Occupational health and safety and environmental management systems

企业环境管理

EnvironmentalScience&Policy3(2000)39±45

/locate/envsci

Occupationalhealthandsafetyandenvironmentalmanagement

systems

AnteroHonkasalo

EnvironmentalProtectioninTradeandIndustry,MinistryoftheEnvironment,Box380,00131,Helsinki,Finland

Abstract

Integrationofoccupationalhealthandsafetymattersintoenvironmentalmanagementsystemscanbringmanybene®tstoindustrialcompanies.Theycanavoidduplicatedmeasuresand®ndoptimalsolutions,becausetheprinciplesofpreventionaresimilarinenvironmentalprotectionandsafetymanagement.However,themethodscurrentlyusedinenvironmentalmanagementandengineeringsuchaslife-cycleassessments,bestavailabletechnologyreports,andthemodelsofindustrialproductioncanhinderthisintegration,becausetheytakeintoaccountoccupationalrisksonlytoalimitedextent.Peoplecanalsoconsideroccupationalsafetyrisksmoreeasilythanenvironmentalrisksasanaturalpartoftheirwork.Thiscanleadtothesituationwhereoccupationalrisksareunderestimated.72000ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.

Keywords:Environmentmanagementsystem;Occupationalhealthandsafety;Riskperception

1.Introduction

Anumberofdi erentsupervisionmethodswillbeappliedinenvironmentalprotectionofindustry.Thesecanbeclassi®edasfollows:

.supervisionbasedonadministrativeregulationsandpermitprocedures;

.voluntaryagreements(canbelegallybinding)

.systemsandprocedurescerti®edbyathirdparty(certi®cationsubjecttocancellation);

.unilateralpublicdeclarationsandcommitmentsbyindustrialorganisationsandcompanies(controlthroughpublicity);

.informativesupervisionconductedbytheauth-orities;

.®nancialsupervisionthroughtaxesandcharges.Thereductionofindustrialdischargesandemissionshasuntilnowmainlybeenachievedthroughadminis-trativesupervisionandself-steeringenvironmentalpro-tectioninindustry.Althoughgoodresultshavebeen

E-mailaddress:antero.honkasalo@vyh.®(A.Honkasalo).achievedwithpermitsystemsenvironmentallawsandregulationshaveatthesametimebecomeamoreandmorecomplicatedmatter.Forexample,theEuropeanUnion(EU)hasmorethan200regulationsanddirec-tivesdealingwithenvironmentalmatters.

Ininternationalpolicydocuments,thevoluntaryapproach,suchasenvironmentalmanagementsystems,eco-labelsandnegotiatedagreementsareoftenseenasanalternativetothetraditionalcommandandcontrolapproach.Ofthese,especiallystandardisedenviron-mentalmanagementsystemsarebecomingimportantmeanstopromoteenvironmentalprotectioninindus-trialcompanies.TheInternationalstandardisationor-ganisation(ISO)accepteditsenvironmentalmanagementstandardISO14001inSeptember1996.TheCouncilRegulationoftheEuropeanCommunity,(EEC)No.1836/93,allowingvoluntaryparticipationofcompaniesintheindustrialsectorinaCommunityeco-managementandauditscheme,calledEMAS,cameintoe ectinApril1995.

ImplementationoftheISO14001-standardandtheEMAShasbeenfast(OECD,1998).AccordingtothestatisticsgatheredbyPeglau(1999)thereexisted

1462-9011/00/$-seefrontmatter72000ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.PII:S1462-9011(99)00046-

5

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40A.Honkasalo/EnvironmentalScience&Policy3(2000)39±45

19.9.19995443inEurope3004EMAS-registrationsandvironmentalFromISO-certi®cations.

theviewpointofinteresting1998).asmanagementenvironmentalself-regulationsystemspolicy,en-methodsare(Honkasalo,particularlyplaytalself-regulationOthermethodscharacteristics,ofenvironmentalbutinprotectionenvironmen-dis-ablemanagementcantochoosethesystemsmethodstheoperatorsarenotonlycommitmentalsode®nethetargets.Thetoachieveonlyrequirementthetargets,butoflised,environmentaltocontinuousprotection.improvementisaTarget-settingofthelevelincludeThethusISOtargetsrisks.prevention14001canstandardchangeduringtheprocess.

isdecentra-ofoccupationalandthesafetyEMASanddohealthnot(BEC,Thiscan,1996).hasOccupationalbeenconsideredhealthoneoftheirweaknessesmanagementhowever,assystems,easilybeandsafetymattersalthoughintegratedintoenvironmentalsafetyapartofthese.Byintegratingtheyenvironmentalcannotbecerti®edandEspeciallymattersmanagementinthenoisecompanycontrol,canchemicalgetsynergyadvances.pationalnectedandandenvironmentalpreventionindustrialsafety,wastefactorsareaccidents,occu-canversa.

learntoeachfromother.environmentalThus,healthprotectionandsafetycloselyandexpertscon-viceincludesTheResponsiblecareprogramofchemicalindustryandniessafetybothmatters.environmentalResponsibleandcareoccupationalprovidescompa-healthsetexternalobjectives.withtoolstoEnrolmentevaluatetheirownperformanceandbindsaudits,butthesignatureisvoluntaryofthewithoutmanagementanyandcompaniescodesthecompanyofpracticetoandimplementtotheguidingprinciplessafetyManycompanies(ICCA,1999).

worktogetherwithotherarealsointegratingoccupationalitytemssystems.andenvironmentalstructureandthusThebasicthereapproachmanagementarealsoisintotheirqual-similaritiessameintheseintheirsys-inInternationalandwaysoffunctioning.

and1996standardhealthdiscussionsStandardisationmattersforaboutOrganisationarrangedthethesameneedkindtoofdevelopsafetyThesecountriesdiscussionsasISO14001suchdonotseehaveismanagementthatshownforenvironmentalmatters.thereyetthatexistsmostaofthenewastandard.Inaddition,industryisafraidneedofforthepresentscostsTradetothatsmallitcan®rmsinvolveandspecialdi cultiesitplementationunionsalsoresistmeetingthis.Theysucharenewafraidchallenges.thatmanagementmakestandardofanoccupationalcanleadtohealthandsafetyim-weaker.theandculturalAlso,enforcementreasonsithasofoccupationalderegulationsafetylawsandoccupationaloftenarguedlawsthatdi erforhistoricalsomuch

incommondi erentinternationalcountriesthatitisimpossibletocreateastandardsTheworkcountries.has,todevelopstandard.

however,occupationalhealthandsafetypationalTheBritishStandard,alreadyGuidebeguntoinOccu-many8800,an1996)HealthillustratesandSafetythepossibilitiesManagementforSystemsbuilding(BSagementoccupationalbasedstandardonsystemsafetyISO14001ofitsmanagementownorasasystempartofasaasystemman-upsiteshasbeentranslatedstandard.InintoFinland,FinnishtheBS8800(Rissa,were1999).

certi®edaccordingtoitinMarchand®rsts1998vironmentalInthefollowing,tionscausetooccupationalmanagementwewillconsiderthosepartsofen-healthsystemsmatterswhichandhavewhichconnec-mightanalysedproblemsandhandled.

forthelatter,iftheyarenotcarefully2.Buildingupthemanagementsystem

agementAcompanystartstobuildanpersonvironmentalorsystemgroupbymakinginternalenvironmentalaudits.Anexpertman-wereimpactsauditsposedandbyevaluatesasiteandsigni®canten-ganisationtakentoreducethem.Theoperationstheofactionstheor-responsibilityareenvironmentalandalsootheraudited,ingthattheseprimarilyresultsin¯uenceacom-thenbuilditsupenvironmentalitsactualpolicyandprogram.forvironmentalpublication,systemanddrawupanenvironmentalenvironmentalstatementmanage-vironmentalaspectscontainingofthesiteadescriptionandtheoftheen-theIntheISO-systemprinciplesitandisprogram.

company'sen-obligatoryabody,moreenvironmentalpolicy.AcompanycantopublishalsopublishonlyISO-standard,calleddetailedaveri®erenvironmentalinEMAS-schemereport.andAnaccreditedthecompanymeetsmakesaexternalauditandcheckscerti®erthatintoThetopmanagementtherequirementsofthecompanyofthemustsystem.andthealsotargetsprinciplesandgoalsoftheenvironmentalcommitpolicyfunctionsfollowauditsstartandupofthecorrectiveespeciallytoseeenvironmentalhowprogram.Itmustactions,inviewtheiftheseofmanagementtheareresultssystemnecessary.ofthe2.1.Evaluationofenvironmentalimpacts

sionsAcompanyformulateandsigni®cantshouldenvironmentalhaveknowledgeaboutitsemis-grammelatemoreforadequateenvironmentalimpactspolicyinandorderpro-toanditsmoreactivities.environmentalIndustrialimpactscompaniesbycalcu-using

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lifecancyclehotbethatspots,useful,assessmenti.e.,whenthosethemethods(LCA).Thesemethodsphases®rmtriesinto®ndthesocalledByvironmentalusinghaveLCA,essentialin¯uenceonenvironmentaltheproductionimpacts.chaindevelopmentimpactsthe®rmofdi erentcanalsostudythepossibleen-termdesignstrategicalternativesplanningconcerningandgetproductionguidanceortrendsininproductproductlong-eco-labelsInlife-cycleandmaterialsassessment,(Nord,1995).

fewthecurrentpracticeandvariesestablishingbutusuallycriteriaonlyforinLife-Cycletheoccupationalevaluationsafetyprocess.mattersaretakenintoaccountaposureAssessmentitisInsuggestedtheNordictotreatguidelinesonthisvironmentdistinctionseparately,(Nord,because1995).availableworkex-EvenmethodsmakesneedisnotintegratedinLCAifittheneverthelessworken-safetytopreventanalysesbeassessed.toevaluateFirmsoccupationalusuallyperformseparatepareaccidents.Inmanycasesitisdi cultriskstoandtoments,theotherifresultsthemethodsoftheseanalysesusedandandpreconditionslife-cycleassess-com-andessentially.

assumptionsmadeinriskcalculationsdi ermethodAntonssonassessments.forincludingandCarlssonworkenvironment(1996)haveinproposedaduework-relatedtowork-relatedThequantitativeaccidents,categoriesincludelifedeathscycleallergies,eczemaaccidentsanddiseases,workdayshearinglostlossdueandtohealthInordertomakeandsimilartheintegrationdiseases.

ofoccupationalroutineandco-operationpracticesafetyisneeded.

developmentmattersintoworklife-cycleandassessmentinternationala2.2.Bestavailabletechnologydatabanks

stronglyThedevelopmentofenvironmentalEnvironmentalconnectedatedtechnologytothedevelopmentprotectionisdatabanksoftechnology.ment.

inordertohelpfollowandpredicthavethebeendevelop-cre-ogyInvironmentaldatabasesEuropetheisneedalsotocreateenvironmentaltechnol-pollutionpermitsystembasedonofthethenewEUintegrateden-calledconditionsthepreventionIPPC-directive.andcontrolItaimsdirective(integratedto(96/61/EU)),contentconsideredisthatandpracticeinmembercountries.harmoniseItspermitmainbasedasathewholeimpactsandtotheenvironmentmustbetheonemissionlevelsthatpermitcanbeconditionsreachedmustbeincludebestwhichbothavailablethetechnologytechniques.Theseusedandtechniquesbyusingthewayshallinoperatedtheinstallationisdesigned,built,maintained,TheEUandisdecommissioned.

nowbuildingupahugedatabankofthehelpbesttationmemberavailablecountriestechnologytoharmonize(BAT)inordertofrominallof35IPPC-directive.branchesofindustryInformationtheisimplemen-gatheredstartedAppendix1oftheDirective.thatTheareworkmentionedwasingAsfordinet1996al.and(1996)willhavebe®nishedexaminedin2005.

Informationdatabase,NationsClearinghousetheInternationalalreadyexist-(ICPIC)CleanerofTheProductionmostcompletestrikingEnvironmentalfeatureofProgrammetheircasestudies(UNEP).UnitedwasTheofterialshumanlackbeingsofinformationwithproductionregardingtheprocesses,interactionsregardingandcertaintheproducts.physicalLimitedforminformationofthewasgivenma-exposed,stagesintheprocesssothatsubstancesaworkerbeatadequatelythephysiologicrouteofentrycannottechnologiesTheauthorsanticipated.

beundertookanprocessintheICPICsystemin-depththatanalysisrepresentedofeightaeconomicorexampleorproductindustriallinethatpolicyhasperspective.signi®canceforTheseanorcreatedonenvironmentaldemonstratedimpactsthatafocuscanoneitheremissionsdenandormissedwithregardtoworkeroverlookhealthproblemsorsud-becauseSimilaraccidentaloritiesofanditproblemsreleases.

ismightalsooccurintheEU-system,industryonlythethatenvironmentaltakepartinexpertstheofauth-beenInthesepreparationenvironmentalBAT-reports.

air,havewateruntiltechnologythemainemphasishasandnowsoil.onreductionTheend-of-pipeofseparatesolutionsemissionstoproblems,notusuallymatedbecausecausedtheseanyappliedinstallationsmajoroccupationalsafetythem.towardHowever,andonlyfewworkersareneededarehighlytooperateauto-ductsdevelopmentswhenintheprocessmainemphasistechnologyischangingandpro-andhealthmoreandclosingimportantofmatterenvironmentalloops,thismakesitmoresameandsafetyrisksarehandledandasaoccupationalpartoftheavoidwholepossible,mistakesinthatordermighttogetbesynergyhardandbene®tscostly,andifim-toinTheintroductiontocorrect.

ofextendedalsowastemorethemanagementoccupationalalsoleadsproducertoasituationresponsibilitywheretemsimportantpartofhealthriskassessment.risksbecomeRecyclingmoreandsys-orrisks.increasedcanconsisttransportofmanualofwasteshandlingofwastestreamstobuteliminateBigcompanieshavepotentiallyandgoodthuspossibilitiescreatenewdi erent.inmanythesesmallnew®rmsoccupationalthesituationhealthcanproblems,beactivebigcompaniesinrecyclingAnditisusuallythesmall®rmsthattotallyaregivebusiness.totheirThussuppliersitisimportant,supportthatand

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advicematters.

inbothenvironmentalandoccupationalsafety2.3.Policyplansandvisions

programThebuildingphasesandupoftheenvironmentalpolicyandmentinintroductionsettingupofofthetargetsareessentialplansystem.Thecompanythecanenvironmentalformulateitsmanage-policytakeandprogramandsetitstargetssothattheycanTheyintoimpactsmust,accounthowever,thespecialfocusfeaturesofitsactivities.getvironmentalsettingcausedmustbyleadtheto®rm,continuedandoninimprovementthethewhole,fundamentaltheoftar-en-clearlymeasurableperformance.contentandTargetstime-tables.

mustalsohave2.3.1.vironmentalItappearsFuturetrends

thatthevisionsoffuturetrendsofcompanies.betterandabilitiesThemattersthebetterstronglyin¯uencegoalsettingen-of®rmcantheintegratetrendsareitsdescribed,thebusinessoccupationaltrendsaregoals.healthandsafetygoalsenvironmentaltotheirleastimportantInagreement(Honkasalo,withthis1998):

thefollowing.developmentofinternationaland.plansandlegislation;

nationalpolicy.developmentdevelopmentofamongcustomers,oftechnologyvalues®nanciers,andandeconomy;

NGOs,perceptionthepublicofrisksand.media;

developmentplansoccupationaltobene®tofhealthfromactivitiesandenvironmentalofothercompaniessafety.protectiontheirandThenewrecenthistoryofenvironmentalpolicyincatastrophestheenvironmentalpublicarena.problemscanunexpectedlyshowsemergethatwhereandnewMajorscienti®caccidents,resultscreateenvironmentalsituationsshortsystemsperiodnewenvironmentaloftime.Thelegislationgetscreatedinauncertaintyarestillpoorlyunderstoodcriticalloadsandofintroducesecologicalimpactsthem.

andtheintoactionsthepredictionsneededtopreventofenvironmentalandcontrolnationalLonglastingtrendscan,however,beseenwasmanagementwaterenvironmentalqualitypolicy.Themainissueininter-onceemphasiswithmanagement,afocusonacidi®cation.followedbyairqualityity,globalisclimateshiftingtoextendedproducerresponsibil-ThemaindevelopmentItislikelythatissuesthesocialandsustainabledimensiondevelopment.ofthebusinesswillbecomeimportantandofasustainablewiderrolefromcorporateinsociety,humanrightsstrategicwillbemoreandmoreoftenonandcon¯ictagenda.preventionSocialissuestolabour

rangestandards,productanti-corruptionmeasures,supplierrelations,improvedareorcurrentlyaccessintegrity,excludedtojobscommunityinvestmentanddueandtopoverty,servicesethnicity,forpeoplewhoinEspeciallydisability(Nelson,therole1999).

gendercorelabourcodesandstandardsinternationaldevelopingcountries,arealreadyimportantissuespationalpolicydevelopments.Accordingly,occu-incanbecomeincreasinglyhealthandmoreofabesafety,partseenandofsameinpolicyenvironmentalwhole.

documentsmatters,and2.3.2.ValuationofenvironmentalandrisksThesettingcanperceptionin¯uenceoftargetenvironmentaloccupationalriskssetting.andoccupationalceptsbeingsareshouldnotbeunderestimated.TheirroleTheinriskagendacon-riskhandlepartrisksofcomplexassignssocialwhichstructures.carryHumanaretativeincreasinglymanagementcalculatedbothenvironmentalandpresentedandmeaning.safetyrisksInever,way.

seldomforms.estimateEmployeesorrelateandordinaryriskspresentedcitizens,inaquanti-inhow-thisticTheattitudetowardsrisksseemtobeandinnotingreadilythatindustrial-basedthussocieties.Riskscausedhighlybydualis-others,tolerated.wedoOnnotthefeelothercapableofa ecting,arelevelsisvoluntary,peopleseemtohandacceptwhenhigherrisktak-riskInunknownaddition,thanwhenresearchtheyhasbelievetheycannotavoidarisk.dentsual'sconstructiondeathsaredangers,moreandspeciallyshownthattowardsattitudemajortowardsacci-innegativetra c,atthanmachinerythosetowardsshopsindivid-andtimationAllthesebiasessites.

onarefactorswhichcanleadtooveres-pationalcannothealthofenvironmentalandsafetyrisks.risksEnvironmentalcomparedtooccu-risksonly.haveManybecontrolledimpactscanbytheactionofanindividualareHowever,long-lastingbepoorlyknownandcantheoccupationalandevencatastrophicdimensions.environment.moreeasilytakenasanaturalhealthpartandofsafetyrisksafraidForofoccupationalMaleworkersaccidentsinterviewed(Honkasalo,wereindustrialnot1992).verythoseexample,toldfactorswhichprofessionalcouldn'tdiversa ectwereafraidofonlydoesthatthehighestriskiscausedbythemselves.aforemanTheywhothetheimpropernotknoworganisingtheproblemsofofdivingworkandthusdodiverssitecanjeopardiseothertheworkdiver'sactivitiessafety.Theynearningnotfatalout,evenreports.divingalthoughseemtobeconcernedabouttheairrun-accidents,thiswasaccordinginvolvedtointhemostaccidentofthemediately,Inheavyingarescueanddivingsuitairdoesnotmoveoutim-isthethusdiver'sthemostownactions.

importantfactora ect-

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toAnthropologist,socialtherolethatdi erentDouglasrisks(1985),hashaspaidattentionmunityorganisations.Hermainthesisintheisthatfunctioningeverycom-ofmologyhasthewhichitsowncontainspicturedescriptionoftheworld,itsowncos-isacceptable.dangerous,evil.Di erentcommunitieschooseofwhatthetheygoodthinkandganisationruledandThis®lthytoisdoneordirty,helpthetoaidandwhatisgoodandworldinthebecomefunctionanofor-monnately,imagebytheonthoseofmembersofthegroupconcerned.Aentitycom-whomdangeryoucandounitenotcommunities.agreewiththeUnfortu-handled,howthegoat.

aresignsleftofoutdangerandcanshouldevenbebecomeinterpretedgroupascape-andinternationalTheprecautionaryprincipleistheforcropfacingtoup,thenrisksenvironmentalitandisbetteruncertainties.policythatmainhasstrategydevelopedofinmanyaspectsIfuncertainandpreparefactorsaryfacechangeprinciplethemostshouldseriouscertainlyalternatives.beTheprecaution-blems,otherwisetoo.issues.However,thisprincipleappliedhasitstoownclimatepro-impossible.theItdevelopmentcannotbeappliedofsocietiestoallsimplyrisks,becausesmall,impactspreventionItisobviousmaythatiftheimpactsbecomesareverytransportationthemselves.Atsomecausepoint,moreforharmexample,thanthethelutionInandaccidentsrelatedthantorecyclingissavedcancausemorepol-totheenvironmentaltheworstallocationcasetheprecautionaryreusingprinciplethecanwaste.leadsionrisksofwhichfundsforaretheunderpreventionextensiveofsucheveninthemedia,butwhichareofonlyveryminordiscus-orwell-beingnoimportancetothestateofenvironmentorsocialItis,ofpeople.

tionfactorsthus,whichimportantcancausethatthosein¯uencepsychologicalonriskandmentalaretakenmanagementandintooccupationalaccountwhilepercep-healthintroducingandenviron-siblere¯ectiveforbuildingsystems,wayanalyseuppreventionandthatthosewhoarerespon-safetytheirownrisktargetsperceptions.caninaself-2.4.system

RoleofemployeeparticipationinmanagementniesInenvironmentalmanagementsystemsthecompa-ofcommitsthemselvestothecontinuedimprovementmustenvironmentalcommitment.analyzehowperformance.Thus,thecompanymentThebesttoptomanagement'screatepreconditionsstrongcommit-forthisestvisits),intothethetargetsenvironmentalandgoals,anditsvisibleinter-tivatingareperhapstheperformancemostimportantlevelsfactors(i.e.byinmo-sitenewresponsibilitiespersonneltoandchangeundertaketheirnewworkinitiatives.habits,carrysystemThebuildingcase,isalwaysupaoflearningenvironmentalprocess.Inmanagementcreativeenvironmentalinsightsapproachthatprotectiongivescanfunctiontheasbestaductsintothedevelopmentpossibilitiesthe®rmwhollyofitspro-new1998).agersAtandleast,manufacturingitcanhelpprocessesbothproduction(Honkasalo,man-blindnessandworkandworkersgetridtoavoidofsocalledworkplacebene®troutinesmentfromandeasysolutions.rigidandTogetold-fashionedthewholemustsystems,thisthesidetrainingoftheprogramsenvironmentalconnectedmanage-toimportantThebeintroductorycarefullyplannedphasecanandactuallycarrieditfunctionout.

partindustrytoit.trainingforthepersonnel,iftheycanastakeaninterviewedgaveFinnishmanyenvironmentalexamplesofthis,managerswhentheyofforestmentalmanagementandaskedsystemsabout(Leskinen,thebene®tsofenviron-weretalBothshouldmanagementtheEMASsystemschemedemandandISO1998).

that14001environmen-employeebegiventoworkers,buttheyadequatedonottrainingdemandtheappropriateneedtoparticipation.activeinvolvementIntheofnewemployees,EMAS-regulation,includingtenttraining,isstressed,butnoconcreteself-regulationManagementisgiventoit.

con-alsoissystemgivencantoworkingbebuildgroups,upsothatlargeThebecreatedinacentralisedandauthoritarianbutitway.canimprovementtopmanagementmustcommittocontinuoustheofenvironmentalperformance,andinde®nedmanagementISOegationstandardinaclearsystemandway,theEMASbuttheotherwiseresponsibilitiesmustbeleftopen,itishowboththeinthearranged.ofportantHowever,worktasksinoccupationalanddecisionmakingdel-areandemployeesaccordinglythatworkerscanin¯uencethemattersentireitprocess,isim-workingsrightsthereandexistpossibilitieslegalobligationstotakepartthatinde®nethetriesTheResponsibleofmanagementcareprogramsystems.

ofChemicalindustryHowever,toimproveReportaccordingthedialoguetotheResponsiblewithallitsstakeholders.localwithResponsible1998,allemployeescarearenotfullyCareinvolvedStatusinaccordingthemandtheirrepresentativesactivities.Thiswillatnationalbeaddressedlevel(ICCA,tonationalregulationsandlocalcustomsworkerTrade1999).

edinTheytheargue®eldofthatenvironmen-andco-operationmanagementofthework-forcerequiresinthedesigningcon®dencesuccessfulpro-

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cedures,anddraftingenvironmentalpolicyandestablishingcanRedingerevaluatingstandards(ICFTU,1998).

andandshouldandLevinetakepart(1997)inconsiderthatemployeestheaudits,becauseitcanincreasethird-partytheircredibilitycerti®rmationWorkerscanalsohavesuchfocustheandauditshazardstoessentialconnectedfactors.

toonthemworkthatmethodscanhelpandto2.5.Measurementofperformanceandfollow-upindustrialAlthoughofsitesenvironmentalcanbehardimpactstoshow,causedthedevelopmentbyspeci®cmoreenvironmentalperformancelevelcanusuallybeofisticaloccupationaleasilymeasuredmisleading¯uctuationshealthinofoccupationalandaquantitativesafety.waythanthataccidentsForexample,cangivestat-astatisticssituationofpicturereasonsintheoccupationalaboutactualpastanddiseasesperformanceitcanbecanlevel.Thepossiblealsore¯ectthataThus,factorsalthoughfortheiramountastheitoccurrencedonotexistanymore.theworkingsisimportantoforganisationthatsuchpreventiveandusedvironmentalasaandmeasurequalityoftraininggiventoworkerstheareters,andoccupationaloftheperformancehealthlevelofbothen-latter.thisactiveBSis8800even(1996)moreconsistimportantofexamplesinandtheofcasesafetymat-theseofpro-theusedThemonitoringindicatorsdataoftheinitsinformativeAnnexE.rateinFinlandconsistofResponsiblelosttimeinjuriescarefrequencyprogramriesdamage(injuries/million(hour/millionman-hoursman-hoursworked),worked)numberandpropertyofinju-di cultduenumberstomeasuretoaccidents(million/year).BecauseitisareofEHScoursesthequalityandemployeeoftraining,onlythehealthreported.talandsafetyTheandcapitaloperationspendingonenvironment,participationsponsibleHowever,protectioncompanycareinarethealsomeasured(CIFF,costsfor1999).

environmen-indicatorsinternationalstillvarylevelfromtheselectedRe-nationalToInternationalmeetorandfromcountrytocountryaccordingcompanytotothelocalgrowingconcernsexpectationsandparameterofstakeholders,de®nitions.theseekingsafetywaysCounciltoreportsoftheChemicalindustry'sAssociationsislevel(ICCA,andenvironmental1999)

performancedatahealthatglobaland3.Discussionandconclusions

mattersTheintegrationofoccupationalhealthandsafetyhelpcompaniesintoenvironmentaltoavoidduplicatedmanagementmeasuressystemsand®nd

cansolutionsrisksturesinanthatoptimalhandleway.bothenvironmentalandsafetymustbeofHowever,thefollowingfea-takencurrentintoenvironmentalaccount:

engineeringpractices1.Life-cycleassessmentsdonotusuallycontain2.environment.

workEnvironmentalbestcontainavailabletechnicaltechnologytechnologysolutionscandata-basesthatbebiasedandcansoreportsthattheyof3.pationalweakenoccu-Peoplesafety

easilytheirthancanenvironmentalconsideroccupationalrisksassafetyanaturalrisksmore4.cupationalwork.Thiscanleadtothesituationwherepartoc-ofThemanydevelopmentrisksareofunderestimated.

theperformancelevelcanin5.protectioncasesEnvironmentalthanbemoreinoccupationaleasilyshownhealthinenvironmentaldemandmattersemployeemanagementparticipation.systemsandsafety.Inoccupationaldonottheprocess.itisimportantthatworkerscanin¯uenceThementsproblemsdescribedabovebothinlife-cycleassess-largelyandinenvironmentaltechnologydatabasesarethateconomics.arecausedappliedbytheinenvironmentalmodelsofproductionengineeringprocesses¯owtheofmatter/energyThesemodelsthroughusuallyconsistofonlyandtheariesemissionstotheenvironment.thesystemThesystemandspeciallybound-outPartlyorareisde®nedsothatthehumanworkforceisleftemissionsthisonlyisunderstandable,apassiveobjectbecauseofharmfulfactors.hasing.beentheandtheenvironmentalimpactsthereductiontheycauseofsafetyFromthemainviewpointconcernofofoccupationalenvironmentalhealthengineer-andmaticwhenandthiskinditcanofpracticecan,however,beproble-ment.

essentialriskleadfactorstofalseareneglectedoptimisationinthesolutionsassess-aimInductionisthetonewparadigm,`IndustrialEcology',themaindevelopment.processgivethatengineeringful®lsthesciencedemandsamodelofpro-de®nedditionalinamoreAccordingly,wideandthecomplexsystemwayboundariesofsustainablethanintra-arePowersenvironmentalengineering.AccordingtotwoworldessentialandChertowconcepts:(1997)(1)attentionIndustrialtoEcologythejoinsfullasthatwellcycleasasystem(ecology)and(2)attentionnaturaltotheasoftohumaninstitutions,modi®cationtheprimaryofthatenvironmentthusandtersocialbemodi®cationseendevelopmentasasystem(industry).IndustrialinstrumentsEcologycanofbythatadjustingcansupportthe¯owsaneconomiccriticalandofmatterloadsenergy¯ows,of(thetheindustrialmetabolism)withinofmat-thedematerializationecologicalsystems.ofTheproductsclosingand

up

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conversiontrialofenergyareimportantpartsoftheindus-EcologyAnecology.

interestingfeatureinthelevelchanges,ofproductionisthattheyprocess,consistnotonlymodelstheoftechnologicalIndustrialnetworksredesignity.thatareofneededorganisationsbutalsothosemanagerialinorderandcommunicationIndustrialHowever,accountEcology,O'Roukebecauseetal.toreachsustainabil-it(1996)doeshavecriticisedotherandsocio-politicalcon¯ictinggoalsfactors.ofdi erentnottakeintoTheoccupationalstake-holdershealthandthesesafetymattershaveneitherbeenconsideredinhealthThemodelslegislationinanysystematicway.

theirnotownandhistory.safetyandandadministrationofoccupationalAtleastenvironmentalprotectionhavethesenewandauthorities,organisationalwhenstructures,morecloseco-operation,ifindustrialare®rmsneededbeganbetweenintegratedmoretoapproach.introducemanagementsystemsbasedmoreonReferences

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Rissa,K.,1999.OnRiskManagement(inFinnish),Tyoturvallisuuskeskus,Jyvaskyla.AnteroHonkasaloisworkingintheMinistryoftheEnvironmentasaDirectorofEnvironmentalprotectioninTradeandIndustry.HehasadocentpostinLappeenrantaUniversityofTechnology.HehasbeenaFinnishrepresentativeinWorkingPartyforPollutionPreven-tionControlofOECD,intheIMPEL-network(ImplementationandEnforcementofEnvironmentalLaw)ofEuropeanUnion,inNordicCleanerTechnologyGroupandNordicIntegratedProductPolicyGroupofNordicCouncilofMinisters.Honkasalohasstudieden-vironmentalmanagementsystems,riskperceptionandpreconditionsofsustainabledevelopment.

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