语言学选择题

语言学

1.__A__ is the study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. A. Phonology B. Lexicography C. Lexicology D. Morphology

2. __C__ is defined as the scientific study of language, studying language in general. A. Psycholinguistics B. Neurolinguistics C. Linguistics D. Phonetics

3. Which of the linguistic items listed below is best described as the smallest unit of meaning? B A. the word B. the morpheme C. the phoneme D. the clause 4. A prefix is an affix which appears __B__. A. after the stem B. before the stem C. in the middle of the stem D. below the stem 5. Which of the following is true? __C__ A. Phonetics is the study of pronunciation. B. Phonetics is the scientific study of the movement of sound waves.

C. Phonetics is the scientific study of the sounds of language. D. Phonetics is the scientific study of the organs of speech. 6. ―What‘s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet

So Romeo would, were he not Romeo called,‖ (Romeo and Juliet, Act 2, Scene 2, 43~5)

To what characteristic of language dose Shakespeare refer? __D__ A. Creativity B. Productivity C. Duality D. Arbitrariness

7. Language, as a system, consists of two sets of structures or two levels, which is known as __A__, one of a design features of human language. A. Duality B. Displacement C. Productivity D. Arbitrariness

8. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are __D__. A. phonemes B. phones C. sounds D. allophones 9. What is complementary distribution? __A__ A. Different places of occurrence of allophones within a word. B. When a phone can only occur at the end of a word.

C. When an allophone occurs at the beginning of a word. D. Contrastive distribution of allophones

10. __D__ deals with the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations. A. Morpheme B. Vocabulary C. Root D. Lexicon

1. Cold and hot are called __B__ antonyms. A. complementary B. gradable C. reversal D. converse 2. ―I regret that I can‘t help you.‖ This is an example of __C__. A. representatives B. directives C. expressives D. commissives 3. What is the duality of the language? __D__

A. Letters and sounds B. Sounds and symbols C. Symbols and meaning D. sounds and meaning 4. ―I bought some roses‖ __A__ ―I bought some flowers‖. A. entails B. presupposes C. is inconsistent with D. is synonymous with 5. Of the following linguists, __C__ should be grouped into Prague School. A. Bloomfield B. Saussure C. Jakobson D. Firth

6. Which of the following distinctive features can be used to separate [k] and [g]? (C) A. alveolar B. stop C. voiced D. fricatives

7. __A__ A Dictionary of the English Language established a uniform standard for the spelling and word use.

A. Samuel Johnson‘s B. Bishop Lowth‘s C. Firth‘s D. Samuel John‘s 8. What is phonology? __B__ A. The study of how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received B. The study of the function, behavior and organization of speech sounds as

linguistic items.

C. The study of the International Phonetic Alphabet. D. The study of all possible speech sounds.

9. The morpheme ―cast‖ in the common word ―telecast‖ is a (n) __D__. A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme 10. A phoneme is __D__. A. a set of different realization of a phone B. a set of contrastive allophones in free variation

C. a set of phones in complementary distribution D. a set of phonetically similar noncontrastive phones

1. ?present‘ and ?absent‘ are a pair of ________ opposites. (C) A. gradable B. relational C. complementary D. converse 2. What is defined as ―the study of sentence structure‖? __D__ A. Morphology B. Semantics C. Phonology D. Syntax

3. According to Krashen, __D__ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative

situations.

A. learning B. competence C. performance D. acquisition

4. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix ―ed‖ in the word ―learned‖ is known as a(n) __C__. A. derivational morpheme B. free morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D. free form

5. __C__ studies the total stock of morphemes of a language, especially those items which have clear semantic references.

A. Phonology B. Lexicology C. Morphology D. Lexicography

6. As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, __A__ is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner. A. interlanguage B. interference C. language transfer D. linguistic relativity

7. __A__ means the lack of a logical connection between the form of something and its expression in sounds.

A. Arbitrariness B. Abstractness C. Ambiguity D. Fuzziness

8. The term __B__ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.

A. synchronic B. diachronic

C. comparative D. historical comparative

9. When a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound that follows or precedes it, it is said to be __D__. A. nasalized B. voiced C. aspirated D. assimilated 10. F. de Saussure is a (n) __C__ linguist. A. American B. British C. Swiss D. Russian

1. N. Chomsky is a (n) __A__ linguist. A. American B. Canada C. Swiss D. French

2. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has two thrusts: __B__ and ____. A. Linguistic description, Linguistic determinism B. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic relativity

C. Linguistic relativity, Linguistic description D. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic performance

3. The way of forming a new word by joining together the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by only joining the initial parts of the two words is referred as _________. (C)

A. borrowing B. clipping C. blending D. acronym

4. By __B__, we refer to word forms which differ from each other only by one sound, e.g. ―pin‖ and ―bin‖.

A. complementally distribution B. minimal pair C. Adjacency pair D. code—switching 5. When two sounds never occur in the same environment they said to be in __A__. A. complementary distribution B. free variation C. co-occurrence D. minimal pair 6. __D__ century is considered to be the beginning of Modern English. A. 18th B. 17th C. 19th D. 16th 7. Conventionally a __B__ is put in slashes. A. allophone B. phoneme C. phone D. morpheme

8. Sapir-whorf hypothesis holds that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on

language. This is known as the notion of ____. (B) A. linguistic relativism B. linguistic determinism C. linguistic nativism D. linguistic behaviorism

9. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called __C__. A. expressives B. directives C. commisives D. declaratives 10. There are ________ morphemes in the word ?usefulness‘. (B) A. two B. three C. four D. five

1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __C__. A. a particular language B. the English language

C. human language in general D. the system of a particular language 2. __A__ is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA. A. Interlanguage B. Ideology C. Dialect D. Interference

3. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called __ B__ rule. A. Deletion B. Sequential C. suprasegmental D. Assimilation

4. ―There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to‖. This is the __B__ view concerning the study of meaning. A. naming theory B. conceptualist C. contextualist D. behaviorist

5. English consonants can be classified into stops, fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of __A__. A. manner of articulation B. openness of mouth C. place of articulation D. voicing

6. According to Chomsky, __A__ is the ideal user‘s internalized knowledge of his language.

A. competence B. parole C. performance D. langue 7. __A__ is not a suprasegmental feature. A. Aspiration B. Intonation C. Stress D. Tone

8. __A__ is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1language in their learning process.

A. Language transfer B. Blending C. Interference D. Cooperative 9. __C__ are affixes added to an existing form to create a new word, e.g. in-,-er. A. inflectional morpheme B. free morpheme C. derivational morpheme D. root 10. Writing is the secondary language form based on __B__. A. sound B. speech C. gesture D. sign

1. __C__ covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication.

A. Semantics B. Sociolinguistics C. Pragmatics D. Linguistics

2. Morphemes that represent ―tense‖, ―number‖, ―gender‖, ―case‖ and so on are called __A__ morphemes. A. inflectional B. free C. bound D. derivational 3. Which of the following is not a compound word? __C__ A. clearway B. rainbow C. scarcity D. without

4. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to generation by process of learning, and not genetically is referred to as __A__. A. culture transmission B. performance

C. competence D. acquisition

5. __C__ is the language of Angles, Saxons and Jutes who invaded Britain after AD 450.

A. Old Norse B. Celtic C. Old English D. Middle English 6. A group of two or more consonants together in a syllable is called a (n) __C__. A. arresting cluster B. releasing cluster C. consonant cluster D. syllable 7. The semantic features of the word ―woman‖ can be expressed as __C__. A. +ANIMATE, -- HUMAN, +ADULT, +MALE B. + ANIMATE, + HUMAN, -- ADULT, + MALE C. + ANIMATE, + HUMAN, + ADULT, -- MALE D. + ANIMATE, -- HUMAN, -- ADULT, -- MALE

8. Two words that are ―opposite‖ in meaning are called_________. (C) A. synonyms B. homonyms C. antonyms D. homophones

9. __A__ is the study of the relationship between brain and language, including research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning. A. Neurolinguistics B. Psyhcholingistics C. Applied Linguistics D. Sociolinguistics

10. Modern synchronic linguistics traditionally dates from the __B__ of Swiss scholar Ferdinand de Saussure.

A. Syntactic structure B. Cours de Linguitique General C. De Lingua Latina D. Language and Mind

1. According to the strong version of the __A__ hypothesis, language determines speakers‘ perceptions and patterns their way of life. A. Sapir Whorf B. input C. Grim D. Innateness 2. Which of the following is true? __D__ A. In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form. B. A compound is the combination of only two words.

C. The division of English into old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.

D. If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.

3. Which of the following statements is not true? __D__ A. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. B. Language is human specific

C. Language is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints D. The first language was invented by Adam, the first man. 4. ―Can I borrow your bike?‖ ________ ―You have a bike‖. (D) A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 5. ―Your money or your life?‖ is an example of __C__. A. representative B. expressive C. directives D. commissives

6. Which of the following distinctive features can be used to separate [p] and [b]? _D_ A. stop B. fricatives C. bilabial D. voiced

7. There are ________ morphemes in the word ―speechlessness‖. (B) A. two B. three C. four D. five 8. ?boy‘ and ?girl‘ are a pair of ________ opposites. (C) A. gradable B. relational C. complementary D. converse

9. Of all the speech organ, the ________ is /are the most flexible. (C) A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords

10. According to Chomsky, the child is born with a built – in set of rules, which have

the specific function of enabling her to construct the grammar of her mother tongue. This view is to be seen as __C__. A. Input hypothesis B. X-theory

C. Language acquisition device D. Universal grammar

1. ―Old‖ and ―Young‖ are a pair of __D__ opposites. A. complementary B. relational

C. converse D. gradable 2. Systemic-Functional Grammar, one of the most influential linguistic theories in the 20th century, is put forward by __B__. A. Chomsky B. Halliday C. Firth D. Malinowski

3. Vowels that are produced between the positions for a front and back vowel are called __D__ vowel. A. back B. front C. unrounded D. central

4. From Halliday‘s viewpoint, language is a form of realization of __D__ rather than a form of realization of______.

A. knowing, doing B. thinking, knowing C. doing, thinking D. doing, knowing

5. The right description of componential analysis for the word ?man‘ is_____. (C) A. +human, +adult, - male B. +human, - adult, - male C. +human, +adult, + male D. +human, - adult, + male

6.__C__studies the physical properties of speech sound, as transmitted between mouth and ear.

A. Articulatory phonetics B. Physiological phonetics C Acoustic phonetics D. Auditory phonetics 7. Creativity refers to __B__. A. the unconscious knowledge that language users have in their minds

B. the capacity of language users to produce and understand an indefinitely large

number of sentences

C. a property claimed to be characteristic of all languages D. animals‘ capacity to learn more than one human language

8. The major development in linguistics before 20th century was ___ grammar. (D) A. speculative B. structural C. transformational-generative D. traditional 9. ―Competence‖ refers to __B__. A. knowledge of meaning of words and sentences

B. a speaker‘s unconscious knowledge about his/her language

C. the actual use of a speaker‘s unconscious knowledge about his/her language D. the laws that pertain to all languages throughout the world

10. __A__ refers to unintentionally deviation from the adult grammar of a native speaker.

A. An error B. A mistake C. A slip of the tongue D. Fossilization

1. __C__ is a multiword construction that is a semantic unit whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its constituents.

A. semantic component B. collocation C. idiom D. reference 2. The distinction between langue and parole is similar to that between __B__. A. prescriptive and descriptive B. competence and performance C. speech and writing D. synchronic and diachronic 3. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as __A__. A. open class words B. grammatical words C. closed class words D. function words

4. What is the meaning relationship between the two words ―furniture/bed‖? __B__ A. polysemy B. hyponymy C. homonymy D. antonymy

5. All of the following are meaningful except for ________. (D) A. morpheme B. allomorph C. lexeme D. phoneme

6. Which of the following distinctive features can be used to separate [t] and [d]? (C) A. alveolar B. stop C. voiced D. fricatives

7. In structural grammar, distributional analysis is used to define __D__, which are taken as the basic building blocks.

A. morphemes B. words C. syllable D. phonemes 8. ―Speech Act Theory‖ was proposed by __D__ in 1962.

A. Saussure B. Chomsky C. Jane Austin D. John Austin 9. The major new development in linguistics in 20th century was __D__ grammar. A. speculative B. traditional C. structural D. transformational-generative 10. Two words that are differentiated by one phoneme, such as ―lead‖ and ―lid‖, are called _______. (B)

A. code B. minimal pair C. distinctive feature D. argument

1. The most recognizable difference between American English and British English are in __D__ and vocabulary.

A. structure B. grammar C. usage D. pronunciation 2. The study of how we do things with utterance is the study of __C__, the nature of which is determined by context.

A. context B. pragmatics C. speech act D. semantics

3. A(n) __A__ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. ―pass away‖ for ―die‖. A. euphemisms B. delete C. coinage D. taboo

4. In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, __B__ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages. A. transfer B. bilingualism C. diglossia D. inter-language 5. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in

isolation, but in __D__.

A. relationship B. dependence C. sentence D. context 6. ________ studies the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. (A) A. Semantics B. Morphology C. pragmatics D. syntax

7. _____ is different from the others according to places of articulation? (D) A. [p] B. [b] C. [m] D. [n]

8. __A__ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.

A. Speech community B. A race C. A society D. A country 9. __A__ invasions established three major groups in England: Saxons, Angles and Jutes.

A. Germanic B. Norman C. French D. Roman 10. There are ________ morphemes in the word ?friendships‘. (B) A. two B. three C. four D. five

1. __C__ is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e. a word or group of words, which serves as a definable ―center‖ or ―head‖.

A. Exocentric construction B. Coordination C. Endocentric construction D. Collocation

2. Of the following linguists, __A__ should not be grouped into American school. A. Firth B. Sapir C. Bloomfield D. Boas

3. When people learn a foreign language for external goals such as passing exams, financial rewards or furthering a career, we say they learn a foreign language with a (n) __D__. A. intrinsic motivation B. resultative motivation C. integrative motivation D. instrumental motivation

4. What is the sense relation in the sentence ―My unmarried sister is married to a

bachelor.‖ __B__ A. Presuppose B. Contradiction C. Entailment D. Inconsistent 5. ---TRUTH.

---Do not say what you believe to be false.

---Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Those can be defined as the features of __B__ of Gricean maxims. A. maxim of quantity B. maxim of quality C. maxim of relation D. maxim of manner

6. __C__ caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords refers to the use of pitch in language to distinguish words.

A. Intonation B. Stress C. Tone D. Aspiration

7. ―Autumn‖ and ―fall‖ are used respectively in Britain and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are __B__ synonyms. A. collocational B. dialectal C. complete D. stylistic

8. Which of the following country are those loanwords ―garage, champion, beauty, parliament‖ borrowed from __D__.

A. Latin B. Dutch C. German D. French

9. In the sentence ―The angry man went furiously through the rooms.‖ The first division into immediate constitute should be between __B__. A. angry and man B. man and went C. furiously and through D. The and angry 10. __C__ refers to the effect of the utterance. A. Illocutionary act B. Locutionary act C. Perlocutionary act D. Speech act

1. The consonant sound /p/ is described as __A__. A. voiceless bilabial stop B. voiceless alveolar stop

C. voiced bilabial stop D. voiced alveolar stop 2. A new word created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part is referred to as __C__. A. acronym B. borrowing C. clipping D. blending

3. According to the author our brain is divided into two hemispheres. Language functions are mainly located in __C__.

A. right hemispheres B. front hemispheres C. left hemispheres D. back hemispheres 4. ―A language pattern which occurs in all known language‖ is called __C__. A. a phonemic representation B. a phonetic representation C. a language universal D. language change 5. In the sentence-------―The child found the puppy‖, __C__ is not a constituent. A. The child B. found the puppy C. found the D. the puppy

6. __D__ is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence, namely, the underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.

A. surface structure B. syntactic ambiguity C. syntactic component D. deep structure

7. __C__ is the learner‘s process of adapting to the culture and value system of the target language community.

A. Acquisition B. Assimilation C. Acculturation D. Articulation 8. What is the relationship between the two words ―flower / rose‖? __C__ A. Homonymy B. Antonymy C. hyponymy D. Polysemy 9. The function of the sentence ―How are you?‖ __D__ A. directive B. informative C. performative D. phatic

10. Homonyms __C__. A. are words that share the same phonetic features and the same semantic features B. are words that share the same semantic features but have different sets of phonetic features

C. are words that share the same phonetic features but have different sets of semantic features

D. are two words that all but one of semantic features in common

1. The distinction between language and parole is proposed by __B__. A. Halliday B. Saussure C. Chomsky D. Firth 2. In the following dialogue, the maxim of __C__ is not observed. A. What time is it?

B. It‘s terribly cold in here. A. quality B. quantity C. relevance D. manner 3. __B__ are linguistic units larger than sentences. A. Moves B. Discourses C. Topics D. Tendencies

4. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity? _A_ A. single/married B. big/small C. hot / cold D. old /young

5. Usually __A__ refers to the use of linguistic research in language teaching, but linguistics is used in other areas, as well.

A. applied linguistics B. theoretical linguistics C. contextual linguistics D. general linguistics 6. Two words that are differentiated by one phoneme, such as ―cat‖ and ―rat‖, are known as a __D__. A. distinctive feature B. argument C. code D. minimal pair 7. __D__ is often regarded as the founder of the study of sociolinguistics. A. Saussure B. Halliday C. Chomsky D. Labov

8. __C__ is the academic discipline concerned with the study of the processes by which people learn languages in addition to their native tongue. A. IPA B. IC Analysis C. SLA D. TG

9. The __C__ is the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. A. bound morpheme B. affix C. root D. prefix

10. In terms of Searle‘s classification system of illocutionary acts, the sentence ―Ten bucks say that The Yankee will win the game.‖ used to bet belongs to __A__. A. representative B. commissive C. directive D. declaration

1. Three factors involved in describing vowels are __B__. A. place of articulation / part of the tongue raised / voicing B. tongue height / part of the tongue raised / lip rounding C. articulators / extreme vowel positions / tongue position D. teeth position / alveolar ridge position / voicing 2. In __C__ the structure of words is studied. A. phonetics B. phonology C. morphology D. syntax 3. Which one is not a source of error? __D__ A the native language B. the target language C. learner‘s style of thinking D. none 4. ―Love‖ and ―hate‖ are __C__.

A. binary antonyms B. complementary pairs C. gradable antonyms D. relational opposites

5. __A__ refers to sentences not only describe or report information, but also help speakers accomplish things.

A. Speech act B. Discourse C. Context D. Communication

6. The feature that distinguishes ―hotdog‖ and ―hot dog‖ is __B__. A. tone B. stress C. intonation D. aspiration 7. __A__ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced. A. Psycholinguistics B. Sociolinguistics

C. Neurolinguistcs D. Anthropological linguistics

8. The study of language at some point of time is generally termed as __D__ linguistics.

A. applied B. diachronic C. comparative D. synchronic 9. Of the following linguists, __A__ should be grouped into London school. A. Firth B. Bloomfield C. Boas D. Trubetzkoy

10. London speech that was illustrated by Shakespeare‘s writing was generally termed __C__. A. Old English B. Middle English C. Early Modern English D. Late Modern

1. The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the __D__ period for the first language acquisition.

A. initial B. one-word stage C. puberty D. critical

2. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called __A__. A. semantics B. pragmatics C. syntax D. language change 3. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the __D__ principle proposed by J. Grice. A. comprehensive B. generative C. discourse D. cooperative 4. __C__ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. A. reference B. lexical meaning C. sense D. word

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