高中对英语动词被动语态的要求

高中对英语动词被动语态的要求

被动语态：英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者，一般由介词by引起的短语来表示，如:We often help them. (主动)我们常帮助他们。They are often helped by us.(被动)他们常被我们帮助。

1、被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词be的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成。

2、被动语态八种时态的用法例句:被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的

基本用法相同，只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者，如:(1)一般现在时：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country.

(2)一般过去时：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959. (3)一般将来时: When will the work be finished? (4)过去将来时：He told us that the work would be finished the next day. (5)现在进行时：

Your tractor is being repaired now.(6)过去进行时：The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in. (7)现在完成时：The work hasn’t been finished yet. (8)过去完成:The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began.

3、在下列情况下，一般使用被动语态：（1）当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动作执行者时，如：Paper was first made in China. （2）当强调或突出动作承受者的作用时，如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker.

4、由主动语态转换为被动语态的几种句型：（1）将一个句子由主动语态转换为被动语态时，可按下列步骤进行：①先将主动结构的宾语改为被动结构的主语；②再将主动语态动词改为被动语态动词；③最后在被动语态之后加介词by，并将主动结构的主语放在by之后（经常被省略），构成介词短语；④由主动语态动词改为被动语态动词时，要注意被动语态动词中助动词be的各种形式变化，因为被动语态动词的不同人称和数是由助动词be不同的形式来表示的，如：Trees are planted every spring.（２）如果主动语态动词后又有直接宾语，又有间接宾语，一般是将间接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将直接宾语保留在原处。如将直接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将间接宾语保留在原处时，一般要在间接宾语前加介词to或 for，如：Grandma told me an interesting story last night.→Ｉwas told an interesting story last night./ An interesting story was told to me last night. （３）主动语态中的宾语加带有宾语补足语时，改为被动语态时，就将宾语改为主语，将宾补保留在原处，而成为被动语态句中主语的补足语了。宾补可以有下列几种情况：①宾补为动词不定式，如：They asked her to sing a song. →She was asked to sing a song. 在动词make, see, hear, watch, notice等之后，不定式的to在主动语态里可要省略，而被动语态里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab.②宾补为分词，如：They heard them singing at the time.→They were heard singing at that time.③宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，如：She kept me busy all the morning. →I was kept busy all the morning.（４）如果主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词，改为被动语态时，要注意不要遗漏短语中的介词或副词，

以保持短语动词的完整性，如：She always takes good care of the children. →The children are always taken good care of. （５）含有情态动词的动词改为被动语态时是将情态动词后面的动词原形改为被动语态，因其前有情态动词，所以构成被动语态的助动词be就要使用原形，如：They must finish the work before Friday. →The work must be finished before Friday.（６）be going to, be to, used to, have to和had better等结构，其作用相当于情态动词或助动词，在改为被动语态时，只需将后面的动词原形改为被动语态即可，如：The are not going to put off the football match. →The football match is not going to be put off.The house facing the lake is in the possession of John.=The house facing the lake is possessed by John.The question is under discussion .=The question is being discuss

【重点提示】 英语中有时用主动形式表示被动含义，主要有以下三种情况：谓语动词、非谓语动词和介词短语。

{C}<!--[if !supportLists]-->(一) {C}<!--[endif]-->用谓语动词的形式表

示被动含义

1．表示状态特征的连系动词look , sound , feel ,smell , taste , prove, appear+形容词/ 名词构成的系表结构。

The steel feels cold. His plan proved (to be )practical .

2.表示“开始”、“结束”、“运动”的动词，如begin , finish , start , open , close , stop , end , shut , run, move.

Work began at 7 o’clock this morning . The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day .

3.表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如read, write ,act , sell , wash , clean ,open , cook,lock ,shut ,dry ,eat , drink.这类动词一般不单独使用，常加上一个修饰语。如：This coat dries easily . The pen writes smoothly.

4.少数动词用于进行时，其主动形式表示被动含义。如 ：print , build , cook , fry , hang ,make .The books are printing .

（二）用非谓语动词的主动形式表示被动含义

1．want , need , require 作“需要”讲时，后用动名词的主动形式表被动含义，这时动名词同句子的主语之间在逻辑上有动宾关系。如：The house needs / wants / requires repairing .

2．形容词worth 后用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义 This problem is well worth considering .

3．不定式在某些形容词（difficult ,easy ,hard ,comfortable , pleasant , fit ,unfit , light , heavy ,good , safe ,dangerous ）后作状语且和句子的主语（或宾语）构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，用主动形式表示被动含义，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb. 如：The question is difficult (for me )to understand . She is easy (for people )to get along with .

4．不定式作名词的后置定语，与被修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句的主语后宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动式表被动含义。如：I have a lot of work to do this evening .

{C}<!--[if !supportLists]-->4． {C}<!--[endif]-->在there be 句型中修饰

主语的动词不定式用主动形式和被动形式皆可。在口语中多用主动形式。如： There are many things to do / be done .

{C}<!--[if !supportLists]-->5． {C}<!--[endif]-->不定式to let , to blame

等表示被动意义。如：The car is to let. (汽车出租。)

{C}<!--[if !supportLists]-->6． {C}<!--[endif]-->One’s dream came true

at last. One’s theory/proposal proved to be true/real.

{C}<!--[if !supportLists]-->（二） {C}<!--[endif]-->介词in , on , under

等+n. 构成的介词短语表示被动意义

（1）Books of this kind _____ well. (99 上海) A. sell B. sells C. are sold D. is sold

（２）Hundreds of jobs _____ if the factory closes. (01 北京春)

A. lose B. will be lost C. are lost D. will lose

（３）A new cinema _____ here. They hope to finish it next month. (2001 北京春季)

A. will be built B. is built C. has been

built D. is being built

（４）The new suspension bridge _____ by the end of last month. (2001上海)

A. has been designed B. had been designed C. was

designed D. would be designed

（５） I feel it is your husband who ______ for the spoiled child. (2002上海)

A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame

【命题趋势】历年来高考中时态题一般要求考生能够根据上下文捕捉和体会动作发生的时间信息，充分注意题干中语境，准确判断时态，弄清句子主语和谓语之间的主动关系和被动关系；熟练掌握英语动词的各种时态，并侧重区别一般过去时与现在完成时、一般过去时与过去完成时的用法。一般来说考进行时和完成时的频率更高一点。语态一般很少单独设题，往往穿插在时态中进行综合考查，要求考生掌握各种时态的被动形式尤其是现在进行时的被动语态和过去完成时的被动语态。

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