电力系统分析基础部分习题答案

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电力系统分析部分习题答案(参考)

稳态部分

第一章 电力系统的基本概念

1-2 (1)各个元件的额定电压 G:10.5kV

T:10.5/121kV,10.5kV/399V, 110/38.5/11(10.5)kV,35/6.6(6.3)kV (2) a)发电机和变压器的额定电压

G:10.5kV T1:10.5/121kV T2:10.5/38.5kV T3:35/11(10.5)kV b)变压器的实际变比

T-1:121(1+2.5%)/10.5 T-2:110/38.5 T3:35(1-5%)/11(10.5)

(3) G:10.5kV T1:10.5/242kV T2:220/121/38.5kV T3:35/6.3kV T4:220/38.5kV T5:10.5/3.15kV D1:3kV D2:6kV

第二章 电力网络元件的参数和等值电路

2-2-1解:RT=Pk*UN2/(1000SN2)=100*1102/(1000*31.52)=2.4389(Ω) XT=Uk%*UN2/(100SN)=10.5*1102/(100*31.5)=40.33(Ω) GT=P0/(1000UN2)=86/(1000*1102)=7.1074*10-6(s)

BT=I0%*SN/(100UN2)=2.7*31.5/(100*1102)=7.0289*10-5(s) 等值电路为:

2.4389+j40.33Ω (7.1074-j70.289)*10S -6

2-2-3 解:RT(100)=Pkmax*UN2/(2000SN2)=163*1102/(2000*202)=2.4654(Ω) RT(50)= 2RT(100) =2*2.4654=4.9307(Ω)

UK1%=1/2*( UK1-2%+ UK1-3%- UK2-3%)=1/2*(10.5+17-6)=10.75 UK2%=1/2*( UK1-2%+ UK2-3%- UK1-3%)=1/2*(10.5+6-17)=-0.25 UK3%=1/2*( UK1-3%+ UK2-3%- UK1-2%)=1/2*(17+6-10.5)=6.25 XT1=Uk1%*UN2/(100SN)=10.75*1102/(100*20)=65.0375(Ω)

XT2=Uk2%*UN2/(100SN)=-0.25*1102/(100*20)=-1.5125(Ω) XT3=Uk3%*UN2/(100SN)=6.25*1102/(100*20)=37.8135(Ω)

GT=P0/(1000UN2)=75/(1000*1102)=6.1983*10-6(s)

BT=I0%*SN/(100UN2)=3.3*20/(100*1102)=5.4545*10-5(s)

1

2.4654-j1.5125Ω 2.4654+j65.0375Ω (6.1983-j54.545)*10S -64.9307+j37.8135Ω

2-2-5

解:Pk13=4P’k13=4*52=208kW Pk23=4P’k23=4*47=188kW Pk1= (Pk12+Pk13- Pk23)/2=(152.8+208-188)/2=86.4kW Pk2= (Pk12+Pk23- Pk13)/2=(152.8+188-208)/2=66.4kW Pk3= (Pk23+Pk13- Pk12)/2=(188+208-152.8)/2=121.6kW RT1=Pk1*UN2/(1000SN2)=86.4*1212/(1000*202)=3.16(Ω) RT2=Pk2*UN2/(1000SN2)=66.4*1212/(1000*202)=2.43(Ω) RT3=Pk3*UN2/(1000SN2)=121.6*1212/(1000*202)=4.45(Ω) UK1%=1/2*( UK1-2%+ UK1-3%- UK2-3%)=1/2*(10.5+18-6.5)=11 UK2%=1/2*( UK1-2%+ UK2-3%- UK1-3%)=1/2*(10.5+6.5-18)=-0.5 UK3%=1/2*( UK1-3%+ UK2-3%- UK1-2%)=1/2*(18+6.5-10.5)=7 XT1=Uk1%*UN2/(100SN)=11*1212/(100*20)=80.53(Ω) XT2=Uk2%*UN2/(100SN)=-0.5*1212/(100*20)=-3.66(Ω) XT3=Uk3%*UN2/(100SN)=7*1212/(100*20)=51.24(Ω) GT=P0/(1000UN2)=75/(1000*1212)=5.123*10-6(s)

BT=I0%*SN/(100UN2)=4.1*20/(100*1212)=5.60*10-5(s) 2-1-2 解:(a)ρ=31.5Ω.mm2/kM S=150 mm2 r1=ρ/S=0.21Ω/kM Dm=3DabDacDbc?34*4*8?5039.68mm r=17.0/2=8.5mm

x1=0.1445lg(Dm/r)+0.0157=0.4164Ω/kM b1=7.58/lg(Dm/r)*10-6=2.7335*10-6s/kM (b)因为为双回输电线路

R=r1*l/2=0.21*100/2=10.5(Ω) X=x1*l/2=0.4164*100/2=20.8198(Ω) B/2=2*b1*l/2=2*2.7335*10-6*100/2=2.734*10-4 (S) (c) Q=U2*B=1102*2.734*10-4*2=2*3.308=6.616Mvar 2-1-6

解:因为为分裂导线

r1=ρ/S=31.5/(2*300)=0.0525Ω/kM

2

Dm=3DabDacDbc?38*8*16?10.0794m req?r*d12?12.45*400?70.5691mm

x1=0.1445lg(Dm/req)+0.0157/2=0.3192Ω/kM b1=7.58/lg(Dm/req)*10-6=3.5177*10-6s/kM R=r1*l=0.0525*300=15.75(Ω) X=x1*l=0.3192*300=95.7665(Ω) B/2=b1*l/2=0.5277*10-3 (S) 2-4-1解:

G:SN=PN/cosφN=50/0.85=58.8235MVA

Xd”=0.15*10.52/58.8235*(242/10.5)2=149.3382(Ω) T: RT=Pk*UN2/(1000SN2)=300*2422/(1000*602)=4.8803(Ω) XT=Uk%*UN2/(100SN)=12.5*2422/(100*60)=122.0083(Ω) GT=P0/(1000UN2)=90/(1000*2422)=1.5368*10-6(s) BT=I0%*SN/(100UN2)=2*60/(100*2422)=2.049*10-5(s)

L :R=r1*l=0.08*200=16(Ω) X=x1*l=0.406*200=81.2(Ω)

B/2=b1*l/2=2.81*10-6*200/2=2.81*10-4 (S) 2-4-3

解:X线路=x1*l=0.4*70=28(Ω)

UB=110kV,SB=20MVA,且变压器的变比为110/6.6kV,所以: XT*=Uk%/100*(UN2/SN)/(UB2/SB)=0.105 XT*/2=0.0525 X线路*=28/(1102/20)=0.0463

U2XR%UNB6.6*(/)?0.04*6(/3*0.3)(/6.62/20)?0.2121 XR*=100S3INB因为为双回线

X电缆*=1/2*x1*l/(UB2/SB)=1/2*0.08*2.5/(6.62/20)=0.0918/2=0.0459

R电缆*=1/2*ρ/S *l/(UB2/SB)=1/2*18.8/70*2.5/(6.62/20)=0.3083/2=0.15415

3

第三章 简单电力系统的分析和计算

3-1-1

解:首先求出线路的参数:

D=6.5m Dm=3DabDacDbc?36.5*6.5*13?8.1895m 查表得单位线路参数:r1=0.079Ω/kM x1=0.412Ω/kM b1=2.77*10-6S/kM 线路的等值电路为π型等值电路

R=r1*l=0.079*230=18.17Ω X=x1*l=94.76Ω B/2=3.1855*10-4S 进行潮流计算:

P2=120MW cosφ=0.92 ?Q2=51.1198MVar

线路末端的注入功率: Q2l=1/2*U22*B=3.1855*10-4*2092=13.9146MVar S2’=S2-Q2l=120+j51.1198-j13.9146=120+j37.2052 MVA 线路阻抗支路的功率损耗:

ΔSZ=(P2’2+Q2’2)/U22*(R+jX)=6.5658+j34.2417 MVA S1’=S2’+ΔSZ=126.5658+j71.4469 MVA 求线路上的首端电压:

''P2R?Q'2XP2X?Q'2R?U1?U2??U2?j?U2?U2??j?236.3?j51.173kV U1=241.7788kV U2U2线路首端注入电容功率:Q1l=1/2* U12*B=18.6215Mvar

线路首端功率:S1=S1’-Q1l=126.5658+j52.8255 MVA 3-1-2

解:末端注入功率:Q2l=1/2*U22*B=5.5*10-4*2202=26.62Mvar 设末端功率因数为cosφ2,则有:

S2’=S2-Q2l=P2+jQ2-jQ2l=220+j(Q2-Q2l)=220+j(Q2-26.62)=P2’+jQ2’

''P2R?Q'2XP2X?Q'2R?U1?U2??U2?j?U2?U2??j U2U2''P2R?Q'2X2P2X?Q'2R2U1?(U2??U2)?(?U2)?(U2?)?()

U2U222解得Q2’=95.2162,所以Q2=121.8362Mvar cos??P2/P22?Q22?0.8748 3-1-14

解: 线路参数为:R=r1*l=0.82*2=1.64Ω X=x1*l=0.38*2=0.76Ω 忽略电压降落横分量有

?P2R?Q2X??10%UNU2? 将R,X, cosφ,UN带入得?22(P/cos?)(P/cos?)?222?R?(P2?2?R)*10"?UU22?

4

?P2?1.629MW?P2?1.561MW ?P?1.561MW?2当P2=1.561MW时,?U%?3-1-15

P2R?Q2XU2UN?9.58%?p%?10%

?P2R?Q2X??10%UN?R?1.5? 解:?U2??Q2?0,R?X,UN?U2?3kV,P2?600kW?P'2R?Q'2X??10%UN'?P2?342.86kW ?U2?R?X,cos??0.8?3-1-17

解1(a)首先求出系统的等值电路,计算各个元件的参数

LGJ-185: D=4m, Dm?4*32?5.0397m,查表得:r1=0.17Ω/kM

x1=0.409Ω/kM b1=2.79*10-6S/kM

因为为双回线,有:R=r1*l/2=100*0.17/2=8.5Ω, X=x1*l/2=0.409*100/2=40.9/2Ω B=2*b1*l=2*2.79*100*10-6=2*2.79*10-4S

计算变压器的参数:查表得:Pk=190kW,P0=31.05kW,Uk%=10.5,I0%=0.7 归算至高压侧的阻抗和导纳参数为:

XT=40.3333Ω,RT=2.317Ω,GT=2.5661*10-6S,BT=1.8223*10-5S 因为两台变压器并列运行,所以并列运行后的参数为

X’T= XT/2= 40.3333/2Ω,RT=2.317/2Ω,GT=2*2.5661*10-6S,BT=2*1.8223*10-5S 又因为:P2=40MW, cos?2?0.8,所以Q2=30MVar 系统的等值电路为:

S1’ S1 jB/2 R+jX U2’ RT’+jXT’ GT’-jBT’ S2=40+j30MVA

变压器低压侧U21=10.5kV,归算到高压侧为U2=k*U21=110/11*10.5=105kV (1)

P2R'T?Q2X'TP2X'T?Q2R'T'?U2?U2??U2?j?U2?U2??j?105?6.2032?j7.3515kV U2U2 ?111.2032?j7.3515kVU’2=111.446kV

变压器损耗:

5

P22?Q2~2?SZT?(R'T?jX'T)?0.2627?j4.5729MVA??PZTmax?j?QZTmax2U2

~?SyT?U'22(G'T?jB'T)?0.0637?j0.4527MVA??PyTmax?j?QyTmax(或者用下式计算变压器的损耗

~S2402?30210.5?SZT?2()(PkT?jQkT)?2**(0.19?j*31.5)?0.2394?j4.1667MVA2SN100(2*31.5)2)

~?SyT?2(PyT?jQyT)?2*(0.03105?j*0.007*31.5)?0.0621?j0.441MVA线路注入功率: Q2l??1/2*B*U'22??2.79*10?4*111.4462??3.4652MVar ~~~~所以S1'?S2??SZT??SyT?jQ2l?40.3264?j31.5604MVA

??U?'2??U?j?U?U?'2?U1ll ?119.72?j12.918kV'P1'R?Q1X'P1'X?Q1R线路的首端电压

U2*'?jU2*'?'2?8.5183?j5.5667kV?U

U1=120.4165kV

线路上的阻抗损耗和首端线路电容注入功率

'2~P1'2?Q1?SZl?(R?jX)?1.7946?j4.3167MVA??PZlmax?j?QZTmaxU'22

Q1l??1/2*B*U1??2.79*10?4*120.41652??4.0455MVar'线路首端功率S1?S'1??SZl?jQ1l?42.121?j31.8325MVA

~~~(2)

查表得?max?3150

?PTmax??PZTmax??PZlmax??PyTmax?0.2627?0.0637?1.7946?2.121MW

全年总的电能损耗为:

?W??PZTmax*3150??PZlmax*3150??PyT*8760 ?0.2627*3150?1.7946*3150?0.0621*8760

?827.5050?5653.0?543.996?6824.5MW.h2.当负荷变为原来的0.5倍和0.25倍时,变压器为单台变压器运行,线路仍为双回线运行,则等值电路为

S1’ S1 jB/2 按上述过程计算得:

6

U2’ RT+jXT GT-jBT S2 R+jX

当P2?0.5Pmax时?PZT?0.1313,?PyT?0.0319,?PZl?0.4133MW ?P0.5pmax?0.5765MW 当P2?0.25Pmax时?PZT?0.0328,?PyT?0.03,?PZl?0.0919MW ?P0.25pmax?0.1547MW

?W??Pmax*2000??P0.5plmax*(6000?2000)??P0.25pmax*(8760-6000) ?6975.0MW.h

3-2-3

解:等值电路图从左向右编号分别为1,2,3,4,则有: 变压器2的功率损耗为:

~S20.32?0.22B23?SB23?2ZT23?*(-j0.0162)??j0.0021(第2个变压器的第3个绕组)

UN12~S20.22?0.12B22?SB22?2ZTB22?*j0.131?j0.0066

UN12~'~~~~S2SB2?SB23?SB22??SB22??SB23?B22ZTB22?0.5?j0.3045

U2N~~S'20.52?0.30452?SB2l?B2Z?*j0.268?j0.092??S34 TB212U21N'则节点3的运算负荷为: S3?SB2??SB21??S30?0.5?j0.3045?j0.092-j0.118?0.5?j0.278

~~~~变压器1的功率损耗:

S2~0.22?0.12B1?SBl?2ZTB1?*j0.32?j0.016 2UN1~S20.52?0.2782?S23?3Z?*(0.0298?j0.156)?j0.0098?j0.0051 232U21N*~?S20?U2YN20?1*(-j0.011-j0.118)??j0.129

~~~~~~S2?S3??S23??S20??SBl?SBl?0.7098?j0.31 6~S20.70982?0.31622?S12?2Z12?*(0.026?j0.014)?j0.0016?j0.0085

UN12*~2?S10?UNY10?1*(-j0.011)??j0.011

~'~~SA?S2??S12?0.7114?j0.324 5

~~~~SA?S2??S12??S10?0.7114?j0.313 5??1.1?0o计算各点的电压:然后由以上计算所得的功率和已知的U(以下电压的计算也可以不考A虑横分量)

??U?1??U?j?U?U??PAR12?QAX12?jPAX12?QAR12?U?1?0.0057?j0.0083kVU2l2l21U ?1.0943??0.435okVA''''UA

同理可以计算

7

??U?UB1??U?U322??0.0339?j0.0583kV ?1.062??3.59okV??UB1?j?UB1?U2??0.0601?j0.0638kV ?1.037??3.99okV ??U23?j?U23?U2??U?3??U?j?U?U??0.1023?j0.129kV ?0.992??11.69okV U434343??U?UB34??0.0032?j0.0048kV ?0.994??11.38okV ??UB3?j?UB3?U44??U?同理:UB2??UB2?j?UB2?1.012??12.97okV

然后算出各点的有名值

o? ?240.75??0.435okV U??U?U2B1B1**UN*kB1?40.887??3.59kV o??228.14??3.99okV U??U?U3B3B3**UN*kB13?68.586??11.38kV o??U? UB2B2**UN*kB12?10.626??12.97kV

3-2-6

解:因为求初步功率分布,只需计算两端电源供给负荷的功率即可。全网为额定电压110kV,不计网损时:

~Sa??SmZm**?UNdU**Z?Z??107.09?j0.33723MVA(60?j25)(14-j30)110*(120cos10o?j*120*sin10o-115)?? 18-j3518?j35同理

~Sb??S'mZm*Z?Z??-47.0922?j24.6628MVA*?UNdU**?(60?j25)(4-j5)110*(120cos10o?j*120*sin10o-115)? 18-j3518?j353-2-14

解:题意即求线路的初步功率分布.首先将1,4支路合并,然后在A点将环网解开,则如图所

Z1//Z4=Z14=2+j4Ω

8

9

第四章 复杂电力系统的潮流计算

4-1-3 解:(1)不考虑非标准变比时:(因为对称,所以只求上三角元素)

Y11?1/Z16?1/(j0.1)?-j10 Y12?Y13?Y14?Y15?0.0 Y16?Y61??1/Z16?j10 Y22?1/Z24?1/(j0.1)?-j10 Y23?Y25?Y26?0.0 Y24??1/Z24?j10 Y33?1/Z35?1/(j0.1)?-j10 Y34?Y36?0.0 Y35??1/Z35?j10

Y44?1/Z24?1/Z45?1/Z46?1/(j0.1)?1/(j0.2)?1/(j0.2)?-j20 Y45??1/Z45?j5 Y46??1/Z46?j5 Y55?1/Z35?1/Z45?1/Z56?y50?1/(j0.1)?1/(j0.2)?1/(j0.1)?j0.2?-j24.8 Y56??1/Z56?j10 Y66?1/Z16?1/Z46?1/Z56?y60?1/(j0.1)?1/(j0.1)?1/(j0.2)?-j24.8

000j10??-j100?0?-j100j1000???00-j100j100?所以:Y???

0j100-j20j5j5???00j10j5-j24.8j10???j1000j5j10-j24.8????(2)当考虑非标准变比时,只有变压器两侧的节点的自导纳和这两个节点之间的互导纳有变化。

y16?1/(Z16*k)?1/(j0.1*1.1)??j9.09

y10?(1-k)/(Z16*k2)?0.1/(j0.1*1.1*0.1)?j0.8265 y610?(k-1)/(Z16*k)?0.1/(j0.1*1.1)??j0.909

Y11??j9.09?j0.826??8.264 Y16?Y61??y16?j9.09 Y66??j24.8

10

第五章 电力系统的有功功率和频率调整

5-1-2

解:?1??F1/?PG1?0.2?0.002PG1 ?2??F2/?PG2?0.2?0.004PG2

?1? ?2??P?200 解得:?G1 均未超出发电厂的出力范围,为最优分配方案。 ??PG1?PG2?300?PG2?1005-1-3 解:(1)由耗量特性得到两台发电机的耗量为增率分别为:

?1??F1/?PG1?b1?2*c1*PG1?2?0.02PG1 ?2??F2/?PG2?2.5?0.01PG2

当负荷为40MW时两台发电机均按下限发电,各承担20MW负荷,相应微增率为 ?1??F1/?PG1?b1?2*c1*PG1?2?0.02*20?2.4 ?2??F2/?PG2?2.5?0.01*20?2.7

因此负荷增加时机组1首先增加负荷,而机组2仍按下限发电,此时综合耗量微增率取决于发电机1。负荷增加直到?1?2.7 时发电机2才增加负荷。当?1?2.7 时PG1?(2.7-2)/0.02?35MW 此时PL?PG1?PG2?35?20?55MW

40?PL?55MW ??2?0.02(PL-20)?1.6?0.02PL

当负荷大于55MW时才可以按照等耗量为增率准则最优分配负荷。 当负荷为250MW时两台发电机均满发电,此时

?1??F1/?PG1?b1?2*c1*PG1?2?0.02*125?4.5 ?2??F2/?PG2?2.5?0.01*125?3.75 即按等耗

量为增率分配时??3.75 发电机2就满发,在增加负荷时只有发电机1增加功率,综合耗量微增率仍表现为发电机1的耗量微增率。

??3.75 时PG1?(3.75-2)/0.02?87.5MW 此时PL?PG1?PG2?87.5?125?212.5MW 212.5?PL?250MW ??2?0.02(PL-125)?0.02PL-0.2 所以55?PL?212.5MW 时按最优分配,综合特性为:

?PG1?(??2)/0.02??PG2?(??2.5)/0.1 得:??(PL?350)/150 ?P?P?PG2L?G1(2)当负荷为150时按最优分配,代入综合特性为??10/3 (3)最优分配时解得:??PG1?66.69MW?P?75MW 平均分配时?G1

P?83.33MWP?75MWG2G2??元/小时 节省的燃料费用为:F1(75)?F2(75)?F1(66.67)?F2(83.33)?0.12515-2-1

解: KG*?100/?% KG?KG**PGN/fN?100/4*100/50?50MW/HZ

KL?KL**PLN/fN?1.5*320/50?9.6MW/HZ

(a) Ks?4*KG? KL?209.6MW/HZ (b) Ks? KL?9.6MW/HZ

5-2-2

解:因为PG3满载,所以只有PG1和PG2能够参加调频

KG1?1/?1* *PG1N/fN?1/0.02*100/50?100MW/HZ KG2?1/0.06*100/50?33.33MW/HZ

11

KL?KL**PLN/fN?1.5*240/50?7.2MW/HZ

(1) Ks?KG1?KG2? KL?140.53MW/HZ

?f?-?PL/Ks??50/140.53?-0.3558Hz(此时PG1和PG2均未满载)

(2) ?f?-?PL/Ks??60/140.53?-0.427Hz此时PG1已经超载,所以应该以发电机2和负荷的调节特性计算频率。 ?f?-?PL/(KG2?KL)??(60-40)/40.53?-0.493Hz

5-2-5

解: ?f?-?PL/Ks?Ks? -?PL/?f所以 KA?250/0.1?2500MW/HZ KB?400/0.1?4000MW/HZ 设联络线的功率为Pab,则有

??fA?-?Pab/KA? ??fB??Pab/KB?49.85??f?50??fAB? 解得:Pab=-230.77MW

5-2-8

解: KG1?1/?1* *PG1N/fN?1/0.04*560/50?280MW/HZ KG2?1/0.05*100/50?200MW/HZ KL?KL**PLN/fN?1.5*800/50?24MW/HZ

?f?-?PL/Ks??(?50)/(280?200?24)?0.0992Hz f?50?0.0992?50.0992HZ

'' PG1?PG1??PG1?PG1-?f*KG1?560?0.0992*280?532.2222MW

'' PG2?PG2??PG2?PG2-?f*KG2?240?0.0992*200?220.1587MW

12

第六章 电力系统无功功率和电压调整

6-3-3 有一台降压变压器,其归算到高压侧的参数为 RT?2.44?,X?40?,低压侧的最大、最小负荷 Smax,Smin表示于图中,高压侧电压波动范围是106.7~113.3kV,如果负荷允许的电压波动范围是6~6.6kV,是否可以选择变压器的分接头以满足电压水平的要求?若可以,试选择之。若不能,试说明原因。 V1 V2 SDmax=28+j14MVA

SDmin=10+j6MVA

II

110±2×2.5%/6.3kV

解:U1max?106.7kVU1min?113.3kV

282?142?Smax?(2.44?j40)?0.19762?j3.2397MVA1102102?62?Smin?(2.44?j40)?0.02743?j0.4496MVA1102Smax?SDmax??Smax?28.19762?j17.2397MVASmin?SDmin??Smin?10.02743?j6.4496MVAU2max?U1max??Umax?U1max?U2min?U1min??Umin?U1min?Utmax?U2maxU2N?104.57kVU'2maxPmaxR?QmaxX?99.592kVU1max

PminR?QminX?110.81kVU1minUtmin?105.77kVUt?(Utmax?Utmin)/2?105.17kV选择110-2×2.5%的分接头

校验:最大负荷时:U'2max? 最小负荷时:U'2min?求电压偏移:m2max?U2?max99.592U2N?*6.3?6.0041kV Ut104.5U2min110.81U2N?*6.3?6.6802kV Ut104.56.0041?6*100%?0.068%6m2min?6.6802?6*100%?11.34% 6所以不能选出合适的变压器分接头满足调压要求

6-3-5 选择如图示的三绕组变压器的分接头,变压器参数,最大最小负荷兆伏安数及对应的高压母线电压均标于图中,中压侧要求常调压,在最大,最小负荷时,电压均保持在(1+2.5%)×35kV,低压侧要求逆调压。(变压器的额定电压为110±5×2.5%/38.5±3×2.5/6.6kV)(注:(1)变压器参数为归算到高压侧的值(2)计算时不计变压器的功率损耗)

13

2.71+j59.3Ω Umax=111.6kV Umin=105kV 中 1.83+j38.3Ω 1.6-j2.5Ω Smax=10+j8 Smin=5+j4 低 Smax=5+j3 Smin=3+j2

解:首先由低压侧的调压要求计算出高压侧的抽头电压,然后以中压侧的调压要求计算出中压绕组的电压抽头

(1) 计算最大和最小负荷时各个绕组的电压降

?U?max??U??max?15?2.71?11*59.38?2.71?6?59.3?6.2092kV ?U?min??3.595kV

111.610510?1.83?8?38.35?1.83?4?38.3?3.0809kV?U??min??1.601kV

111.6-6.2092105-3.5955?1.6?2.5?33?1.6?2?2.5?0.0047kV ?U???min???0.002kV

111.6-6.2092105-3.595?U???max?(2) 计算最大和最小负荷时各个母线上的电压

U?min?105kV 高压侧:U?max?111.6kV中压侧:低压侧:

U??max?U?max??U?max??U??max?111.6-6.2092-3.0809?102.3099kVU??min?U?min-?U?min-?U??min?105-3.595-1.601?99.804kVU???max?U?max??U?max??U???max?111.6-6.2092-0.0047?105.3861kVU??min?U?min-?U?min-?U???min?105-3.595?0.002?101.407kV

(3) 依据低压侧母线对于调压的要求,选高压母线绕组的分接头。

低压母线的调压要求为:U'3max?1.05*6?6.3kV求变压器的分接头:

UT?max?U???max105.3861U?*6.6?110.4045kV N3'6.3U3maxU'3min?1.0*6?6kV

UT?min?U???min101.407U?*6.6?111.5477kV N3'6U3minUT??UT?max?UT?min?110.9761kV 所以选用110KV的主抽头

2U???max105.3861UN3?*6.6?6.32kV UT?110U???min101.407UN3?*6.6?6.08kV UT?11014

校验:最大负荷时:U'3max? 最小负荷时:U'3min?

求电压偏移:m3max?6.32?6*100%?5.3%6m3min?6.08?6*100%?1.4% 6在误差范围内满足要求。所以选择110kV主抽头合格。

(4) 依据中压侧调压要求求中压侧分接头

中压侧要求常调压,所以最大和最小负荷要求电压U'2?1.025*35?35.875kV

UT??maxU'235.875U'235.875?UT??*110?38.5716kVUT??min?UT??*110?39.54kV U??max102.3099U??min99.804UT???UT??max?UT??min?39.0558kV 所以选择38.5+2.5%的抽头,此时抽头电压:

238.5*1.025=39.4625kV 校验略。 6-3-10: 解:(1)选用调相机时:

最大负荷时:Qc?U'jcmaxXij(k*U'jcmax?Ujmax)*k 即:Qc?10.5(k*10.5?100.5)*k Xij 最小负荷时 -0.5Qc?10(k*10?10.75)*k Xij解得:k=10.3312 高压侧电压=k*11=113.64kV 所以选择110+2.5%的抽头 k=10.25 计算容量Qc?10.5(10.25*10.5?100.5)*10.25?22.353MVar 34.8U?min107.5U?*11?118.25kV k=10.75,所N10U'min(2)当选用电容器时:

依据最小负荷时选取变压器的抽头:UT??以选择电容器的容量为Qc?10.5(10.75*10.5?100.5)*10.75?40.1387MVar 34.86-3-14

解:依据题意,设补偿的电容量为QC,总的有功为:P??3400?5600?9000KW

总无功为:Q??总功率因数6-3-15

解:原负荷:S1?6000?增加的负荷:S2?1200?

34005600*1?0.852?*1?0.82?QC?2107.1?4200?Qc(kVar) 0.850.8?0.9 解得 QC=1.9482MVar

P?2P?2?Q?6000 *1?0.82?6000?j4500(kVA)0.81200 *1?0.62?1200?j1600(kVA)0.615

设增加的电容器容量为Qc,则总有功P??72000KW,总的无功Q??6100?Qc(kVar) (1)

P?2P?2?Q??0.8 解得:QC=700kVar

(2)

600022?P??Q? QC=4000kVar 0.8(3)

P?2P??2Q??0.9 QC=2612.9kVar

6-3-17

解:依题意,变电所的低压侧要求常调压。

计算补偿前最大和最小负荷时变电所低压侧归算到高压侧的电压(不计变压器功率损耗):

U2max?U1max??Umax?U1max?U2min?U1min??Umin?U1minPmaxR?QmaxX28*2?14*35?112??107.125kVU1max112PR?QminX10*2?6*35?min?112??109.9464kVU1min112

(1)当补偿设备采用电容器时,按常调压要求,确定最小负荷时补偿设备全部退出运行

条件下应选用的分接头电压:

Utmin?U2minU2NU'2min?109.9464*6.3/6?115.44kV

选用110+2×2.5%的分接头,此时分接头电压为UTN=115.5kV

把抽头电压带入补偿容量的公式,按最大负荷时的调压要求确定QC:

U'2cmaxU2NU2tN6.0115.52'Qc?(U2cmax?U2max)?(6.0?107.12586.3/115.5)*?9.0357MVar 2XijUtNU2356.32N校验电压偏移:

U2max?U1max??Umax?U1max?PmaxR?QmaxX28*2?(14-9.0357)*35?112??109.9487kVU1max112U'2max?109.9487*6.3/115.5?5.997kVU2min?U1min??Umin?U1minPR?QminX10*2?6*35?min?112??109.9464kVU1min112

U'2max?109.9464*6.3/115.5?5.997kV计算电压偏移

mmax?6?5.997*100%?0.05%6mmin?0.05% 补偿容量满足要求。

(2)选用调相机时: 确定变压器的变比:

16

-2*U'2cmin(k*U'2cmin?U2min)?U'2cmax(k*U'2cmax?U2max)?2*6*(k*6?109.9464)?6*(6*k?107.125)解得:k?18.1677

Ut2?k*U2N?18.1677*6.3?114.4565kV

所以选取110+2×2.5%的分接头,此时分接头电压为UTN=115.5kV 按最大负荷确定补偿容量

U'2cmaxU2NU2tN6.0115.52'Qc?(U2cmax?U2max)?(6.0?107.12586.3/115.5)*?9.0357MVar 2XijUtNU2356.32N校验:最大负荷时同上 最小负荷时

U2min?U1min??Umin?U1min?PminR?QminX10*2?(6?9.0357/2)*35?112??108.5346kVU1min112

mmin?1.33%U'2min?108.5346*6.3/115.5?5.9201kV所以选用调相机的容量合适。最小负荷时可以减少吸收的感性无功使低压母线电压达到6kV

17

暂态部分

第一章 电力系统故障分析的基本知识

1-4、

T1 G T2 XL

II I 0.4Ω/km 50MVA 60MVA 30MVA

100km 10.5kV 10.5kV/121kV 110kV/6.6kV

Xd’’=0.15 Uk%=10.5 Uk%=10.5

求:①准确计算各元件电抗的标么值,基本段取I段UBI=10.5kV。 ②工程近似计算各元件电抗的标么值,SB=100MVA。 解:① 精确计算法

UBI=10.5kV SB=100MVA

UBII=10.5?''Xd*?0.15?III 1211216.6?=10.5kV UBIII=10.5?=7.26kV

10.510.511010010.510.52100?0.3 XT1*? ???0.1752501006010.5XL*?0.4?100?1001212?0.273

XT2*10.51102100 ????0.289100301221② 近似计算法

UB=Uav SB=100MVA

''Xd*?0.15?100?0.3 50

XT1*?XT2*?10.5100??0.175 1006010.5100??0.35 10030XL*?0.4?100?1001152?0.302

1-9 解:首先计算各元件的参数:

XR?X%UN6*?0.04??0.693(?)1003IN3*0.2RR?PI2N?1.68*10002002?0.042(?)

X?x*L?0.083?1250?0.104(?)R?r*L?0.37?1250?0.463(?)

所以:X??X?XR?0.693?0.104?0.797(?)R??R?RR?0.463?0.042?0.505(?)

22Z?X??R??0.943(?)

求短路电流的直流分量:

18

Ta?L?R??0.797-0.01?0.005(s) KM?1?e0.005?1.135

2*3.14*50*0.505因为iM?KMIm?2KMI 所以 I?U3I6.33*18.69iM2KM?302*1.135?18.69(kA)

所以:Z???0.1946(?)

所以允许铺设的电缆数为:0.943/0.1946=4.846 为4条。

K(3) 1-13、

T 115kV 6.3kV XR G XL2 XL1 0.08Ω/km 0.4Ω/km 0.3kA

30MVA 0.5km 40km 6.3kV Uk%=10.5 XR%=4

设: (1)SB=100MVA (2)UB=Uav (3)KM=1.8

求:①K点发生三相短路时的冲击电流是多少?短路电流的最大有效值是多少?短路功率是多少?②简述短路冲击电流的意义,何种情况下短路,其冲击电流最大。 解:①

XL1*?40?0.4?1001152I44100 XR*??B???1.222100IN1003?6.3?0.3100XL2*?0.5?0.08??0.1008X?*?XL1*?XT*?XR*?XL2*?1.793726.3I*?1?0.5575X?*I?I*?IB?0.5575?IM?5.113kA3?6.3?1.52I?1.52?5.113?7.766kA 100?0.121XT*?10.5100??0.3510030所以: iM?2.55I?2.55?5.113?13.01kASd?S*?SB?0.5575?100?55.75MVA②短路电流在最恶劣的情况下可能出现的最大瞬时值称为冲击电流,它用于检验电气设备或载流导体的动稳定。

19

第三章 电力系统三相短路的实用计算

3-3、电力系统接线如图所示,元件参数标于图中,发电机均装有自动电压调节器,当K点发

生三相短路时,试计算:

(1) 次暂态电流初始有效值I''; (2) 冲击电流值iM。

G1

K(3) Gs 110kV =0.125

2×60MVA Uk%=10.5

0.4Ω/km 60km

Ss=100MVA Xs=0.1

G2

2×50MW ''Xd

cosφ=0.8

解:取SB?100MVA,UB?Upj,则各元件参数计算如下:

''G1,G2:XG1?XG2?XdSB0.8?0.125?100??0.2SN50T1,T2:XT1?XT2?UK%SB10.5100????0.175100SN10060Ss:Xs?0.1

2UB100l:Xl?x1l?0.4?60??0.181SB1152系统等值电路如下: K S

Xs

0.5XG1 0.5XT1 0.5XL

10.1875?0.1905?1??1?Xd???XG1?XT1?//?XL?Xs??0.1875//0.1905??0.094

20.1875?0.1905?2??2?Id*?I*''?1Xd??10.58I''?I*''?IB?10.58?1003?115?5.31(kA)iM?2.55I''?13.54(kA)

3-4、电力系统接线如图所示,A系统的容量不详,只知断路器S的切断容量为3500MVA,B系统的容量为100MVA,电抗XB=0.3,试计算当K点发生三相短路时的起始次暂态电流I''及

冲击电流iM。

35kV 0.4Ω/km 40km 50km A

40km K(3) 20 B S 40km

UUU???f(1)f(2)f(0)?U?f|0|??jIf(2)?f(1)X1??1?60??j0.32?2.42??30??0.226?60???jI?U?X2???j0.42?0.54?150??0.226?60??f(2)

f(1)?U?0.226?60?(2) 低压侧各相短路电压和电流: Ia(1)?I??f(1)ej30??2.42Ia(2)?I??f(2)e?j30??0.54?120?Ia(0)?0????????Ua(1)??Uf(1)?jIf(1)XT?ej30?(0.226?60??2.42?0.12?60?)ej30?j0.516?????????Ua(2)??Uf(2)?jIf(2)XT?e?j30?0.139?j0.08Ua(0)?0??Ia?Ia(1)?Ia(2)?Ia(0)?2.15?j0.468?2.2?12.28?Ib?a2Ia(1)?aIa(2)?Ia(0)??1.48?j2.563?2.96?240? Ic?aIa(1)?a2Ia(2)?Ia(0)??0.67?j2.096?2.2?107.73?Ua?Ua(1)?Ua(2)?Ua(0)?0.139?j0.596?0.612?76.87?Ub?a2Ua(1)?aUa(2)?Ua(0)?0.308?j0.178?0.356??30?Uc?aUa(1)?aUa(2)?Ua(0)??0.447?j0.418?0.612??136.9???2??????????????????????

31

解:取SB?100MVA,UB?Upj,则系统的等值电路图为:

X1 XA X2 1002X3 XB X4 ?1.461S

X5 K X3?X4?X5?0.4?40?1002图中:X1?X2?0.4?50?3737计算A系统的电抗:若短路点发生在和A相连的母线上,则AB系统的短路电流都要经过断路

?1.169 XB?0.3

器,其中B供给的电流决定于电抗X1//X2?X3//(X4?X5)?XB?1.80958,所以B系统提供的短路容量为SdB?1/1.80958*SB?55.26MVA

.738MVA XA?由A系统提供的短路容量为SA?3500?SdB?344411??0.029 SA*3444.738100化简上图如下:

A

X7?XA?X1//X2?XA?0.73X7 X8 X9 XB S X11 X10 K X10 K X8?X9?X10?1.169?1.169?0.393?1.169X11??X7?X8?//?X9?XB??1.149//0.69?Xd??X11?X10?0.431?0.39?0.821''I''?I*IB?1.218?1.148?0.69?0.4311.148?0.691''I*??1.218Xd?

1003?37?1.9(kA)iM?2.55I''?4.85kA3-19计算K点发生三相短路时短路点的总电流及发电机支路的电流(SB=100MVA) 解:计算统一基准值下的标幺值

\X*?X\*SB?0.4*100/250?0.16SN\Xd?Xd\*SB?0.125*100/45?0.2778 SNXT1*?UK%SB9.8100*?*?0.0327100STN1100300SBU2BXT2*?UK%SB10.5100*?*?0.175100STN210060X30L*?x1*L*SBU2BX50L*?x1*L*?0.4*50*100/1152?0.1512?0.4*30*100/1152?0.0907系统的等值电路及其化简过程为:

21

X”* XT1* XL2* XL1* X”d* XT2* XL3*

X 1 X4 X3 X2 X5

X 1 X6 X 2 X7

X8

图中各电抗如下:

\X1?X*?XT1*?0.16?0.0372?0.1927\X2?Xd*?XTd*?0.2778?0.175?0.4528X3?0.0907X8?X4?X5?0.1512X5*X4?0.0582 X3?X4?X5X6?X3*X4?0.0349X3?X4?X5X7?0.0349X??(X1?X6)//(X2?X7)?X8?0.21341I*??4.6865X?I1*?I**

所以I?I**IB?4.6865*100/(3*115)?2.3528kA所以I1?I1**I1B?3.1953*100/(3*10.5?25.77kAX2?X7?3.1953X2?X7?X1?X6I2*?1.4912所以I2?I2**I2B?1.4912*100/(3*10.5?8.1995kA3-20

解:取SB=SGN=40MVA I*?S*?150/40?3.75

要保证0.2”时电流<3.75,则查出水轮机的计算电抗〉0.25则

X\d?X?0.25?Xx?0.23?0.3??0.05?X??0.05*10.52??0.0551? 403-26、系统接线如图所示,当K点发生三相短路时,试计算: (1) 次暂态电流初始有效值I; (2) 0.2秒电流有效值I0.2; (3) 短路电流稳态值I∞。

,UB?Upj,系统等值电路解:取SB?1000MVAXw*S1000?Xw?B?0.4??1.6SN250''250MVA Xw=0.4 110kV 50km 0.4Ω/km 30km 40km 25km 150MVA Xp=0.3 31.5MVA Uk%=10.5 K(3)

37kV 11000图如下所示:X1??0.4?50??0.756

211521000X2?0.4?40??1.211152

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X3?0.4?30?XT1000211510.51000???3.3310031.5?0.907X4?0.4?25?Xp*?0.3?10001152?0.7561000?2150

网络化简过程如下:

Xw X1 X2 Xp X3 X4 XT

Xw X1 X5 X6 Xp X7 XT

X8 X9

X10

X11 X13 X12 X5?X6?X7?X2X31.21?0.907??0.382X2?X3?X41.21?0.907?0.756X2X41.21?0.756??0.318

X2?X3?X41.21?0.907?0.756X4X30.756?0.907??0.239X2?X3?X41.21?0.907?0.756X10?XT?X7?3.33?0.239?3.569X8?Xw*?X5?X1?1.6?0.756?0.382?2.738X9?Xp*?X6?2?0.318?2.318

X11?X8?X10?X12?X9?X10?Xwjs?X11?I''?0.75?X8X102.738?3.569?2.738?3.569??10.52X92.318X9X102.318?3.569?2.318?3.569??8.9X82.738Xpjs?X12?I0.2?0.7?SpNSB1503?37?8.9?150?1.3310002503?37?3.28kASwN250?10.52??2.63SB1000150?0.41?250?3.35kA

3?373?37150250I??0.8??0.42??3.51kA3?373?37?0.42?

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3-27、下图所示系统,在K点发生三相短路,试求t=0″、t=0.6″时的短路电流周期分量。

100km 0.4Ω/km 60MVA 10.5kV Xd=0.12 60MVA 10.5/121kV Uk%=10.5 50km 0.4Ω/km 115kV 无限大功率电源

K(3) 解:SB?120MVA,各元件的参数计算如下: XG?0.12?XL112010.5120?0.24XT???0.216010060

120120?100?0.4??0.36XL2?50?0.4??0.1822115115XG XL1 系统的等值电路如下所示:

XT G XL2 K

S

?0.24?0.21?0.18?G X3 S

X1 X2 X1??XG?XT??XL2?X2?XL1?XL2?XGjs?X1?I0?2.5?I0.6?XG?XT?XL2XL1?0.24?0.21??0.18?0.8550.36XL1XL20.36?0.18?0.36?0.18??0.684XG?XT0.24?0.21SGN60?0.855??0.428SB12060?

1120??1.634(kA)3?1150.6843?115601120?1.86????1.44(kA)0.6843?1153?115

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第四章 对称分量法及电力系统元件的各序参数和等值电路

4-2已知A相电流的相序分量为Ia1?5,Ia2??j5,Ia0??1,试求A、B、C三相电流,并作相量图。

???A??1?I???2I解:?B?a?????IC???a????1aa2????1??Ia1??4?j5??6.4??51.3????0.83?j1.83???2.01??65.6???1??Ia2??? ????????1???Ia0????7.83?j6.83???10.39?138.9???????? IC

Ic1

Ic2 Ib2

138.9°

Ia0、Ib0、Ic0 Ia1

IB

Ib1 I IA a2

4-21、系统接线如下图,当在K点发生单相接地短路时,试画出其零序等值网络图。 2 3 13 1 5 6 7 15 11

9 12 8 14 4 16

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解:系统零序等值网络图如下:

x2 3x4 x3 x5 x6 x7 x9 x11 x12 x13 3x14 x15

Uf|0| x8 3x16

4-23、图示网络中K点发生单相跳闸故障,试组成它的零序网络。

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