BEC高级精讲班1-20讲讲义5

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BEC高级精讲班第5讲讲义

Homeworkreview

学习重点

1． Homework review 2． Vocabulary study

3． Exhibiting at a trade fair 4． Replying to an enquiry 5． Homework

I. Homework review

Over the 25-year period considered, the United Kingdom has always had prices higher than both France and Germany, except for the early/mid 1980’s and during the early 1990’s when French prices were higher.

Over the 25 years, the United Kingdom prices have varied dramatically, peaking at about 24% in 1976. But through several fluctuating rises and falls, they have progressively come down, closing in 1994, at around 5% and rising only slightly the next year, lower than the French.

French and German prices have always varied only slightly from each other within a maximum range of 12%, with French prices staying higher than German prices from 1972 onwards. The French prices fluctuated between 4% (1971) to 12% (1984), ending higher than the UK. In contrast, German prices are generally the lowest ones in the three countries. The prices were below 7% during the 25 years.

2. Exercise 2, 3, 4 and 5 of Self-study Unit 2b. Exercise 2

(1) launch a takeover bid

rock verb [transitive]

a) to make the people in a place or organization feel very shocked - used in news reports 新闻用语：让人感到震惊

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The scandal rocked the nation. 这次丑闻震惊了这个国家。

b) to make the future of something seem less certain or steady than it was before, especially because of problems or changes 动荡 ?synonym shake

Another financial blow has rocked the industry. 另一次金融打击让这个行业动荡不安。 The theory rocked the foundations of social and moral life. 这个理论动摇了社会和道德生活的基础。

(2) merging with

(3) lead to long-term growth in sales (4) a competitive advantage

secure verb [transitive] ?GET/ACHIEVE?

to get or achieve something that will be permanent, especially after a lot of effort 努力后获得

Boyd's goal secured his team's place in the Cup Final. ?的入球确保他所在的球队在世界杯决赛中的地位。

secure a deal/contract 获得一笔买卖/一个合同

The company recently secured a $20 million contract with Ford. 这家公司最近与福特公司签订了一笔价值2千万美元的合同。

Negotiators are still working to secure the hostages' release. 谈判人员还在就人质释放的事情努力着。

Redgrave won his third Olympic gold medal, and secured his place in history. ?.获得了他奥运会上的第三块金牌，确保了他在历史上的地位。 ?SAFE FROM HARM?

to make something safe from being attacked, harmed, or lost 使?.安全 Troops were sent to secure the border. 军队派来保护边境的安全。 secure something against somebody/something

They built a 10ft high fence to secure the house against intruders. 他们修建了10英尺高的围墙保护这座房子不受入侵者的威胁。

an agreement to secure the future of the rainforest 一项旨在保护雨林未来的协议 ?BORROWING MONEY?

if you secure a debt or a loan, you legally promise that if you cannot pay back the money you have borrowed, you will give the lender goods or property of the same value instead 抵押贷款

He used his house to secure the loan.他用自己的房子作了抵押贷款。

advantage noun

1 [uncountable and countable] something that helps you to be more successful than others, or the state of having this ?opposite disadvantage

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Her experience meant that she had a big advantage over her opponent. His height gives him an advantage over the other players.

Companies that receive government subsidies have an unfair advantage. Western countries enjoyed considerable advantages in terms of technology. Younger workers tend to be at an advantage when applying for jobs. It might be to your advantage to take a computer course of some kind.

2 [uncountable and countable] a good or useful quality or condition that something has advantage of

One of the many advantages of living in New York is that you can eat out at almost any time of day.

The hotel is not very modern, but it does have the advantage of being close to the city centre. advantage over

The printer has several advantages over conventional printers. big/great/considerable advantage

The big advantage of this system is that it is fast.

(5) benefits (6) streamline

(7) restructuring programme (8) acquisition 3.

achieve economies of scale integrate different cultures add long-term value

undercut competitors’ prices reduce operating costs generate cost improvements 4.

(1) to (agree to) (2) is (3) that (4) its (5) whether (6) not (7) while (8) such

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Vocabulary study---一组易混淆词汇用法解析

I think the sector’s going to see lots of consolidation activity as the bigger players look to buy talent and market share. Lycos, for example, has just acquired Hotbot, one of its rivals.

talent noun

1 [uncountable and countable] a natural ability to do something well 才华 He has a lot of talent, and his work is fresh and interesting. talent for

She showed a talent for acting at an early age.

a persuasive speaker with a natural talent for leadership His latest book reveals hidden talents.

Sadly, she inherited none of her father's musical talent. Your brother is a man of many talents.

There's a wealth of talent in English football. talent for

She showed a talent for acting at an early age.

2 [uncountable] a person or people with a natural ability or skill 有才华的人 Britain's footballing talent 英国的足球天才

revenue noun [uncountable] also revenues

1 money that a business or organization receives over a period of time, especially from selling goods or services advertising revenue

Strikes have cost ￡20 million in lost revenues . 2 money that the government receives from tax an increase in tax revenues of 8.4%

turnover noun

1 [singular, uncountable] British English the amount of business done during a particular period turnover of

The illicit非法的 drugs industry has an annual turnover of some ￡200 bn. turnover rose/fell Turnover rose 9%.

2 [singular, uncountable] the rate at which people leave an organization and are replaced by others

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Low pay accounts for the high turnover.

staff/labour turnover a high degree of labour turnover among women 3 [countable] a small fruit pie an apple turnover

cost noun

1 [countable] the amount of money that you have to pay in order to buy, do, or produce something 价格 cost of

the cost of accommodation

I offered to pay the cost of the taxi.

Insurance to cover the cost of a funeral is possible. This doesn't include the cost of repairing the damage. The new building's going up at a cost of $82 million. low cost housing

the high cost of production

A cassette/radio is included at no extra cost. The funds will just cover the museum's running costs. 2 costs [plural]

a) the money that you must regularly spend in order to run a business, a home, a car etc 成本

reduce/cut costs

We have to cut costs in order to remain competitive.

At this rate we'll barely cover our costs (=make enough money to pay for the things we have bought).

the travel costs incurred in attending the meeting (=money you have to spend) Because of the engine's efficiency the car has very low running costs (=the cost of owning and using a car or machine).

3 [uncountable and countable] something that you lose, give away, damage etc in order to achieve something 代价 at (a) cost to somebody

She had kept her promise to Christine, but at what cost to herself? social/environmental etc cost

the environmental cost of such mining projects

They need to weigh up the costs and benefits (=disadvantages and advantages) of regulation.

He's determined to win, whatever the cost (=no matter how much work, money, risk etc is needed).

We must avoid a scandal at all costs (=whatever happens).

cost verb

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His proposals could cost the taxpayer around ￡8 billion a year. How much would it cost us to replace? not cost somebody a penny (=cost nothing)

It won't cost you a penny for the first six months.

cost a (small) fortune/a pretty penny (=have a very high price) It's costing us a fortune in phone bills.

cost a bomb/a packet British English (=have a very high price) What a fantastic dress. It must have cost a bomb!

Lighting can change the look of a room and needn't cost the earth (=have a price which is too high).

Getting that insured is going to cost you an arm and a leg (=have a very high price). 2 cost somebody their job/life/marriage etc when something makes you lose your job etc失去?.. Joe's brave action cost him his life.

His strong stand on the issue could have cost him his job. Bad management could be costing this club a chance at the title. 3 cost somebody dear/dearly

to make someone suffer a lot or to lose something important 代价惨重 A couple of missed chances in the first half cost them dear. The scandal has cost Nicholson dearly.

Exhibitingatatradefair

Exhibiting at a trade fair

1. Speaking.

What are the benefits of trade fairs for exhibitors and visitors? Benefits for exhibitors:

media exposure for the industry as a whole and for specific companies, an opportunity to show their wares to an interested public, to find out what is happening in the industry and to evaluate the competition

Benefits for visitors:

The ease of judging relative standards and prices, an opportunity to find out what is happening in the industry, the convenience of everything in one place, a chance to talk to exhibitors

expose verb [transitive] ?SHOW?

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He lifted his T-shirt to expose a jagged scar across his chest. 他撩起T恤，把胸口上参差不齐的刀疤暴露出来。 expose something to something

Potatoes turn green when exposed to light. 土豆在光照下变成绿色。 ?TO SOMETHING DANGEROUS?

to put someone in a situation where they are not protected from something dangerous or unpleasant 裸露，曝光 expose somebody to something

The report revealed that workers had been exposed to high levels of radiation. 该报告指出工人暴露在高强度辐射之下。 ?TELL THE TRUTH?

to show the truth about someone or something, especially when it is bad 揭露，揭穿，揭发

The film exposes the utter horror of war. 这部电影将战争最恐怖的一面揭露出来。 The report exposes the weaknesses of modern medical practice. 这份报告揭露了现代医疗实践的弱点。 ?SEE/EXPERIENCE?

to make it possible for someone to experience new ideas, ways of life etc 感受到新想法、新生活方式等

expose somebody to something

Some children are never exposed to classical music. 一些孩子从没有接触过古典音乐。 ?FEELINGS?

to show other people feelings that you usually hide, especially when this is not planned 显示出真情实感

I'm afraid I might expose my real feelings for him.

exposure noun ?TO DANGER?

[uncountable] when someone is in a situation where they are not protected from something dangerous or unpleasant 暴露，裸露 exposure to

Prolonged exposure to the sun can cause skin cancer. 长时间暴露在太阳下会引起皮肤癌。 ?TRUTH?

[uncountable] the action of showing the truth about someone or something, especially when it is bad 揭露，揭穿 exposure of

the exposure of his underground political activity 揭露他在地下开展的政治活动 exposure as

her fear of exposure as a spy 她害怕被当作间谍揭发出来 ?PUBLIC ATTENTION?

[uncountable] the attention that someone or something gets from newspapers, television etc

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The failure of their marriage has got a lot of exposure recently. 他们婚姻失败的消息最近在媒体报道很多。 ?EXPERIENCE?

[singular, uncountable] the chance to experience new ideas, ways of life etc 尝试，接触 exposure to

The visit to Germany gave them exposure to the language. 此次出行德国让他们接触到了德语。

her brief exposure to pop stardom 她短暂的明星生涯 ?BE VERY COLD?

[uncountable] the harmful effects on your body of being outside in very cold weather without protection

We nearly died of exposure on the mountainside. 我们几乎在山边被冻死。

-ware suffix [in uncountable nouns]

1 things made of a particular material, especially for use in the home（由某种材料制成的）用品

glassware (=glass bowls, glasses etc) 玻璃器皿 silverware (=silver spoons, knives etc) 银器

2 things used in a particular place for the preparation or serving of food 与准备食物有关的用品

ovenware (=dishes for use in the oven) 微波炉用碟子 tableware (=plates, glasses, knives etc) 餐桌用品 3 things used in operating a computer 电脑用品 software (=programs) 软件

2. Reading.

top-drawer adjective [only before noun] informal of the highest quality 非正式用语

England need to produce a top-drawer performance if they want to win this match. 英格兰如果想要获得此次比赛的胜利就需要有上乘的表现。

Earl 伯爵

accessory noun[countable] plural accessories

1[usually plural] something such as a piece of equipment or a decoration that is not necessary, but that makes a machine, car, room etc more useful or more attractive（附属的）装饰品，搭配物

bathroom accessories such as mirrors and towel-rails 浴室配件，比如镜子和毛巾架 2 [usually plural] something such as a bag, belt, or jewellery that you wear or carry because it is attractive 书包、腰带或珠宝等配饰

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a set of fully matching clothes and accessories 一套非常相配的衣服和配饰

item noun

1 [countable] a single thing, especially one thing in a list, group, or set of things 一件物品

He opened the cardboard box and took out each item.他打开纸盒子，把里面的东西一一拿了出来。

The store is having a sale on furniture and household items. 这家商店正在出售家具和其他家用物品。

item on the agenda/list/menu 会议议程/单子/菜单上的内容

We went on to the next item on the agenda. 我们探讨议程上的下一个问题。 item of clothing/furniture/jewellery etc 一件衣服/一件家具/一件首饰 (=a single piece of clothing, furniture, jewellery etc)

The original 1965 bottle is now a collector's item (=one of a set of objects people like to collect because they are interesting or valuable).

2 [countable] a single, usually short, piece of news in a newspaper or magazine, or on television 一条新闻消息，报道

I also saw that news item in the Sunday Times. 我在星期日泰晤士报上也看到了这条消息。

hand-picked adj. 用手采摘的，仔细挑选的

headline noun [countable]

1 the title of a newspaper report, which is printed in large letters above the report 新闻标题

a paper carrying the front-page headline: 'Space Aliens meet with President' 2 the headlines

the important points of the main news stories that are read at the beginning of a news programme on radio or television 新闻播报的头条消息 3 make/grab (the) headlines also be in/hit the headlines

to be reported in many newspapers and on radio and television 头条消息

a scandal that grabbed the headlines for weeks 一场历时数周、媒体报道颇多的丑闻 The former MP found himself back in the headlines again. 前任议会会员发现他又成为媒体报道的焦点了。

quality adjective [only before noun]

1 [no comparative] very good - used especially by people who are trying to sell something 非常好的（常用于推销人员）

quality child-care at prices people can afford 高品质的幼儿护理，而价位也是人们可以接受的

quality double glazing 高品质的双层玻璃 2 quality newspapers/press etc

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provide verb [transitive]

1 to give something to someone or make it available to them, because they need it or want it 提供

Tea and biscuits will be provided. 这里提供茶和饼干。 provide something for somebody

The hotel provides a shoe-cleaning service for guests. 该饭店为客人提供擦鞋的服务。 provide somebody with something

The project is designed to provide young people with work. 该项目是要为年轻人提供就业机会。

2 to produce something useful as a result 提供，给出

We are hoping the enquiry will provide an explanation for the accident. 我们都希望此次调查结果可以为这次事故给出解释。 provide somebody with something

The search provided the police with several vital clues. 此次搜查为警方提供了一些重要的线索。

supply noun plural supplies ?AMOUNT AVAILABLE?

[countable] an amount of something that is available to be used 供应量 supply of

I've only got a week's supply of tablets left. 我只剩下一周的药量。 plentiful/abundant/adequate etc supply 充足的/富足的/适当的供应量

There was a plentiful supply of cheap labour. 那里过去有充足的廉价劳动力。 The nation's fuel supplies will not last forever. 这个国家的燃料量不会持续太久。 ?NECESSARY THINGS?

supplies[plural] food, clothes, and things necessary for daily life or for a particular purpose, especially for a group of people over a period of time 日常用品（比如食物、衣服、物品），物资

Supplies were brought in by air. 物资空运送达。

vital/essential/emergency supplies 重要的/基本的/紧急物资 trucks loaded with emergency supplies 装满紧急物资的卡车 medical/school/cleaning etc supplies 医疗/学校/清洁物资

foreign aid used to buy medical supplies 用于购买医疗物资的海外援助 3 gas/electricity/water etc supply

a system that is used to supply gas etc 煤气/电力/水供应体系 the public water supply 公用供水体系

If you fail to pay your bill, you run the risk of having your electricity supply cut off (=stopped). 如果你无法支付账单，你就会冒着电力供应系统被切断的风险。 ?ACT OF SUPPLYING?

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或 Sincerely yours或Sincerely。 当你知道收信人姓名时： 称呼可以写成：

Dear Mr Cox (收信人为男性时) Dear Mrs Cox (收信人为已婚女性时) Dear Miss Cox (收信人为未婚女性时)

Dear Ms Cox (收信人为女性，但你不清楚她的婚姻状况时)

结束语都应该是: Yours sincerely

当你不知道收信人的姓名时： 称呼可以写成：

Dear Sir or Madam （当你不知道收信人的姓名以及性别时） Dear Sir (to a man) （当你写给一位不知名的男性时） Dear Madam (to a woman) （当你写给一位不知名的女性时）

结束语都应该是: Yours faithfully

当你写信给一个公司或一个部门时： 称呼可以写成： Dear Sirs

结束语应该是： Yours faithfully

当你写给一个关系很近的人或这封信并不正式时: 称呼可以写成:

Dear Lucy [直接使用收信人的名（first name）]

结束语可以写成:

With best wishes / With kind regards / Best wishes

6. Subject：Sometimes we write a heading at the top of the letter. It tells us exactly what the letter is about.

主题: 主题行出现在一封信称呼和正文之间。它告诉我们这封信要说明的是什么。

从上面那封信的主题部分我们可以看出那封信是有关John Burrows出差去法国的事情。有的时候还可以使用Re：即单词regarding的缩写，它也表示信的主题，是“关于”的意思。

7．Body：start a new paragraph for each new idea or subject. Leave a line space between

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正文: 每当讲到一个新的主题或意思的时候，就应该另起一段。当你使用齐头式的书写格式时你应该在段与段之间空一行。不要在一行的末尾将一个单词隔开。

但是在这里大家需要注意正文的书写格式。英文书信在书写时同样也有格式上的要求。我们可以从上面给出的那封信中发现，正文的三个段落与收信人情况、称呼、主题、结束语以及写信人姓名都位于一条竖线上，我们称这种格式为齐头式（Block Style）。我们在写信时可以用这种齐头式的格式来书写， 因为这种格式清楚易读，是现代书信中经常采用的格式。

8．Signature，Writer’s full name，Position / Title 签名、写信人姓名和写信人的职位 / 称呼

Punctuation: in modern business letters punctuation not used in the headings and endings of a letter. Normal punctuation is used in the body of the letter.

最后请大家注意：如果你很仔细地看上面那封信的话，你就会发现在写信人和收信人的地址中、称呼和结束语的后面都不使用任何的标点符号。所以大家在今后的书信写作中也可以将上述几处地方的标点符号省略。但是正文中还应使用标点符

号。

Example letter 2

14D Fernleaf Road Singapore 15 Tel 3699125 10 October 1999 The Personnel Manager International Commercial Bank Park Building Singapore 10229 Dear Sir I enclose my completed application form for the position of secretary. Yours faithfully Juliana Chu 考试吧(Exam8.com)-第一个极力推崇人性化服务的专业考试培训网站！ 提供历年试题，模拟试题，模拟盘，教程，专业课试题下载，考试培训等。每日更新!!! Juliana Chu Enc

Enc是英文单词enclosure的缩写形式，它的含义是在一封信中再另外寄去一件或几件物品。在上面那封信中，写信人Juliana Chu随信寄去了她已填好的申请表(completed application form)，所以她在信的最后写上Enc字样，表明她希望收信人能够注意查收。如果你也有物品希望对方在收信时查收的话，那么你也应该在信件的最后写上Enc的字样。 Layout of a business letter

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Basic Business Letter Terminology书信写作的常用句型及表达方法

一封信能否发挥它的作用关键在于它的内容，即正文部分 (body of the letter)。那么，如何能写好一封信呢？这除了大家平时对语言的积累外，在书信写作时，这里面还是有一定规律可循的。所以我们专门就书信表达时经常会碰到的一些情况作一个归纳总结。 在我们写信时，我们经常会碰到以下一些情况：

l stating the reference at the beginning of the letter l explaining the reason for writing l requesting l thanking

考试吧(Exam8.com)-第一个极力推崇人性化服务的专业考试培训网站！ 提供历年试题，模拟试题，模拟盘，教程，专业课试题下载，考试培训等。每日更新!!! l enclosing documents l apologising

l agreeing to requests l confirming l giving bad news l expressing urgency l ending the letter

下面我们就来看一下都有哪些句型可以用来表达上面的情况。 1． Stating the reference at the beginning of the letter （介绍这封信的背景资料）

我们在一封信的开始不会很突兀地就展开正文，总是会给读信的人一个提

示。比如，在你看到一张报纸上的招聘广告后，如果你对其中的一个职位很感兴趣，这时你就会给这家公司写信。因此在这封信的开始，你为了能将事情的来龙去脉说清楚，你肯定会写上这样一句话，在看了贵公司在′月′日在′报纸上的刊登的招聘广告后，我对′′职位很感兴趣。这样的写法会让读信人在读信时一目了然，很快搞清这封信的意图。

我们在写英文信时也有同样的道理，在每封信的开始最好是将你的信件与某件事情有所联系。在英文中，你要想表达这样的含义可以使用以下的表达方法： 1) With reference to ?

这个词组的含义是“关于，就?而言”，在介词to后面的内容应该就是你所指代的事情了。比如:

With reference to your advertisement in the Times of/dated12 December, ?.. . (关于贵公司12月12日在《泰晤士报》所刊登的广告，?。 )

With reference to your letter of/dated 11 March, ?? . (关于你在3月11日写来那封信，?。)

With reference to your phone call today, ?? . (关于你今天打来的电话，?。)

在大家使用这个句型时，一定要注意“with reference to”只是一个词组，所以在这个词组的最后用得是逗号。因为你要表达的重点还在后面，所以with reference to 这个词组只是一个完整句子中的一部分。

2) Further to ?? , ? .

“further to” 这个词组的含义是“继?之后”的意思。它的含义跟上面的with reference to 这个词组意义相近。在用法上也没有什么区别。这里也希望大家能够注意这个词组也只是一个短语，并不能当成一句话，所以在它的后面也要用逗号。我们下面举一个例子。 Further to our telephone conversation this afternoon, ?.. . 上面这个短语的含义是“继我们今天下午通过电话之后， ?。”

3) Thank you for ? .

在上面这个例子中，“感谢?。”是一句完整的话。它的含义大家可能都清楚，就是“感谢?.。”我们可以说感谢你在′月′日的来信、电话或询问等。我们可以写成：

th

th

考试吧(Exam8.com)-第一个极力推崇人性化服务的专业考试培训网站！ 提供历年试题，模拟试题，模拟盘，教程，专业课试题下载，考试培训等。每日更新!!! Thank you for your letter of 1 May.

(Thank you for your letter of/dated 1 May concerning/about/regarding your broken tableware.)

Thank you for your letter of/dated 1 May, complaining about your broken tableware.)

Thank you for your enquiry of 2 June. Thank you for your telephone call today.

2． Explaining the reason for writing （解释写信原由）

我们说一封信的关键部分就在与此。你能否将自己所想要表达的思想和意图很清楚地写出来是很重要的。在我们将一封信的背景情况介绍清楚后，你就应该开门见山地说明此封来信的目的是什么。在我们表达这一想法时，我们可以采用以下这个句型： I am writing to ? .

我们说每封信的写作的目的都是不一样的。有的信是想要咨询某事；有的信是想要向某人表示歉意；有的信时想要向某个公司确认一件事，等等。为了能够区分开这些信件的不同写信的目的，我们可以在动词不定式to 的后面写上你的意图。比如： I am writing to confirm ?. . （我写此信是要向您确认?。）

I am writing to enquire about ?.. . (我写此信是要向您咨询? 。)

I am writing to inform you of/ that?. . (我写这封信是要通知您? 。)

I am writing to apologise for/that ?. . （我写此信是要向您就?表示道歉。）

I am writing to apply for ? . (我写此信是要向您申请?职位。)

I am writing to complain about ?. (我写此信是要抱怨/投诉?. 。)

通过上面六个例子，我们可以大致了解如何表达写信的意图。

3． Requesting （提出要求）

在我们写信时，我们经常是希望会对方能够满足自己的一些要求。这时你必须用很客气的方法来表达。比如：

1) I would be grateful if you could ? . 2) I would appreciate it if you could ? . 3) Could you possibly ? ?

考试吧(Exam8.com)-第一个极力推崇人性化服务的专业考试培训网站！ 提供历年试题，模拟试题，模拟盘，教程，专业课试题下载，考试培训等。每日更新!!! 在上面的三句话中，你可以发现一个很明显的用法，就是情态动词都用了过去时。这是因为在你向别人提要求时，你必须很客气。另外，在情态动词的后面动词仍然要用原形，比如： I would be grateful if you could send me a catalogue. ( 如果您能寄给我一份产品目录的话，我将万分感激。)

I would appreciate it if you could deliver them as soon as possible. ( 如果您能尽早地送来这批货物的话，我们将不胜感激。)

Could you possibly give a presentation at the annual sales conference? ( 您能否为我们在一年一度的销售会议上做一个报告呢？)

此外，在你想要向别人提出要求时，你会用到“如果您能?.，我将万分感激。”这个句型。在这个句型中，“如果”这个英文单词能不能把if 替换成whether呢？答案是不能。因为whether如果做连接词只能用在宾语从句中表示“如果”，而不能用在虚拟语气的句子中，表示“如果”。这一点请大家切记。

4． Thanking （表示感谢）

在表达“感谢”时，大家可以使用这样的句型： Thank you for ? .

在使用这个句型时，大家一定要注意for 是一个介词，因此，你要想表达感谢这个人为你做了某事，你必须用这个动词的名词形式才对。比如，你想要说“感谢你今天打来电话。”我们既可以说成 “Thank you for your telephone call today。”也可以说成“Thank you for telephoning me today.”在这两个句子中，介词for的后面都用了名词，一个是真正的名词telephone call，另外一个是telephoning，它也是个名词，只不过是个动名词，即在动词的后面加上-ing就可以了。

5．Enclosing documents （ 随信寄去的材料 ）

如果在你的信中还同时寄去了别的物品，你也要在信中告诉对方。我们可以用下面的句型来表达。 1) Please find enclosed ? 2) I am enclosing ? . 3) We enclose ? .

动词enclose 的含义是把（公文、票据等）封入信封。比如，当我们在一封信中同时还寄去了一张支票的时候，我们可以说： Please find enclosed a cheque. I am enclosing a cheque. I enclose a cheque.

6． Apologising （表示道歉）

在商业运作中合作的双方难免会产生一些摩擦，这时出了差错的一方应该向另一方表示歉意。再比如，某家公司提供的产品令顾客很不满意，这位顾客于是向公司进行投诉。作为公司，它也应该向这位顾客表示道歉。还有，当你不能答应对方提出的某种要求时，你也应该用非常婉转的方

考试吧(Exam8.com)-第一个极力推崇人性化服务的专业考试培训网站！ 提供历年试题，模拟试题，模拟盘，教程，专业课试题下载，考试培训等。每日更新!!! 式来向对方表白。你可以先向对方表示歉意，再说明你的理由。由此可见，在书信写作中，表示道歉的书信是经常会碰上的。在表示道歉时，我们可以用下列这些句型： 1) I regret that ? . 2) I am afraid that ? . 3) I am sorry that/for ? .

4) I am terribly/awfully sorry for/that ?.

5) I am sorry for any inconvenience this/it has caused. 6) I apologise for ? .

7) I wish to offer my sincere apologies for?..

在这里希望大家都能够掌握第4）句中apologise for 这个词组的正确用法。for仍然是个介词，因此它后面的词汇应该都用名词形式出现。如果出现了动词，那么，这个动词就应该做一个小小的变动，即在这个动词的词尾加上ing，将这个动词变成动名词形式。下面我们就用apologise for这个句型来翻译一句话：“对不起，我这个星期五很忙。” 如果单独表示“这个星期五我很忙。”我们应该说I am busy this Friday. 如果因你忙而要向别人道歉时，我们应该说 I apologise for being busy. 这时就需要将系动词be改为它的动名词形式，即being。

在很多种情况下，我们在表示道歉时是因为我们没做某事。在表达“未能做到”这个概念时，我们应该用not。现在问题的关键在于not的位置应该在哪了呢？我们说not应该放在动名词的前面。比如“对不起，我未能将样品寄出。”我们应该说成是I apologise for not sending the sample.

7． Agreeing to request （同意别人的要求）

当一封来信是邀请你参加某项活动时，如果你不想参加，你可以先说对不起，这是第六项介绍的内容。如果你很愿意参加的话，你可以用下面的表达方式： 1) I would be delighted/pleased to ?. . 2) It is my pleasure/honour to ?. . 比如你很愿意出席一个大会，我们可以这样来表达：

I would be delighted to participate in the conference.

8． Confirming ( 确认某事 )

在商务环境中，有很多的事情都是需要确认的。比如，你的公司想要向一家

饭店预定一间会议室，这家饭店肯定希望你们公司能够用书面的形式予以确认。再比如，一家公司订购了某种产品，希望能在预定的日期前交货，于是写来了一封信，询问能否在规定的日期前交货。另一家公司就必须向客户就此事予以确认，对他们作出保证。在表达这一意思时，我们可以用以下的一些方法：

1) I am pleased to confirm that ? . 2) I confirm that ? . 3) I can assure you that ? . 4) I can ensure that?..

动词confirm的意思是“确认”。如果想要确认某事时，我们可以直接用这个动词来表达。不过在有些情况下，确认某事指的是向别人做出保证，让对方相信你。所以我们可以用另外一个动词assure，它的意思是“使确信，使放心”。其实还有一种最简单的表达方式就是I am sure

考试吧(Exam8.com)-第一个极力推崇人性化服务的专业考试培训网站！ 提供历年试题，模拟试题，模拟盘，教程，专业课试题下载，考试培训等。每日更新!!! that ?。在这两种情况下，“确认”的含义就变成使别人放心的意思了。

9. Giving bad news ( 告知对方坏消息 )

如果我们购买了一件很不满意的商品，我们应该向厂家投诉。在申诉商品的问题时，我们应该用一种很客气的方式来表达。比如， 1) Unfortunately, ? . 2) I am afraid that ? .

10. Expressing urgency （表达一件事情的紧迫性）

当你想让对方尽快为你做一件事时，你可以用下面的句型来表达： 1) ? at your earliest convenience. 2) ?without delay. 3) ?as soon as possible. 比如我们可以说：

I would be grateful if you could send the price list as soon as possible. 这句话的意思是：如果你能将价目表尽快地寄来，我将不胜感激。 再比如，我们可以说：

We would appreciate a reply at your earliest convenience. 这句话的意思是：如果你能尽快地给予答复，我们将不胜感激。

11. Ending the letter （结束一封信）

一封信写到最后总是要有一个结尾。我们可以用以下一些方式来表达： 1) Thank you for your help.

2) Please contact us again we can help in any way. if

3) I look forward hearing from you soon. to

meeting seeing

以上这些表达方式大家都可以根据每封信的具体情况来加以选择。 但是在上面这些表达方法中，有三处地方是大家最容易出错的。

第一个容易出错的地方是在第二种表达方式中出现的contact这个词。contact这个词既可以做动词，也可以做名词，而且意思也是一致的，都有“联系、接触”的含义在里面。但是在用法上，就有了一些差别。

如果我们想要表达“请与我联系”这个意思时，我们可以有两种说法。当contact做名词时，我们可以说成：Please make contact with me. 而contact用做动词时，我们则应该说Please

you next Wednesday.

there are any problems. you have any questions.

考试吧(Exam8.com)-第一个极力推崇人性化服务的专业考试培训网站！ 提供历年试题，模拟试题，模拟盘，教程，专业课试题下载，考试培训等。每日更新!!! contact me. 通过上面这两句话，我们发现contact的词性不同，用法也就会有所不同。许多人在这里最有可能犯的错误是Please contact with me. 我们说这句话错就错在contact在作动词时是一个及物动词，后面可以直接跟宾语，而不需要加介词with。所以大家的问题就出在了将contact这个词在不同词性的用法给搞混了。下面我们可以试着翻译一句话，请同学们用contact这个单词的两个不同词性来完成。

你如果想要得到更多的信息，请您打68976558这个电话与我联系。 答案：

（名词）Please make contact with me on 68976558 if you would like further information. （动词） Please contact me/ us on 68976558 if you would like further information.

第二处容易出错的地方是词组“look forward to”的用法。“look forward to”的意思是“盼望”。但是这里的“to”不是动词不定式的标志，而是一个介词。所以当你想要表达“盼望见到某人”这个动作时，应该把这个动词转换成动名词的形式。比如，当我们表达“盼望见到某人”时，我们应该说成“look forward to seeing sb.”而决不能写成“look forward to see sb.”。如果盼望的是一件事情时，我们就可以直接在介词to的后面用名词形式。下面我们来翻译一句话，请大家试着用名词形式和动名词形式来翻译。 l 我盼望早日收到您的回信。

(1) 名词形式：I look forward to your early reply.

(2) 动名词形式：I look forward to receiving your reply soon.

第三处容易出错的地方是词组“hear from sb.”。当我们在写信时，我们有时是希望收信人能够为我们完成一件事情，你为了能尽早地知道结果，在一封信的最后往往会说一些很客气的话，比如我盼望能早日收到您的来信。这是一句套话，在英文中也有相应的一个词组来表达相同的意思，就是“hear from sb”。这个词组的含义是“收到某人的来信”。在运用这个词组时，你需要注意两点。

第一， 虽然在这个词组中，根本就没有出现一个与信有关的单词，但是它的含义就是“收到某人的来信”。这也就是说如果你想要表达“收到你的来信”时，你应该写成“hear from you”，而不能写成“hear from your letter”。这是许多考生最容易出错的一个地方。

第二， from是一个介词，所以它后面的人称代词应该用宾格形式。比如当我们要表述“收到他的来信”时，我们应该写成 “hear from him”，而不应该写成 “hear from he/ his”，这两种写法都是绝对错误的。

那么，在写信时大家还应该注意以下方面： 注意1 --- 缩写形式不应出现在正式书信中。

上面，我们给大家就一封信中可能出现的11种情况做了一个简单的介绍。在学习的过程中，大家可能也发现了一个问题，就是所有的表达方式中都没有出现缩写形式。比如，“我写信是要通知你?”, 我们写成是 “I am writing to inform you of ? .”。在我们平时的书写习惯中，我们往往会将I 和am 缩写成I’m。而且在别的一些情况下，我们早已习惯了缩写的形式。但是在正式商务信件中，我们是不能将主语和助动词缩写的。比如我们应该将I’ve在商务书信中写成I have；将I’m写成I am；将He’s写成He is 或He has；将I’d be grateful to do sth.写成 I would be grateful to do sth.；将can’t写成cannot。 注意2 ---写信时要分段。

为了使读信人在读信时能够做到一目了然，我们就应该在写信时将整个正文部分分段书写。我们

考试吧(Exam8.com)-第一个极力推崇人性化服务的专业考试培训网站！ 提供历年试题，模拟试题，模拟盘，教程，专业课试题下载，考试培训等。每日更新!!! 从第一节给出的三封书信中可以发现，每封信都是分段的。我们说英文书信也和中文书信是一样的，也要将不同的意思分别写在不同的段落里，这样做才会使读信人对信件的内容了解清楚。一般来说，如果你要叙述的事情不多，你可以用一段写完。我们在第一节中给出的第二封信采用的就是这个形式。如果你要写的内容较多，则应分成几个段落，逐段叙述。

一封信的正文大致可以分成三个部分，即信的开始（the beginning）、中间（the middle）和结尾（the end）。（1）开头：用一、两句话说明写信的目的或表示谢意，问候等内容；（2）叙述细节：具体说明你的想法、要求和希望等内容；（3）结尾：向收信人表示谢意、祝愿，或礼貌地提出回信请求等。下面，我们就把第一节中第一封信的正文部分分解出来，看看一封信的正文到底应该如何书写才能做到传递信息。

Dear Sir or Madam

I am now planning my next trip to Europe, and I would be very pleased if we could meet to discuss our production requirements for next year. 写信目的

I hope to be in France on April 3 and 4. Would it be convenient to visit you on April 3 at 10.30 am? I would be grateful if you would tell me exactly where your offices are located.

说明写信人的想法、要求和希望

I look forward to hearing from you. 礼貌地提出回信请求

Yours faithfully

通过上面对表达方法的讲解以及一封书信正文的示例，我们应该初步掌握一些常用的表达方式和句型。在大家运用这些表达方式的时候，你一定要注意你的语法是否正确，要让自己的语言表达准确清楚。同时，大家还要注意，我们不应该将这些表达方法孤立地堆砌在那里，而是要将它们有机组合起来。语言是很灵活的，如果你只是孤立地去掌握、记忆这些句型是根本无法达到交流的目的的。

语言绝对不会是你用几条规律或几个技巧就能完全概括的。我们通常认为写作能力的提高不能只依赖于掌握常用的句型或表达方法，它不仅需要你能经常地练习，而且还需要你能够具备一定的单词量，扎实的语法功底以及灵活地运用语言的能力。可以说要真正写好一封信并不是一件很容易的事。所以大家在学习的同时，还应该多注意练习，只要作到手勤，你的写作能力必定会有一个很大的突破。

6. Standard letter phrases.

l Referring to an earlier letter or conversation With reference to your letter dated ? in which? Further to our conversation of ? Thank you for your interest in ?.

l Enclosing Please find enclosed?.

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l Offering assistance

Should you have any further questions, please contact me on ?

If you require any further information or advice, please do not hesitate to call?

l Referring to future contact We look forward to meeting you on? I look forward to hearing from you

Homework

Homework

l You have seen a job with a multi-national company advertised in a newspaper. l Write a letter to the company applying for the job. Refer to relevant factors such as the nature of the job and why you are interested in it, your qualifications and experience, what you are doing now and what you could contribute to the position. l Write 200-250 words.

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