杨忠--语言学概论 课后综合测试题及中文版答案

综合测试题（一）

I. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets：(10 points)

( ) 1. General linguistics is based on the view that language as a system,

which is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.

( ) 2. The total number of words stored in the brain is called morphology. ( ) 3. The sentence ―The woman can’t bear children‖ is structurally

ambiguous.

( ) 4. Categorization refers to the process by which people use language to

classify the world around and inside them.

( ) 5. Metaphors can create similarities between the target domain and the

source domain.

( ) 6. According to referential content, deixis can be put into person deixis,

place deixis, time deixis and discourse deixis.

( ) 7. Phrase structure rules are rules that specify the constituents of

syntactic categories.

( ) 8. Modality can be categorized into probability and Usuality.

( ) 9. Age is not the learner factor that has been an issue in second language

acquisition research.

( )10. Register, as a variety of language in use, is analyzed on three

dimensions: field, mode and tenor.

II. Multiple choice: (10 points)

1. ____________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.

A. creativity

B. arbitrariness

C. displacement D. interchangeability

2. Syntactically, Japanese is ____________ language. A. analytic

C. synthetic

B. isolating D. agglutinating

3. The general roles language plays are termed .

A. metalanguages C. metadiscourses

B. metafunctions D. metagrammar

4. ____________ is a process that creates a new word by dropping a real or supposed suffix. A. Blending

C. Backformation

B. Eponyms D. Clipping

5. The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a ___________. A. suffix

C. morpheme

B. prefix D. morph

6. __________ theories are those that attempt to explain acquisition on the basis of assuming an innate biological endowment that makes learning possible.

A. Environmentalist C. nativist

B. functionalist D. both a and b

7. Words and phrases like now, yesterday, next week, in three day, etC. are called __________.

A. person deixis C. place deixis

B. time deixis D. discourse deixis

8. Every syllable has a(n) __________, which is usually a vowel.

A. nucleus D. code

B. onset

D. rhyme

9. ___________ is defined as the study of meaning.

A. linguistics C. morphology

B. semantics D. pragmatics

10. A ___________ is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue

of a speech community.

A. pidgin

C. Esperanto

B. creole

D. natural language

III. Match the terms in column A with the phrases in column B and put a,

b…j into brackets: (10 points) A B

( ) 1. Socialinguistics a. the analysis of sentence structure ( ) 2. Applied Linguistics b. the analysis of meaning in context ( ) 3. Morphology C. the analysis of meaning

( ) 4.d Phonetics d. the study of sound systems and patterns

( ) 5.Linguistics e. the application of linguistic theories to other spheres ( ) 6. Syntax f. the study of speech sounds

( ) 7. Psycholinguistics g. the study of the relationship between language and society ( ) 8. Pragmatics ( ) 9. Phonology

h. the study of word structure i. the scientific study of language

( ) 10 Semantics j. the study of the relationship between language and mind

IV. For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic

feature(s) they all share: (10 points)

1. [t∫][dз] 2. [m] [n] [ɡ]

3. [f] [θ] [s ] [∫] [h] 4. [d] [n] [z] [l] [r] 5. [i:] [i] [u:] [u]

V. Consider the following words and fill in the form: (10 points)

Words analyzed number of morphemes troublesome free morphemes stepmother psycholinguistics understatement antidisestablishmentarianism

VI. Interpretate the following ambiguous sentences: (10 points)

1. The duck is too hot to eat.

(1) ______________________________________ (2) ______________________________________ 2. Visiting friends can be boring.

(1) ______________________________________ (2) ______________________________________

VII. Explain the following terms: (10 points)

1. derivation 2. learner factors

VIII. Answer the following questions? (30 points) 1. What is the difference between ―a red and a redcoat‖ ? 2. What are the features of modern linguistics?

3. According to Austin, what does a speech act consist of?

综合测试题（二）

I. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets: (10 points)

( ) 1. According to M. A. K. Halliday, the three metafunctions of language

are ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and logical metafunction.

( ) 2. Duality is the first and foremost striking feature of human language. ( ) 3. Modality can be categorized into modalization and modulation

according to Halliday.

( ) 4. Morphology is the study of the internal structure and the formation of

words.

( ) 5. Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meaning. ( ) 6. Second language acquisition is a complex process which involves

social factors and learner factors.

( ) 7.Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional

dialets, sociodialects and registers.

( ) 8. Functional linguistics is based on the view that language as a system,

which is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.

( ) 9.Euphemism is an expression that substitutes one which may be seen as

offensive or disturbing to the addressee.

( ) 10. Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.

II. Multiple choice: (10 points)

1. The language used to talk about language is called __________.

A. language

B. metalanguage D. artificial language

C. natural language

3. ______ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class. A. Conversion

C. Eponyms

B. Abbreviation D. Blending

4. Children all undergo ________ stages of language development.

A. babbling, two-word, holophrastic and the telegraphic speech B. babbling, two-word, telegraphic speech and the holophrastic C. babbling, holophrastic, two-word, and the telegraphic speech D. babbling, holophrastic, telegraphic speech and the two-word

5. The followings are acknowledged as important factors in second language acquisition except _________. A. motivation

C. age

B. nationality

D. learning strategy

6. Speakers consider the matter of face for themselves and others. Based on this observation, Leech (1983) proposes _____________. A. the cooperative principle C. the politeness principle

B. the principle of relevance C. speech acts

7. Minimal pairs can be exemplified by ____________.

A. moon/noon C. she/sheet

B. foot/food D. sea/sea

8. The features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more

segments are called ___________. A. distinctive features

B. non-distinctive features D. free variation

C. suprasegmental features

9. The ____________ function (sometimes also referred to as experiential

function) is realized by the transitivity system of language. A. ideational C. textual

B. interpersonal D. logical

10. Free morphemes were traditionally called roots, and bound morphemes

_________. A. prefixes

B. suffixes

C. affixes

D. inflectional morphemes

III. Match the words underlined in Column A with the types of English word formation in column B. And put the letter you choose in the bracket before the sentence: (10 points)

( ) 1. Most children like drinking Coca-cola.

a. Conversion

( ) 2. UNESCO is a branch United Nations. b. Derivation ( ) 3. The police machineguned the gang.

c. Blending

( ) 4. I like sandwiches very much. d. Backformation ( ) 5. There are a lot of fruits in the fridge.

e. Acronym

( ) 6. Infotech is popular nowadays. f. Compounding ( ) 7. An editor is a person who edits a newspaper. g. Coinage ( ) 8. His stepmother is very kind to him. h. Eponym ( ) 9. The street was widened last year. i. Clipping

IV. Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the

articulatory description.(10 points)

1. labiodentals 2. interdentals

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

3. back vowels 4. high vowels

5. palatal affricates

V. Match the sentence in Column A with the linguistic process in column B. And put the letter you choose in the bracket. (10 points)

( ) 1. The noise annoyed him.

a. Material process

( ) 2. The police caught him b. Relational process ( ) 3. There are two books on the table. c. Mental process ( ) 4. John explained the theory to me. d. Verbal process

( ) 5. He watches TV every day. e. Behavioral process

( ) 6. The conference is on Monday f. Existential process

VI. Explain the following terms: (10 points)

1. arbitrariness 2. voicing

VII. Draw tree diagrams to show the ambiguity of the sentence,

“They can fish”. (10 points)

VIII. Answer the following questions? (30 points)

1. What is the difference between a greenhouse and a greenhouse?

2. What is conversion in terms of word formation? Illustrate it with examples. 3. What are the components of metaphors?

综合测试题（四）

I. Indicate the statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets: (10 points)

( ) 1. English is a tone language.

( ) 2. Bound morphemes are always attached to free morphemes to form new

words.

( ) 3. Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meanings. ( ) 4. Metaphor is an essential element in our categorization of the world and

our thinking process.

( ) 5. Overgeneralization is found universal in second language acquisition. ( ) 6. According to M. A. K. Halliday, the three metafunctions of language

are experiential metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and discourse metafunction.

( ) 7. The language used to talk about language is called metalanguage. ( ) 8. There are two types of language in the world: natural language and

artificial language.

( ) 9. Coinage is a process of inventing words based on existing morphemes. ( )10 Environmentalist theories hold that experience is of more importance

than innate contributions in learning a second language.

II. Multiple choice: (10 points)

1. The word ―antidisestablishmentariaism‖ is composed of ______ morphemes.

A. six

B. seven D. nine

C. eight

2. __________ refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.

A. Voicing

B. Voiced

C. Nasalization D. Aspiration

3. Smog is a ___________ word.

A. derived

B. clipped D. compound

C. blended

4. The idea that the learners have a sense of achievement as long as they learn if of vital importance. This kind of motivation may be termed ____ motivation. A. instrumental C. cognitive

B. integrative D. none of them

5. [u:] possesses the features _____________.

A. [+high][+back][+round][-tense]

B. [+high][-back][+round][+tense]

C.[+high][+back][+round][+tense] D. [-high][+back][+round][+tense] 6. English is an example of _________ languages.

A. VSO C. SOV

B. SVO D. SVO

7. A ________ is the smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast

words in meaning and in form. A. phoneme C. morpheme

B. phone D. morph

8. Free morphemes were traditionally called _________.

A. affixes C. suffix

B. prefix D. root

9. The lexical sense relation between elephant and animal is __________.

A. hyponymy C. antonymy

B. synonymy

D. homonymy

10. Words like male and female, pass and fail, etc. are ________ antonyms.

A. gradable C. reversal

B. complementary D. relative

III. Match the sentence in Column A with the linguistic process in

column B. And put the letter you choose in the bracket

before the sentence. (10 points)

( ) 1. John is talking to Jane.

a. Material process

( ) 2. Tom is the leader b. Relational process ( ) 3. There is a cat on the bed.

c. Mental process

( ) 4. The bad news astonished her. d. Verbal process ( ) 5. Edward broke the window. ( ) 6. He waved his hands.

e. Behavioral process f. Existential process

IV. State what semantic property or properties are shared by the

group of words. (10 points)

For example: typewriter, ruler, notebook 1. king, bachelor, son

[ +stationary]

________________________

2. bull, rooster, stallion ________________________ 3. pine, rose, elm

4. bravery, charity, devotion 5. car, bike, plane

V. Transcribe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s) in the

words and the describe it. (10 points) Example: far [a:] back low vowel 1. thread [ ] 2. beat [ ] 3. important [ ] 4. live [ ] 5. stop [ ]

VI. Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences. (10 points) 1. She can not bear children.

(1) (2)

(3) ______________________________________________ 2. He hates old men and women.

(1) (2)

VII. Explain the following terms with examples. (10 points)

1. Compounding 2. Free variation

VII. Answer the following questions? (30 points)

1. What is the distinction between semantics and pragmatics?

2. What are the four parameters that underlie a speaker’s communicative

competence according to Hymes (1972)?

3. What are the three types of antonyms (lexical opposition) in English?

综合测试题 （五）

I. Indicate the statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets: (10 points)

( ) 1. Language is defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for

human communication.

( ) 2. Language contains two subsystems, one of sounds and the other of

meaning.

( ) 3. The Swiss linguist Chomsky regarded the linguistic sign as composed

of sound image and referent.

( ) 4. Language can be used to refer to things real or false, past, present or

future.

( ) 5. Language is merely genetically transmitted from generation to

generation.

( ) 6. We use language as symbolic code to represent the world around us. ( ) 7. The ideatonal function of language binds individuals together. ( ) 8. When we speak or write we usually confine ourselves to single

phrases or sentences.

( ) 9. Language is mostly a natural phenomenon.

( ) 10. Applied linguistic is concerned with the application of linguistic

theories and descriptions in other fields.

Ⅱ. Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then

describe it. (5 points)

1. Geographic 2. Red 3. Song 4. Clock 5. Psychopathy

Ⅲ. The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and

/b/ contrast in initial, medial, and final positions. (5 points)

Initial Medial Final pit/bit rapid/rabid cap/cab

Find similar sets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given: 1. /k/-/g/ 2. /m/-/n/ 3. /l/-/r/ 4. /b/-/v/ 5. /b/-/m/

Ⅳ. Each of the following columns illustrates a different

morphological process. (10 points)

Column Ⅰ Column Ⅱ Column Ⅲ A. chairs A. reality A. blackboard B. wider B. movement B. greenhouse

C.looked C.malcontent C. makeshift

D. Tom’s D. stepmother D. paintwork (1) What morphological process is shown by Column Ⅰ, Ⅱand Ⅲ. (2) What is the morphological difference between a),b) and c),d) in Column Ⅱ.

Ⅴ. Tell whether polarity or modality is expressed in the following

sentences if modality, then identify the type (modalization or modulation). (10 points)

1. I have not finished the task. 2. He often comes to my office.

3. I will show you how to make up the bed. 4. He hardly came back to see his mother

5. The company ought to cut the price of the products.

Ⅵ. Analyze the semantic properties of the given cooking terms, using the features [+/-WATER], [+/-FAT], [+/-PAN], [+/-POT], [+/-OVEN], [+/-SIEVE], etC. (10 points)

boil: fry: steam: stew: bake:

Ⅶ. Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different

ways to show that you understand the ambiguity involved: (15 points)

a). The professor’s appointment was shocking. b). The design has big squares and circles. c). The governor is a dirty street fighter.

Ⅷ. What maxim of the politeness principle is observed by B?

What is the implicature? (5 points)

a). The dress is lovely, isn’t it? b). The material is nice.

Ⅸ. Draw two phrase structure trees representing the two

meanings of the sentence the magician touched the child with the wand. Be sure you indicate which meaning goes with which tree. (10 points)

Ⅹ. Answer the following question: (20 points)

1. What is the functioning of stress and intonation in English?

2. How do you account for the relation between phonetics and

phonology?

综合测试题 （六）

I. Indicate the statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets: (20 points)

( ) 1. In the study of the first step is the task of auditory phonetics. ( ) 2. The sound source is the larynx.

( ) 3. The oral cavity contains most of the articulators, namely, the uvula,

the velum the hard palate.

( ) 4. Sounds which are produced with the upper teeth touching the lower

lip are labialdentals.

( ) 5. Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme. ( ) 6. Abbreviations are formed by putting together the final letters of some

or all words in a phrase or title.

( ) 7. Eponyms are words that originate from proper names of individuals

or places.

( ) 8. All members.of a speech community can send and take messages. ( ) 9.Traditional grammar was initially based on European

language, particularly on Latin and German.

( ) 10. One of the important concepts of structural grammar is the concept

of immediate constituent.

( ) 11. Pragmatics is the analysis of meaning in context.

( ) 12. The meanings communicated through language are or two types:

conventional meanings and intentional meanings

( ) 13. An expression used by a speaker/writer to identify something is

called deictic expression.

( ) 14. Chomsky theory of conversational implicature is regarded as a

breakthrough in pragmatic study of language use.

( ) 15. Relevance is a relative notion. It is determined by two factors:

contextual effect and processing effort.

( ) 16. Modality can be categorized into modalization and intention.

( ) 17. Mood is a syntactic constituent made up of the object and the finite. ( ) 18. Relational processes are linguistic processes that represent a relation

being set up between two separate.

( ) 19. Mental processes are processes of sensing.

( ) 20. A TG grammar must account for all or only grammatical sentences.

Ⅱ. Divide the following words by placing a + between their separate morphemes. (5 points)

1. Retroactive 2. Befriended 3. Televise 4. Margin 5. Endearment

Ⅲ.Write the one proper description from the list under B for the

italicized part of each word in A. (5 points)

A B

a. terrorized (1) free root b. uncivilized (2) bound root C. terrorize (3) inflectional suffix d. lukewarm (4) derivational suffix e. impossible (5) inflectional prefix (6) derivational prefix (7) inflectional infix (8) derivational infix

Ⅳ. Write out at least ten structure rules that each of the following

rules abbreviate. (5 points)

VP→V (NP) (PP) (Adv) NP→(Det) (Adj) N (PP)

Ⅴ .Draw phrase structure trees for the following sentences: (10 points)

a) The man found the letter.

b) The students put the books in the classroom.

Ⅵ. Write the semantic feature shared by the given words. (5

points)

1. Bull, rooster, bachelor, boy 2. Milk, water, alcohol, oil

3. Squash, tennis, cricket, fencing, boxing 4. Idea, concept, love, clarity, democracy 5. Pine, elm, willow, birch, poplar

Ⅶ.Each of the following words is a basic level term. Write its superordinate in the left blank and one of its subordinate in the right blank. (10 points)

1. table 2. willow 3. cat 4. blue 5. dictionary 6. painting 7. driver 8. verb 9. chemistry 10. juice

Ⅷ. The opposite of analytic is contradictory. A sentence that is

false due to the meaning of its words alone is contradictory.

Kings are female is an example. Write a C by the contradictory sentences and S for situational by sentences that are not contradictory. (10 points)

1. My sister is a man. 2. Witches are wicked 3. My sister is an only child.

4. The evening star isn’t the morning star. 5. The evening star isn’t the evening star. 6. Babies are adults. 7. Babies can lift one ton. 8. Puppies are human.

9. My bachelor friends are all married. 10. My bachelor friends are all lonely.

Ⅸ. Pig Latin is a common language game of English; but even Pig

Latin has dialects, forms of the “language game” with different rules. (10 points)

Consider the following data from three dialects of Pig Latin, each with its own rule applied to words beginning with vowels:

Dialect 1 Dialect 2 Dialect 3

―eat‖ [itme] [ithe] [ite] ―arc‖ [arkme] [arkhe] [arke]

⑴ State the rule that accounts for the Pig Latin forms in each dialect. Dialect 1: Dialect 2: Dialect 3:

⑵ How would you say honest, admire, and illegal in each dialect? Give the phonetic transcription of the Pig Latin forms. honest 1. 2. 3. admire 1. 2. 3.

illegal 1. 2. 3.

Ⅹ. Answer the following questions: (20 points)

1. What is the function of phonological knowledge?

2. Exemplify the differences between anaphoric and cataphoric

reference.

综合测试题（七）

Ⅰ. Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given: (10 points)

1. The term l a refers to the natural process of

children’s language development.

2. It is found that children all undergo certain stages of language

development, namely the b stage, holophrastic stage, the two-word stage, and the telegraphic speech stage. 3. The practice of error analysis is divided into i , describing and explaining.

4. S refers to the analysis of meaning.

5. In the aspect of affective meaning, statesman is commending

in sense while politician is d . 6. D synonyms are words which are similar in meaning

but used in different dialects of the language.

7. In order to avoid repetition the writer needs to use a s

to replace a word used in the previous co-text when he/she wants to continue to address that idea.

8. The sentence ―The bachelor is unmarried‖ is it t . 9. The domain to be conceptualized is called t domain,

while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain.

10. P deixis specifies the locations relative to the speech

event.

Ⅱ. Write the sound which corresponds to each of the following

phonetic descriptions: (5 points)

1. tense front mid vowel 2. lateral liquid

3. lax high back vowel 4. voiced bilabial oral stop 5. mid central lax vowel

Ⅲ. A phonetic symbol is actually a “cover term” for a composite of distinct phonetic properties or features. Define each of the symbols below by marking a “+”or a “-” for each given feature: a “+”, if the property is present, a “-”,if it is absent: (10 points)

phonetic sound features segments u ? ou i u: High Low Back Tense Round

Ⅳ. Try to explain the following terms as clearly as you can: (10

points)

(1) Minimal pair (2) phoneme

Ⅴ. Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then

describe it. (5 points)

1. Weight 2. Orange 3. Veil 4. Hair 5. Team

Ⅵ. The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial, and final positions. (5 points)

Initial Medial Final pit/bit rapid/rabid cap/cab

Find similar sets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given: 1. /p/-/f/ 2. /s/-/?/ 3. /?/-/?/ 4. /s/-/z/ 5. /t/-/k/

Ⅶ. For each of the following sentences, draw a deep structure

diagram to show how the surface structure can be derived by transformational rules: (10 points)

1. She speaks good Japanese.

2. The problem would be solved by them.

Ⅷ. Interprete the grammatical relations in the following

sentences and then paraphrase them: (10 points)

1. Girls are eager to please. 2. Girls are easy to please.

Ⅸ. Pick out from the following pairs the homonyms and the

homophones: (5 points)

style/stile hear/here bank/bank know/no hare/hair ear/ear tale/tail bear/bear soul/sole one/won

Ⅹ. Here are some Japanese words in phonetic transcription. [? ] is the voiceless palatal affricate that occurs in the English

word church. [ts] is an alveolar affricate and should be taken as a single symbol. It is pronounced as the final sound(s) in cats. Japanese words (except for certain loan words) never contain the phonetic sequences. *[ti] or *[tu]: (20 points)

1. Based on these data. Are [t], [?],and [ts]in complementary

distribution?

2. State the distribution---first in words, then using features---of these

phones.

3. Give a phonemic analysis of these data insofar as [t],[ ?],and[ts] are

concerned. That is, identify the phonemes, and the allophones. 4. Give the phonemic representation of the phonetically transcribed

Japanese words given below. Assume phonemic and phonetic representations are the same except for [t],[ ?] ], and [ts]. tatami_____ tsukue______ tsutsumu_______ Tomoda?i_______ tetsudau______ ?izu

Ⅺ.Exemplify the differences between derivational and

inflectional morphemes: (10 points)

综合测试题（八）

Ⅰ. Multiple Choice：(10 points)

1. Language is a system whose parts can and must be considered in

their .

A. synchronic solidarity B. systemic agreement C. finite sentences D. instinctive method 2. Language is a set (infinite) of sentences, each in length and

constructed out of a finite set of elements. A. infinite B. finite C. fixed D. definite

3. The Swiss Linguist regarded the linguistic sign as composed of

signifier (sound image) and signified (referent).

A. Chomsky B. de Saussure C. Bloomfield D. Halliday

4. Human languages can be used to describe themselves. The language

used to talk about language is called . A. special language B. local language C. metalanguage D. human language

5. refers to the fact that language provides opportunities for

sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages.

A. Arbitrariness B. Duality C. Creativity D. Displacement 6. A language is one that is the mother tongue of an ethnic

community.

A. artificial B. natural C. family D. western

7. The fundamental difference between a religious belief and a scientific

theory is whether it is . A. disciple B. observable C. verifiable D. functional 8. may be defined as the scientific study of language. A. Morphology B. Linguistics C. Phonology D. Phonetics

9. Linguistics is seen as a discipline closest, among humanities to________

sciences.

A. physical B. natural C. absolute D. universal

10. The study of language in general is often termed general linguistics. It is

based on the view that language is composed of three aspects: sound, and meaning.

A. regularity B. construct C. structure D. discipline

Ⅱ. True or False： (10 points)

( ) 1. Psycholinguistics studies language in relation to society. Language varies from region to region, from class to class.

( ) 2. The whole process of our talking is a chain of events: production of speech sounds → perception of speech sounds → speech sounds traveling in the air.

( ) 3. Out of the glottis, the air stream goes through the pharynx, the area of the throat between the larynx and the uvula.

( ) 4. Consonants can be described in terms of places of articulation, manners of articulation, and vibrating.

( ) 5. Classes of sounds that share a feature or features are called hierarchical classes.

( ) 6. Phonology and phonetics are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but the two differ in perspectives.

( ) 7. Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in allophones. ( ) 8. The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.

( ) 9. Distinctive features in one language must be distinctive in another. ( ) 10. Nasalization of English vowels is also rule-governed.

Ⅲ. Complete the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given: (10 points)

1. Every syllable has a n , which is usually a vowel.

2. Native speakers of any language intuitively know what s can be

put together.

3. Some sequences are not possible in English. The impossible sequences

are systematic g . 4. Features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more

segments are called s f .

5. Some morphemes like water, desire constitute words by themselves.

They are f m_ when they are components of words. 6. D forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme. 7. The ideational function (sometimes also referred to as experiential

function) is realized by the t system of language.

8. Associative meaning is actually an u term. It is based on the

associationist theory of psychology.

9. Synonyms of different r are words similar in meaning but used

in different spheres.

10. The deixis that replaces the initial expression is called a , and the initial expression called antecedent.

Ⅳ. Transcribe the sound underlined in the words and then

describe it. (5 points)

1. Hit 2. Met 3. Car 4. Tool 5. Football

Ⅴ. Divide the following words by placing a + between their separate morphemes. (5 points)

1. Psychology 2. Unpalatable

3. Holiday 4. Grandmother 5. Morphemic

Ⅵ. Write the sound which corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions: (5 points)

1. voiceless labiodental fricative 2. low front vowel 3. palatal glide

4. voiced interdental fricative 5. voiceless alveolar fricative

Ⅶ. Write the semantic feature shared by the given words. (5

points)

1. Spanner, hammer, saw, pliers, jack 2. Rose, lotus, lilac, orchid, chrysanthemum 3. Walk, run, jump, hop, skip 4. Pencil, pen, chalk, rubber, ruler 5. Cheerful, excited, drunk, sober, dizzy

Ⅷ. Try to explain the following terms as clearly as you can： (15 points)

(1) segmental phonemes (2) free variations (3) assimilation rule

Ⅸ. Draw a deep structure diagram to show how the surface

structure can be derived by transformational rules： (10 points)

Behave yourself!

Ⅹ. What are the main types of utterances suggested by Searle?

(15 points)

Ⅺ. What are the main components of the Standard Theory? How

does each of them work in the whole process of generating and transforming sentences? (10 points)

C. functionalist theories D. nativist theories

20. The sentence ―My father has deceased to join the heavenly choir.‖ is of

____

A. the formal style B. the frozen style C. the casual style D. the intimate style II.

Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description. (5 points) Example: vowel front high [i:] 1. bilabial nasal 2. voiced labiovelar glide 3. back high lax 4. literal liquid 5. voiced bilabial stop III.

Explain the ambiguity in the following two sentences: (10 points) 1. This is a beautiful girl’s dress. 2. Tom hates his boss and so do I. 3. They finally decided on the boat.

4. Can you see the man with a pair of binoculars? IV.

Give the words in American English equivalent in meaning to the ones given from British English: (10 points)

a. lorry b. lift C. pavement d. tin e. sweets

V.

What maxim of the politeness principle is observed by B? What is the implicature? (5 points) A: The dress is lovely, isn’t it? B: The material is nice.

VI. Draw tree diagrams for the following sentence: (5 points) The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind.

VII.

How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean? (10 points)

Column I Column II a. The White House a white house b. a redcoat a red coat C. a bluebird a blue bird d. a lighthouse keeper a light housekeeper VIII.

Explain the relation between bank1 (the side of a river) and bank2 (the financial institute). (5 points)

IX.

Answer the following questions (30 points): 1. What are the features of metaphors?

2. How do sociolinguists classify the varieties of English? 3. What is reference and what is sense? How are they related?

各章习题答案

第一章习题答案

I. 1-5 T F F T T 6-10 F T T T F II. 1-5 a c a a b 6-10 c b d a c III.

1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human

communication.

2. Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

3. Arbitrariness is one of the features of human language. Language contains

two subsystems: sounds and meanings. Arbitrariness refers to the relationship between these two subsystems is arbitrary.

4. The general roles language plays are termed metafunctions. According to

Halliday, language plays three metafunctions simultaneously. They are the ideational metafunction, the Interpersonal metafunction and the textual metafunction. IV.

1. Many philosophers and linguists believe that language is unique to man.

Language is a human trait that sets us apart from other living creatures because it have the following features, which are not found in animal communication system such as creativity or productivity, duality, arbitrariness, displacement, cultural transmission, interchangeability and reflexivity.

2. Spoken language is given prior to written language in modern linguistics

for a number of reasons:

(1) Speech is historically prior to writing in any culture where writing

exists;

(2) Spoken language is used for a much wider range of purposes in

communication;

(3) Spoken language is structurally more complex than written language; (4) Spoken language is acquired earlier than written language.

3. Modern linguistics has the following features, which is distinguished from

the linguistics of previous:

(1) Priority is given to spoken language;

(2) Focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic

study of language;

(3) Modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature; (4) Modern linguistics is theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented.

Modern linguistics strive to construct theories of language that can account for language in general.

第二章习题答案

I. 1—5 T F T T F II. 1—5 b d a c a

III. 1. [ b ] bilabial voiced stop

2. [ n ] alveolar nasal stop 3. [ w ] bilabial glide

4. [ v ] voiced labiodental fricative 5. [ t ] voiceless alveolar stop 6. [ i:] high front tense vowel 7. [e ] voiceless interdental 8. [u:] high back tense vowel 9. [? ] low front vowel 10 [?:] central tense vowel

IV. 1. [b p m] 2. [d n] 3. [?] 4. [m] 5. [ ?: ?]

6. [s z] 7. [u: u] 8. [?] 9. [j] 10 []

V. 1. voiceless alveolar

2. voiced stop 3. voiced fricatives 4. palatals 5. voiced bilabial 6. voiced velar 7. back tense vowels 8. back round vowels 9. front high vowels 10. sibilants VI.

1. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds.

2. Voicing refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced. 3. The unite of representation used to transcribe the speech sounds is called segment.

4. Classes of sounds that share a feature or features are called natural classes. VII. Manners of articulation refer to how the air stream is modified, whether it

is completely blocked or partially obstructed. According to manners of articulation, consonants are classified into stops, nasals, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and gildes

第三章习题答案

I. 1-5 T F F T T

II. 1-5 b b c c d 6-10 c b d b d III.

1. Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.

2. Two words that differ by only one sound in the same position are called minimal pairs.

3. If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are

said to be in free variation.

4. The features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called suprasegmental

features. The most widely found suprasegmental features are stress, intonation and tone. IV.

1. Devoice a voiced consonant when it occurs after a voiceless consonant.

2. A voiceless consonant becomes voiced when it occurs between two vowels. 3. Voiceless stops are aspirated when they occur initially in a stressed syllable 4. vowels become nasalized when they occur before nasals. V.

―hotdog‖ is a compound word and the stress is on the ―hot‖. A hotdog is a long cooked sausage. ―hot dog‖ is a

noun phrase and the stress is on ―dog‖. A hot dog refers to a dog that is hot.

VI Phonetics is the study of speech sounds. Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns. Phonetics and

phonology are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but they two differ in perspectives. Phonetics, particularly articulatory phonetics, focuses on how speech sounds are produced, what phonetic features they have, and how to transcribe them. In phonetics, sound segments are assumed to be invariable; variations are overlooked. Phonology focuses on the following three fundamental question: What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular language? What sounds make up the list of ways in what context? What sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular language?

第四章习题答案

Ⅰ.1.lexicon 2.orthography 3.morphology 4.morpheme 5.suppletives 6.free morphemes 7.bound morphemes 8.allomorphs 9.derivation 10.Clipping Ⅱ.1.b 2.c 3.b 4.c 5.d 6.b 7.a 8.c 9.c 10.c Ⅲ.1. Compounding

Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is another common way to form words. The over-whelming majority of English combination of words from two of the three classes—nouns, verb, and adjective, and adjectives, and they fall into the three classes, as shown below: Noun Verb Adjective Noun Verb Adjective bookshelf pickpocket greenhouse brainwash sleepwalk whitewash headstrong catchall bittersweet In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word. Thus, greenhouse is a noun, whitewash is a verb. The leftmost morpheme takes the primary stress is on the word. Thus, a greenhouse is distinguished from a green house, in which the stress is on the house.

The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of meaning of the components. A greenbottle is not a type of bottle; it is a kind of fly. And a sugar-daddy is not a sugar-coated father, but a woman’s lover who is both generous and too old for her. 2. Conversion

Conversion is one of word-formation process in English. It is done when a word changes its class without any change of its form. Typical cases of conversion include noun→verb, adjective→verb, verb→noun and adjective→noun. Sometimes, conversion can also be observed when an auxiliary verb, an adverb or a conjunction is used as a noun or a verb.

e.g. Besides the usual household routine, she oversees the garden and beehives, bakes bread, cans and freezes, drives the kids to their music lessons, practices with them, takes organ lessons on her own, dose research and typing for me, writes an article herself now and then, tends the flower beds, stacks a little wood and delivers the eggs.

His palms were sweating. He needed a towel to dry his grip.

Their livelihood is involved, and the motor, for all its unpleasant smell, has helped increase the fisherman’s catch so that he can now afford to do away with the far worse outdoor toilet.

Just before Christmas last year, my work took me to the office of a woman executive o This book is a must for student of history.

The word is full of excuses, so don’t but me so many buts. They downed a few beers and began to sing loudly.

第五章习题答案

Ⅰ. 1.immediate constituent analysis. 2.Syntax

3.syntactic category 4.subcategorization 5.circumstance

6.modalization modulaton

Ⅱ. (a) (b)

S S

NP VP NP VP Pro V NP Pro Aux V N They can fish. They can fish. Ⅲ. 1.Cigars that people smoke can be nauseating it is nauseating to smoke cigars. 2. It was on the plane that they made the decision. Ⅳ. 1. modality (modalization) 2. molarity

3.modality (modulation) 4.polarity Ⅴ. 1. material 2. relational 3. mental 4. behavioral 5. verbal 6.existential

第六章习题答案

Ⅰ.1.Semantics 2.Affective meaning 3.Synonyms 4.registers 5.antonyms 6.Gradable antonyms 7.Homonyms 8.polyseme 9.Hyponymy, superordinates 10.componential analysis Ⅱ.1.b 2.a 3.c 4.d 5.b 6.c 7.a 8.b 9.c 10.d Ⅲ. 1.The two differ in register.

2.The two are different in formality, the latter informal. 3.The two are different in formality, the latter informal. 4.The two are dialectal synonyms.

5.The two are different in formality, the latter informal.

6.The two differ in affective meaning, the former commendatory, the latter derogatory. 7.The two differ in collocation

Ⅳ. 1.G 2. C 3. C 4. R 5. R 6.R Ⅴ.1.F 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7. F

第七章习题答案

I. 1.

a) Pre-invitation b) Pre-request

c) Pre-announcement

2. a) (Quality) The speaker is absolutely incorrect.

b) (Quantity) The addressee does not know or finds it impossible to answer this question, since the

question is too general.

c) (Relation) The addressee does not think the hero acts well in the film.

d) (Manner) The addressee thinks Regan is not the president people like very much, though he is not a feudist.

3.

a) b) c) d) e) f)

I ,mine (person deixis); last Sunday (time deixis)

in 1968 (time deixis)

These (discourse/text deixis)

in the following chapter (discourse/text deixis)

4. Then is a distal expression which applies to both past and future time relative to the time of speaking. Then in Sentence a) refers to the past time; then in Sentence b) the future time.

5. John said, “I am planning to be here this evening.”

Indirect speech: John said that he was planning to be there in that evening.

From the direct speech to the indirect speech, the deictic elements have to be shifted from the proximal to the distal with the shifting of the context.

II.

1. Exclusive use of we: (Students to the teacher) Shall we go now? Here we refers to the speakers (students), not including the hearer (teacher).

Inclusive use of we: (Student A to Student B) Shall we go now? Here we refers both the speaker and the hearer (Student A and Student B.

2. Let us may be exclusive or inclusive, while let’s is inclusive. They should correspond to different types of tag

question:

Exclusive: Let us go to school, will you? Inclusive: Let us go to school, shall we? Let’s go to school, shall we?

3. Anaphoric reference: Mr. Smith sent me the book. I like it.

Cataphoric reference: I could not believe it. My wallet was stolen by one of my close friends.

4. A speech act consists of three dimensions: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. If your

teacher says, ―I have run out of chalk‖ in the process of lecturing, the act of saying is locutionary, the act of demanding for chalk is illocutionary, and the effect the utterance brings about is perlocutionary (one of the students will go and get some chalk).

5. Direct speech act: Close the door, please. (An imperative performs the function of command.)

Indirect speech act: It’s cold here. (A declarative performs the function of request of closing the door.)

6. A: Can I go out now, daddy? (Q1)

B: Have you finished your assignment? (Q2) A: Yes. (A2) B: Yes. (A1)

The middle pair (Q2-A2) is an insertion sequence.

7. Dialogue with preferred second part:

A: Can you help me? B: Sure.

Dialogue with dis-preferred second part. A: Come over for some coffee later.

B: Oh --- eh --- I’d love to --- but you see --- I --- I’m supposed to get this finished --- you know. Dis-preferred second parts are marked by more time and more language.

III. Relevance is a relative notion. It is determined by two factors: contextual effect and processing effort. The greater

the contextual effect, the greater the relevance. Processing effort is a negative factor: the greater the processing effort, the lower the relevance.

IV.

1. Indirect illocutions tend to be more polite, (a) because they increase the degree of optimality, and (b) because the

more indirect an illocution is, the more diminished and tentative its force tends to be.

2. The sentence is wrong. The right one might be either ―I am here.‖ Or ―I was there.‖

―Am‖ is a proximal deictic element, while ―there‖ is a distal place deixis. They contradict with each other.

第八章习题答案

I.

1-5 A C B B D 6-10 A A D C D 11-16 A C D C B B II.

1. Linguistic competence accounts for a speaker's knowledge of his language. Communicative competence accounts

for both the tacit knowledge of language and the ability to use it. According to Hymes, there are four parameters that underlie a speaker's communicative competence, namely the ability to judge: 2) Whether (and to what degree) something is formally possible; 3) Whether (and to what degree) something is feasible; 4) Whether (and to what degree) something is appropriate; 5) Whether (and to what degree) something is in fact done.

2. The hypothesis has been interpreted in two ways. One is known as determinism. In this view our language

determines our thinking. This strong version has been rejected as it runs counter to the fact that peoples of different cultural backgrounds can understand each other. The other interpretation, known as relativism, holds

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