旅游学概论 - 图文

Chapter 1 Tourism System

第一章 旅游系统

I Learning objectives（教学目的） ? Understand the important role of tourism system in the study of tourism了解旅游系

统对于学习旅游的重要作用

? Describe the fundamental structure of the tourism system陈述旅游系统的基本结

构

? Observe the tourist flow and industry within the system from the perspective of O-D

Pair and N-S pair从客源地与目的地、供给与需求两个方面观察旅游流和旅游产业在系统中的活动

? Discuss the external factors that influence tourism and are influenced by tourism讨

论外在因素对旅游的影响以及旅游如何影响这些外在因素

? Understand the industrial distribution in the tourism system了解旅游产业在旅游系

统中的分布情况

? Appreciate the multifunctional Singaporean tourism with a perspective of the

tourism system以旅游系统为视角观察多功能的新加坡旅游

Ability goals: 能力目标

? Case study:案例分析：以成都市为中心的四川旅游

? Reading Box: 阅读分析：Travel in Singapore新加坡旅游

II Emphasis and difficult points ( 教学重点、难点)

知识要点 Leiper‘s model雷柏尔模型 spatial movement of tourism旅游的空间移动 push and pull forces in tourism system旅游系统中的推力和拉力 definition of the tourist旅游者的定义 categories of tourism旅游的类型 distribution of tourism sectors in the tourism system旅游产业在旅游系统中的分布 external or environmental systems外部或环境系统 掌握程度 重点掌握 重点掌握 一般了解 重点掌握 一般了解 一般了解 一般了解 相关章节 本课文是序论，与其他章节是“纲”与“目”的关系，与课文所有章节相关联，学习教材其他章节应以本文为“纲”，作为指导整个教学的框架。 III The arrangement of this chapter (教学安排) （ 4 课时）

Leiper‘s model雷柏尔模型 spatial movement of tourism旅游的空间移动 push and pull forces in tourism system旅游系统中的Chapter 1 推力和拉力 Tourism system definition of the tourist旅游者的定义 (4 periods) categories of tourism旅游的类型 distribution of tourism sectors in the tourism system旅游产业在旅游系统中的分布 external or environmental systems外部或环境系统 1 period 1 period 1 period 1 period IV The teaching method of this chapter (教学方法)

讲授、头脑风暴、案例分析

V Major teaching points of this chapter(教学要点) 1. What is tourism? 什么是旅游?

1.1旅游的定义

Tourism is the sum of the phenomenon and relationships arising from the interaction among tourists, business suppliers, host governments, host communities, origin governments, in the process of attracting, transporting, hosting and managing these tourists and other visitors.

Discussion: How do you understand the definitions of tourism?

作为一个关于旅游的完整的定义，至少应当包括如下三个要素。

The three elements of tourism：

时间要素 关于旅游的定义 空间要素 目的要素

1.2 旅游的五大特征 The Five Characteristics of Tourism

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异地性 暂时性 旅游的特点 愉悦性 综合性 流动性 关于旅游的不同定义

交往定义

1927年，德国的蒙根·罗德对旅游的定义：旅游从“狭义的理解是那些暂时离开自己的住地，为了满足生活和文化的需要，或各种各样的愿望，而作为经济和文化商品的消费者逗留在异地的人的交往。”

注意：这个定义强调的是：旅游是一种社会交往活动。

目的定义

50年代，奥地利维也纳经济大学旅游研究所对旅游的定义：“旅游可以理解为是暂时在异地的人的空余时间的活动，主要是出于修养；其次是出于受教育、扩大知识和交际的原因的旅行；再是参加这样或那样的组织活动，以及改变有关的关系和作用。”

注意：这个定义强调的是：旅游的基本目的是：消遣和增长知识。

流动定义

1974年，英国的伯卡特和梅特列克对旅游的定义：“旅游发生于人们前往和逗留在

各种旅游地的活动，是人们离开他平时居住和工作的地方，短期暂时前往一个旅游目的地运动和逗留在该地的各种活动。”

注意：这个定义强调了旅游的本质特征：异地性和暂时性

时间定义

1979年，美国通用大西洋有限公司的马丁·普雷博士在中国讲学时，对旅游的定义为：“旅游是为了消遣而进行旅行，在某一个国家逗留的时间至少超过24小时。”

注意：这个定义强调的是：各个国家在进行国际旅游者统计時的统计标准之一：逗留的时间。

相互关系定义

1980年，美国密执安大学的伯特·麦金托什和夏西肯特·格波特对旅游的定义：“旅游可以定义为在吸引和接待旅游及其访问者的过程中，由于游客、旅游企业、东道政府及东道地区的居民的相互作用而产生的一切现象和关系的总和。”注意：这个定义强调的是：旅游引发的各种现象和关系，即旅游的综合性。

旅游空间关系和利益主体关系

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客源地 空间 关 系 旅游者 社 会经 济目的地政府 关系 目的地居民

2. What is a tourist?

A person who travels temporarily outside of their usual environment (usually defined by the distance threshold) for certain qualifying purpose The following are to be considered to define a tourist: ? traveling for pleasure, for health, etc;

? traveling in a representative capacity of any kind; ? traveling for business or meeting relatives and friends;

? arriving by a sea cruise, even when they stay for less than 24 hours.

3. What is the tourism system? 什么是旅游系统？

A system can be defined as a group of interrelated, interdependent, and interacting elements that together form a single functional structure.

A tourism system is an application of a system approach to tourism, wherein tourism is seen as consisting of three geographical components (origin, transit and destination regions), tourists and a tourism industry, embedded within a modifying external environment that includes parallel political, social, physical and other systems.

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其他相关企业 旅游者

A basic tourism system 离开客源地的旅游者 客源地 旅游通道 目的地 返回客源地的旅游者 旅游活动实际上是一个系统。旅游活动是游客从客源地（O—origin) 到目的地(D—Destination)之间的活动。

从空间角度观察：包括客流从O到D的变化以及D对O的市场营销。地理学上称为O—D的研究；从市场角度观察：涉及旅游产品的需求（N)和旅游产品的供给（S）。经济学上称为N—S的研究。除此之外，还涉及一些支持系统运行的外系统。

2.1 The basic whole tourism system

In its simplest form, five interdependent core elements must be present: ? at least one tourist

? at least one tourist generating region ? at least one tourist route region ? at least one tourist destination ? a travel and tourist industry

A complicated tourism system：Internal system and external system

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集散地功能→大成都：以成都为圆心，一小时车程为半径，涵盖了成都市及其周边的乐山、眉山、资阳、德阳、绵阳、雅安、遂宁等8个城市 。

3.3 旅游目的地功能

2010年接待国内游客6738.3万人次，比上年增长22.3%；国内旅游收入584.6亿元，增长20.5%；组织出境旅游人数46.9万人次，增长78.4%；接待入境旅游者80.2万人次，增长24.1%；旅游外汇收入2.9亿美元，增长22.2%。全市三星级以上饭店108家；旅行社260家

“大成都”推动建设成都的目的地建设：

(1) 大成都旅游发展区以成都为中心，一个小时车程为半径，涵盖了成都市及其周边地

区，实施旅游产品深度开发战略，加快度假旅游产品的开发进度，提升档次，提升品质，逐步实现针对国内市场以“农家乐”为主要内容的度假产品体系向面向国际市场的以生态、观光、滑雪、高尔夫等综合内容为主的产品体系转换，吸引更多的海外旅游者，增加入境游客的总量。

(2) 大成都的建设就是巩固成都的集散地功能，加强成都目的地功能。

4、成都旅游发展措施

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(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 实施旅游产品深度开发战略 大力开展会展旅游、城市旅游 增加旅游活动的多样性 积极开拓新兴旅游市场 实施旅游区域合作

阅读与分析

即学即用：可引用一案例进行分析。

Travel in Singapore

The Southeast Asian city-state of Singapore is remarkable for the extent to which it has developed concurrently as an origin region, a transit region and a destination region.

Key points:

(1) What a role does Singapore play in the whole tourism system? (2) Why does Singapore have such a multifunctional status?

(3) How does Singapore government manage the three functions？

(4) How can the origin, transit and destination functions of a location interact? (5) Compare Singapore with Hong Kong. Which is more competitive？

1. What role does Singapore play in the whole tourism system? 雷伯尔的旅游地理系统模型

Some people believe Singapore has one specific position with the tourism system. Actually, it has developed concurrently as an origin region, a transit region and a destination region.

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2. Why does Singapore have such a multifunctional status?

2.1 An origin region

Singapore has developed as an important origin region because it is one of the fore Asian ―tiger‖ economies. In the early 1950, there were almost no outbound trips in Singapore. However, it now becomes the most frequent outbound tourists in the Asian countries. Long-haul travel also turned Singapore into the front ranks of inbound markets to countries such as Australia and New Zealand. As a result, many bilateral tourism systems between countries have developed. Among these countries, Singapore becomes a major origin region. 2.2 A transit region

At the same time, Singapore‘s location assisted its emergence as a major regional transit region hub. Singapore is located in the north bank of the Strait of Malacca and the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. For a long time, it has been a vital link on the trans—shipment lanes. Although this status is no longer as important as it used to be. Singapore has now played a similar important role as an air transportation hub.

AS of 2007, Singapore was directly linked by 83 airlines with 189 cities in 60 countries.

Growth in Traffic and Connectivity at Singapore Changi Airport

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According to the table, in 1981 the passenger movements were only about 8.1 million. However, it increased to 37.7 million in 2008. This reflect Singapore has an intentional plan to further strengthen its position as a main transit region hub.

2.3 A destination region

Despite its small size, there are many things to see, to do and to experience in Singapore. Singapore‘s rich cultural artifacts, interesting historical monuments, idyllic nature spots and fun tropical spaces make the country an exciting leisure destination, indoors or outdoors.

Inbound traffic after World War II was very small and remained a level that could be ignored. However, with the outbound flow, inbound tourists increase up to 7.3 million in 1996, or 2.2 arrivals per Singapore family.

Singapore‘s tourism sector is influenced by outside factors. Since Asian markets are the main inbound traffic for Singapore, if regional economy breaks off, it will affect its tourism sector. The financial crisis that happened in the late 1990s is one of the examples.

3. How does Singapore government manage and control the three functions?

Singapore government has different priority in managing the three functions. Due to the great economic benefits of inbound tourism, Singapore government pays more attention to its transit and destination functions, but it pays comparatively less attention to its outbound tourism.

During 1996 almost $13 billion was produced, which equals more than 10 percent of the country‘s gross national product. To earn more income and attract tourists to visit and stay in Singapore much longer, the government adopted many measures: ? Improving the basic systems ? Improving the services

? Strengthening city image

? Improving international airports

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?

Adding new attractions

Among Asian states, Singapore is a better example of a destination where its government has played an important role and involved more in managing and controlling its tourism sector

4. How can the three functions of a location interact?

The origin, transit and destination functions of Singapore affect one another in various ways. INBOUND OUTBOUND SURPLUS YEAR （US$ million） （US$ million） (US$ million） 1992 5499 2489 3010 1993 6294 3019 3257 1994 7527 4076 3451 1995 8378 5039 3339 1996 7961 6139 1822 （来源： 新加坡樟宜机场 维基百科） From this table we can see since inbound tourists increased largely since 1994, outbound tourists also increased steadily during the same period. As a result, the balance between the inbound and outbound decreased. To attract more inbound tourists, the government adopted many measures, such as sets up more connections with other cities. Ironically, the increasing of inbound travel causes a further increasing of outbound travel. Such kind of mutual influence also exists between the transit and destination functions.

5. Which is more competitive as a destination?

5.1香港PK新加坡之客源地

香港和新加坡经济发达，与台湾、韩国并称“亚洲四小龙”。人均可支配收入高，居民好休闲旅游。新加坡和香港每年都有大量居民出境旅游，旅游目的地主要有中国大陆、日本、韩国、马来西亚、澳大利亚、英国、美国等。大量的出境游同时带来了大量的入境游，多国之间双边游开始兴起。

5.2香港PK新加坡之中转地

香港和新加坡地理位置优越，都处国际航道要塞。但由于中国内地与海外直航线增多使得以前许多须经香港转乘内地的游客减少，这一过程会随着内地对外交通的快速发展而更为普遍。同时，海峡两岸直航后，两岸往来人员已不需经过香港转机，因此，香港“中转站”的作用将淡化。这对香港旅游业发展带来一定的冲击。

5.3香港PK新加坡之目的地

香港和新加坡旅游业都具备得天独厚的竞争优势，如优越的地理位置，便利的海空交通，中西结合的多元文化，丰富多彩的生活方式，一流的基建设施等，比较起来，两者可以依托和发挥的种种优势不相上下，那么作为目的地谁更具竞争力呢？下图为2004至2007年香港及新加坡入境游人数统计折线图。（单位：万人）

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由于香港背靠中国大陆以及中央政府政策扶持和内地的紧密合作，大陆成为香港的最大客源市场。2007年访港旅客2817万人次中，内地旅客共1549万多人，比2006年增长了13.9%，高于整体访港人次的增幅，占访港旅客总数的55%。

上图显示，虽然香港入境游人数与新加坡相比有压倒性优势，但香港旅游业依然面临着不可忽视的竞争与挑战。

（1）在客源市场的竞争方面：内地是香港最大的客源市场，占整体的50%以上，但它已成为旅游目的地竞相角逐的对象。AC尼尔森与世界免税协会（TFWA）05年联合发布的调查显示，中国游客境外游的人均每次购物花费高达987美元，已超过日本跃居全球之冠。因此，欧亚各国愈来愈重视中国市场。不少国家提供比香港更为便利的安排。如，新加坡、泰国及韩国等都能提供免签证及较长的逗留时间。其中泰国给予内地游客停留14天，而香港只能给予最多7天的逗留时间。

（2）在商务旅游和会展旅游方面：香港的会展业不仅受到新加坡的挑战，而且正越来越受到来自珠江三角洲的挑战。拒不完全统计，目前广州、深圳、东莞的会展面积已经接近或超过50万平方米，穗深莞三地将成为中国的超级展览地带。这将会分流香港会展及商务旅游的部分客源市场。

（3）在航空方面：香港与新加坡有同样的竞争优势，但是都面对大陆珠江三角洲机场群的竞争。在珠江三角洲内有香港、澳门、广州、深圳及珠海五大机场，竞争激烈。于2004年8月启用的广州白云新机场总投资达人民币两百亿，扮演者华南航空枢纽功能，并在东亚大型机场中位居要禁。

（4）在行业管理方面：香港旅游及其相关产业缺乏行业规范，如一些香港商人自律程度不高，出现旅游或商业欺诈行为，这使香港旅游业名誉整体受损。而新加坡在行业管理方面就做的比较完善。

Chapter Review

This chapter has considered the important role of tourism system in the study of tourism and industry. It is very essential to observe the tourist flow and industry within the system from the perspective of O-D Pair and N-S pair. Of course, the external factors or environmental factors may exert an impact on tourism activity, but they are also influenced by tourism activity. Tourism activity falls into two categories: tourist activities and industrial activities. For this reason, we should know not only the tourist flow in the system, but also the industrial distribution in the system. The case

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study of the multifunctional Singaporean tourism shows the three elements of tourism system interact with each other and each element of the system is mutually influential.

VI Homework of this chapter(课外作业) 网上测试部分请登陆国家双语示范课程《旅游学概论》网站：“网络课堂”。

Part I Text 第一部分 课文 Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks with proper words to complete the following statements.

product; residence; attractions; ?pull‘; external; spatial; traveler-generating; destination

(1) Tourism happens only when people travel from their residence to the destinations and enjoy the beautiful landscapes or the historical interests there.

(2) A tourist will consume the tourism _ product _____the tour operator offers when they are traveling.

(3) The spatial ____ movement from his residence to the destination plays an important role in realizing his travel desire.

(4) The tourist destination functions as a _―pull‖ factor in the market and provides an area for most of the tourism activity.

(5) In the destination _ region, we can find attractions and hospitality industry and in the transit route region, we have the transport sector.

(6) The tourist, as the tourism subject and located in the traveler-generating region, is the ?push‘ factor and gives impetus to the development of it.

(7) The tourism industry is primarily composed of travel trade, transport, accommodation and catering, as well as catering facilities and tourist attractions, etc. (8) The development of tourism system relies on the support of other external or environmental systems, such as socio-cultural, economic, political, physical, etc.

2. Questions for discussion

(1) In Leiper’s model, he points out three elements of the tourism system. What are the three elements in the system? How does the system work?

The three elements are: geographical elements, tourist, and tourism industry.

The traveler-generating region is the generating market, which stimulates and motivates travel. The tourist destination functions as the tourism object in the market and provides an area for most of the tourism activity. The tourist, as the tourism subject，gives impetus to the development of it. A tourist constitutes the primary flow of energy within this system. Every tourist must simultaneously meet certain spatial,

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temporal, and purposive criteria. The tourism industry helps to promote the tourism product.

(2) Leiper outlines three geographical elements in his model. How do the three elements interact with each other?

The three geographical elements in his model are: (1) Traveler-generating region; (2) Tourist destination region; (3) Transit route region.

The traveler-generating region (or origin region), refers to the place where tourists come from. It is the generating market, which stimulates and motivates travel.

The transit route region includes both the short period of travel from their origin region to the destination and other places on the way that tourists may stop to visit. The tourist destination is one of the most important elements in the whole tourism system. It functions as a ―pull‖ factor in the market and provides an area for most of the tourism activity. It also provides tourists with attractions of various types and planning and management strategies should be carried out in order to secure the tourist satisfaction.

(3) What kind of people can be considered as tourists? Give examples.

A tourist is someone who travels out of his usual environment for less than one year. He travels either to another country or place, for leisure, recreation, or business purposes.

The following are to be considered as a tourist: Those traveling for pleasure, for health, etc;

Those traveling for business or meeting relatives and friends; Those traveling in a representative capacity of any kind;

Those traveling by a sea cruise, when they stay for less than 24 hours.

(4) What are the ‘pull’ and ‘push’ factors? Why are they called so?

The tourist destination functions as a ―pull‖ factor in the market and provides an area for most of the tourism activity. It attracts different kinds of tourists through the attractions and the quality of management and service. The tourist, as the tourism subject and located in the traveler-generating region, is the ―push‖ factor and gives impetus to the development of it.

(5) What are the main sectors in the tourism industry? Where are they located in the tourism system?

The tourism industry is primarily composed of travel trade, transport, accommodation and catering, as well as catering facilities and tourist attractions, etc. Different sectors or companies to suit all budgets and tastes provide these products and services. The hospitality industry provides accommodation and entertainments for travelers. The tour wholesaler and travel agency sell and promote the products and services of the other sectors to travelers.

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(6) Tourism system is not an independent system and is influenced by external or environmental factors. Can you give some examples to illustrate how these factors influence the system?

The development of tourism system relies on the support of other external or environmental factors, such as socio-cultural, economic, political, physical, etc. The external factors can have a crucial effect on the formation of tourism systems. These factors are interdependent. Tourism system can also influence these external environments.

For example, without agriculture, no one can supply food for restaurant; without the oil industry, no vehicle can move and help tourists realize their spatial movement. And the tourism system, in turn, is also important to the development of other systems. It may be seriously affected by some adverse factors. For example, the political issue that has existed between Cuba and the United States for many years has hindered the establishment of a tourism system as the origin or destination regions.

旅游知识测试

正误判断：请在正确的选题上划√，错误的选题上划×。

1、雷柏尔的模型包括旅游者、旅游业、客源地、旅游通道和目的地等5个要素，重点突出了客源地、目的地和旅游通道3个空间要素。√

2、旅游活动涉及旅游者对旅游产品的需求(Need)和旅游企业、政府部门对市场的供给(Supply) ，地理学上称其为N- S对(N- S pairs)的研究。×

3、旅游活动的地理集中性不仅反映在全世界国际旅游活动的地区分布格局上，具体到某一个国家，旅游活动在该国各省（州、郡）及各城市间的分布情况，同样也呈现出这一特点。√

4、按照在旅游目的国停留的时间的长短，国际旅游活动划分为过夜的国际旅游和不过夜的国际一日游。√

5、旅游产业分布在旅游系统中的客源地、目的地和连接客源地和目的地的中转地。旅行社和饭店一般分布在旅游目的地。×

Part IV Reading Box 第四部分 阅读与分析

Topic discussion

1. Why does Singapore become as a major regional transit hub?

Singapore has developed as an important transit region because of travel on oceans. For a long time, it has been a vital link on the trans-shipment lanes. It functions as a link connecting Europe with eastern Asia. Although its position as tourist‘s oceanic transit stopover is no longer as important as it used to be, Singapore has now played a

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similar important role as an air transportation hub. For instance, Australians traveling from Sydney or Brisbane to London usually have a regular and fixed stopover in Singapore. As of 1997, 68 airlines directly linked Singapore with 133 cities in 53 countries. In the same year, its Changi airport provided 172,672 flights and more than 25 million passengers. This airport is being expanded to provide 60 million passengers by 2004. This reflects Singapore‘s intentional plan to further strengthen its position as a main transit hub. A case in point is the negotiation of air services and open skies arrangements with over 90 countries.

2. Why does Singapore also become a major tourist destination? Explore the Web site to search for more information about Singapore.

The Singapore government has played an important role in managing and controlling its status as a destination. For instance, inbound traffic after World War II was very small and remained a level that could be ignored. However, with the outbound flow, inbound tourists increase up to 7.3 million in 1996, or 2.2 arrivals per Singaporean family. Singapore becomes a tourist destination because it has diversified tourist resources, good transport connections with Asia and Europe. In addition, Singapore has played an important role in managing and controlling its status as one of the destinations in the world. Mostly important is that the functions of origin, transit, and destination interact well with each other.

3. How do the origin, transit and destination of Singapore interact with each other?

The origin, transit and destination functions of Singapore affect one another in various ways. For example, since inbound tourists increased largely since 1994, outbound tourists also increased steadily during the same period. As a result, the balance between the inbound and outbound decreased. Moreover, in order to attract more inbound tourists, Singapore government sets up more connections with other cities. Thus Singaporean residents get more places for their direct outbound travel. Such kind of mutual influence also exists between the transit and destination functions. Many inbound visitors have their first impression on Singapore when they have to stop over or have short trips during their transfer in Singapore.

4. What are some of the management implications on these interactions? What are the consequences?

Singapore‘s example shows what a country‘s government can do in its tourism management. The more the government is involved in managing and controlling its tourism sector, the more successful its tourism will be. Besides its favorable geographic position, Singapore has developed into a country with multifunctional status.

Singapore government pays comparatively less attention to its outbound tourism while paying more attention to its transit functions and its status as a final destination. To earn more income, Singapore‘s tourism planning and management has focused on some important plans including methods to attract tourists to visit and stay in

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