法律英语实用单词讲解

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法律英语实用单词讲解

accord

释义:accord在普通英语中的含义是符合,一致,在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议,指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。如reach an accord达成和解协议,accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。

acquire

释义:acquire在普通英语中的含义是获得,获取,而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买,收购,我们通常所说的M&A,即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger的缩写。如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。

act

释义:act在普通英语中的含义是行动,行为,在法律英语中通常理解为作为,与不作为forbear相对应。如:

Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from

action

释义:act在普通英语中的含义是行动,在法律英语中则理解为诉讼,相当于suit或lawsuit,如initiate an action提起诉讼,win an action在诉讼中获胜,defend oneself in an action在诉讼中为自己辩护等。

adopt

释义:adopt的最常见含义是采用,通过,如adopt a law通过一项法律,adopt a proposal采纳一个建议等,这种用法在法律英语中也较为常见。另外,adopt在法律英语中可能会用到一个含义是收养,如adopt an orphan according to law根据法律规定收养孤儿。

admission

释义:admission是admit的名词,在普通英语中的含义是承认或接纳。在法律英语中,则通常是法律程序中的一个用语,意思是采纳,采信(证据),如The defendant challenged the admission of the evidence by the court on the ground that the evidence was irrelevant.被告以证据没有相关性为由反对法院对其予以采信。

affect

释义:affect是普通英语中最常见最普通的单词之一,意思是影响,通常用在口语和非正式的场合中。但在法律英语,affect(本义没有改变,仍然是影响),确实非常正式的用法,通常不能用influence等单词替换。如The failure of either party at any time or times to require performance of any provision hereof shall in no manner affect its right at a later time to enforce the same.任何一方在任何时候未要求另一方履行本协议任一条款,并在不影响其以后强制执行该条款的权利。

affiliate

释义:affiliate是法律英语的常见单词之一,意思是关联方,关联公司,也可以associate或connected person表示。如“Affiliate” means any person or company that directly or indirectly controls a Party or is directly or indirectly controlled by a Party,including a Party's parent or subsidiary, or is under direct or indirect common control with such Party.“关联公司”指直接或间接控制一方(包括其母公司或子公司)或受一方直接或间接控制,或与该方共同受直接或间接控制的任何人或公司。

agent

释义:agent也是法律英语中常见单词之一,意思是代理人,代理商,通常指商业代理,如果指非商业性质的代理,如替别人出席会议等,则可用proxy。

例句:Nothing in this Agreement or in the performance of any of its provisions is intended or shall be construed to constitute either party an agent, 1egal representative, subsidiary,joint venturer,partner,employer,or employee of the other for any purpose whatsoever.

参考译文:本协议的任何内容或本协议任何条款的履行,无意表示、亦不应被理解为任何一方为任何目的可以充当另一方的代理人、法定代表、子公司、合营方、合作伙伴、雇主或雇员。

applicable

释义:applicable在法律英语中的意思是可适用的,如例句:If any one or more of the provisions contained in this Agreement or any document executed in connection therewith shall be invalid,illegal,or unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the provision/provisions shall be deemed to have been severed from this agreement.如果本协议或涉及本协议而签署的任何文件中某条或数条条款,根据任何适用法律在任何方面是无效的、不合法或不能强制执行的,视为该条款从本协议中删除。 as is

释义:as is是法律英语中的常见词组,意思是(货物等的)现状。如deliver the house as is.按照房屋的现状交付房屋。The software is provided as is.按软件现有状况提供软件等。

as of

释义:as of是法律英语中的常用词组之一,意思是从?开始,相当于since,但由于法律英语问题的正式性和庄重性,一般不能用since替换。如The law shall be effective as of January 10, 2009。本法自2009年1月10生效。The contract takes effect upon its execution。合同自签订之日起生效。

asset

释义:asset的含义是资产、财产,不仅包括动产,不动产,也包括可以动用的资源。如fixed asset固定资产,floating asset流动资产,Asset and capital verification 清产核资,asset management资产管理等。

assign

释义:assign是法律英语中常用单词之一,意思是转让,也可以指受让人,通常指权利的转让。如assign the rights to a third party。把权利转让个第三方。又如Without the prior, express written consent of the Principal, the Agent may not assign this Agreement to any other party.未经委托方事先明确的书面同意,代理方不得将本协议转让给任何第三方。

attach

释义:attach在普通英语中的含义是依附,粘贴,在法律英语中指扣押财产。Attach the property扣押财产。Attachment order扣押令等。

bankrupt

释义:bankrupt的意思是破产,既可以指单位也可以指个人破产。如go bankrupt破产,declare bankrupt宣布破产,adjudicate sb. Bankrupt判决某人破产等。

bind

释义:bind在普通英语中的含义是包扎,粘合。在法律英语中含义是约束,对?产生约束力。如the agreement binds all the parties to it协议对各方均有约束力,bind sb. to do使某人负有做?事情的义务等。

board of directors/supervisors

释义:board of directors/supervisors分别为董事会和监事会,是公司的重要权力或监督机构。Board在法律英语中的含义是委员会,如果没有特别说明,一般指董事会,如果是单独的董事、监事,可以分别以director和supervisor表示。

breach

释义:breach的意思是违反,侵犯,通常指违反合同、协议等。如If Party A materially breaches this Contract,Party B or its successor in interest is entitled to terminate this Contract or claim damages for the breach of contract.如果甲方实质性违反本合同,乙方或其权益承继人有权终止本合同或要求得到损害赔偿。

call

释义:call在普通英语中意思是呼唤,召集,在法律英语中通常为催促,催款。如The seller issued a notice of call to the buyer to urge the buyer to pay off the balance of the amount due and owing to seller.卖方向卖方发出催款通知,要求买方向卖方支付已到期尚未支付的账款余额。

capital

释义:capital是法律英语中的常见单词,意思是资本,如current capital流动资本,authorized capital授权资本,capital reserve资本公积,capital investment资本投资等。

circumstance

释义:circumstance在普通英语中指环境,情景。在法律英语中指法官予以定罪量刑的情节等。如aggravating/mitigating circumstance加重/减轻情节,legal circumstance法定情节等。

claim

释义:claim在法律英语中的意思是索赔,诉求,既可以作名词,也可以作动词。如claim damages要求损害赔偿金,claim on the insurance 进行保险索赔,reject a claim拒绝一项索赔请求等。

communication

释义:communication在这里不是抽象意义的交流,沟通,而是商业往来中的具体讯息,书信,包括来往函电,信件信件等。如Notices or other communications required to be given by one Party pursuant to this Agreement shall be written in Chinese.一方根据本协议要求发出的通知或其他书信应以中文书写。

company

释义:company是法律英语最常用的单词之一,意思是公司,如controlling/holding company

控股公司,parent company母公司,limited liability company有限责任公司,company limited by shares 股份有限公司,listed company上市公司等。

composition

释义:composition在普通英语中的常见意思为作文,结构,在法律英语中的意思为和解协议,指指债务人与全部或至少相当一部分债权人达成的此类协议。如In case a settlement agreement is reached through conciliation between the debtor and creditors, the court shall make a decision in accordance with the contents of the composition reached by and between both the parties.经债务人和债权人经调解达成和解协议的案件,法院应当根据双方当事人和解协议的内容,作出判决。

concession

释义:concession指(政府授予的)特许权,特许经营权,如BOT project concession period consists two parts: concession period limit and concession period length. BOT项目特许权转让协议中有关特许期的约定涉及两部分内容,包括特许期限定和特许期长度。

confidential

释义:confidential是法律英语中的常用词汇,意思是保密的,机密的,相当于secret,但一般不能用secret替换。如Each party agrees to protect the other's Confidential Information at all times and in the same manner as each protects the confidentiality of its own proprietary and confidential materials.各方同意,在任何时候都以保护自身专有资料和机密资料相同的方式保护另一方的机密信息。

consideration

释义:consideration在法律英语中的含义是对价,即为换取另一个人做某事的允诺,某人付出的不一定是金钱的代价。如Party A agrees to pay RMB 5000yuan in consideration for the service rendered by Party B.甲方同意支付5000元人民币作为乙方提供服务的对价。

consolidation

释义:consolidation也是法律英语中的一个重要词组,意思是合并,兼并,即若各干企业合并成一个新企业,原企业解散,亦即新设合并,如Neither Party may assign this Agreement, in whole or in part, without the other Party’s prior written consent, expect to any corporation resulting from any merger, consolidation or other reorganization involving the assigning Party.任何一方未经另一方事先书面同意,不得转让本协议的全部或部分,除非转让给涉及转让方的因兼并、合并或其他重组而产生的任何公司。

construe

释义:construe是法律英语中的重要单词,意思是解释,即对法律、合同等法律文件的内容作出解释,与interpret意思相同。如A waiver by one of the parties at any time of a breach of any term or provision of this Agreement committed by the other party shall not be construed as a waiver by such party of any subsequent breach to be committed by the other party.一方在任何时候放弃追究另一方违反本协议任何条款或规定的行为,不应被视为该一方放弃追究另一方以后的违约行为。

construction

释义:construction在普通英语中的最常见含义是“建设,构建”,“construction of the country”(国家建设)。在法律英语中,construction也有一个常见含义,即“解释”通常指对法律、条例、判决或其他法律规范的含义和适用所作的说明,相当于interpretation。如construction of the contract in accordance with the law(根据法律规定解释合同),strict construction of the law(对法律的严格解释)等。我们在使用时要注意区分,不能看到construction就当做“建设”理解。

contribution

释义:contribution是公司法中常用的一个单词,意思是出资,不同于其在普通英语中的意思(贡献、投稿、捐赠),如When a Party (the “Disposing Party”) wishes to transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to a third party, it shall provide a written notice (the “Notice”) to the other Party (the “Non-Disposing Party”).一方(“转让方”)欲将其全部或部分注册资本出资额转让给第三方时,应向另一方(“非转让方”)提供书面通知(“通知”)。

creation

释义:creation有两个意思,一个创造,通常出现在有关知识产权的法律中,如invention and creation发明创造。另一个意思是创设,通常指权利的设定,如The effect of all this is that, on the creation and sale of the Bankers’ Acceptance, the Borrower receives a sum of money and, on the later maturity date, the Borrower pays back a slightly higher sum of money. 全部这种做法的效果在于,在设立和售出银行承兑时,借方收到一笔钱款,而在以后的到期日,借方付还一笔略高的钱款。

customs

释义:很多人望文生义,看到这个单词,直接把它理解成为“风俗,惯例”,而忽略了其形式是复数。Custom在法律英语中有“惯例、惯例法”的意思,如custom and usage(惯例、习惯法)。但Customs用作复数时,在法律英语中指海关,如customs declaration(报关),customs duty (关税,有时候也可以直接用customs表示关税),customs officer(海关官员等)

damages

释义:damages在法律英语中表示损害赔偿金,要注意用的是复数形式,如果用单数,则表示损害。如incidental damages 附带损害consequential damages 间接损害claim damages for the breach of contract.因违约要损害赔偿金等。

debenture

释义:debenture的意思是债券,通常指的是无担保债券。如bank debenture 金融债券 bearer debenture 不记名债券 coupon bank debenture 附息票金融债券 customs debenture 海关退税凭单等。

declaration

释义:declaration在法律英语中常用作申报,如customs declaration报关,export declaration出口申报,income tax declaration个税申报等。

delegate

释义:delegate在法律英语中的意思是转让,通常指义务的转让,如:In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter “China”), the consent of the creditors shall be obtained for the delegation of obligations to become effective.根据中华人民共和国(以下称“中国”),义务的转让须取得债权人的同意方可生效。

discharge

释义:discharge在法律英语中的常用含义有两个:

①履行,侧重于对具体义务的履行,相当于fulfill,如

He discharged his obligations after the call of the creditors。

他在债权人的督促下,才履行了自己的义务。

②免除,即免除他人的义务或债务。

His liability to pay the loan to the bank was discharged due to his bankruptcy。

他对银行的借款偿还义务因其破产而免除。

从上面两个例子可以看出,discharge的两个含义是截然相反的,因此,我们在理解和翻译它的含义时,应当放到上下文中,不能望文生义。一般来说,如果主语是自己(如例证1),就理解为履行,动作由别人发出(如例证2),则理解为免除。

discovery

释义:discovery在法律英语中指的不是发现,而是证据的开始,是英美法中审判程序的一个环节,通常为evidence discovery,也叫evidence disclosure.

discretion

释义:discretion在法律英语中的意思是裁量权,自由决定权。如Either party may, at its sole discretion, assign the whole or any part of the contract or any benefit or interest in or under the contract, provided a prior notice of the same shall be given to the other party.合同的任何一方都可以自行决定全部或部分转让本合同,或转让本合同项下的利益和权益,但应提前通知合同另一方。

dissolution

释义:dissolution通常指(公司等)解散,如The JVC becomes bankrupt or is the subject of proceedings for liquidation or dissolution by reason of insolvency or ceases to carry on business or becomes unable to pay its debts as they become due.合营公司破产,或因资不抵债而进入清算程序或解散,或终止其业务,或无力偿付到期债务。

distress

释义:distress在法律英语中的常用意义为扣押物,如abuse the distress滥用扣押物,distress sale扣押物出售等。

draft

释义:draft在法律英语中通常有两个含义,一个是起草,如draft a law起草法律,draft a contract起草合同等。另一个意思是汇票,如承兑汇票也可以是honor a draft,开具汇票可以说是issue a draft等。

due

释义:due 在法律英语中的常用含义为债权债务的到期等,如Upon expiration or termination of this Agreement, Distributor shall immediately cease to be a Supplier distributor and all monies then owed to either party hereunder shall become immediately due and payable notwithstanding any credit terms previously made available to Distributor. 参考译文:本协议到期或终止时,经销商作为“供应方”经销商的身份应立即终止,即使经销商被明确允许赊销付款,双方的欠款也均应即时得到清偿。

effective

释义:effective在法律英语中的常见含义是有效的,生效的,如Notices given by personal delivery shall be deemed effective on the date of personal delivery,provided that receipt shall be acknowledged in writing by the receiving party.在专人送达之日视为生效,但收件方应书面确认已收到通知。

encumbrance

释义:encumbrance在法律英语中的意思是财产或权利负担,包括担保,租赁,扣押等。如“Encumbrances”include any option,right to acquire,right of preemption,mortgage,charge,pledge,lien,hypothecation, title creation,right of set-off,counterclaim,trust arrangement or other security or any equity or restriction (including any relevant restriction imposed under the relevant law).“权利负担”包括期权、收购权、优先权、抵押、押记、质押、留置、押汇、所有权的产生、抵付权、反诉、信托安排或其他担保、或股权、限制(包括有关法律规定的任何有关限制)。

enforce

释义:enforce在法律英语中的意思是执行,通常指依靠法律的强制力强制执行等。如The failure of either party, in any one or more instances, to enforce any of the terms of this Agreement shall not be construed as a waiver of future enforcement of that or any other term.如果当事人犯下错误并导致本协议对其强制执行了某项条款,则不应被解释为协议放弃了将来对其强制执行此项条款和其它条款的权利。

engagement

释义:engagement的通常含义是从事,在法律英语中的特殊含义是聘用,相当于retain,如

Either party has the right to terminate the engagement by providing written notification to the other party. The engagement shall be deemed terminated once either party has received notice of termination.任何一方都有权在向对方发出书面通知后终止本聘用协议,聘用在另一方收到终止通知后即视为终止。

enter into

释义:enter into仅仅用在法律英语中,且通常在合同中出现,表示合同的鼎力。如The contract is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B in Shanghai.合同由甲乙双方于上海订立。

entrust

释义:entrust的含义是委托、信托。如entrust loan委托贷款,entrust lease 委托租赁,entrust the property to a fund把财产委托给基金进行管理等。

equity

释义:equity的意思是股权,既不同于股票,也不同于出资,而是股票或出资所代表的权益,如equity interest权益,equity transfer agreement股权转让协议,private equity非上市公司的股权等。

exclusive

释义:exclusive是法律英语中出现频率较高的一个单词,意思是专有的、独享的,如exclusive agent独家代理商,exclusive jurisdiction专属管辖权,exclusive contract专买或专卖

合同,exclusive license排他性许可,exclusive right等。

execute

释义:execute是法律英语中常用也是比较容易出错的单词,通常理解为合同的签订等。如the contract shall take effect upon its execution 合同自签订之日起生效。很多人容易把它理解为执行,这是错误的。但execution的确有执行、履行的意思,如果它与表示一段的时间状语连用,那肯定是执行、履行的意思,如in the course of the execution of the contract在合同履行过程中。

financing

释义:financing的意思是融资,不是金融(finance),也不是形容词经济的(financial),注意把三个单词区分开来。如project financing项目融资,financing manager融资经理,financing decision-making融资决策等。

forthwith

释义:forthwith在法律英语中的含义是立即,马上,相当于immediately,但由于法律英语文体的庄重性,一般不用immediately替换。如During the valid term of this Agreement,if any party changes its address at any time it shall forthwith notify the other party in writing of such change.在本协议有效期内,若任何一方在任何时候变更其地址,应立即书面通知另一方。

futures

释义:futures也可以称得上是一个经济词汇,其含义是期货。对于这个单词,比较容易望文生义理解成“未来”,而忽略了其复数形式。这个词的复数形式在法律英语中表示期

货,即买卖双方约定在将来某一时间交割的商品或证券、外汇等,如futures sales(期货交易),futures contract(期货合同),futures market(期货市场)等。另外,futures本身单独使用也可以指期货合同。

grace

释义:grace是法律和经济等专业英语中用的都较多的一个单词,意思是(还款)宽限期,如day of grace, grace period宽限期等。

hereby

释义:古英语中较为典型的一个,表示“在此,兹”,如we hereby reaches this agreement 我们谨达成如下本协议,With all that stated, we hereby advise as follows通过对以上事实的说明,我们提出如下建议?.

honor

释义:honor 通常用在票据法中,表示对票据的承兑,如all the instruments to be consistent with one another to be honored所有的票据都要彼此符合才能得到承兑,honor a bill承兑汇票等。

indemnify

释义:indemnify是法律英语尤其是合同中一个常用单词,意思是补偿、赔偿,比compensate(补偿)的含义要广泛。如Each party shall indemnify the other from any and all losses that may arise out of breach by such party of any of the warranties set forth in this Article.一方如果违反其在本条中的任何保证而使另一方发生损失,应向损失方做出赔偿。

Determine decide

分析:在作为“决定、确认”理解时,determine较decide更为正式,因此,法律英语中选用determine而不是decide来表达该含义。如

Where the price of the goods is not speicified in the contract, it shall be determined with reference to the fair market value of the similar commodity.

合同中没有明确货物价格的,应当根据类似商品的公平市场价格进行确定。

注意:decide也是法律英语中的一个单词,但一般表示决定或确定,而是判决、裁决。如:

The court decided that the litigatin fee shall be borne by the losing party.

法官判决,诉讼费用由败诉方承担。

Due to because of

分析:due to 和because of 无论是在含义、词组结构还是用法上都是相同的,但due to 比because of 更为正式,因此,在法律英语中经常使用,且不能用because of 替换,如:

The contract was terminated due to changes in such unforeseeable circumstances as production and management conditions

合同因生产经营条件变化等不可预见的情况而解除。

Elect choose

分析:elect和choose都有“选择”的意思,但elect比choose含义更加庄重,因此,在合同等法律文件中,用elect来表示“选择”,而不用choose。

Exclusive of excluding

分析:两个词组/单词都是由动词exclude衍变过来的,都是“不包括”的意思,作为法律英语中的常用语,我们通常选用exclusive of,而不是excluding,如

All Rates quoted herein are exclusive of tax and service charge

本报价中的所有费用均不包括税收和服务费。

However but

分析:however和but都是表示转折意义的单词,由于法律英语文体的庄重性,诸如if,but等单词在起草法律文书的过程中基本不用,而用意思相同但表达更为正式的however, provided that等。如:

Without probable cause, a police officer cannot search other persons who happen to be present at the scene of a search. However, if an officer has reason to suspect that an onlooker is also engaged in criminal activity, the officer might be able to \

警察没有正当理由不能对碰巧出现在搜查现场的人进行搜查。但是,如果警察有理由怀疑旁观者也参与了犯罪行为,则可以对其是否携带武器进行拍身搜查。

In accordance with according to

分析:两个词组都是从动词accord(如何)变化而来,而且意思也完全一样。但由于in accordance with 比according to用法更为正式,所以,在法律英语中用in accordance with,而不是according to,但可以用其他用法同样正式的词组如pursuant to, in pursuance with或as per替换。如:

A contract made in PRC may not be performed in accordance/pursuance with its related laws and regulations.

在中华人民共和国订立的合同不一定根据中华人民共和国的相关法律法规进行履行。

Intend to wish to

分析:intend to 和wish to都可以表示希望或打算做什么事情,其中,wish to 经常用在口语花的表达中,如I wish to see you next year.而且,wish 还通常表示一个不太可能实现的愿望,因此,法律英语中不用wish来表示要做某事,而采用intend to do结构。如:

Where the parties do not intend to be bound until a formal contract is prepared and signed, there is no contract, and the circumstance that the parties do intend a formal contract to be drawn up is strong evidence to show that-they did not intend the previous negotiations to amount to an agreement.

如果在准备和签署正式合同以前,各方不愿意受到约束,则双方之间不存在合同关系。双方希望订立正式合同的情况是表明他们不希望把之前的磋商当做协议的有力证据。

In the event/in case that if

分析:in case/the event that 和if 都表示假设“如果”,但前者在法律英语尤其在法律文件如法律法规、合同中经常使用,if则更多的是出现在法学论著等非正式的法律文件中。如:

During the term of this contract, in case that the borrower changes the pattern of management or the ownership construction by the means of contracting, leasing, pooling, transforming to stock company, establishing joint venture, separating, merger, foreign investment, transferring of ownership, resolving or any other action, the borrower shall seek the lender's consent and ascertain the new source of repayment or provide new security.

合同期间,如果借方希望通过协议、租赁、联营、变更为股份有限责任公司、组建合资企业、分立、合并、对外投资、所有权转让、解散或其他行为改变经营方式或所有权结构,借方应当取得贷方的同意,并确定新的还款渠道或提供新的担保。

Interim temporary

分析:两个含义都表示临时的、暂时的,但法律英语中一般用前者,即interim表示,而不用后者,如Shareholders’ Meetings shall consist of regular meetings and interim meetings. Regular Shareholders’ Meetings shall be convened once a year. 股东大会包括定期会议和临时会议,定期会议应当每年召开一次。

Notwithstanding though/although

分析:两者都表示尽管,用法与in the event that 和if类似,前者在法律英语尤其在法律文件如法律法规、合同中经常使用,后者则更多的是出现在法学论著等非正式的法律文件中。

option

释义:option是法律英语中用的较多一个词,一个意思是选择,相当于choice,但一般不能用choice 替换。另外一个是期权,是法律英语中的特有含义。如Issue or permit any of its Restricted Subsidiaries to issue shares, or any options, warrants or securities convertible into shares, except to the Borrower or another Restricted Subsidiary, provided in each case, the shares, option, warrants or securities have been pledged to the Lender pursuant to the Security Documents.股份资本,除向借方或另一个限定子公司发行外,不得发行、或允许任何限定子公司发行股份、或任何期权、股权认购证或可转换债券,除非根据担保协议已将这些股份、期权、股权认购证或可转换债券质押给贷方。

outstanding

释义:在法律英语中指(债务)未偿付的,如All security held by the Lender for the obligations of the Borrower shall also secure outstanding amounts under this credit facility. All such security is to be in form and substance satisfactory to the Lender.

参考译文:贷方拥有的借方义务的所有担保还应担保本信贷服务项下的未付金额。所有该等担保在形式上和实质上均应令贷方满意。

party

释义:party在普通英语中的意思是聚会,在法律英语中指当事人的一方,如Party A/B 甲/乙方,third party第三方,party to a contract 合同一方等。

perform

释义:perform的意思是履行,通常指对合同的整体履行,如果指对合同具体义务的履行,可以用fulfil,如Each of the Borrower and the Restricted Subsidiaries has all requisite corporate power and authority to (i) own, lease and operate its properties and assets and to carry on its business as now being conducted by it, and (ii) enter into and perform its obligations under the Loan Documents to which it is a party公司(法人)权力是各借方和限定子公司拥有所有必需的公司权力和授权以(i)拥有、租用和经营其财产和资产,并继续从事其现在从事的事业,(ii)签署贷款文件并履行其在贷款文件下的义务。

personal property

释义:personal property是常见一个法律英语词组,意思动产,与不动产real property相对应。这个词组很容易被错误的理解成是私人财产(private property),这一点应当注意。

pledge

释义:pledge在法律英语中指质押,是担保的一种,如Party A further represents and warrants that the Land is free and clear of any and all claims,charges, easement, encumbrances,1ease,covenants,security interest,liens,option,pledge, rights of others,or restrictions,whether imposed by agreement,understanding,law,equity or otherwise.甲方进一步陈述和保证,土地不存在任何权利主张、抵押、地役权、权利负担、租约、契约、担保权益、留置权、购买权、质押、他人权利或限制,无论是以协议、谅解、普通法、衡平法还是其他方式设定的。

policy

释义:policy在法律英语中通常的含义不是政策,而是保险单,The assets and undertaking of the Guarantor are insured for the full replacement value thereof. The Guarantor is not in default with respect to any of the provisions contained in any such insurance policy and has not failed to give notice or to present any claim under any such insurance policy in a due and timely fashion.担保人的财产及企业都已全额投保。担保人没有违反上述保险合同中的任何条款,

并且,依照上述任何保险合同,担保人也都按期及时地提出了报告或者提出了索赔。无论目前还是将来,上述保险的收益都将全额支付给担保人。与上述保险有关的所有保费都已全额支付。

premise

释义:premise通常指的是大楼、办公场所,如The premises,plant,machinery and equipment.raw materials,components and the Products shall be insured by JVC for adequate replacement value against fire,storm,tempest,accident,flood,theft and other risks which may destroy or diminish the value of the Products or which may render the Products unfit for consumption.合营公司应为场地、厂房、机器设备、原材料、部件和产品投保,一旦发生火灾、暴风雨、风暴、事故、水灾、盗窃和可能损害或降低产品的价值或使产品不适宜于消费的其他风险,保险获得的赔付应足以重置该等财产。

premium

释义:premium在法律英语中有两个意思,一个是溢价,指证券发行时,高出其票面金额的部分,如shares issued at a premium溢价发行的股票,另外可以指保险费,如Insurance shall,to the extent it is available on premium and terms comparable to those abroad and as required by applicable Chinese law,be obtained in China and such policies will be denominated in Renminbi of foreign currency or both,as appropriate.如果中国具备与国外保险费和条款相类似的保险,且中国适用法律要求进行保险,则可以在中国投保。保险单根据具体情况应以人民币、外币或两种货币计价。

principal

释义:principal在法律英语中指本人,贷款中的本金。如principal and agent本人和代理,principal and interest本金和利息等。有时也会用作形容词,主要的,如principal office主要办公地点。

proceeding

释义:proceeding是法律英语中特有单词,指具体的法律程序,如legal proceeding法律程序,proceeding of the trial审判的程序。有时也可以指诉讼,如initiate a proceeding提起诉讼等。

process

释义:process在法律英语中有两个意思,一个泛指所有的法律程序,另外一个是指法院的传票,如serve the process送达传票,process server传票送达员,issue a process签发传票等。

promotion

释义:promotion在法律英语中指发起(公司)等,是公司设立方式的一种。如there are to ways to incorporate a company limited by shares, one is incorporation by promotion, the other is incorporation by share offering to the public.股份有限公司的设立方式有两种,发起设立和募集设立。

prospectus

释义:prospectus指招股说明书,是公司发行股票并上市的必备文件。如prior to the listing of shares in the stock exchange, the company shall disclose various documents to the public as part of its efforts for information disclosure, one of which is prospectus.股票在证券交易所上市以前,公司作为信息披露的一部分,应当公布各种相关文件,其中之一就是招股说明书。

provided that

释义:provided that 是法律英语中常用的一个词组,意思是但是,相当于but,但一般不能用but替换。如provided that the acceptance of rent by landlord after the expiration of the term of the tenancy hereby created shall not be deemed to operate as a waiver or breach of any of the terms hereof nor as a new periodic tenancy by way of holding over or otherwise . a new tenancy shall only be created by a fresh tenancy agreement in writing signed by the landlord and the tenant. 但是,出租人在本协议所产的租赁关系期满后获得租金不得被视为构成弃权或是对本协议的违反,也不得认为构成了一个新的租赁期限或其他任何解释,新的租赁关系的产生只能以出租人和承租人以书面订立的形式为之。

quorum

释义:quorum指法定人数,如The Board meeting requires a quorum of over two thirds of the total number of directors. When the quorum is less than two thirds, the decisions adopted by the Board meeting are invalid出席董事会会议的法定人数为全体董三分之二,不够三分之二人数时,其通过的决议无效。

real property

释义:real property指不动产,相当于real estate,但比real estate的范围广泛些,real estate主要指是指土地及附着在土地上的人工构筑物和房屋,而real property指Real Estate及其附带的各种权益。

realize

释义:realize在法律英语不是指实现,而是财产的变现,如realize the security担保变现,unrealized profit未变现利润,realizing expense变现费用。

ratify

释义:term在法律英语中有两个常见含义,一是期限,如term of office任期,term of the contract 合同有效期,另外一个是条件,如term of the purchase购买条件,terms and conditions条件及条款等。

terminate

释义:terminate的意思是终止,通常指在合同到期之前因某种原因而终止,如either party may terminate the contract provided that a written notice thereof is sent to the other party.任何一方均可终止本合同,但应当向另一方发出书面通知。

title

释义:法律英语的常用单词之一,但对于其含义,尚无一个明确的界定,一般认为包括所有权(ownership)在内的各项权利,因此,常常被译作产权、所有权。如title bond产权保证书,title by limitation因时效取得所有权,title by descent因继承取得所有权,title document所有权证书,title insurance产权保险等。

transfer

释义:transfer在法律英语中的常见含义是转让,既可以指债权的转让,也可以指债务的转让,如transfer of the interest 权益的转让,transfer by endorsement背书转让,transfer agent过户代理人,transfer by operation of law法定转让等。另外,transfer也可以指案件等移送、移交,如transfer of cases案件移送,transfer of jurisdiction管辖权转移等。

trust

释义:trust是法律英语中的特有词汇,意思是信托,如trust property信托财产,trust power信托权力,trust receipt信托收据等。

undertake

释义: undertake在法律英语中的常见含义是承诺、允诺,相当于promise,常常出现在法律文件中,一般不能用promise替换,常用句型为undertake to do sth承诺做某事,如Both Parties undertake to mitigate the loss resulting from the force majeure event.双方均承诺减轻由不可抗力事情引起的损失。

underwrite

释义:underwrite在法律英语中有两个常见含义,一是承保、给?保险,如underwrite the goods in transit为运输途中的货物承保,另外一个意思是证券承销、报销,如underwriting agreement证券承销协议,underwriting spread承销差价等。

use

释义:use在法律英语中有两个常用含义,一是使用,如right to possess, use and dispose of the private property占有、使用和处分私有财产的权利。另外,use可以作运用理解,常常用在词组use the reasonable efforts to do结构中,法律英语中很少使用pay或make efforts to do句型。

void

释义:void的意思是无效的,常常和null连用,即null and void无效,如an act in conflict of law shall be null and void与法律冲突的行为无效。Void contract无效合同,void marriage

无效婚姻,void legacy无效遗嘱,void release无效弃权等。

waiver

释义:waiver是Waive名词形式,意思是弃权、权利放弃,如waiver by election of remedies因选择救济方式而产生的权利放弃;waiver of proof of loss损失证明的放弃,waiver of right to appeal上诉权的放弃,waiver of tort放弃侵权之诉等。

warranty

释义:warranty的意思是担保、瑕疵担保,如warranty deed(所有权担保契约),warranty of fitness(货物)适用性担保,warranty of title所有权担保等。

where

释义:where是法律英语中的常见单词,在这里并不表示地点状语的引导词,而是表示假设,通常对应的汉语为“如果”或不出现人称的句式中“?.的”,如where an employee is granted any period of annual leave, the employer shall pay him annual leave pay in respect of that period not later than the day on which he is next paid his wages after that period.如果雇员被给与任何一段期间的年假,雇主最迟须于该期间后的第一个发薪日付给该雇员该段期间的年假薪酬。

windup

释义:windup的意思是公司等停业清理,歇业,如 the windup of a company is often followed by its liquidation.公司歇业之后往往会出现清算的情况。

withdraw

释义:withdraw有两个常用意思,一是支取、提款,如withdraw money from the bank从银行提款,另外一个意思是撤回、撤销,如withdraw an offer撤回邀约,withdraw a charge撤回指控,withdraw from criminal activities推出犯罪活动等。

withhold

释义:withhold在法律英语中有两个常见含义,一是扣付,如withhold tax代扣税款,另外一个是拒绝(公开、给予等),如withhold consent不同意,withhold sentence不予判刑等。

without prejudice to

释义:without prejudice to 是法律英语中常见的一个词组,意思是不损害,如The buyer shall have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the buyer’s right to claim compensations.买方仍有权撤销部分或全部合同,且不损害买方索赔的权利。

一词多义的常用单词

Accept

释义:accept在普通英语中的含义是接受,这一点无须赘述。在法律英语accept也有

两个最常用的意思:

①承诺,是合同法中的概念,与邀约offer相对应,如

A contract may be formed if an offer is accepted within the specified time and in the required manner。

如果在规定的时间并以特定的方式对一项邀约作出承诺,合同即可成立。

其他如revoke an acceptance(撤回承诺)等。

②Accept承兑,经常出现在票据法中,如

The draft is accepted by the negotiating bank。

议付行对汇票进行了承兑。

Action

释义:action是法律英语中最常用的单词之一,它有两个意思:

①“诉讼”,相当于lawsuit,如

Party A shall defend Party B in any action resulting from the infringement of the licensed intellectual property。

就与授权使用的知识产权相关的诉讼,甲方应当为乙方进行抗辩

其他的如file an action(提起诉讼),cause of action(诉因)等。

②“作为”,与不作为(forbearance)对应,如

Any negligent conduct of Party A, whether it is action or forbearance, that resulted in loss of party B shall be deemed to be breach of this Contract。

甲方的任何疏忽行为,无论是作为还是不作为,只要引起乙方损失,即可是为甲方对本合同的违约。

Advise

释义:advise在法律英语中有两个常用意思:

①律师等法律工作者提供法律建议,如

The partner of the law firm advised the Manager on various specialist legal issues。

该律师事务所的合伙人就各种专业法律问题向经理提出了法律建议。

②通知,相当于notify或inform,如

The use of advise in the sense of “inform, notify,” was restricted to business correspondence and legal contexts. Thus one may say the suspects were advised of their rights, but it would be considered pretentious to say you’d better advise your friends that the date of the picnic has been changed。

advise 表示“通知,告知”的这种用法局限地用于商业往来及法律情况。因此可以说嫌疑犯被告知他们所具有的权利,但是你最好通知你的朋友,野餐的日期有所改变,这种说法被认为是做作的。

Acknowledge

释义:acknowledge在法律英语中有两个常用意思:

①承认,相当于admit,但其用法更加正式,一般不能用admit来替换,经常与confess连用,即acknowledge and confess,如:

The suspect acknowledged and confessed all his criminal activities to the court.

犯罪嫌疑人向法院承认了全部犯罪行为。

②告知收到(书信)等

例句:Notices given by personal delivery shall be deemed effectively given on the date of personal delivery,provided that receipt shall be acknowledged in writing by the receiving party.

参考译文:在专人送达之日视为有效送达,但收件方应书面确认已收到通知。

Application

释义:application在法律英语中有两个常见意思:

①申请,申请书,如:

This two-stage process can be combined by submitting to the MOC a signed technology import contract with an application for import permit.

上述两步程序也可合并进行,即向商务部提交已签署的技术引进协议和引进许可申请书。

②适用,实施,如:

The application of the arbitration rules of the Arbitration Institute in effect on the date of the signing of this Agreement is not subject to judicial review.

参考译文:仲裁庭适用本协议签署日有效的仲裁机构的仲裁规则时不受司法审查。

注:application的动词是apply,同样有两个意思,即①适用,实施经常用在apply sth to sth结构中,如apply the relevant laws and regulations to the disputes between the parties 适用相关法律法规解决当事人之间的争议②申请,通常用在apply to sb for sth结构,如apply to the Ministry of Commerce for approval of the establishment of a joint venture. 向商务部申请批准成立合资企业。

Bond

释义:bond在法律英语中通常有两个含义:

①保证书、保函,即一方为保证履约行为而向对方出具的书面保证,如

The Seller requests the Buyer to provide a letter of bond 。

卖方要求买方出具一份保函。

②债券,通常指公司或政府发行的有担保的债券(Secured bond),也可以指泛指所有的债券,这个在前面的bond和debenture的区别中已经论述过,就无须多讲了。

Commission

释义:commission在法律英语中通常有四个常用意思:

①佣金,即佣金是在商业活动中,具有独立地位和经营资格的中间人的在商业活动中为他人提供服务所得到的报酬。如

He came to China to hold a talk about the commission for his new business。

他来中国是洽谈有关生意中的佣金问题。

②二是作为,用法与前面所说的action相通,但与omission(不作为相对),此处不再赘述。③三是表示委员会,如中国证监会,就是China Securities Regulatory Commission,中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会为China International Economic and Trade Arbitrary Commission。

④是表示委托,She has received many commissions to design public buildings。

她接受多项委托, 设计公共建筑。

Contribution

释义: contribution在法律英语中通常有两个意思:

①出资,即中国公司法中所说的为了公司的设立而支付一定的金钱或实物。如

The Threshold for the contribution of a single-member company is RMB 100,000yuan,which shall paid in a lump sum.

一人有限责任公司的最低出资额是人民币10万元,并应当一次性缴纳。

②分摊(额),通常用于共同侵权或共同保险中,每一责任人都根据自己的侵权行为或赔偿责任承担其应承担的份额。如

The right of contribution exists only in favor of a tortfeasor who has paid more than his pro rata share of the common liability, and his total recovery is limited to the amount paid by him in excess of his pro rata share. No tortfeasor is compelled to make contribution beyond his own pro rata share of the entire liability.

分摊请求权仅因某一共同侵权行人支付了超过其在共同责任中的按份份额时而产生,其可获赔偿的数额以其支付超过其按份份额为限。任何共同侵权人都不能够被强迫分摊超过其

所占全部责任的按份份额

Deposit

释义:deposit在法律英语中通常最常用的意思有两个:

①存款,这是他在普通英语和法律英语都很常见的意思,既可作名词也可作动词,如

He has a deposit of 10,000yuan in ICBC。他在工商银行有1万元的存款。

People tend to deposit their idle money in the bank。人们喜欢把不用的钱存到银行。

②定金,保证金,相当于earnest money。根据中国的合同法,缴纳定金方违约的,定金不予返还,接收定金方违约的,应当双方返还定金。如

The shop undertook to keep the goods for me provided that I paid a deposit.

商店答应, 倘若我付定金就给我保留这批货。

不能替换的单词或词组

法律英语结构严谨,用词考究,逻辑严密,文体较其它体裁更为正式、刻板,较多地使用被动语态,这是由于法律本身的特质决定的。由于法律英语问题的庄重性,法律文书在单词选择上也有意选择一些非常正式的单词或词组进行表达,这些词在日常用语中很少使用,但在法律英语中出现频率非常高,且不能被普通英语中意思相同的词或词组代替。下面对我们在法律文书中经常遇到或使用的一些正式表达进行分析和比较。

As of since

分析:as of和since在意义上没有什么区别,都表示从??.开始(表示时间),但法律英语中常常使用前者,即as of,很少或基本不用since。如:

As of September 11, Beijing will upgrade or ban more than 92,100 vehicles which failed to meet the city's emission standard.

从9月11日起,北京准备改善92100多不符合该市排放标准的车辆或对其予以禁止。

This contract shall take effect as of the said date in the first page hereof.

本合同从自第一页载明的日期起生效。

Commence start

分析:commence 和start,都是动词,表示“开始”,但前者比后者更为正式,因此,在法律英语中也总是被选用。如

In any situation whatsoever and wheresoever occurring and whether existing or anticipated before commencement of or during the voyage, which in the judgment of the Carrier or the Master is likely to give rise to risk of capture, seizure, detention, damage, delay or disadvantage to or loss of the ship or any part of her cargo, or to make it unsafe, imprudent, or unlawful for any reason to commence or proceed on or continue the voyage or to enter or discharge the goods at the port of discharge, or to give rise to delay or difficulty in arriving, discharging at or leaving the port of discharge or the usual or agreed place of discharge in such port, the Carrier may before loading or before the commencement of the voyage, require the shipper or other person entitled thereto to take delivery of the goods at port of shipment and upon failure to do so, may warehouse the goods at the risk and expense of the goods; or the Carrier or the Master, whether or not proceeding toward or entering or attempting to enter the port of discharge or reaching or attempting to reach the usual place of discharge therein or attempting to discharge the goods there, may discharge the goods into depot, lazaretto, craft, or other place.

不论任何地方任何情况,不论是在开航前或航程中存在或预料到的,只要承运人或船长认为可能有导致捕获、扣押、没收、损害、延误或对船舶或其货物不利或产生灭失,或致使起航或续航或进港或在卸货港卸货不安全、不适当、或非法,或致使延误或难于抵达、卸载或离开卸货港或该港通常或约定的卸货地,承运人可在装货或开航前要求发货人或与货物权利有关的其他人在装货港口提回货物,如要求不果,可仓储货物,风险和费用算在货主头上;承运人或船长,不论是续航至或进入或企图进入卸货港,或抵达或企图抵达港口通常的卸货地,或企图在此卸货,也可将货物卸在仓库、检疫站、驳船,或其他地方。

Comply with abide by observe

分析:用来表示遵守的词和词组很多,我们大致列举出像follow, observe, abide by, comply with等。在前面这些词和词语中,comply with是最正式的一个表达,因此,也常常在法律英语中使用。从语法上来说,comply with 的主语通常是物,而其他几个单词或词组的主语通常为人。如

The factory was closed for failing to comply with government safety regulations.

工厂由于未能遵守政府的安全条例而被关闭了。

Failure to comply with the regulations can result in a six month prison sentence.

如果不能遵从这些规则,可能会被判以6个月监禁。

Deem believe

分析:deem和believe都是“相信、视为”的意思,其中,deem是法律英语中常用的单词,且经常用作被动形式,即be deemed to do,如:

Silence or failure to give prompt notice of Party A within a reasonable period of time shall be deemed to be the consent of party A to the extension of the contract.

甲方在合理期间内保持沉默或没有及时发出通知,视为甲方同意对本合同的延续。

释义:ratify在法律英语中的意思是正式批准,追认。Over ninety countries ratified an agreement to ban the use of these chemicals. 九十多个国家批准了一项禁止使用这些化学品的协议。The contract made by an infant may take effect if it is ratified by the guardian of the infant.未成年人订立的合同如果经未成年人监护人追认可能会发生效力。

receivable

释义:receivable的意思是应收的,应收账款等,如schedule of accounts receivable应收帐款明细表,bills receivable应收票据,amount receivable应收款项等。

register

释义:register的意思是注册,如Registered office注册地,registered capital注册资本,registered share记名股票,register at the registration authority于注册机关处注册等。

reorganization

释义:reorganization指重组,如company reorganization公司重组,asset reorganization资产重组,reorganization debenture重组债券,bank reorganization银行重组等。

representation

释义:representation在法律英语中有两个含义,一是代表,如representation by counsel由律师代表,一个是陈述,通常和warranty连用,出现在合同中,representation and warranty为合同的“陈述与保证条款”。

representative

释义:representative的意思是代表,代理,如legal representative法人代表,representative of the litigant诉讼当事人的代理,representative capacity代理人身份等。

rescind

释义:rescind在法律英语中的含义是解除、撤销,如Renter may seek to be indemnified for damages for unreasonable downtime of the System or the right to rescind the remainder of the term if there is not timely repair or replacement of the System.“承租人”可对“系统”的不正常停机提出赔偿要求,而且在“系统”没有得到及时维修或更换的情况下有权利要求废除条款中的剩余部分。

retain

释义:retain的常见含义是保留、保持,如retained earnings 留存利益,retain the preemptive right保留优先购买权;另外,retain可以指聘请、雇佣,主要指聘请律师、顾问,如retain an attorney聘用律师等。

review

释义:review是法律英语中的常用单词,意思是复查、复审,如review a case复查(审)一个案件,review a contract复查合同,judicial review司法审查等。

revoke

释义:revoke的意思是撤销,如revoke an offer/acceptance撤销一项邀约/承诺,revoke an appointment撤销任命,revoke a trust撤销一项委托,revoke an agency撤销代理,revoke a will撤销遗嘱等。

right

释义:right是法律英语中最常见的单词之一,指权利,通常与义务obligation相对。如information right知情权,right of first refusal 或first right of refusal优先权,right to contract缔结合同的权利,right to liberty 自由权,right to fair trial 受公正审判权right to marry婚姻权,right to privacy隐私权,right to rescind撤销合同的权利等。

royalty

释义:royalty在法律英语中的意思是使用费,指因使用了他人的知识产权、版权等而缴纳的费用,如royalty bonus超额使用费,royalty interest使用费权益,royalty tax使用费税等。

said

释义:此处的said在法律英语中不是say的过去式,而是一个形容词,相当于aforesaid或abovementioned,如the said matter前述事项,the said payment前述付款等。

satisfaction

释义:satisfaction在法律英语中的常用含义是清偿(债务)或履行(义务),如satisfaction by legacy用遗产清偿,satisfaction in fact事实上的清偿,satisfaction of judgment判决的履行,

satisfaction of lien/mortgage(因清偿而)解除留置/抵押等。

secure

释义:secure在法律英语中的意思是担保,而不是普通英语中的获取或形容词安全的,如secured bond担保债券,secured creditor有担保债权人,secured debt有担保债务,secured loan抵押贷款,secured note 有担保的本票,secured transaction担保交易等。其名词形式是security 担保,如security agreement担保协议,security deposit保证金,security interest担保权益等。

securities

释义:securities不是security的复数形式,而是一个具有独立意义的单词,意思是证券,如securities act 证券法,securities regulatory commission证券监管委员会,securities exchange证券交易所,securities offering证券发行,securities dealer证券经纪人等。

service

释义:service的常见含义为服务,如service contract 服务合同,service to the clients为委托人服务。在法律英语中的特有含义是送达,如service of a process送达传票,service by publication公告送达等。

settlement

释义:settlement在法律英语中的常见含义是和解,如reach a settlement达成和解,settlement out of court庭外和解。另外,settlement也可作账目的结算,如settlement of an account账目结算,settlement date交割日等。

submit

释义:submit是一个常用单词,其基本含义没有发生改变,为呈交、呈送,通常指自下而上的递送某物,如submit an application to the competent authority for the registration of a company为注册公司向有关部门递交申请,submit the dispute of a contract to arbitration commission把合同争议提交仲裁委员会等。

subscription

释义:subscription 是subscribe的名词形式,在法律英语中的常见含义为认购,如subscription book认购本,subscription contract认购合同,subscription right认购权,subscription to stock认购股份,stock subscription股票认购书等。

subsidiary

释义:subsidiary的常见含义为子公司,与母公司parent company相对应,如subsidiary company子公司。另外,subsidiary也可做形容词,意思是附属的,如subsidiary fact辅助事实,subsidiary trust从属信托等。

survive

释义:survive经常出现在合同中,常常理解为合同效力的继续有效,另外,要注意这个单词的用法,后面不加任何介词,如this clause shall survive the termination of the contract本条款在合同终止仍然有效。

term

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