商务英语翻译教案3

商务英语翻译

English-Chinese Translation for

International Business

一、课程性质

《商务英语翻译》课程是商务英语专业选修课。本课程将基础英语翻译教学和商务英语翻译教学相结合，注重商务英语翻译能力的培养和训练，培养学生掌握关键的翻译技能，运用常用的技巧翻译商务文本的能力；引导学生利用参考书、字典、网络和权威的平行文本，独立翻译商务文本。

二、课程目标

通过该课程学习，使学生能掌握和运用一些基本的翻译理论；在一些参考书的辅助下，较为熟练地翻译商务英语方面的资料；辨识一些商务文本存在的翻译问题和错误；运用所学翻译技巧和方法，翻译一些基本的商务文本和材料。

三、课程内容体系

本课程教学总学时为34课时，其中理论介绍4课时，实践30课时。

本课程的主体内容包括：基本的商务英语翻译理论知识及基本方法和技巧；商务信函翻译；商务合同翻译；商务广告翻译；商标、商号和品牌翻译；公司简介翻译；商品说明书翻译；金融英语翻译；旅游服务翻译；餐饮服务翻译等。

四、课程考核方法

本课程为考察课。学生总评成绩中，包括课堂表现、平时成绩以及期末考试成绩三部分，即：期末总评成绩占50%实训成绩，20%平时成绩，30%课堂表现。

第一章 商务英语和商务英语翻译（Business English and its Translation）

Teaching Objectives (教学目的):

1. To make students understand the standard of translation in business English. 2. To help students learn the language characteristics of business English.

3. To require the students to know the character of business English‘s translation.

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Teaching Requirements(教学要求):

1. Students are able to get a clear picture of the text .

2. Students are required to master the new words and phrases in this part. 3. Students should read some reading materials and do exercises after class .

Teaching methodology(教学方法):

1. Communicative method (交际法) 2. Cognitive method(认知法):

3. Functional and notional method(功能意念法) 4. The grammar-translation method

Time Distributive(时间分配)

1. Preparation and analyses of the text (2 hours) 5. Analyses of the text A and exercises (1 hours)

Focuses in teaching (教学难点)

1. The language characteristics of business English

Teaching Procedures (教学过程)

一、翻译的界定、翻译的标准、翻译的过程、翻译的方法

二、商务英语、商务英语的语言特点和商务英语翻译

1．商务英语的界定

商务英语是英语的一种社会功能变体，是专门用途英语(English for Specific Purposes) 中的一个分支，是英语在商务场合的应用，或者说，是一种包含了各种商务活动内容（包括技术引进、对外贸易、招商引资、对外劳务承包与合同、国际金融、海外投资、国际运输等等）、适合商业需要的标准英文。

商务英语源于普通英语，并以普通英语为基础。因此，商务英语完全具有普通英语的语言学特征。与此同时，商务英语又是商务知识和英语的综合，因而又具有独特性。

2．商务英语的语言特点

作为英语的一个功能性变体，商务英语在语言使用方面有其显著特色，主要表现在以下几个方面：

（1） 商务英语的语言形式、词汇以及内容等方面与专业密切相关，或者说商务英语

所承载的是商务理论和商务实践等方面的信息，否则就不是商务英语。

（2） 商务英语的用词明白易懂、正式规范、简短达意、语言平实。

明白易懂: 多用 不用 正式规范: 多用 不用

approval approbation prior to /previous to before

think cogitate solicit seek 简短达意： 多用 不用 多用 不用

continue make an appointment discuss have a discussion

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apply file an application assist provide assistance adjust render an adjustment investigate hold an investigation

介词和连词 多用 代替 多用 代替 in the nature of like for the purpose of for along the lines of like in the event of / that if on the grounds that since / because with reference/regard to about

（3） 商务英语句子结构通常较为复杂，句式规范，文体正式，尤其在招标文件和投

标文件以及合同中更是如此。但一篇文章如尽是短句，会让人觉得枯燥、琐碎；如果尽是长句，读起来又很吃力。好文章的句子往往长度适当，长短句搭配合理，简单句、并列句、复合句使用恰当。

如：你方订购100支“冠军”牌网球球拍的决定，真可谓英明之举。这种球拍经久耐用，非常畅销。测试表明，“冠军”牌球拍比其它品牌价格高出10多美元的球拍还耐用。

It ?s wise of you to have ordered 100 Champion tennis racquets/rackets which, you‘ll find, will sell fast because of their good reputation of durability as tests reveal that they outlast several other racquets which cost over $10 more.（结构安排过于繁琐）

最好改为：

Your order for 100 Champion tennis racquets is a wise decision. You‘ll find that they sell fast because of their reputation for durability. In fact, tests reveal that they outlast several other racquets costing over $10 more.

（4） 商务英语在陈述事物时往往具体、明确，绝不能含糊其辞、不着边际，应力戒

笼统、抽象。

如：Your kind order for the said matter has been shipped.(不具体)

最好写出商品名称、数量等

your order for 3,000 Apex cars has been shipped. 你方所订购的3,000辆Apex牌汽车已付运。

（5） 在国际商务英语应用文特别是国际商务信函中，礼貌是其中非常重要的语言特

点。

如：在交流时，态度友好诚恳，不要绕弯子，应该尽早把对方想了解的信息传递给对方，对方有过失时，不要蛮横指责，应考虑一下对方是否处于不得已的窘境；发现对方的优点时，不要吝啬Good, Cool, Excellent, Great, Terrific, Fabulous, Fantastic之类的赞美词；得到对方的帮助，要及时地向对方表示感谢。

3．商务英语翻译

课本参照刘法公先生在《商贸汉英翻译专论》一书中提出的“忠实、准确、统一”的商务翻译标准，提出我们认为切实可行的商务英语的翻译标准，这便是“忠实（faithfulness）、地道(idiomatic-ness)、统一(consistency)”。（见文中所述...)下面我们来用一段译文来说明：

Party B guarantees that party B is the legitimate owner of the know-how(技术) and technical documentation supplied by Party B to Party A in accordance with the stipulations(契约;规定;条文) of the Contract, and that Party B is lawfully in a position to transfer the above-mentioned know-how and technical documentation to Party A. If any/ a third party bring a charge of

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infringement, Party B shall be responsible for dealing with the third Party and bear the full legal and financial responsibilities which may arise there from. 译文：乙方保证是本合同规定提供的一切专有技术和技术资料的合法所有者，并有权向甲方转让。如果发生第三方指控侵权，由乙方负责与第三方交涉，并承担法律上和经济上的全部责任。

分析：这是一份国际商务合同中的一部分，合同英文属于正式/庄严文体，不能允许文字上的随意性；因此，应坚持上述的翻译标准。

4. Exercises (练习)

（1） 从事商务英语翻译的翻译标准.是什么?

（2） 从事商务英语翻译时要重点把握哪些语言要点？

第二章 商务英语英汉翻译中的词语翻译（Chapter Three: On words Translation from English into Chinese）

一、词语翻译的注意事项

(1) 多留意常用词语，小心掉进常用意义的陷阱中

例如：The undersigned(签过字的;在下面签了名的) Sellers and Buyers have agree to

close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated (规定;约定)below.

译文：兹经买卖双方同意按下列条款成交。

分析：这个译文中的 “the terms and conditions”应译成“条款” 又如：exclusive territory “独占的区域”， exclusive contract “专销合同” （2）注意一词多义

如：reference 一词的一般词义是“参考”，但它在不同的上下文就有不同的含义。

因此，不能仅用“参考”二字“对号入座”。请看下例各句：

1） Thank you for your reference (标识；编号)DT/ZI NO. 102, of 29th ,March.

感谢你方3月29日编号为DT/ZI NO. 102（的来信）。 reference 在此例中指“编号” (number which makes it possible to find a document which has been filed)。

2） We have had only one order from ABC CO., Ltd., so we regret we cannot give you a

reference from long experience.

我们仅接受ABC有限公司的一笔订货，很遗憾我们不能提供有长期交往经历的资信情况。

reference在此例中指“资信情况” (statement about a company‘s abilities)。 3） Reference is made to your Sales Confirmation No. 1529.

现谈到你方的第1529号销售确认书。

reference 在此例中指“谈到” (mentioning or dealing with)。

4） The Sales Company is given the same power with reference to apportioning the

commission.

关于佣金的分配问题，应授予销售公司同样的权利。

with reference to 在此例中指“关于”(about or concerning sb or sth)。

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5） A reference to your records will show that we have more than once asked you to establish

L/C against S/C No. 2523.

查阅你方记录可以看出，我方已多次催促，要求你方对第2523号销售确认书开立信用证。

reference在此例中指“查阅”

以上只是含有reference一词的部分词义。可见，如果把reference一概译为“参考”不仅词义不达义，而且还会影响商务英语中条款的效力。一词多义的选择和确定通常从以下几个方面着手：

1） 根据词性确定词义（Considering the Part of Speech） 2） 根据专业来确定词义（Considering the Profession）

3） 根据词的搭配关系确定词义（Considering the Collocation）

（3）注意词语意义的感情色彩

词语意义的感情与文化背景和语境有着密切关系。

文化背景：如：She is as fair as Helen. “她是一位绝代佳人。”Helen 是希腊罗马神化中的美女。对不熟悉这一文化背景的读者，若直译为：她和海伦一样美丽， 是很难理解的。（可采用两种方法：意译或直译加注。对于本句若采用直译，则需对对海伦进行注释。）

语境：如：(1) The sun gives light and heat.太阳发出光和热。

（2）The leading lights of diplomacy are having a meeting in New York.

外交界的头面人物正在纽约开会。

(3) Could you give me a light. 借个火好吗？ (4) It‘s beginning to get light 天快亮了。

(5) A smile of triumph lit up her face. 她的脸上闪出胜利的微笑。 (6) That match lights easily. 这火柴容易划着。 (7) The bird lit on a branch. 鸟儿飞落在树枝上。 (8) I had a light meal. 这顿饭我吃得很少。 (9) Aluminum is a light metal. 铝是一种轻金属。

所谓上下文(context) 是指该语言单位所在的语言环境（语境）。因此，上下文和语境实质上是一个概念，是指词语、句子、段落等与其所处的整个篇章或整部作品以及赖以产生的整个社会历史环境的关系。

（4）仔细区分词语的语体（见书3.1.4例 P21）

（5）注意表达方式的调整，使译文符合逻辑和实际情况（见上面讲过的“逻辑关

系、语境”）

（6）注意表达的简洁性，使句子既简洁又达意

为了简洁，有些短语完全可以用一个简单的词代替。试比较下面两个句子：

1．Due to the fact that the payment by L/C will incur a much higher cost, it might be beneficial to us both parties to adopt D/P.

采用信用证方式付款的话，费用会高出许多，鉴于这种情况，采用付款交单方式可能对我们双方都有好处。

2．Because the payment by L/C will incur a much higher cost, it might be beneficial to us both parties to adopt D/P.

因为信用证方式付款的费用高得多，所以采用付款交单方式可能对我们双方都有好处。 可以看出，第一句繁琐、生硬，而第二句却简洁、自然。 二、 英语词语和汉语词语在表达上的差异

英语词语和汉语词语各有各的特征，存在很大的差异。

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（1）现代汉语里的词语与英语里的词语不大相同

现代汉语词语的涵义范围比较狭窄，词义比较精确、固定、严谨，其伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性比较小，具有较强的独立性。

英语里每个词条往往有数种甚至数十种词义。

如：challenge V.

本义：挑战；鞭策（某人）克服困难；对??抱有怀疑或不认识，

引申意义：对??提出异议，重新考虑，使得??成了问题，促使，首屈一指，需

要有??

本义：

1) I challenged him to a game of tennis.

我邀他比赛网球，一较高下。

2) This difficulty challenges my mind to find an answer.

这困难激励我，使我设法找出答案。

3) She challenged the justice of the law.

她质询新法律，认为它不够公平。 引申意义：

1）The United States Government does not challenge that position. 美国政府对这一立场没有提出异议/质疑. 2）I‘ve constantly challenge my own conclusion. 我一直在重新考虑自己的结论.

3）Recent discoveries have challenged their old notions. 最近的发现使得他们原来的观点成了问题. 4）His question challenged us to think. 他的问题促使我们去思考.

5）China challenged the world in discipline. 中国的组织纪律在世界上是首屈一指.

6）Survival in enemy-occupied territory challenged skill. 在敌占区生存需要有高超的能力. challenge n. 挑战；质询

1） To meet these challenges most effectively, China and the United States must act in concert.(P.87)

为了最有效地迎接这些挑战，中国和美国必须协力行动。 2） This job is too dull, I want one with more challenge.

这工作太呆板，我要较具有挑战性的工作。

3） The election of the new government was met by a challenge from its opponents.

新政府的选举受到反对党的质询（认为合法性有问题）。 challenging adj. 具挑战性的；有吸引力的 1） His new book is full of challenging idea.

他的著作充满挑战性的观念。

2） She‘s a challenging woman; isn‘t she!

她真是个有吸引力的女人，不是吗！

三、 Exercises (练习)

1. 在商务翻译中，词语翻译应该注意哪几点？

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2. 将下面的句子译成汉语。

① And that the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish the

earth. ② Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. ③ He likes mathematics more than physics.

Like knows like.

第四章 英汉翻译中的增词法与减词法

为了尽可能使译文的意义、语气、语态等切合原文，常常要在译文中增加一些原文没有对应的词，即原文中虽然无其词却有其意的词。

翻译时，

一、 为了语法上的需要而增词

英语的时间概念主要通过动词词形变化来表示，而汉语动词没有词形变化，其时间概念要靠副词表示。因此，把英语句子中的动词译成汉语时，有时增加有关副词。如：“现在、过去、曾经、原（先）、当初、刚才等等”。但是，严格来说，这不算翻译技巧中的增词，只是对不同现象的一种必要处理，因为初学翻译的人往往不善于增补这一类词。故也将其列为增词法的一种。

例如：1） They are leading a happy life. 他们现在过着幸福的生活。

2） First of all, it seems that a successful scientist is full of curiosity…

He is skeptical--- he does not accept statements which are not based on the most

complete evidence available.

首先，成功的科学家似乎总是充满好奇心。他习惯于怀疑——除非是建立

在现有的充分证据之上的论述，他才接受。

(文中两个is都是一般现在时，英语的一般现在时用来表示在反复发生的或

习惯性的动作，所以译为汉语时加“总是”和“习惯于”)

3）Then the whole course of my life might have been different. 如果真是那样的话，我的生命路程也许会是另一番景象。（原文是虚拟语气，在句中增加“如果真是那样的话”表示说话人其实并没有走上另一条道路。） 二、 为了表达的清晰和自然而增词

在翻译中，为了表达的清晰和自然，可根据语义增加动词、形容词、名词、副词、量词、语气词等。

例如：1）My grandparents believed you were either honest or you weren‘t. There was no in between. 我的祖父母认为，你要么诚实，要么不诚实，不可能介于两者之间（或：没有中间道路可选）。（量词）

2） For months I have kept on my desk a picture from a tabloid. 几个月来，我桌上一直放着一幅从小报上剪下的照片。（动词）

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3）Science demands of men great effort and complete devotion. 人们要掌握科学知识，必须做出巨大的努力并表现出无限的热忱。（汉语不说“掌握科学”而是在“学科学”或“掌握科学知识”，在“努力”前补出“做出”，在“热忱”前补出“表现出”）

三、 为增加背景知识或文化知识而增词（又称“解释性增词”）

例如 1）Nixon learned that Geausescu would welcome a presidential visit. 尼克松了解到，齐奥塞斯库欢迎美国总统访罗。（本句上文提到美国总统访问罗马）

2）…that hopeful person soared into so pleasing a Cupid… 这个很有希望的年青人就扮成极其讨人喜欢的插着双翅的爱神丘比特。（狄更斯《艰难时世》，原文Cupid 是希腊神话中的爱神，形象为手挽金弓金箭，长着双翅的美少年）

3）Can the leopard change his spots? 豹子改不了身上的斑纹，这叫本性难移。（这句和汉语谚语“狗改不了吃屎”有相似之处。不过“狗改不了吃屎”只能用于贬义。而上句英语谚语是中性，可褒可贬。所以有时为了确保原意和保留形象，便采取了这种解释性的增词法）

四、 语名词复数翻译的增词法

由于汉语名词没有形式手段表示其单复数的区分，因此英语名词的复数在汉译时往往通过增词的方式体现出来。（请看书P.38）例如：

1) Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。

2) Newsmen went flying off to Yachen. 记者纷纷飞到雅典去了。

3) The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。

4)The mountains began to throw their long blue shadow over the valley. 群山已在山谷里开始投下蔚蓝色长影。

5)Most were absorbed into the Russian empire through colonial expansion under the

Tsars.

大部分是在历代沙皇统治下，通过殖民扩张而并入俄罗斯帝国的。

五、 英语翻译中的减词（省略）翻译法

我们讲过，逐字翻译往往是不行的。省略是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词而

已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的。换言之，省略是删去一些可有可无的，或者有了反而累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词。但省略并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去，省略的范围很广，一般是从语法和修辞角度来考虑的。例如：

1） But it‘s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven‘t been able to change it.( 省主语)

但我就是这个脾气，（……）虽然几经努力，（……）却未能改变过来。

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2） Even as the doctor was recommending rest, he knew that this in itself was not enough,

that one could never get real rest without a peaceful mind.( 省泛指)

医生尽管建议休息，他也知道休息本身是不够的，如果心情不平静，（……）是休息不好的。

3） She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank him for it.( 省宾语)

她轻轻地把手放在他的胳膊上，好象表示感谢（……）。

4） He declined to amplify on the President‘s statement, since he had not read the text.( 省

从属连接词)

他没有看到总统讲话的文本，不愿加以发挥。 六、练习（第四章增词法与减词法）

1. I knew it quite well as I know it now. 我当时就知道的同现在一样清楚。（语法增加） 2. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。（增加副词） 3. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打字机真是价廉物美。（形容词前增加名词）

Every measure has been taken to reduce the tension of the market.

已经采取了各种措施来缓和市

场紧张情况。（抽象名词后增加名词）

4.

某些由动词或者形容词派生出来的抽象名词， 翻译时可以根据上下文在其后增加适当的名词。

to persuade 说服 persuasion说服工作 to prepare准备 preparation准备工作 backward 落后 backwardness 落后状态 tense 紧张 tension紧张局势/关系/心情/情况

arrogant 自满 arrogance自满情绪 mad 疯狂 madness疯狂行为

5.The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages. 美日双方在完全保密的情况下相互交换了信件。（解释性增加） 6. There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排的房屋，都是他从来没有见过的。

第五章 英汉翻译中的重复翻译法

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Teaching Objectives (教学目的):

1. To make students understand the importance of repeating some words in translation 2. To help students use the repeating method correctly.

3. To require the students to know the character of repeating in‘ translation.

Teaching Requirements(教学要求):

1. Students are able to get a clear picture of the text .

2. Students are required to master the new words and phrases in this part. 3. Students should read some reading materials and do exercises after class .

Teaching methodology(教学方法):

④ Communicative method (交际法) ⑤ Cognitive method(认知法):

⑥ Functional and notional method(功能意念法) ⑦ The grammar-translation method

Time Distributive(时间分配)

1. Preparation and analyses of the text (2 hours) ⑧ Analyses of the text A and exercises (1 hours)

Focuses in teaching (教学难点)

1. The repeat of words and phrases in translation

Teaching Procedures (教学过程)

重复法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过所增加的词是上文刚刚出现过的词，目的是为了明确、强调或生动，将一些关键词加以重复。例如：

1）The people of China have always been courageous enough to probe into things, to make inventions and to make revolution. （重复谓语）

一、

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中国人民历来是勇于探索、勇于创

造、勇于革命的。

2）Our policy must be made known not only to the leaders and to the cadres but also to the broad masses.（重复动词）

我们的政策，不光要使领导者知道，干部知道，还要使广大群众知道。 3）Happy families also had their own troubles.( 重复物主代词词 their )

幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。

He was proficient (精通的, 熟练的)both as a flyer and as a navigator.( 重复形容词proficient)

他既精于飞行，又善于导航。

4）

5） In China, they “made mistakes”, suffered by them, acknowledged and studied them, thus planned victory.（重复代词）

在中国，他们“犯过错误”，吃过错误的亏，承认错误，研究错误，从而制定了胜利的方针。

6) Some play soccer and others

played basketball.（英语原文中没有重复，汉译时采用一种在内容上而不是形式上的重复的手段。）

踢足球的，踢足球去了，打篮球的，

打篮球去了。（或者：有的踢足球去了，有

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的打篮球去了。）

7) He wanted to send them more

aid, more weapons and a few more men.（原文中动词send没有重复，译文中用“增加、增添、增派”三个不同形式重复同一个内容。）

他想给他们增加些援助，增添些

武器、增派些人员。

8) The President announced, with obvious relish, that the planes took off from ―Shangri-la ‖, the fictional, remote retreat in the Himalayas.( 重复同位语Shangri-la)

这位总统洋洋得意地宣称，这批飞机是从“香格里拉”起飞的，而“香格里拉”是个虚构的喜马拉雅山中的世外桃园。

9) Long, long time ago there lived in England a wise and good king whose name was Alfred.

很久很久以前，英国有个名叫艾尔弗雷德的英明国王。（重复为了加强语气。） 10) What we want, first and foremost, is to learn, to learn and learn. 我们首先需要的是：学习，学习，再学习。（重复为了加强语气。）

11) Courage in excess becomes hoolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. 勇之过度则为蛮，爱之过度则为宠， 俭之过度则为贪。（原文affection 和thrift省

略了定语in excess和谓语becomes，汉译时补上。）

12.Yet he hardly expected the Germans to recover sufficiently to launch the stunning surprise that burst on the

western Front as Christmas approached that winter.

可是他万万没有料到，在那年冬天圣诞节来到之前，德军竟能重整旗鼓，恢复元气，发动一次令人震惊的奇袭，猛扑西线。

to recover sufficiently 意为“充分地恢复”，此处译为“重整旗鼓，恢复元气”其实也是一种重复译法，只不过不是重复某种词，而是利用汉语的四字结构重复原文中某一词意，使译文达到了生动有力的效果。 二、练习（第五章重复/增词法）

1. I knew it quite well as I know it now. 我当时就知道的同现在一样清楚。 (语法增加) 2. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。

（增加副词）

3. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打字机真是价廉物美。（形容词前增加名词） 4.The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages. 美日双方在完全保密的情况下相互交换了信件。（解释性增加）

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5There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排的房屋，都是他从来没有见过的。

6. The lion is the king of animals.狮子是百兽之王.

7.In catching up with and surpassing the world‘s advanced levels, time is the key factor. Time means life, time means speed, time means strength.

赶超世界先进水平， 关键是时间。时间就是生命，时间就是速度，时间就是力量。 8. We must actively introduce new techniques, equipment, technologies and material. 我们必须积极采用新技术，新设备、新工艺、新材料。

第六章 英语翻译中的词类转换法

Teaching Objectives (教学目的):

1. To make students understand the transformation of parts of speech in translation 2. To require the students to know the character of parts of speech in translation

Teaching Requirements(教学要求):

⑨ Students are able to get a clear picture of the text .

⑩ Students are required to master the new words and phrases in this part. ? Students should read some reading materials and do exercises after class .

Teaching methodology(教学方法):

? Communicative method (交际法) ? Cognitive method(认知法):

? Functional and notional method(功能意念法) ? The grammar-translation method

Time Distributive(时间分配)

1. Preparation and analyses of the text (2 hours) ? Analyses of the text A and exercises (1 hours)

Focuses in teaching (教学难点)

1.The method of transforming parts of speech.

Teaching Procedures (教学过程)

英汉两种语言的使用范围和表达方式不尽相同，翻译时有些句子可以逐词（word-for-word）对译，如：She is a beautiful girl.“她是个漂亮姑娘。”此译文中的词性基本上与英语相当。但在大多数情况下，翻译句子时不能逐渐词对译，如：He is a liar. 就不能直译为“他是个说谎的人，”因为汉语习惯不这样说，可译为“他爱说谎。”这样，汉语各词

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的词性与英语就不对应了。又如：He took his students to the factory for a visit. ―他带学生到工

，

有时要把原文的一种词转换成译入语的另一种词类。随着词类的变化，句子的结构也产生了变化。

厂去参观。‖ 原文中只有一个动词took，译成汉语后却出现了4个动词。可见在翻译中一、转译成汉语动词

在英译汉时，英语中的许多意思都可以用汉语的动词来表达。例如：

1）We mustn‘t lose sight of the fact that air pollution is going from bad to worse in our city.(名词转译成汉语动词)

我们不能忽略这一事实，空气污染在我们城市中日益严重。 （具备动词概念的名词）

2）The airline has been in operation for many years.（名词转译成汉语动词） 这家航空公司已经营多年。

3）Do you see the boy in blue? (介词转译成汉语动词) 你看见那位穿蓝衣服的男孩子吗？

4）We were all in favor of his suggestion. （介词转译成汉语动词） 我们全体赞成他的建议。

5）Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.（形容词转译成汉语动词） 医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。

6）He was not aware of her presence till she spoke to him.（形容词转译成汉语动词） 直到她开口说话他才意识到她在面前。

英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在系动词后做表语，往往可转译成汉语动词。常见的形容词有“confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, glad, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, sorry, delighted, ashamed, thankful, anxious, grateful, able…” 7) She opened the window to let fresh air in. (副词转译成汉语动词) 她把窗户打开，让新鲜空气进来。 二、转译成汉语名词

1． 动词译成汉语名词

1）Formality (拘泥形式, 拘谨;遵守礼节)has always characterized their relationship.

他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。

2）This store features round-the-clock service. 这家商店的特点是昼夜服务。

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3）Your work is characterized by lack of attention to detail. 你工作的毛病是不注意细节（或：粗心大意）。

如果英语动词译成汉语动词时跟前后的修饰语不好搭配；或搭配起来不符合汉语习惯，可以把动词译成名词，再在名词前加上与之搭配的动词。

4）The youths always dream fondly of their future. 年轻人对前途总是怀有美好的梦想。

5) Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made in this direction.

有独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面所取得的成就给予了很高的评价。 2． 形容词译成汉语名词

1）They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。

2）Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protested the poor. 罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人热爱并保护穷人。 3）Steven was eloquent and elegant--- but soft. 史蒂文森有口才，有风度。 三、其他转译法

1) You are a greater blockhead than I had supposed you to be. 你比我所想象得要傻的多。（名词 ? 形容词） 2) His address impressed me deeply. 他的话给我留下很深的印象。（副 ? 形容词） 3) He is the right man I‘m looking for. 他正是我要找的人。（形 ? 副词） 四、练习

1．They went on strike in demand of a 40 per cent wage increase.

他们举行罢工，要求工资增加40%。（名词?动词）

2．Difference between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their

approachment and cooperation.

国与国社会制度的不同不应妨碍彼此的接近与合作。（名词?动词） 3．The road to development is long but we are firmly on it.

发展的道路虽然漫长，可我们已坚定地走上了这条路。（介词?动词）

4．Don‘t be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than

you are.

不要惧怕那些想法比你高明，或者那些可能比你更聪明的人。（形容词?动词） 5．That book will be out pretty soon.

那本书不久就要出版了。（副词?动词）

6．It is our goal that the people in the underdeveloped area will be finally off poverty.

我们的目标是是不发达地区的人民最终摆脱贫困。（介词?动词） 7．The book did not impress me at all.

那本书没给我留下什么印象

8

. Harry aims to become a computer

15

expert.

哈里的目标是成为计算机专家。

（动词?名词）

9. Obedience is obligatory on a soldier.

服从命令是军人的天职。（形容词?名词）

10. Our government shows great concern for the Chinese resident abroad.

我国政府十分关怀海外华侨。（副词?形容词）

11．From the front, back and both sides we kept a strict watch on the enemy.

我们在前后左右严密地监视敌人。（形容词?副词）

第七章 英汉翻译中的词义的引申

Teaching Objectives (教学目的):

1. To make students understand the extended meaning of a word in translation 2. To help students learn to use the extended meaning of a word in translation 3. To require the students to know the character of extended meaning of a word in translation

Teaching Requirements(教学要求):

1. Students are able to get a clear picture of the text .

2. Students are required to master the new words and phrases in this part. 3. Students should read some reading materials and do exercises after class .

Teaching methodology(教学方法):

1. Communicative method (交际法) 2. Cognitive method(认知法):

3. Functional and notional method(功能意念法) 4. The grammar-translation method

Time Distributive(时间分配)

1. Preparation and analyses of the text (2 hours) 2.Analyses of the text A and exercises (1 hours)

Focuses in teaching (教学难点)

1.The rhetoric method of extended meaning of a word in translation

Teaching Procedures (教学过程)

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英译汉时，有时会遇到某些词在英语词典上找不到适当的词义，如任意硬套或逐词死译，会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至造成误解。这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系，从该词的根本含义出发，进一步加以引申，选择比较恰当的汉语词来表达。所谓的引申，就是根据上下文的内在联系，通过句中词或词组乃至整句的字面意义由表及里，运用一些符合汉语习惯的表现法，选用确切的汉语词句，将原文内容的实质准确地表达出来。 1. 逻辑引申(参看书中解释)

逻辑引申是指在翻译过程中, 利用直译方法时, 译文不通顺以及不符合目的语的表达习惯，因而就要根据上下文的逻辑关系，对该词、短语或整个句子从其基本意义出发，由表及里，运用符合目的语习惯的表现法，选用确切的词句，将原文内容的实质准确地表达出来。例如：

1）I‘ve been slaving all these years just to make money for them. (抽象词具体化) 我半世的辛苦，全是替他们做马牛。 2）Others are conceited; having picked up some book-phrases, they think themselves terrific and are very cocky, but whenever a storm blows up, they take a stand very different from that of the workers and thegreat majority of the working peasants.

还有些人很骄傲，读了几句书，自以为了不起，尾巴翘到天上去了， 可是一遇到风浪，他们的立场，比起工人和大多数劳动农民来，就显得大不相同。（《毛泽东选集》五卷407页）cocky(骄傲自大) （具体词抽象化）

3）After that long talk, Jim became the sun in her heart. 那次长谈之后，吉姆成了她心中的太阳。（暗喻）

4) Every life has its roses and thorns.

每个人的生活都有甜有苦。（这里把roses玫瑰 and thorns刺两个具体形象引申为两个形象所代表的属性：甜和苦）

5）Fatty‘s Restaurant had become an institution in his life in the last seven years. 去发体餐厅就餐，七年来已成了他生活中惯常的事情。 2. 语用引申

把原文的 玄外之音（implication）补译出来，这是属于语用学引伸的手法。补译的词语是根据原文的语用学意义增添上去的，为的是避免译文晦涩费解。 1）（参看书中例句 1） The new father wore a proud smile. 2）（参看书中例句 4）

3) With their heavy winter clothing changed for lighter spring wear they could leap or crouch

down much more freely and nimbly.

脱掉棉衣换上春装的人们，好像卸下了千斤重载，真是蹿跳觉得轻松，爬起卧到感到利落。（冯志《敌后武工队》）原文 笨重、 轻便两词，含蓄地表达了“卸下了千斤重载”的含义，(此句是补译)

3. 修词引伸 1）（参看书中例句 1、2） 4．概念范围的调整

（参看书中例句 1、2） 5．词义引伸的层次

简化为三层（参看书中解释） （参看书中例句 1、3）

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6. 词义的褒贬

英译汉时, 原文中有些词本身就

表示褒贬意义, 就应该把褒贬意义表相应地表达出来，但有些词语孤立起来看似乎是中性的, 译成汉语时就要根据上下文恰如其分地把它们的褒义或贬义表达出来。

1）He was a man of high renown (fame).

他是位有名望的人。（褒） 2）The task carried out by them are praiseworthy.

他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。

（褒）

3）His notoriety as rake did not come until his death.

他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传

开来的。(贬)

4）We were shocked by his course manners.

我们对他的粗暴态度感到震惊。

(贬)

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5) Once early in 1974, while driving along the San Diego Free-way from Clement to Los Angeles, he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions. 一九七四年初，有人同他一起驱车从克利门蒂沿圣地亚哥公路去洛山矶，途中请他谈了他的希望和抱负。（中性词褒义）

6) AS a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees. 他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。（中性词贬义） 7．. 练习EX.

1) There is mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists. 2) The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.

3) In fact, the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the

1920s that Hitler‘s storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930.

4) As the Politburo gave the go-ahead to Brezhnev, Nixon and Kissinger were meeting in

the President‘s Kremlin apartment, prepared to accept a setback on SALT. 5）Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President.

6) The two politicians talked for no more than five minutes, at a significant moment in their careers.

1) There is mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists.（具体词抽象化）

帝国主义者的性格既残暴,又狡猾。(这里把tiger老虎和ape猿 这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性: ―残暴‖和 ―狡猾‖)。 2) The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.

我前头的车辆停住了，我错过了绿灯。（抽象词具体化）

3）In fact, the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the

1920s that Hitler‘s storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930…（具体词抽象化）

事实上，在整个二十年代，纳粹党在巴伐利亚一带已博得公众好感，以至于在一九三零，希特勒的冲锋队员就耀武扬威地夺取了菲尔特镇的权力。……（to goosestep 是从名词goosestep“鹅步”；“正步”转化来的动词，本作“鹅步走”或“正步走”解，这里“goosestepped into”根据例句上下文引伸为“耀武扬威地夺取”。

4）As the Politburo gave the go-ahead to Brezhnev, Nixon and Kissinger were meeting in the President‘s Kremlin apartment, prepared to accept a setback on SALT. （抽象词具体化）

在政治局向勃列日涅夫开放绿灯时，尼克松和基辛格正在克里姆林宫的总统下榻处

开会，准备承受限制战略武器会谈失败的挫折。

5）Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President.

亨利总是吹嘘说他曾同总统谈过话。（贬）

6）The two politicians talked for no more than five minutes, at a significant moment in their careers.

两位政治家交谈了仅仅五分钟。这次谈话是他们一生事业的重大时刻进行的。(褒

义)

第八章 英汉翻译中“虚”与“实”的转化

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Teaching Objectives (教学目的):

1.To make students understand the changes from impractical meaning to practical meaning in translation

2.To help students learn to use this method

3. To require the students to know the character of the changes from impractical meaning to practical meaning in translation

Teaching Requirements(教学要求):

1. Students are able to get a clear picture of the text .

2. Students are required to master the new words and phrases in this part. 3. Students should read some reading materials and do exercises after class .

Teaching methodology(教学方法):

? Communicative method (交际法) ? Cognitive method(认知法):

? Functional and notional method(功能意念法) ? The grammar-translation method

Time Distributive(时间分配)

1. Preparation and analyses of the text (2 hours) 21 Analyses of the text A and exercises (1 hours)

Focuses in teaching (教学难点)

1. The method of the changes from impractical meaning to practical meaning in translation

Teaching Procedures (教学过程)

英语翻译中的“虚”与“实”的转换主要涉及对英语名词、副词和形容词的汉译。本章将讨论三种情况。

一、抽象名词“虚”与“实”的转化 （又称在抽象名词后增加名词）

例如：（书中例 1）

1. A firm‘s involvement in exporting products can range from a minimal commitment all the way to considering exports as necessary for the firm‘s survival and growth.

公司在产品出口中参与情况的程度不一，从最低程度的参与一直到将出口视为公司生存和发展必要条件的参 与都会存在。（参看书中例 1分析）

英语中有很多抽象名词源自动词或形容词。翻译时可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更合乎规 范。如：

to persuade说服 persuasion说服工作 to prepare准备 preparation

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准备工作

arrogant自满 arrogance自满情绪 antagonistic敌对 antagonism敌对态度

tense 紧张 tension紧张情况（关系、局势、心情） 2. We have a great many to do at present. 我们当前有许多事情要做。

二、副词的“虚”与“实”的转化（副词转译成形容词后加名词“例 1”，有些副词直接转译成名词“ 例 2”）

1. They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizally.

但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组

织工作做得好

2.He is physically weak but mentally sound.

他身体虽弱，但思想健康。

三、容词的“虚”与“实”的转化（形容词转译成动词）

1.Integrity means you do want you do because it‘s right and not just fashionable or politically correct.

诚实意味着去做你认为对的事，而不仅仅是为了赶时髦或在政治上不出错。

2.Don‘t be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are.

不要惧怕那些想法可能比你高明，或者那些可能比你更聪明的人。 四、练习:

1. Exercises of page 80

2. 预习第十一章和第九章

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第十一章 英语被动语态的翻译

Teaching Objectives (教学目的):

1. To make students know how to translate the passive voice

2. To require the students to master the character of the passive voice in translation.

Teaching Requirements(教学要求):

1. Students are able to get a clear picture of the text .

2. Students are required to master the new words and phrases in this part. 3. Students should read some reading materials and do exercises after class .

Teaching methodology(教学方法):

1. Communicative method (交际法) 2. Cognitive method(认知法):

3. Functional and notional method(功能意念法) 4. The grammar-translation method

Time Distributive(时间分配)

1. Preparation and analyses of the text (2 hours) 2.Analyses of the text A and exercises (1 hours)

Focuses in teaching (教学难点)

1.The method of the passive voice in translation

Teaching Procedures (教学过程)

我们来学习第十一章英语被动语态的翻译。被动语态是英语中动词的一种变化形式，表示句子的谓语和其主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。被动句的主语实际上是谓语动作的成受者。一般来说，英语被动句的翻译可以有以下三种方法。

被动句译成汉语的主动句（文中第2句）

一、

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1. During the World Cup the streets were filled with football fans.

世界杯比赛期间，街上挤满了球

迷（此句按顺序译成汉语主动句）

2. Large quantities of fuel are used by modern industry.

现代工业耗用大量的燃料。（动作

发出者译成主语）

3. The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. 中国在四千年前发明了指南针。（把原文的某一部分译成主语）状?主

4. If you are asked personal questions you need not answer them.

如果有人向你提出私事的问题，

你尽可不答。（增加逻辑主语）（文中第6,7句）

二、 被动句译成汉语的判断句（文中第9句）

汉语中常用“……是……的”这一句式来说明人和事物的客观情况。 1. Everything in the world is built

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up from atoms.

世间万物都是由原子构成的。 2. The science fiction has been translated into Chinese by a friend of mine.

那部科幻小说是我的一个朋友译

成中文的。

三、 被动句译成汉语的被动句（文中第1句）

此时，原文句子的主语一般仍译做主语，在谓语动词前加“被、受、由、让等字来表示被动意义。”

1.Those who perform deeds of merit will be rewarded.

立功的人将受到奖励。

2. The design will be examined by a special committee.

这项设计将由一个专门委员会予

以审查。

3. Two-thirds of the area are covered with immense forests of pine, spruce and birch.

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面积的三分之二由广阔的松林、

云衫和白桦林所覆盖。 a) 将被动句译成汉语的无主句（文中第8句以及第九章）

汉语句子有的可以不带主语,因此,当无需说出行为主体时,可以将英语的被动句译成汉语的无主语句.一班来 说,英语中不带by短语并含情态动词的被动句都可以采用这种译法。翻译时，将原句的主语译成宾语，放在动词后面，也可以加“把、将、对”等词将宾语放在动词之前。

1) All the data available should be collected and studied with care before one works at a theory.

在制定理论前，应该把有的所有数据资料都认真地搜索和研究。

2) Smoking is not allowed in this theatre.

本剧场内禁止吸烟。

3) More apartment houses will be built here.

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这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。

四、 练习

1. This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, Whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.

买卖双方同意按下列条款购买、

出售下述商品，并签订本合同。(动作发出者?主语)

2.The cost of the nonreturnable containers of the goods sold under this Contract is included in the prices herein specified. 所定价格包括依照本合同所售装

货用的一次性容器费。（把原文的某一部分译成主语）状?主）

3.If a foreign auditor registered in other country is necessary to be employed to undertake annual financial checking and examination, Party A shall

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give its consent. All the expenses thereof shall be borne by Party B.

如果需要聘请其他国家的审计师

对年度的财务进行审查，甲方应予以同意。其所需费用乙方负担。（主语?宾语）

4. Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world .

我们的对外政策受到全世界人民

的支持。(被动句?被动句)

第九章 英语句子中主语的翻译

Teaching Objectives (教学目的):

1.To make students know how to translate the subject in a sentence 2.To help students translate the subject correctly.

3. To require the students to know the character of the subject in a sentence in translation.

Teaching Requirements(教学要求):

1. Students are able to get a clear picture of the text .

2. Students are required to master the new words and phrases in this part. 3. Students should read some reading materials and do exercises after class .

Teaching methodology(教学方法):

22 Communicative method (交际法) 23 Cognitive method(认知法):

24 Functional and notional method(功能意念法) 25 The grammar-translation method

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Time Distributive(时间分配)

1. Preparation and analyses of the text (2 hours) 26 Analyses of the text A and exercises (1 hours)

Focuses in teaching (教学难点)

1. . adverbial clause of condition

Teaching Procedures (教学过程)

英语句子中主语的翻译除了上述的，将被动句译成汉语的无主句，原句的主语变成了宾

语，放在动词后面外。还有几种翻译方法：

一、词序调整（文中第、9、10、11、13、14、16句）

1. From the moment they set foot on the territory of their motherland, they were warmly received by their compatriots.

他们从走上祖国土地的上时刻起，就受到同胞们热情接待。（定语从句换序） 2. Don‘t hesitate to come when you need help.

你什么时候需要帮助，只管来找我。（状语从句换序） 3.Their power increased with their number.

他们人数增加了，力量也随之增强。（介词短语换序） 二、将原文中的主语译成汉语的状语 (文中第12---18句)

1．His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.

因为他没有遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。 三、增加词（文中第7句）

1. Worry about the possibility of less severe, but still debilitating, recessions persisted. 然而，人们仍然担心会出现虽不那么严重但仍能使经济虚弱的衰退。 四、分译（文中第12、15、17、18句）

1.One consequence of speculation about the possibility of computer thought was that we were forced to examine with new care the idea of thought in general. 观察结果表明，计算机可能有思想，这使我们不得不从新的角度全面审视思想这一概念。（分译主语中的名词词组）。 2．

五、句型

“时间名词/地点名词+ saw/found/witnessed +名词”表示在某个时间或地点里发生或者见证了某种事情。将这种句子翻译成汉语时，往往只能将时间或者地点翻译成汉语中的状语。

（1）This season saw an ominous dawning of the tenth of Novenber.

在这个季节，11月10日黎明时分的景象，是个不祥之兆。 （2）Sunday morning found him still unwell.

星期天早晨他的身体仍未见好转。

（3）The 18th century witnessed the first English dictionary, by Dr. Samuel Johnson.

第一部真正的英文词典在18世纪问世，是由约翰逊编纂的。 六、练习 1. Page 106 2. 预习第十章

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第十章 英语从句的翻译 Translation of clauses

一、定语从句的翻译

英语中定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。两者之间的区别在于限制意义是强还是弱，前者的限制意义很强，后者的限制意义很弱。定语从句在商务英语中应用较广泛。一般有三种翻译方法：合并法、分译法和混合法。 1．合并法

)Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with.

污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。

(1

(2) If the Buyer is unable to sell out the amount of goods which he has agreed to purchase from the Seller, the Buyer may reduce the quantity of goods to be delivered to him by giving written notice thereof to the Seller before the shipment is made.

如果买方不能销售他已同意从卖方所购数量的货物，买方可以书面通知卖方减少发货数量，再要求卖方发货。

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Party B guarantees that the technical documents to be supplied by Party B are the latest technical information which has been put into practical use by Party B.

乙方保证所提供的技术资料是乙方经过实际使用的最新技术资料。

(3)

(4)Shipment shall be commenced within 10 months counting from the date when the contract has come into force and completed within 16months.

自合同生效之日起计算，10个月内装运，16个月内交付完毕。

(5) The party, who sets up a breach of the Contract, shall be under a duty to take all necessary measures to mitigate the loss which has occurred.

A违反合同的一方有责任采取所有必要的措施减轻已经发生的损失。

（6）There was another man who seemed to have answer, and that was Robert McNamara.

另外一个人似乎胸有成竹,那就是麦克纳马拉。

分译法

(1)A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.

燃料是一种物质，在适当温度下能燃烧并放出热量。

2

(2)A healthy diet includes enough but too many kinds of foods that provide thee body with the nutrients that it needs to function properly.

健康的饮食包括的食物应该充足但不过多。这些食物提供身体正常活动所必需的营养。 (3) The combination of satellites, which transmit information, computer, which store information, and television, which displays information will change every home into and education and entertainment center.

传输信息的卫星，储存信息的电脑，显示信息的电视三者的结合会把每一个家庭变成一个教育和娱乐中心。

(4)The Seller ensure that all the equipment listed in Appendix One to the Contract are brand-new products whose performance shall be in conformity with the Contract and which are manufactured according to current Chinese National Standards or Manufacture’s Standard.

卖方保证本合同附件一所列全部设备都是新产品，是根据现行的中国国家标准，或生产

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应用科学则直接涉及应用问题。它研究的是如何将纯科学的工作定律应用于实际生活、应用于加强人类对其周围环境的控制，从而导致新技术、新工艺和新机器的产生。

二、顺译法

1.It was on a Sunday evening, when he was lying in the orchard listening to a blackbird and composing a love poem that he heard the gate swing to, and saw the girl coming running among the trees, with the red-cheeked, stolid Joe in swift pursuit.

一个星期日的傍晚，他正躺在果园里，一面在听画眉鸟的啁啾，一面写一首爱情诗，忽然听得大门砰地关上，接着看见那姑娘从树丛里奔来，后面飞跟着那呆头呆脑的红脸的乔。 分析：这个句子是由一个强调句（时间），一个状语从句和二个现在分词短语表示伴随的时间状语，还有一个介词短语。

2. Four scores and seven years ago our father brought fourth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and the proposition that all men are created equal.

87年前，我们的先辈们在这个大陆上创立了一个新的国家。它以自由为立国之本，奉行所有人生来平等的原则。

三、倒置法（按照汉语的逻辑顺序进行翻译）

1. And he know how ashamed he would have been if he had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.

他出生在这样一类人中间，他出生在这种地方，他有这样的母亲；这些要是让他知道了的话，他知道该多么丢人。

分析：这个句子由一个宾语从句，一个条件从句（在从句中的主语用and连接另外两个名词词组作宾语）和两个定语从句。

2. In reality, the lines of division between sciences are becoming blurred, and science again approaching the ―unity‖ that it had two centuries ago—although the accumulated knowledge is enormously greater now, and no one person can hope to comprehend more than a fraction of it.

虽然现在积累起来的知识要多得多，而一个人也只可能了解其中的一小部分，但事实上，各科学之间界线却变得模糊不清，科学再次近似于两百年前那样的“单一整体”。

3. And I take heart from the fact that enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.

吹嘘能在几小时内就能占领战略要地的敌人,由于一路受到顽强抵抗,甚至还没有能占领外围地带.这一事实使我增强了信心.

四、分译法（拆译）

1.When Smith was drunk, he used to beat his wife and daughter; and the next morning, with a headache, he would rail at the world for its neglect of his genius, and abuse, with a good deal of cleverness, and sometimes with perfect reason, the fools, his brother painters.

史密斯喝醉之后常常打老婆和女儿； 第二天带着头痛发牢骚， 抱怨世人不能赏识他的才华。他痛骂同行的画家都是糊涂虫。话很尖刻，有时候也有道理。

分析：这个句子由一个主从复合句（即状语从句）， 一个由And连接起来另一个句子和二个由引起的介词短语作状语。

2.Article I of the GATT is the celebrated most favored nation (MFN) clause under which each member nation must give treatment to other member nations‘ imports and exports that is at least as favorable as that applied to the most favored nation. 关税及贸易总协定的第一条是著名的最惠国条款，每一个成员国给予其他成员国的进出口货物的待遇至少和给予最惠国的待遇同样的优惠。

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3. The foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tournament held in Beijing, which exhibited a superb performance in smash service, twist service, steady service, high drop and killing and ended in a draw.

外宾观看了在北京举行的这场锦标赛。这场比赛在发扣球、转球、 保险球、吊球和扣杀方面技术都十分精湛，最后打成了平局。他们看得简直人了迷。

五、练习

1.They (The poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.

2.The United Nations Secretary General say he is sure the Security Council will approve the agreement with Iraq about UN arms inspectors.

3. A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.

4. My mother, Jane Lampton Clements, died in her 88th year, a mighty age for one who at 40 was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid destined to pass soon away.

五、练习

1. They (The poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.

对于以往的几代人来说，旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫苦的手段，而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动。因此，首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。（重组）

2. The United Nations Secretary General say he is sure the Security Council will approve the agreement with Iraq about UN arms inspectors.

联合国秘书长说他确信安理会会批准与伊拉克达成的有关联合国武器核查人员的协议。（顺译）

3. A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.

50年代后期的美国出现了一个真正的奇观： 穷知识分子以“垮掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国的典型的穷人。正是在这个时候大批大学毕业生被赶进了知识分子贫民窟。（倒置）

4. My mother, Jane Lampton Clements, died in her 88th year, a mighty age for one who at 40 was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid destined to pass soon away.

我的母亲简??兰普顿˙克来门斯是在她88岁那年去世的。 这对于一位40岁就身体纤弱、被公认有痼疾缠身、注定不久于人世的人来说，是难得的高龄。

5. The first technical service shall start in the sixth day after the contract comes into effect. Party B shall send a specialist to Party A‘s factory to provide technical service for 12 working day/man.

第一次技术服务应始于本合同生效之日起第六天.乙方应派遣一名技术人员赴甲方工厂,提供12 工作人/日的技术指导。

附加材料：

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1．

It was our view that the U.S. could

be effective in both the tasks outlined by the president--- that is, of ending hostilities as well as of making a contribution to a permanent peace in the Middle East--- if we conducted ourselves to that we could remain in permanent contact with all of these elements in the equation.

2． While the present century was in its teens,and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Pinkerton’s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness,driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour.

3． The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had

38

suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House. 4．

The Poet and the World

The world---whatever we might think when terrified by this vastness and our own impotence, or embittered by its indifference to individual suffering, of people, animals, and perhaps even plants, for why are we so sure that plants feel no pain; whatever we might think of its expanses pierced by the rays of stars surrounded by planets we've just begun to discover, planets already dead? still dead? We just don't know; whatever we might think of this measureless theater to which we've got reserved tickets, but tickets whose lifespan is laughably short, bounded as it is by two arbitrary dates; whatever

39

else we might think of this world---it is astonishing.

(Wislawa Szymborska : Nobel Lecture 1996） 5． （When one individual inflicts bodily injury upon another, such injury that death results, we call the deed man-slaughter; when the assailant knew in advance that the injury would be fatal, we call his deed murder.) But when society places hundreds of proletarians in such a position that they inevitably meet a too early and an unnatural death, one which is quite as much a death by violence as that by the sword or bullet; when it deprives thousands of the necessaries of life, places them under conditions in which they cannot live---forces them, through the strong arm of the law, to remain in

40

such conditions until that death ensures which is the inevitable consequence---knows that these thousands of victims must perish, and yet permits these conditions to remain, its deed is murder just as surely as the deed of the single individual; disguised,malicious murder.murder against which none can defend himself, which does not seem what it is, because no man sees murderer, because the death of the victim seems a natural one, since the offence is more one of omission than of commission. (But murder it remains.)

汉语长句英译时：能顺译的就顺译，不能顺译的采取调整语序、断句等方法。

1.在世纪之交的伟大时代，我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强，海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成。（1998年）

(In this great epoch at the turn of the century, our motherland is developing toward greater prosperity and powerfulness. People across the Taiwan Straits are bound to strengthen their exchanges and will mutually promote the earliest possible achievement of the great cause of reunification of the motherland.)

2. 20世纪上半叶的上海，曾经是中国工业、贸易、金融和商业的中心，有着远东大都市神奇的历史，吸引过不少外来资本，因而一度成为冒险家的乐园。

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In the first half of the 20th century, Shanghai was/served as the industrial, trading, financial and commercial center of China. With its mysterious history of an Asian / Oriental metropolis, it attracted many foreign investors and became an adventurers‘ paradise.

3. 长城，东起山海关，西至嘉峪关，横跨中国北部七个省、自治区，全长六千多公里，号称万里长城，是中国古代劳动人民智慧的结晶，是世界伟大的建筑奇迹之一。

Starting at Shanhai Pass in the east and ending up at Jiayu Pass in the west, the Great Wall traverses China‘s five northern provinces and two autonomous regions. As it extends over a

distance of more than 6,000kms, it is called in Chinese the Wanlichangcheng, which means ―Ten Thousand Li Long Wall‖. It is a symbol of intelligence of the working people in ancient China and also one of the great architectural wonders/miracles in the world.

4. 东方明珠广播电视塔位于黄浦江畔，浦东陆家嘴嘴尖上，塔高468米，三面环水，与外滩的万国建筑博览群隔江相望，是亚洲第一，世界第三的高塔。

The Oriental Pearl Radio and Television Tower stands by the Huangpu River and at the point of Lujiazui. Surrounded by waters on three sides and facing a row of buildings of variegated（多样化的） western architectures in the Bund（堤岸，江[海]边大道） across the river, the 468-meter-tall tower ranks first in Asia and third in the world.

第十三章 语境对译文词义及句子意义的制约

Teaching Objectives (教学目的):

1. To make students understand how the meaning in a sentence or in a word confined by the context in translation

2. To help students translate the sentences correctly.

3. To require the students to know the character of context in translation.

Teaching Requirements(教学要求):

1. Students are able to get a clear picture of the text .

2. Students are required to master the new words and phrases in this part. 3. Students should read some reading materials and do exercises after class .

Teaching methodology(教学方法):

1. Communicative method (交际法) 2. Cognitive method (认知法):

3. Functional and notional method (功能意念法) 4. The grammar-translation method

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Time Distributive(时间分配)

1. Preparation and analyses of the text (2 hours) 35 Analyses of the text A and exercises (1 hours)

Focuses in teaching (教学难点)

The choice of the meaning in a sentence or in a word according to the context

Teaching Procedures (教学过程)

一、语境及其作用 （课文P.115）

语境是语言活动在一定的时间和空间里所处的境况。人们在言语交际的过程中要想顺利地交流思想和理解话语始发者的信息，必须运用语言所依赖的各种表现为言辞的上下文或不表现为言辞的主观环境因素，这里所谓的上下文和主客观环境因素就是语境。例如：（下面几个四、六级选择题）

1. Their diplomatic principles completely laid bare their for world conquest.

A. admiration B. ambition C. administration D. orientation （2001.1.33）

以上四个选项均为名词。A. 钦佩，赞美；B. 野心，雄心，志气；C. 管理，经营；D. 朝向，定位。根据上下文laid bare 和world conquest 来分析B项与题意相符。全句意为：“他们的外交政策完全暴露了他们征服世界的野心。”

2. For many patients, institutional care is the most and beneficial form of care. A. pertinent B. appropriate C. acute D. persistent (2000.6.41)

A. 有关的，中肯的；B.适当的，适合的；C. 敏锐的，急性的；D. 持续的。根据上下文句中patients（病人）和 form of care.（护理方式） 的意义来看，只有B项符合题意。即“对于许多病人来说，慈善机构的护理是最合适并且最有益的一种护理方式。”

3. The design of this auditorium shows a great deal of . We have never seen such a building before.

A. orientation B. originality C. illusion D. invention (2003. 6.)

A.位置；方向；B.创造性；独特性；C. 幻觉；幻影；D. 创造；发明。 由第二个句子：“We have never seen such a building before.（我们从未见过这样的建筑）” 为线索，抓住题意，可知B.为正确答案。

二、英汉词语特征比较（课文P.116-117） 1. 英语词语的特征 （1）英语是拼音文字 （2）一词多义性

例如―last‖这一形容词：

1) He is the last man to come.. 2) He is the last man to do it.

3) He is the last person for such a job. 4) He should be the last (man) to blame. 5) He is the last man to consult.

6) This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 1) He is the last man to come..他是最后来的。

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2) He is the last man to do it.他决不会干那件事。

3) He is the last person for such a job.他最不配干这个工作。 4) He should be the last (man) to blame. 怎么也不该怪他。 5) He is the last man to consult. 根本不宜找他商量。 6) This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。 （3）一词多词性 例如“but”一词：

（试着翻译下列几个句子）

——He would like to go, but he‘s busy. ——There ?s no one here but me. ——The job is all but finished.

——Not a man but had tears in his eyes.

——I‘m tired of your ifs and buts. Do what I tell you. ——But me no buts. 1）“but”用作conj.(连词) “但是，而是；可是；但也，同时” ——He would like to go, but he‘s busy. 他很想去，可是很忙。 2）“but”用作prep.(介词) ―除……外‖

——There ?s no one here but me.除我以外，没人在这儿。 3）“but”用作adv.(副词)“只是，刚刚；而且；几乎” ——The job is all but finished.这工作差不多完成了。 4）“but”用作pron.(代词) ―that…not;who…not (接于否定词后)‖

——Not a man but had tears in his eyes.(= There was no one without tears in his eyes.)

没有谁眼睛不含着泪水的。 5）“but”用作n.（名词） ifs and buts (inf.) ―借口；托词‖(非正式用语) ——I‘m tired of your ifs and buts. Do what I tell you.

你的托词我听厌了，照着我的话作就是了。 ——But me no buts.不要更我辩，不要找借口。 2. 汉语词语的特征 （1）一字一词

（2）一个字代表几个词 例如“事”：汉语中“事”的基本意义与英语中―matter, affair, thing, business‖等词相近。但在不同的上下文中，此句会有各种不同的含义。

1）遇事和大家商量。

Consult the masses when problems arise. 这里“遇事”的“事”，实际上是“有待解决的问题”，因此译为problems

2）农民所做的事很多……农民在农民协会领导之下总共做了十四件大事，如下所记。（《毛泽东选集》一卷，22页）

The peasants have done a great many things… the peasants under the leadership of the peasant associations have the following fourteen great achievements to their credit.

本句中第一个“事”用的是它的一般意义，译做things。第二个“事”是指农民协会所 取得的光辉业绩，故把它译成achievements。 （3）几个字不是一个词

三、原文语境制约译文词义、句义的选择

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1. 原文语境规约译文词义的选择

由于语境的不同和词的上下文搭配不同，也导致一个词有不同的翻译。

（1）To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her but it had been an agony for years.

脱鞋或穿鞋对她是一种痛苦，但这已经是多年以来的痛苦了。

（2）An area the size of the Hornet‘s flight deck was marked off on an airstrip and they practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space.

在机场上标出了与大黄蜂号甲板一样大小的一块地方，他们一次又一次地练习从这

样一块有限的面积上起飞。

（3）He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working ,as though about to take off.

他工作的上时候，总是坐在椅子边上，好象随时都会跳起来的样子。

（4）Their first major design was a pleated denim jean with external pockets dubbed ―baggies‖ that took off in high school and colleges and soon was imitated by other apparel manufacturers;

他们的头一项重要设计是一种打褶的、缝上明袋的蓝色斜纹粗布裤，这种裤子人们

称为“袋子”，在中学和大学中首先流行，接着别的服装商店也都很快仿制起来。 2. 原文语境规约译句子的意义（词的内涵及外延不一样） (1) She has a son you know. He?s a man now. 你知道，她有个儿子，现已长大成人了。（句中man表示“成年男人”） (2) They can‘t stay in the same room if they are not man and wife. 如果他们不是夫妻，就不能同住一屋。（句中man意为丈夫） (3) Very well sir, you are the master and I‘m the man. 是的，先生，您是主人，我听从您的吩咐。（句中man意为仆人，随从） 3. 原文语境赋予译文表达以巨大的灵活性和多样性（课文P.120-121） 下面以“figure”为例

(1) The foreign trade has risen to unprecedented figures.

对外贸易的数字有了空前的增涨。

(2) Dr. Eliot was one of the most revered figures in the world of learning.

埃利奥特博士是学术界最受尊敬的人物之一。 (3) On the desk there was a bronze figure of Plato.

书桌上有一尊柏拉图的铜像

(4) He saw dim figures moving towards him.

他隐隐约约看见一些人影在向他跟前移动。 (5) June was good at figure skating.

琼善于花式溜冰。

四、练习

1. Translating the short passage in page 121 2. Preparing the chapter fourteen

3. 翻译下列句子，注意划线部分词的译法。 1）他的英语水平比我的高。

2）各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。

1）他的英语水平比我的高。

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He knows more English than I.

这里，汉语“水平”一词虽未译出，但其意已暗含在句子之中，因此就不言而喻了。 2）各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。

Cadres at all levels should improve their art of leadership. 这里的“领导水平”，实际上指领导能力，领导艺术，故译作art of leadership。

第十四章 英汉语言的对比与翻译

Teaching Objectives (教学目的):

1. To make students understand the importance of translation 2. To help students translate the clauses correctly.

3. To require the students to know the contrast between English and Chinese in its language and its translation.

Teaching Requirements(教学要求):

1. Students are able to get a clear picture of the text .

2. Students are required to master the new words and phrases in this part. 3. Students should read some reading materials and do exercises after class .

Teaching methodology(教学方法):

1. Communicative method (交际法) 2. Cognitive method(认知法):

3. Functional and notional method(功能意念法) 4. The grammar-translation method

Time Distributive(时间分配)

1. Preparation and analyses of the text (2 hours) 2. Analyses of the text A and exercises (1 hours)

Focuses in teaching (教学难点)

1.The cohesion of the two language

Teaching Procedures (教学过程)

英汉两种语言之间异多于同，本章主要就英汉两种语言各自的衔接手段以及英语的形合同汉语的意合进行对比。谈到衔接（conhesion）手段，我们马上就会将它同语篇联系在一起。商务英语的语篇也主要是依靠语法衔接和词汇衔接这两种手段组成的。（阅读课文P.123-125）

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衔接（conhesion）词语可划分下面几种类型： 1．照应（阅读课文P.123-125）（分析课后练习） 2．词汇衔接（阅读课文P.123-125）

1）Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears.(指代) 杰西睁开眼睛，眼里充满了泪水，

2）Come to my office and have a talk with me whenever you are free.（关系副词） 你什么时候有空，就什么时候到我办公室来谈一谈。

3）On Sunday afternoon, some reviewed their lessons, and others helped the cooks in their work.（用some … and others，some…others连用的句子）

星期日下午，复习功课的复习功课，帮厨的帮厨。 3．连接（阅读课文P.123-125）

Nowadays, under the new tuition system, an increasing number of students, especially those poverty-stricken students, now seem to be defeated by the crushing tuition burden. Therefore , many people complain that the new tuition system keeps poverty-stricken students away from college. However , in my opinion, the new tuition system does add much difficulties to the poor students but it will never keeps them away from college. First, in carrying out the new tuition system, the governmental should provide some special policy for poor student. Besides, they are entitled to take a loan from banks or do some part-time jobs during their spare time, such as weekends and holidays. Finally, they can try to win scholarship by additional efforts. In short , man proposes, and God disposes. No one will be kept out of college due to financial burden unless he is defeated by himself.上面的一段话使用的是过度衔接词

4．替代 例如：

1）Ours will no longer be a nation subject to insult and humiliation. We have stood up. (ours名词性替代)

我们的民族将再也不是被人侮辱的民族了，我们已经站起来了。 2）You should help him since you have promised to do so.（do动词性替代）

你答应了帮助他就应当帮助他。

3）The Chinese people are brave, so is the Communist Party of China, and they are determined to liberate all China.（so替代表语）

中国人是勇敢的，中国共产党也是勇敢的，他们一定要解放全中国。 5.省略（本书第四章讲过增词和减词）

1）Reading makes a full man; conference (…) a ready man, writing (…) an exact man.

读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。(汉译时增补原文句子中所省略的

动词。)

2）We don‘t retreat, we never have (…) and never will (…) .

我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。(汉译时增补原文句子中所省

略的动词。)

3）Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.

从别人的失败中吸取教训比从时自己的失败中吸取教训更好。 （汉译时增补原文比较句中所省略部分。 原文全句应是：It is better to be wise by the

defeat of others tan to be wise by the defeat of your own.）

4) He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.

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他耸耸（……）肩，摇摇（……）头， （……）两眼看天，一句话不说。 （英语中的物主代词，汉译时往往可以省略。）

5) There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.

天未下雪，但叶落草枯。（如果不省略而译成“……树叶从树上落下来，草也枯死了”，就远不如“……叶落草枯” 简明洗炼。）

第十五章 英语重形合与汉语重意合对比

Teaching Objectives (教学目的):

1.To make students understand the importance of translation 2.To help students translate the clauses correctly.

3.To require the students to know the character of hypotaxis (形合)and parataxis(意合) in translation.

Teaching Requirements(教学要求):

1. Students are able to get a clear picture of the text .

2. Students are required to master the new words and phrases in this part. 3. Students should read some reading materials and do exercises after class.

Teaching methodology(教学方法):

1. Communicative method (交际法) 2. Cognitive method(认知法):

3. Functional and notional method(功能意念法) 4. The grammar-translation method

Time Distributive(时间分配)

1. Preparation and analyses of the text (2 hours) 2.Analyses of the text A and exercises (1 hours)

Focuses in teaching (教学难点)

1. The character of hypotaxis(形合) and parataxis(意合) in translation.

Teaching Procedures (教学过程)

一、以形合为特点的英语同以意合为特点的汉语对比

在所有的语言中,句子的内部连接或外部连接几乎都不外乎使用三种手段: 句法手段、词汇手段和语义手段。使用前两种手段进行句子连接的语言被称为以形合（hypotaxis）为特点

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的语言，使用后一种手段进行句子连接的语言被称为以意合（parataxis）为特点的语言。

例如： 1．It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January.

我原打算一月份访问中国，后来不得不推迟，这使我非常失望。

原文充分展示了英语综合性语言的特征，即句法、词汇和语义手段?开门见山（It was a keen disappointment）；?借助从句（that 和which从句）进行解释说明；?利用词的曲折变化实现语法关系（had to postpone ，had intended）。

译文按时间顺序展开，借助副词“原，后来”表示语法关系，发挥动词优势，将整件事情交待得清清楚楚。

2．The isolation of the rural area because of the distance and paucity of transport facilities was compounded by the lack of information media.

由于距离[城镇]远，缺乏交通工具，使得广大农村地区与外界隔绝。这种状况又由于缺乏信息媒介，而变得更加糟糕。

原文是一个典型的英语句子。它的特点是：?主干突出：The isolation was compounded；?借助介词和连词层层搭架：句中共用了四个of ，一个and ，一个by ；?名词见长：句中共用了九个名词。

译文由两个典型的汉语句子组成，层次分明严密紧凑。整个句子按照逻辑顺序展开，先因后果，借助动词（全句共用六个动词），一项一项地交待（由于……使得……隔绝。又由于……而……更加糟糕）。

二、以意合为特点的汉语在翻译过程中可以利用形合法的优势

（阅读本章P.135-136）

（1）采用形合句可以明确地再现原句内部所含的清晰的逻辑推理关系和逻辑非推理关系。

例如： During the World Cup the streets were filled with football fans. 世界杯比赛期间，街上挤满了球迷。

（2）采用形合句有利于再现原文所含的强调意味，因为形合透明，意合含蓄，透明的强调意味始终比含蓄的强调意味要显著

（3）采用形合句可以使译文有利于承上启下，前呼后应 三、从形合、意合的角度看英汉互译的方法

（阅读本章P.136-138） 例如：

1. He had flown in just the day before from Georgia where he had spend his vacation 1 2

basking in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction job he had been 3 engaged in the South. 3

他本来在南方从事一项建筑工程；任务完成之后，他就上格鲁吉亚去度假，享受高加 3 2 索的阳光，昨天才坐飞机回来。

1 2

原文里“在南方从事一项建筑工程”放在句子的最后部分。但是事情发生的时间却在最先；在格鲁吉亚度假也是回来以前的事情，但是叙述中却放在回来这一件事之后。而在汉语

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译文中则几项事情都是按发生时间的先后安排，首先叙述在南方完成一项建筑工程，其次叙述在格鲁吉亚度假，最后才叙述坐飞机回来。

2. Now we have solved the problem and have arrived at the same conclusion as they arrived at.

现在我们已经解决了这个问题，并且得出了和他们相同的结论。 汉译时，根据汉语的表达习惯可以作些省略（意合）

3.It serves little purpose to have continued public discussion of this issue. 继续公开讨论这个问题是不会有什么益处的。（正面表达的句字从反面来表达） 英语句子汉译时，根据汉语的表达习惯以及上下文联系，可以把正面表达的句字从反面来表达，或把反面表达的句子从正面来表达。 四、练习（Exercises）

第十六章 商务英语语篇的特点及其翻译要点

Teaching Objectives (教学目的):

1.To make students understand the importance of translation 2.To help students translate the clauses correctly.

3.To require the students to know the character of the passages in translation.

Teaching Requirements(教学要求):

1.Students are able to get a clear picture of the text .

2.Students are required to master the new words and phrases in this part. 3.Students should read some reading materials and do exercises after class .

Teaching methodology(教学方法):

1.Communicative method (交际法) 2.Cognitive method(认知法):

3.Functional and notional method(功能意念法) 4.The grammar-translation method

Time Distributive(时间分配)

1.Preparation and analyses of the text (2 hours) 2.Analyses of the text A and exercises (1 hours)

Focuses in teaching (教学难点)

1. The character of the passages in translation.

Teaching Procedures (教学过程)

一、商务英语语篇的类型及语篇模式 (1) 问题-----解决型

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