grafted and hybridized. What’s more, objects can be used to allude to people, and anecdotes of the past can be used to allude to the present. There are friendship between God and man and co-existence between fantasy and reality, which, thus, makes the pictures produce the artistic effects, which are humorous, witty, the grotesque and funny.

3.4.4 手绘 Freehand drawing

I am coming to help you.

手绘是从事建筑，服饰陈列设计、橱窗设计、家居软装设计、空间花艺设计、美术、园林、环艺、摄影、工业设计、视觉传达等专业学习的学生一门重要的专业必修课程。在效果图的学习过程中，临摹是一个非常重要的内容与环节。它是衡量大学生手绘能力的重要指标。同时对大学生毕业，就业都具有很大的影响。与其相对应的是电脑效果图。手绘与我们的现代生活密不可分，建筑、服装、插画、动漫……手绘的形式分门别类，各具专业性，对建筑师、研究学者、设计人员等设计绘图相关职业的人来说，手绘设计的学习是一个贯穿职业生涯的过程。手绘培训是一种以手绘技能需求为对象的教育训练，对现代社会设计美学的传承有着不可取代的现实意义。

Freehand drawing is an important professional required course for students engaged in the specialties, like construction, clothing display

design, window design, household soft outfit design, space floral design, art,

architecture,

art,

photography,

industrial

design,

visual

communication. In the learning process of rendering, copying is a very important content and link. It is an important indicator to measure the freehand drawing ability of college students. At the same time, it has a great influence on college students’ graduation and employment. Corresponding to it is the computer effect diagram. Freehand drawings are inseparable from our modern life, including architecture, clothing, illustration, animation...... Categories of freehand drawings have their own professional qualities. For people engaged in related vocations to graphic design, like architects, researchers and designers, learning of hand-painted design is a process throughout their career. Hand drawn training is a kind of education and training, which is based on the demand of hand drawn skills. It has irreplaceable realistic significance for the inheritance of modern social design aesthetics.

While playing seesaw together, they heard someone say, “Hello!” “图画是设计师的语言”。从家居设计到空间花艺设计，从陈列设计到橱窗设计，可以肯定的是，没有一个设计师是不会画图的。虽然随着科技的发展，很多平面设计图和3D效果图都被用来体现产品设计，但是电脑制图所需的时间和硬件设备上都具有一定的局限性，所以作为一个设计师，如何把自己的创意和灵感记录和描绘出来，如何用画笔及时的与客户交流沟通，成为衡量设计师们专业度的重要标

准。

“Pictures are the language of designers”. From home design to space floral design, from display design to window design, what can be confirmed is that there are no designers who can’t draw. Although with the development of science and technology, many graphic design and 3D renderings are used to reflect the product design, but the time and hardware equipment required for computer graphics have certain limitations. Therefore, as a designer, how to record and depict one’s own ideas and inspiration and how to use the painting brush to have timely communication with customers become an important standard to measure the professionalism of designers.

Freehand 10 percent; cartoon 20 percent; planar drawings 35 percent; animation 35 percent;

综上所述，图形中，手绘仅仅只占10%，cartoon占20%，平面画占35%，animation占35%。平面和animation所占的比例是一样的。 In summary, among pictures, freehand only makes up 10 percent, cartoons make up 20 percent, planar drawings make up 35 percent and animations make up 35 percent. That is, planar drawings and animations make up the same proportion.

3.5 Lay-out（布图设计）

儿童式电子书的布局设计如同绘画一样，从构思到具体创作，必须运用美术的造型手段将创作者的意图转化为可视的形象，因此，设计要素是非常重要的，如果光有意图，二不具备造型的基础，就无法将意图表达出来，或表达了而不准确，甚至会误导。

Layout design of children’s e-books is just like painting. From conception to specific creation, we must use artistic means of modeling to transform the creator’s intention into visual image. Therefore, design elements are very important. However, if there is only intention without modeling foundation, the intention can’t be expressed, or even if expressed, it is not accurate and even misleading. 3.5.1 构图 Composition

构图就是在一定的画面空间内，合理安排角色,景物之间的比例、位置、空间、色彩、光影等之间的关系以获取最佳的画面结构形式。并能更好的传达故事的主旨，在进行构图设计中，一定要将角色作为一个构成要素考虑在内，不能只单独考虑到背景中角色与景物之间的关系。

Composition is to arrange reasonably the proportion of the scenery and the relationship between the positions, space, colors, light and shadow in a certain picture space to obtain the best picture structure form, aiming to be able to better convey the theme of the story. Therefore, in the design of composition, we must take the role as a component into consideration and we can’t only take into account the relationship between the role and scenery in the background.

构图没有固定的创作模式，每个人的构图风格与创作的意图会因创作者的鉴赏水平和业务能力而产生很大的差异。然而，构图的目的基本是一致的。整体性原则，任何艺术种类都将整体关系作为总要原则之一，儿童电子书作为一种综合艺术，在风格形式上更将整体关系作为重要的追求目标。儿童电子书中通常含有交互动画，而动画是由

很多个原画张与动画张组成的连续画面。因此，在构图中要兼顾整体的构图效果而对单张画面产生特定要求，这是构图的整体含义所在；简洁性原则 儿童电子书因其特殊性，比如背景画面可能含有交互动画，又有动画所具有的时限性，动画的画面是运动的。因此采用的画面构图是和采用简单、集中、明确为主原则。因为儿童电子书的读者大部分是儿童，儿童的审美观和成年人是存在差别的，电子书的画面也必须通过构图，加以提炼，通过分析、综合、抽象和概括，才能从各种纷繁的画面中取得一个相对满意的画面与视觉效果；重点性原则，阿恩海姆在他的《艺术视知觉》曾提到：“最成熟的艺术品，能够成功的使其中的一切成分服从于以上主要的结构规律。在完成这一步骤时，他并不是将现存的事物的多样性，歪曲为千篇一律。而是通过不同的对象相比较，使他们的差别性，更清晰，明了的显示出来。”所以，主体是否鲜明与吸引人的眼球是构图成功的关键。一般把主题物放在画布的中心并占据一定的位置，可以起到强调并突出的效果。可以有效地吸引人的视线与兴趣。

There is no fixed pattern of composition, the composition style of each person and the intention of the creation will be greatly different between the level of appreciation and the ability of business. However, the purpose of composition is basically the same. As for the principle of integrity, any art category will have the overall relationship as one of the principles. As a comprehensive art, children’s e-books will have the overall relationship as an important pursuit goal in styles and form. Children’s e-books usually contain interactive animations and the animations are composed of a lot of original footage and animations. Therefore, in composition, we should also take into account the overall composition effect and have specific requirements for single frames, which is where the overall meaning of composition lies. Simple principle; because of its particularity, such as background images may contain interactive animation, animation has the time, and animated picture are in motion, children’s e-books, therefore, use the picture composition , which is characterized by the simple, focused, clear principle. Because children’s e-book readers are mostly children, children’s aesthetic view is

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