大学应用型综合教程3unit7 - 图文

Unit 7

Part 1 Language Skills Development

1. Starter

A. Look at the picture. Suppose he is your friend, and is possibly mentally ill. Answer the following questions.

1. Would you stop being friends with him?

Reference answer： I wouldn't stop being friends with him just because I suspect he may be a psychopath. If I think he won't take it too badly and/or it seems serious enough, I'd probably talk to him about it.

2. How would you discuss mental illness with him? Or would you avoid the topic altogether? Reference answer： I would introduce to him the types of mental illness, and how serious it might be if we tend to ignore it. Then I'd like to give him an example of one of my friends who has just recovered from his mental illness.

Mind Map psychopath n. 精神病患者

B. Listen to a news report. Then fill in the blanks.

1. A ninth body was found (Friday morning) at the scene of a (Christmas Eve) shooting.

2. The shooting occurred (Wednesday night) when a depressed man, dressed as (Santa Claus), arrived at a Christmas Eve party.

3. The man (opened fire) on the participants and (burned down) the two-storey house.

Mind Map massacre n. depressed a. 残杀，屠杀 忧郁的 圣诞老人 前妻 4. The man later shot himself to death (at his brother's home) Santa Claus early in the morning on Christmas Day in Sylmar.

ex-wife n. 5. Believed to have been killed in the shooting and fire were Sylvia Ortega, and her (parents).

洛杉矶县 Los Angeles County unaccounted for 下落不明，失踪 6. The man was reportedly in a messy (divorce), and used (cocktails) to set the house on fire.

Tapescript:

A Ninth Body Found in Los Angeles Christmas Eve Massacre

A ninth body was found Friday morning at the scene of a Christmas Eve shooting in Covina of East Los Angeles, police said.

- 1 -

The shooting occurred Wednesday night when a depressed man, dressed as Santa Claus, arrived at his ex-wife's Christmas Eve party, then opened fire on the participants and burned down the two-story house, police said.

WAfter the attack, Bruce Jeffrey Pardo, 45, shot himself to death at his brother's home early in the morning on Christmas Day in Sylmar, a suburb about 50 kilometers north of downtown Los Angeles, according to police.

Believed to have been killed in the shooting and fire were Pardo's ex-wife, Sylvia Ortega, 43 and her parents, police said but did not provide any more details.

The Los Angeles County official confirmed that a total of nine victims have been found at the scene. There were 25 guests at the party and nine had been unaccounted for immediately after the shooting. Pardo, who was reportedly separated from his wife and in a messy divorce, used cocktails to set the house on fire, according to local television reports.

Info Box 1. Jerome K. Jerome Jerome K. Jerome was an English writer of the late 19th century and early 20th century. He was born in 1859 and died in 1927. He published his first work in 1885, On Stage and Off, a collection of humorous sketches about the theater. In his lifetime he was also known as a journalist, playwright, and the founder of a magazine called The Idler. Today he is chiefly remembered as a humorist. His most famous books include The Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow, Three Men in a Boat, and its sequel Three Men on the Bummel. 2. Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog) Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog), published in 1889, recounts the misadventures of three Victorian (维多利亚时代的) middle-class London-types men and one dog trying to have a boating vacation on the Thames. It is one of the most readable, and funny books of the era.

A Victim of 107 Fatal Maladies 身患107种致命疾病的患者 1 It is a most extraordinary thing, but I never read a 1 此事绝对非同小可，只要我一看到专利药品patent medicine advertisement without being forced to draw 的广告，就会不自觉地得出结论：我患上了广the conclusion that I am suffering from the particular disease 告中所说的疾病，并且已经病入膏肓。而诊断said in the ad and dealt with in its most deadly form. The 结果似乎在各方面也都和我所感觉的完全一diagnosis seems in every case to correspond exactly with all the 致。 sensations that I have ever felt. 2 记得有一次，我患上了某种小毛病（我猜可2 I remember going to the British Museum one day to read up 能是花粉热），于是便去大英博物馆专门查阅on the treatment for some slight ailment of which I had a 它的治疗方法。我取下书来，阅读了所有我打touch—hay fever, I fancy it was. I got down the book, and read 算查阅的内容。然后，我漫不经心地翻着书，all I came to read; and then, in an unthinking moment, I idly 开始懒洋洋地研究起疾病来。我忘记了哪种疾turned the leaves, and began to lazily study diseases, 病是第一个冒出来的，只知道是一种可怕的，generally. I forget which was the first disease I plunged 令人震惊的灾祸。而在我还没有看完所列“症 into—some fearful, devastating scourge, I know— and, before I 状”的一半时，就意识到我很可能得了这种病。had glanced half down the list of \3 我吓得怔住了，坐了一会。然后，在绝望的borne in upon me that I had fairly got it. 倦怠中，我又翻过几页，看到了伤寒，一查症3 I sat for a while, frozen with horror; and then, in the 状，发现我已患上伤寒，而且在不知不觉中已listlessness of despair, I again turned over the pages. I came to 经患上好几个月了。我想知道自己还患有什么typhoid fever—read the symptoms—discovered that I had 病，于是继续往下翻，翻到了圣维特斯舞蹈病，typhoid fever, must have had it for months without knowing it— 发现正如我预料，我也患上了此病。我开始对wondered what else I had got; turned up St. Vitus's 自己的病有了兴趣，决定细查到底，因此我开- 2 -

Dance—found, as I expected, that I had that too —began to get 始按字母顺序查阅，看完了热病部分，得知我interested in my case, and determined to examine it 患有此病，而且两星期后病情将转入急性期。thoroughly, and so started alphabetically— read up on fever, 然而，令我宽慰的是，看完布赖特氏病（肾小and learnt that I was sickening for it, and that the acute stage 球肾炎）部分后，我发觉自己只是患上了布赖would commence in about another fortnight. Bright's disease, I 特氏病的变种，就此而言，我还可能活几年。was relieved to find, I had only in a modified form, and, so far as 此外，我还患有霍乱，并且伴随严重的并发症。that was concerned, I might live for years. Cholera I had, with 而白喉我似乎生来就有。我认认真真地按26severe complications; and diphtheria I seemed to have been 个字母的顺序读完了所有的疾病，得出的结论born with. I read conscientiously through the twenty-six letters, 是：我唯一没患的是髌前囊炎（女佣膝）。 and the only malady I could conclude I had not got was 4 一开始我有点不高兴；不管怎么说，这看起housemaid's knee. 来是一种冷落。为什么我没有患髌滑囊炎？为过了一会儿，4 I felt rather hurt about this at first; it seemed somehow to be 什么单单就漏了这个病呢？不过，a sort of slight. Why hadn't I got housemaid's knee? Why this 我就不那么贪心了。我想既然我已患上了药理unpleasant reservation? After a while, however, less grasping 学上已知的所有其它疾病，就不必再那么自私feelings prevailed. I reflected that I had every other known 了。于是，决定不再计较没有髌前囊炎。看来malady in the pharmacology, and I grew less selfish, and 在我没有意识到的时候，就已经患上了痛风，determined to do without housemaid's knee. Gout, in its most 而且还可能处在其最恶性的阶段。此外，我显malignant stage, it would appear, had seized me without my 然在童年时就患上了发酵病。发酵病是这本书being aware of it; and zymosis I had evidently been suffering 上最后一种疾病，所以我推断我再没其他毛病with from boyhood. There were no more diseases after 了。 zymosis, so I concluded there was nothing else the matter with 5 我坐在那里，陷入了沉思。我想从医疗的角me. 度来看，我是一个多么有趣的案例啊。对于课5 I sat and pondered. I thought what an interesting case I must 堂教学，我是多么难得啊。有我的话，学生就be from a medical point of view, what an acquisition I should be 不需要去当“实习医生”。我自己就是医院。他to a class! Students would have no need to \们只需围着我研究，然后，去拿他们的文凭。 if they had me. I was a hospital in myself. All they need do 6 接着，我开始想我还能活多久。我试着给自would be to walk round me, and, after that, take their diploma. 己做检查。我给自己把脉，一开始我丝毫感觉6 Then I wondered how long I had to live. I tried to examine 不到脉动。然后，我的脉搏好像突然跳动了。myself. I felt my pulse. I could not at first feel any pulse at all. 于是，我摘下手表开始计时数脉。我测出来脉Then, all of a sudden, it seemed to start off. I pulled out my 搏一分钟跳动147下。我试着摸我的心脏。我watch and timed it. I made it a hundred and forty-seven to the 感觉不到心脏，它已停止了跳动。我曾被诱导应该一直在跳动，minute. I tried to feel my heart. I could not feel my heart. It had 地认为我的心脏一直在那里，stopped beating. I have since been induced to come to the 但我无法解释为什么现在感觉不到它。我不断opinion that it must have been there all the time, and must 拍打整个上半身，从腰部一直拍到头部，同时have been beating, but I cannot account for it. I patted myself 拍打身体两侧和背部。但是，我还是什么也没all over my front, from what I call my waist up to my head, and 感觉到或者听到。我试着检查我的舌头，尽量I went a bit round each side, and a little way up the back. But I 把舌头伸得很长，我闭上一只眼，想用另一只could not feel or hear anything. I tried to look at my tongue. I 眼来检查。但我只能看到舌尖，而唯一的收获stuck it out as far as ever it would go, and I shut one eye, and 是，我比以前更确信我患上了猩红热。 tried to examine it with the other. I could only see the tip, and 7 进阅览室时，我是个快乐健康的人，而出来走路蹒跚而又衰老的废人。 the only thing that I could gain from that was to feel more 时却成了一个可怜、certain than before that I had scarlet fever. crawled out a miserable old wreck. 8 我去看了医生，他是我的一位老友。每当我舌头，跟我谈论天气，但从来不收我的钱。因7 I had walked into that reading room a happy, healthy man. I 觉得自己有病时，他就会给我把脉，检查我的8 I went to my medical man. He is a close friend of mine, and 此，我认为现在去找他看病，会对他大有好处。feels my pulse, and looks at my tongue, and talks about the “医生需要的是实践。他应该看我这个病人。和weather, all for nothing, when I fancy I'm ill; so I thought I 1700名只有一两种疾病的普通病人相比，他

- 3 -

would do him a good turn by going to him now. \可以从我身上得到更多的实践机会。”所以，我wants,\直接去了他那儿。他问道：“哦，你怎么了？” “朋友，我不想占用你的时间来告practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred of his 9 我回答道：ordinary, commonplace patients, with only one or two diseases 诉你我有哪些问题。生命是短暂的，或许还没each.\等我说完，你就去世了。但是，我要告诉你我what's the matter with you?\ 没有哪些毛病。我没有患上髌前囊炎。我无法9 I said, \告诉你，为什么我没有患上髌前囊炎。但是，what is the matter with me. Life is brief, and you might pass 事实如此，我没有得这种病。不过，其他的疾away before I had finished. But I will tell you what is NOT the 病我全有了。” matter with me. I have not got housemaid's knee. Why I have 10 我告诉他我是如何发现这些疾病的。 not got housemaid's knee, I cannot tell you; but the fact 11 然后他让我张开嘴，给我做检查。他紧紧然后趁我不备敲打我的胸部（我remains that I have not got it. Everything else, however, I 抓住我的手腕，HAVE got.\ 10 And I told him how I came to discover it all. 认为这是胆小鬼做的事情），之后突然用他的头的侧面顶我。然后，他坐下来开处方，接着11 Then he opened me and looked down me, and clutched hold 将处方折叠好，递给我。我把它放进了口袋，of my wrist, and then he hit me over the chest when I wasn't 走了出去。 expecting it —a cowardly thing to do, I call it— and immediately 12 我没有打开处方，而是拿着它来到最近的afterwards butted me with the side of his head. After that, he 药房。我把处方递了进去，那位男士看了看，sat down and wrote out a prescription, and folded it up and 然后递还给我。 gave it to me, and I put it in my pocket and went out. handed it in. The man read it, and then handed it back. 13 He said he didn't keep it. 14 I said, \ 13 他说他无法照办。 15 他回答道：“是的。如果我是同时开合作商店和家庭旅社的，或许能满足您的要求。但我只是个药剂师，这就为难我了。” 12 I did not open it. I took it to the nearest chemist's, and 14 我问道：“你是药剂师吗？” 15 He said, \16 我看了看处方，上面写道：“1磅牛排加上family hotel combined, I might be able to oblige you. Being only 1品脱苦味啤酒，6小时1次。 每天早上走a chemist hampers me.\ 10英里路，每晚11点整上床睡觉。不要满脑16 I read the prescription. It ran: \子想着你不明白的东西。” 结果很美满（对我而言），bitter beer every 6 hours. 1 ten-mile walk every morning. 1 bed 17 我遵照处方行事，at 11 sharp every night. And don't stuff up your head with 我的生命得以维持，并且活得好好的。 things you don't understand.\ 17 I followed the directions, with the happy result—speaking for myself—that my life was preserved, and is still going on. New Words

victim

n. 1) [C] a person who has been attacked, injured or killed as a result of a disease, a crime, an accident, etc. 受害者，牺牲者

Most of the victims were shot in the back while trying to run away. 受害者在试图逃跑时，大多数背后中枪而亡。 The victim of the accident was taken to hospital. 事故的受害者被送往医院。 n. 2) [C] a person who has been tricked 受骗者，上当的人

They were the victims of a cruel hoax. 他们成了一大骗局的上当受骗者。 fatal

a. 1) causing or ending in death 致命的

Her children's death is a fatal blow on her. 孩子们的死对她来说是个致命的打击。 a. 2) causing disaster or failure 灾难性的，毁灭性的 - 4 -

Graf made a fatal mistake halfway through the match. 格拉夫在比赛中途犯了一个致命的错误。

malady

n. 1) [C] an illness 疾病

His wife died of a malady of the chest, from which she had long suffered. 他的妻子因长期害肺病，死了。 n. 2) [C] a serious problem 严重问题

Violent crime is one of the maladies afflicting modern society. 暴力犯罪是困扰现代社会的严重问题之一。 patent

a. (of a product) made or sold by a particular company 专利生产的；专利经销的 Try some of this new patent medicine. 试试这种新的专利药物吧。

n. [C, U] 专利权；专利证书Did you take out a patent on your design? 你已取得你的设计专利了吗? The patent for this typewriter was issued in 1714. 这台打字机的专利证书是1774年颁发的。

correspond

vi. 1) to be the same as or match sth. 相一致，符合

I assure you my actions will correspond with my words. 我向你保证，我将言行一致。

The reality does not always correspond with one's expectations. 现实不一定总符合人的期望。 vi. 2) to be similar to or the same as sth. else 类似于，相当于

Our arms correspond to the wings of a bird. 我们的两臂相当于鸟的双翼。

American Congress corresponds to the British Parliament. 美国国会相当于英国议会。 vi. 3) to write letters to someone and receive letters from him/her 通信 Have you been corresponding with him? 你一直和他通信吗? I correspond with him regularly. 我经常和他通信。

sensation

n. 1) [C] a feeling that you get when sth. affects your body 感觉，知觉

I had a sensation of falling, as if in a dream. 我有一种坠落的感觉，像在梦中似的。

n. 2) [U] the ability to feel through your sense of touch 感觉能力，知觉能力 He lost all sensation in his legs through cramp. 他的双腿因抽筋而失去知觉。

treatment

n. 1) [U, C] something that is done to cure an injury or an illness 治疗，诊治 n. 2) [U] a way of behaving towards or dealing with a person or a thing 对待；待遇

n. 3) [U, C] a way of dealing with or discussing a subject, work of art, etc. 处理，论述

ailment

n. [C] an illness that is not very serious 小病，微恙

His ailments include a mild heart attack and stomach trouble. 他患有轻度心脏病和胃病。 idly

ad. with no particular purpose, reason or effort 毫无目的地，漫不经心地 He was idly turning the pages of a magazine. 他在无聊地翻看一本杂志。

Don't just sit idly by while other children are busy. 其他孩子都在忙的时候，别袖手旁观。 plunge

vi./vt. to throw oneself abruptly into some condition, situation, matter, etc. 陷入

- 5 -

The country plunged deeper into recession. 那个国家进一步陷入经济萧条之中。 The news plunged them into deep depression. 这条消息使他们深感沮丧。

devastating

a. 1) extremely shocking to a person 令人震惊的，骇人的

the devastating news of a plane crash 令人震惊的飞机失事的消息 a. 2) causing a lot of damage and destruction 破坏性极大的，毁灭性的 It is the most devastating storm in 20 years. 这是20年来破坏性最大的风暴。

scourge

n. [C, usu. sing.] a person or thing that causes a lot of harm or suffering 祸害，灾害 After the scourge of war came the scourge of disease. 战乱之后，瘟疫接踵而来。 The new boss was the scourge of the inefficient. 新老板来了以后，不称职的人就遭殃了。 horror

n. [U] a strong feeling of shock and fear 恐惧，恐怖，惊恐

listlessness

n. [U] the state of having or showing little or no energy or interest in anything 倦怠，无精打采，百无聊赖 In listlessness I leant my head against the window. 我无精打采地把头靠在窗子上。

typhoid n. [U] 伤寒

alphabetically

ad. in alphabetical order 按字母顺序地

He spelt all the nations of Africa running alphabetically from Algeria to Zaire. 他按字母顺序拼出了从阿尔及利亚到扎伊尔的所有非洲国家。 sicken

vi./vt. 1) to become ill 生病，患病

The animal began to sicken and soon died. 这只动物患了病很快就死了。 The child is sickening for the measles. 这孩子正出麻疹。

vi./vt. 2) to make sb. feel very shocked and angry 使大为震惊；使愤怒 His manner of talking sickens us. 我们很讨厌他那种讲话方式。 Their business methods sicken me. 我很讨厌他们做生意的手法。 acute

a. 1) very serious or severe 十分严重的

There's an acute shortage of water. 这里严重缺水。

a. 2) (of a disease or its symptoms) of short duration but typically severe 急性的 acute appendicitis 急性阑尾炎

commence

vi./vt. to begin to happen; to begin sth. 开始，着手

The project will commence in November 2010 and be completed in October 2012. 该工程将于2010年11月开始，2012年10月完成。 - 6 -

After the election the new government commenced developing the roads. 选举后，新政府开始修建道路。

fortnight

n. [C, usu. sing.] two weeks; a period of fourteen consecutive days 两星期，十四天 I'm going away for a fortnight's holiday. 我要到外地去度两周假。

cholera n. [U] 霍乱 severe

a. very serious or bad 十分严重的，极为恶劣的

complication

n. [C, usu. pl.] a new problem or illness arising as a consequence of another disease 并发症

diphtheria n. [U] 白喉

conscientiously

ad. taking care to do things carefully and correctly 认真负责地，一丝不苟地 We should do this work conscientiously. 我们应该认认真真地做这项工作。

More steps should be taken conscientiously to solve them. 今后要谨慎地采取更多措施，以解决它们。

housemaid

n. [C] a girl or woman employed to do housework, esp. one who is a resident in the household 女仆，女佣

grasping

a. greedy 贪心的，贪婪的

Don't let those grasping taxi drivers charge you too much. 不要让那些贪婪的出租汽车司机向你漫天要价。 prevail

vi./vt. 1) to be accepted, esp. after a struggle or an argument 战胜，占优势，获胜 Truth will prevail. 真理必胜。

Justice has prevailed; the guilty man has been punished. 正义得到伸张, 罪犯受到惩罚。 vi./vt. 2) to exist among a group of people at a certain time or in a particular place 盛行，流行 Belief in magic still prevails in some rural parts of the country. 这个国家的一些农村地区至今仍相信魔法。

pharmacology

n. [U] the scientific or study of drugs and their use in medicine 药理学；药物学 gout

n. [U] 痛风This drug gives rapid relief to sufferers from gout. 这药对痛风患者的止痛效果神速。

malignant

a. 1) (of a tumour or disease) that cannot be controlled and is likely to cause death 恶性的 He died of a malignant tumor. 他死于恶性肿瘤。

a. 2) having or showing a strong desire to harm sb. 恶意的，恶毒的

- 7 -

He advanced towards them with a malignant look. 他满脸凶相地朝他们走去。

zymosis n. [U] 真菌感染

evidently

ad. clearly 明显地，显然

Evidently, he has fallen in love with Miss Green. 显然, 他爱上了格林小姐。 He had evidently returned to the spot of the crime. 他显然曾回过犯罪现场。 ponder

vi./vt. (formal) to spend time thinking carefully and seriously about a problem, a difficult question, or something that has happened 考虑，沉思

She pondered his marriage proposal for weeks. 几个星期以来，她一直在认真考虑他的求婚。 These are words for you gentlemen to digest and ponder. 愿诸公深思熟虑。

acquisition

n. [C] something that sb. buys to add to what they already own, usu. sth. valuable （多指贵重的）购得物 He is a valuable acquisition to our firm. 他是我们公司新来的得力员工。

diploma

n. [C] a document certifying the successful completion of a course of study 毕业文凭，学位证书 She gained a diploma in Business Administration. 她获得了工商管理的学位证书。 She worked hard to earn her music diploma. 她刻苦用功, 以求获得音乐学位证书。 pulse

n. [C, usu. sing.] the regular beat that can be felt in different places, esp., at your wrist, as your heart pumps blood around your body 脉搏

Fear quickened her pulse. 恐惧使她脉搏加快。 His pulse beat slowly. 他的脉搏跳得很慢。 induce

vt. 1) to persuade or influence sb. to do sth. 诱使，劝说 We induced him to come with us. 我们劝他与我们同行。

vt. 2) to cause sth. 引起，导致The medicine will induce sleep. 这种药使人入睡。

We believe our price competitive enough to induce business. 我相信我方价格不逊于其他厂家，足以招来业务。 scarlet

a. bright red in color 猩红的，鲜红的 crawl

vi. 1) to move slowly with the body close to the ground 爬，爬行；匍匐行进 We learn to crawl before we learn to walk. 我们学会走路之前先要学会爬。

Yuck! There's a cockroach crawling along the wall! 哇！有一只蟑螂正沿着墙爬行！ vi. 2) to move forward very slowly 缓慢行进

The traffic was crawling by at 5 miles an hour. 路上的车辆以每小时5英里的速度缓慢行驶。 - 8 -

wreck

n. 1) [C, usu. sing.] a person who is in a bad physical or mental condition （身体或精神上）受到严重损伤的人 He's a complete wreck after his illness. 病后，他的身体完全垮了。 The stroke left him a helpless wreck. 他中风之后，成了不能自理的废人。 They save the cargo from the wreck. 他们从沉船上抢救货物。

commonplace

a. completely ordinary and unremarkable 普通的，平庸的 He is a commonplace person. 他是个凡夫俗子。

Air travel has now become commonplace. 乘飞机旅行现在已经变得很平常了。 clutch

vt./vi. to hold sb./sth. tightly 抓住

The mother clutched her baby in her arms. 母亲紧紧地把婴儿抱在怀里。

She wants to clutch at the branch but can not reach it. 她想抓住树枝，但够不着。

cowardly

a. lacking courage 胆小的，怯懦的

Cowardly people may act bravely in the hopeless situation. 胆小的人在绝境中也许会表现得很勇敢。 A courageous foe is better than a cowardly friend. 勇敢的敌人胜过懦怯的朋友。 butt

vt. to hit or push sb./sth. hard with your head （人）用头顶撞 She butted the man in the stomach. 她用头去撞那个人的腹部。 n. [C] 烟蒂，烟头

The ashtray was crammed with cigarette butts. 烟灰缸里堆满了烟头。

hamper

vt. to prevent sb. from easily doing or achieving sth. 妨碍，束缚，阻止

Women's progress in the workplace is still hampered by male attitudes. 女性在工作场所的发展仍然受到男性态度的羁绊。

The persistence of the heavy rain hampers the flow of traffic. 持续的大雨阻碍了交通运行。

n. 2) [C] a ship that has sunk or that has been very badly damaged 沉船，严重损毁的船

Phrases and Expressions

read up 攻读，钻研

Before trying to tackle his homework he read up the notes he had taken at the lecture. 他把课堂上记的笔记认真看过后才动手做作业。

hay fever 枯草热，花粉热

plunge into

经历，陷入（不快的事）；（尤指用力地）投入，跳进

be borne in upon sb.

- 9 -

to be realized by sb. especially after a period of time （逐渐）被认识到

It has been borne in upon him that even sages err. 他认识到：即使圣贤也会犯错误。

It was borne in upon us how close we had been to disaster. 我们认识到：我们曾经离灾难是多么的近。

housemaid's knee

（因常跪着做活引起的）髌前囊炎（女佣膝）

walk the hospitals

to practice as a student to observe the methods of physicians and surgeons 当实习医生

You have to walk the hospitals for a time as part of your medical course． 作为医学课程的一部分，你必须在医院实习一段时间。

Medical students are required to walk the hospitals for a period of time before their graduation. 医科大学学生毕业前必须在医院实习一段时间。

feel one's pulse

to determine the heart rate of someone by feeling and timing the pulsation of an artery 量脉博 The doctor felt her pulse on her wrist. 这位医生在她的手腕上号脉。

all of a sudden

suddenly; happening unexpectedly 突然地, 突如其来地, 猛然地

He was writing his essay when, all of a sudden, he was seized with giddiness. 他正在写论文, 突然一阵头晕。

start off

开始活动，动身；进行（或开展）起来；首发进行，一开始是

account for

to be the reason or explanation for 说明，解释

His illness accounts for his absence. 他因为生病, 才缺席。

scarlet fever 猩红热

do sb. a good turn

to be helpful to sb. 帮某人做好事，帮某人大忙Will you do me a good turn? 请帮个忙行吗？

clutch hold of 抓住；得到

stuff up 堵住，塞紧

Proper Nouns

British Museum 大英博物馆

St. Vitus's Dance 圣维特斯舞蹈病 - 10 -

e.g. The medicine will induce sleep.

We believe our price competitive enough to induce business. account for: 说明，解释

e.g. His illness accounts for his absence.

19. I had walked into that reading room a happy, healthy man. I crawled out a miserable old wreck. 进阅览室时，

我是个快乐健康的人，而出来时却成了一个可怜、走路蹒跚而又衰老的废人。

Note that wreck is the complement to the subject I. “I crawled out a miserable old wreck” can be analyzed as “I crawled out of the reading room and was like a miserable old wreck”.

e.g. They parted good friends. (=Although they parted, they were good friends.)

He died a martyr. (=He died and he was a martyr.) crawl: vi. 1) 爬，爬行；匍匐行进

e.g. We learn to crawl before we learn to walk.

Yuck! There?s a cockroach crawling along the wall! 2) 缓慢行进

e.g. The traffic was crawling by at 5 miles an hour.

wreck: n. 1) [C, usu. sing.]（身体或精神上）受到严重损伤的人 e.g. He?s a complete wreck after his illness.

The stroke left him a helpless wreck. 2) [C] 沉船，严重损毁的船

e.g. They save the cargo from the wreck.

Notes to Para. 8

20. I went to my medical man. He is a close friend of mine, and feels my pulse, and looks at my tongue, and talks

about the weather, all for nothing, when I fancy I?m ill; so I thought I would do him a good turn by going to him now. 我去看了医生，他是我的一位老友。每当我觉得自己有病时，他就会给我把脉，检查我的舌头，跟我谈论天气，但从来不收我的钱。因此，我认为现在去找他看病，会对他大有好处。 do sb. a good turn: 帮某人做好事，帮某人大忙 e.g. Will you do me a good turn?

Would you do me a good turn by dressing the Christmas tree?

21. He will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred of his ordinary, commonplace patients, with

only one or two diseases each. 和1700名只有一两种疾病的普通病人相比，他可以从我身上得到更多的实践机会。

Meaning: I will offer him more opportunities for medical practice than 1,700 common patients who have only one or two diseases.

commonplace: a. 普通的，平庸的 e.g. He is a commonplace person.

Air travel has now become commonplace.

Notes to Paras. 9-10

22. I said, “I will not take up your time, dear boy, by telling you what is the matter with me. Life is brief, and you might pass away before I had finished. But I will tell you what is NOT the matter with me. I have not got housemaid?s knee. Why I have not got housemaid?s knee, I cannot tell you; but the fact remains that I have not got it. Everything else, however, I HAVE got.” 我回答道：“朋友，我不想占用你的时间来告诉你我有哪些

- 16 -

问题。生命是短暂的，或许还没等我说完，你就去世了。但是，我要告诉你我没有哪些毛病。我没有患上髌前囊炎。我无法告诉你，为什么我没有患上髌前囊炎。但是，事实如此，我没有得这种病。不过，其他的疾病我全有了。”

take up one’s time: 占用某人的时间

e.g. She has many activities that take up her time when she?s not working.

23. And I told him how I came to discover it all. 我告诉他我是如何发现这些疾病的。

Note that come to (do something) is used in the sense of “to reach a point where you realize, understand or believe sth. (达到<认识，理解或相信的过程>)”.

e.g. He came to think of Italy as his home. 他渐渐地把意大利看作故乡了。

I came to believe that he was innocent after all. 我后来相信他完全是无辜的。The verbal phrase also means “to do something by chance, without planning or intending to do it (碰巧).

e.g. Can you tell me how the body came to be discovered? 你能告诉我尸体是怎么被发现的吗？

Note to Para. 11

24. Then he opened me and looked down me, and clutched hold of my wrist, and then he hit me over the chest

when I wasn?t expecting it—a cowardly thing to do, I call it—and immediately afterwards butted me with the side of his head. 然后他让我张开嘴，给我做检查。他紧紧抓住我的手腕，然后趁我不备敲打我的胸部（我认为这是胆小鬼做的事情），之后突然用他的头的侧面顶我。 clutch: vt./vi. 抓住

e.g. The mother clutched her baby in her arms.

She wants to clutch at the branch but can not reach it. clutch hold of: 抓住，得到

e.g. Clutch hold of one end of the rope, or you?ll fall down. wrist: n. [C] 腕关节

e.g. They took her by the wrist. cowardly: a. 胆小的，怯懦的

Antonyms: bold; brave; courageous; heroic

e.g. Cowardly people may act bravely in the hopeless situation.

A courageous foe is better than a cowardly friend. butt: vt.（人）用头顶撞

e.g. She butted the man in the stomach. n. [C] 烟蒂，烟头

e.g. The ashtray was crammed with cigarette butts.

Notes to Paras. 15-16

25. He said, “I am a chemist. If I was a co-operative store and family hotel combined, I might be able to oblige you.

Being only a chemist hampers me.” 他回答道：“是的。如果我是同时开合作商店和家庭旅社的，或许能满足您的要求。但我只是个药剂师，这就为难我了。” hamper: vt. 妨碍，束缚，阻止

e.g. Women?s progress in the workplace is still hampered by male attitudes.

The persistence of the heavy rain hampers the flow of traffic.

26. And don?t stuff up your head with things you don?t understand. 不要满脑子想着你不明白的东西。

stuff up: 堵住，塞紧

e.g. She stuffed her ears up with cotton wool.

- 17 -

Note to Para. 17

27. I followed the directions, with the happy result—speaking for myself—that my life was preserved, and is still

going on. 我遵照处方行事，结果很美满（对我而言），我的生命得以维持，并且活得好好的。

3. Questions on the text

1. What effect did a patent medicine advertisement produce on the narrator?

He was made to think that he was suffering from the particular disease said in the ad and dealt with in its most deadly form.

2. Why did the narrator visit the British Museum one day?

Because he thought he had a hay fever and wanted to read up on the treatment for this ailment. 3. How did the narrator feel when he concluded he hadn't got housemaid's knee?

He felt rather hurt about this at first; it seemed somehow to be a sort of slight. He could not understand why he hadn't got housemaid's knee.

4. Why did the narrator think his case should be an interesting one to medical students?

Because he believed he had all kinds of diseases, which would be an acquisition to the medical students. If they had him, they would have no need to \

5. By saying \weather, all for nothing, when I fancy I'm ill\

The narrator implied that it was very common for him to visit the doctor when he was not sick at all. The narrator deliberately used the verb fancy to imply that the illnesses were only his imagination, not real. Therefore, the narrator claimed that his visits to this doctor ended with \6. Why did the narrator say he was doing his friend a good turn by visiting him?

Because he thought what a doctor wanted was practice. His friend would get more practice out of him than out of seventeen hundred of the ordinary, commonplace patients with only one or two diseases each. 7. Why did the narrator say \

Because he thought that since he had so many diseases, it would take a long time to finish listing all of them. The doctor might have to spend his lifetime listening to him to the end of his account. 8. What did the doctor do with the prescription after he wrote it out? He folded it up and gave it to the narrator.

9. Why did the chemist hand back the prescription to the narrator? Because he could not fill the prescription.

10. How did the narrator manage to live healthily in the end?

He managed to live healthily by following his doctor's directions. In other words, he had a diet suggestion, plenty of sleep and exercise, and what's more, he was free from worries.

4. Working with words and phrases

- 18 -

A. Find a synonym (a—h) for each of the words (1—8).

错误！未找到引用源。(e)1. fatal 错误！未找到引用源。(b)2. clutch 错误！未找到引用源。(h)3. ponder 错误！未找到引用源。(g)4. idly 错误！未找到引用源。(d)5. evidently 错误！未找到引用源。(a)6. severe

(c)7. commence

错误！未找到引用源。(f)8. horror

a. serious b. grasp c. start d. obviously e. deadly f. terror g. lazily h. reflect

B. Complete the following sentences with appropriate words in the text.

1. Your account of events c(orresponded) with hers.

2. Further negotiations on services and agriculture were to c(ommence) in May. 3. At last justice p(revailed) and the guilty man was punished. 4. With great seriousness I p(onder) the problem.

5. Prejudice sometimes h(ampers) a person from doing the right thing.

5. Discussion

Discuss the following questions with a partner or in a small group of 4 to 6 students.

1. Can you list some factors contributing to hypochondria (疑病症)?

The media and the Internet often contribute to hypochondria. They always show many advertisements regarding serious illnesses such as cancer, and often portray these diseases as being random, obscure and somewhat inevitable. The inaccurate portrayal of risk and the identification of non-specific signs of serious illness contribute to increasing the hypochondriac's fear that they actually have that illness.Major disease outbreaks can also contribute to hypochondria. Statistics regarding certain illnesses, such as cancer, will give hypochondriacs the illusion that they are more likely to develop the disease. A simple suggestion of mental illness can often trigger one with hypochondria to obsess over the possibility.It is common for serious illnesses or deaths of family members or friends to trigger hypochondria in certain individuals. Similarly, when approaching the age of a parent's premature death from disease, many otherwise healthy, happy individuals fall prey to hypochondria. These individuals believe they are likely to suffer from the same disease that caused their parent's death.

2. What influence can the Internet have on a hypochondriac (疑病患者)?

Reference answer： For hypochondriacs, the Internet has absolutely changed things for the worse. The easy

- 19 -

availability of health information on the web has certainly helped countless people make decisions about their health and medical treatment, but it can be disastrous for people who are likely to worry. Hypochondriacs are often not particularly careful about where they get their health information. The information offered by the Internet is vast and unregulated, so it can be misleading. This can lead to serious trouble for hypochondriacs using the web.

Mind Map inevitable fear illusion disastrous

inaccurate portrayal major disease outbreak fall prey to easy availability of information 6. Practice: interpreting

John paid several visits to the British Museum recently. His wife wondered where he went and what he did. They had a conversation as follows. Interpret it into English with your partner.

妻子：你最近天天出去，去哪里了？ Wife: Where did you go recently? 丈夫：我去了几次大英博物馆。

Husband: I paid several visits to the British Museum. 妻子：你去查阅什么？

Wife: What did you look for there?

丈夫：前些天我读了一份专利药品广告，我怀疑自己也患有广告里提到的那些疾病。因此查查看有没有治疗这些病的方法。 Husband: I read a patent medicine ad several days ago. I suspected that I was suffering from all those diseases said in the ad. So I went to read up on the treatment for them. 妻子：结果怎么样？ Wife: What's the result?

丈夫：我发现，除了没有患上髌前囊炎，其他疾病我全有了。

Husband: I found I had all the illnesses except housemaid's knee. 妻子：这可是件大事！

Wife: It's an extraordinary thing.

丈夫：是呀，所以我去看了医生，他是我的一位老朋友，经常免费给我看病。

Husband: True. I went to see the doctor, an old friend of mine. I always receive free medical treatment from him.

妻子：他给你开了什么药？ Wife: What did he prescribe? 丈夫：一些在药房买不到的东西。

Husband: Something I couldn't find at the chemist's. - 20 -

妻子：药方上究竟写些什么？

Wife: What was exactly written in the prescription?

丈夫：健康饮食，充足睡眠和适量运动，不要满脑子想些自己不懂的东西。

Husband: A healthy diet, plenty of sleep and exercise and not to stuff up my head with things I don't understand.

妻子：那你现在怎样？ Wife: How about you now?

丈夫：我照着药方做了，现在感觉很好。

Husband: I followed the directions and I feel fairly well now.

patent medicine housemaid's knee extraordinary prescribe stuff up with Mind Map 7. Practice: translation

A. Put the following sentences from the text into Chinese. Pay special attention to the italicized expressions.

1. It is a most extraordinary thing, but I never read a patent medicine advertisement without being forced to draw the conclusion that I am suffering from the particular disease said in the ad and dealt with in its most deadly form.

Reference answer： 此事绝对非同小可，只要我一看到专利药品的广告，就会不自觉地得出结论：我患上了广告中所说的疾病，并且已经病入膏肓。

2. The diagnosis seems in every case tocorrespond exactly with all the sensations that I have ever felt. Reference answer： 诊断结果似乎在各方面也都和我所感觉的完全一致。

3. I sat for a while, frozen with horror; and then,in the listlessness of despair,I again turned over the pages.

Reference answer： 我吓得怔住了，坐了一会。然后，在绝望的倦怠中，我又翻过几页。 4. I felt rather hurt about this at first; it seemed somehow to be a sort of slight. Reference answer： 一开始我有点不高兴；不管怎么说，这看起来是一种冷落。

5. I thought what an interesting case I must be from a medical point of view, what an acquisition I should be to a class!

Reference answer： 我想从医疗的角度来看，我是一个多么有趣的案例啊。对于课堂教学，我是多么难得啊。

B. Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in the brackets.

1. The folly of her action [was borne in upon her] (她逐渐认识到).

2. We never see each other[without talking about sports first] (无不是从谈论体育开始的).

- 21 -

3. The father's carelessness [accounted for the child's death] (导致了那个孩子的死亡).

4. He [started off as a clerk] (刚开始是名小职员) and finally became a partner of the firm.

5.[He once did her a good turn] (他曾经帮助过她), but she repaid it with a bad turn.

8. Practice: writing

A. Write a summary of the text (max. 180 words), referring to the outline below.

Summary outline:

1. The narrator's visit to the British Museum;

2. The narrator's suspicion of suffering all the diseases in the book he was reading; 3. The narrator's fear of coming death and his self-examination; 4. The narrator's visit to his doctor;

5. The doctor's prescription for the narrator; 6. The effect of the doctor's prescription. Your answer：

Reference answer： The narrator went to the British Museum to read up on the treatment for hay fever he fancied he had. He picked up a book and read about it. Then, in an unthinking moment, he began to study some other diseases. He was surprised to find that he suffered from those diseases as well. After that he decided to read about all the diseases in the book. In the end, he came to the conclusion that he had every disease described in pharmacology except housemaid's knee. Wondering how long he had to live, he tried to examine himself, but he could not feel his heart. Then he thought he was a medical encyclopedia for practice, so he went to see the doctor, one of his close friends. After hearing the narrator's complaints, the doctor wrote out a prescription and handed it to him. The prescription was a diet suggestion: a healthy diet, plenty of exercise and sleep, and no unnecessary worries. Following the instructions of the doctor, he lived a good life.

B. Basic writing techniques: clause connectors.

Clause connectors consist of two groups of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.

Coordinating conjunctions:

The five coordinating conjunctions: and, but, yet, or, so (plus two additional ones, for and nor) are used with a comma to join two independent clauses to form a compound sentence.

□ In a matriarchy (母系社会), the mother is the head of the family, and all of the children belong to her clan.

□ The company's sales increased last year, yet its net profit declined.

Yet and but have similar meanings: they both signal that an opposite idea is coming. Yet is preferred when the second clause is an unexpected or surprising contrast to the first clause. When the two clauses are direct opposites, but is preferred. - 22 -

□ Thomas Edison dropped out of school at age 12, yet he became a famous inventor. □ The boy wanted to learn painting, but his parents forced him to learn playing the piano. Subordinating conjunctions:

These words (including because, when,and so that) introduce a dependent clause, which is joined to an independent clause to form a complex sentence. There are two possible positions for the dependent clause:

1. If the dependent clause comes before the independent clause, use a comma after it.

□ Although the manager has agreed to the budget plan, you have to wait for three months to get the money.

2. If the independent clause comes first, do not use a comma.

□ You have to wait for three months to get the money although the manager has agreed to the budget plan. Exercise:

Step 1: Fill in the blanks with appropriate transition signals from the following list. Use each only once. for instance, however, moreover, but, furthermore, in conclusion, such as, because, as Step 2: Use correct punctuation.

Internationalization of Japan

For many years, Japanese consumers have been very slow in accepting foreign goods, mainly (because) they are very selective and will only purchase high-quality products. Lately (however) the consumer market has been changing. According to a recent article in the Wall Street Journal, Kokusaika, which is defined as \products from countries around the world. The greatest access into the Japanese market has been by the food industry. Traditionally, the protein staple (蛋白质较高的食物) in Japan has been fish products, (but) in the last decade or so, the Japanese have been consuming more beef. In fact, annual per capita (每人) consumption is expected to be about 7 kilos by the mid-1990s. (Moreover), they have acquired a taste for imported beverages, both of the non-alcohol or low alcohol varieties, like beer drinks and \Germany, Switzerland, the United States, and Australia. (Furthermore) , young people, especially women who are aware of the importance of health and fitness, are eating the Western-style breakfasts. (For instance), they enjoy fruit, milk, and cereals (谷类) imported from the United States.

Not only Western countries but also Asian nations and districts (such as) South Korea, Singapore, and Thailand have been benefiting from the changing diet of the Japanese consumer. For example, Japan is importing eels (鳗鱼) from Taiwan of China, asparagus (芦笋) from Thailand, and mangoes (芒果) from the Philippines. (In conclusion), the Japanese trend toward internationalization should become even greater (as) we have entered the twenty-first century. It will certainly increase international trade, which will definitely be advantageous to many countries of the world.

9. Surfing the Internet

Go to http://www.yyxenglish.com or

http://mentalhealth.about.com/cs/stressmanagement/a/whatismental.htm

to learn about mental health. Does mental health only mean that one doesn't have a mental illness? Read the article online and sum up the characteristics of mental health in a passage of about 100 words.

- 23 -

Reference answer： There are three main characteristics of mental health. To begin with, it is the ability to enjoy life. One should learn to be optimistic about the future while not forgetting about the past lessons.

The second is flexibility. One should learn to change opinions at times. One also should find ways to relieve emotions and express feelings in order to reduce one's stress.

The third is self-actualization. One's potential must reach a climax some day. If you are not aware of the reality, you tend to feel unsafe and unbalanced. Therefore, to achieve self-actualization is to feel secure.

Part 2 Language in Use

1. Dialogue what is meant by mental health? 何谓精神健康？

Do you believe good mental health means the absence of mental problems? How to help yourself keep in good mental health? Read and listen to the passage, then fill in the blanks. Our state of mind or mental health is primarily influenced by the way 我们的心理或精神健康状况主要受我(1) [we think] and the way our brain processes. How we look at things 们思维方式和大脑活动方式的影响。我and how we lead our lives is a major (2) [determining] factor on our 们如何看待事物、如何生活是决定我们mental health. Apart from that, our past life and other physical factors 精神健康的主要因素。此外，我们过去as well as environment (3)[play a significant role] in shaping our 的生活、其他物质因素以及环境对我们mental health. Mental health not only shapes (4) [our present] but also 的精神健康也起着重要作用。精神健康determines our physical life and future overall health. Mental health 不但左右我们的现在，还决定我们的物can (5) [vary] according to our circumstances and can change our life, 质生活和未来整体健康。精神健康会随in the same way as our physical health. 环境而变化，会像身体健康一样改变我Good mental health is defined as a person's ability to (6) [perform] all 们的生活。 his/her duties and fulfill a number of tasks, functions, and activities of 精神健康可定义为一个人能履行他或his/her daily routine life. The mere absence of mental problems does 她的义务，完成其日常生活中的诸多任not comprise good mental health. Good mental health also means that 务、职责和活动。仅仅没有精神问题不one does not let these problems and tribulations (7) [overcome] the 能算精神健康。精神健康还意味着，这brain processes. Good mental health can be maintained by living a 些问题和痛苦不能压倒大脑活动。过着stress-free life. A life which has its share of problems and worries yet 无压力的生活可以保持精神健康。这样enables one to take them in stride and live a normal and adjusted life. 的生活即使出现问题或困扰，也能使人You can help keep yourself in good mental health by following these 们从容应对，过着正常的生活。 tips: · (8)[talking about your feelings] · keeping active · eating healthy food · drinking moderately · keeping in touch with friends and loved ones · asking for help when you need it · (9) [taking a break] · doing something you are good at and enjoy · (10) [accepting who you are] · caring for others - 24 -

以下小贴士可以帮助你保持精神健康 ● 说出你的感受 ● 保持活力 ● 健康饮食 ● 适量饮酒 ● 与朋友和所爱的人保持联系 ● 需要帮助时说出来 ● 注意休息 ● 做你擅长和喜欢的事 ● 接受自己 ● 关心他人 Maintaining sound mental health is very important to lead a normal 保持精神健康对于过上正常而又幸福and happy life. 的生活是很重要的。 New Words

factor

n. [C] one of several things that cause or influence sth. 因素，要素

Industry and modesty are the chief factors of his success. 勤奋和谦虚是他成功的主要因素。 Man is the most decisive factor in productive forces. 人是生产力中最具有决定性的力量。

physical

a. 1) of or relating to material things or nature 物质的

No one knows how large the physical universe is. 没有人知道物质世界有多大。 a. 2) relating to a person's body rather than his/her mind 身体的，肉体的 Her spiritual beauty outshone her physical beauty. 她的心灵美胜于外表美。 define

vt. to say or explain what the meaning of a word or phrase is 解析，给……下定义 Please define the words. 请准确地解释这些词的意义。

Some words are hard to define because they have many different uses. 有些词很难下定义，因为它们有许多不同的用法。

absence

n. [U] the fact of being without something; a lack of sth. 缺乏，不存在 A major problem is the absence of water. 主要的问题是缺水。 absence of affectation or pretense 没有虚假的装饰，不做作

comprise

vt. to make up; to constitute 组成，构成

Twenty chapters comprise Book One. 第一卷有二十章。

Twelve departments comprise this university. 这所大学有12个系。

tribulation

n. [C, U] great trouble or suffering 忧患，苦难，痛苦

After many trials and tribulations, we finally reached our destination. 经过了许多考验和磨难之后，我们终于到达了目的地。

maintain

vt./vi. 1) to make sth. continue at the same level, standard, etc. 维持，保持

The two countries have maintained friendly relations for many years. 两国多年来一直保持着友好的关系。 We shall maintain close ties with the masses. 我们应和群众保持密切联系。

vt./vi. 2) to keep a building, a machine, etc. in good condition by checking or repairing it regularly 维修，保养 The house is large and difficult to maintain. 房子很大，很难养护。

vt./vi. 3) to keep stating that sth. is true, even though other people do not agree or do not believe it 坚持意见，

- 25 -

固执己见

She has always maintained her innocence. 她一直坚持说自己是无辜的。

moderately

ad. reasonably 适度地

Phrases and Expressions

mental health

the psychological state of someone who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment 心理健康

Keeping your body in shape is beneficial to mental health. 保持体型有利于心理健康。

play a role in sth. 在……中起作用

define…as 把……定义为

In 1996, one would probably define \在1996年，要为“新经济”作一个定义，那就是新经济是以科技为动力的经济。

Can you define the word \你能把“毫无疑问的”这个词定义为“肯定的”吗？

take sth. in stride 从容处理，泰然处之

The examination is not difficult; any average pupil should be able to take it in stride. 考试并不难，任何一个中等水平的学生都应该能毫不费力地应付得了。

I told her what had happened and she took it all in her stride. 我告诉她发生的事，她丝毫不动声色。

Notes to the Passage

1. How we look at things and how we lead our lives is a major determining factor on our mental health. 我们如何

看待事物、如何生活是决定我们精神健康的主要因素。 factor: n. [C] 因素，要素

e.g. Industry and modesty are the chief factors of his success.

Man is the most decisive factor in productive forces.

2. Apart from that, our past life and other physical factors as well as environment play a significant role in shaping

our mental health. 此外，我们过去的生活、其他物质因素以及环境对我们的精神健康也起着重要作用。 physical: a.1) 物质的

e.g. No one knows how large the physical universe is. 2) 身体的，肉体的

e.g. Her spiritual beauty outshone her physical beauty.

3. Good mental health is defined as a person?s ability to perform all his/her duties and fulfill a number of tasks,

functions, and activities of his/her daily routine life. 精神健康可定义为一个人能履行他或她的义务，完成其日常生活中的诸多任务、职责和活动。 define: vt. 解析，给??下定义 e.g. Please define the words.

Some words are hard to define because they have many different uses. define…as: 把??定义为

e.g. In 1996, one would probably define “new economy” as an economy powered by technology.

- 26 -

Can you define the word “unquestionable” as “certain”?

4. The mere absence of mental problems does not comprise good mental health. 仅仅没有精神问题不能算精神

健康。

absence: n. [U] 缺乏，不存在

e.g. A major problem is the absence of water.

absence of affectation or pretense comprise: vt. 组成，构成

e.g. Twenty chapters comprise Book One.

Twelve departments comprise this university.

5. Good mental health also means that one does not let these problems and tribulations overcome the brain

processes. 精神健康还意味着，这些问题和痛苦不能压倒大脑活动。 tribulation: n. [C, U] 忧患，苦难，痛苦

e.g. After many trials and tribulations, we finally reached our destination.

6. Good mental health can be maintained by living a stress-free life. A life which has its share of problems and

worries yet enables one to take them in stride and live a normal and adjusted life. 过着无压力的生活可以保持良好的精神健康。这样的生活即使出现问题或困扰，也能使人们从容应对，过着正常的生活。 maintain: vt./vi. 1) 维持，保持

e.g. The two countries have maintained friendly relations for many years.

We shall maintain close ties with the masses. 2) 维修，保养

e.g. The house is large and difficult to maintain. 3) 坚持意见，固执己见

e.g. She has always maintained her innocence. take sth. in stride: 从容处理，泰然处之

e.g. The examination is not difficult; any average pupil should be able to take it in stride.

I told her what had happened and she took it all in her stride.

2. Pair work: are you more optimistic than pessimistic?

Work with a partner to ask and answer the questions in a questionnaire about optimism. Ask your partner to give his/her reason(s). You may give a third answer if you don't agree with either of the given options.

1. You got an \(A)

错误！未找到引用源。A. Wow! I'm smart. 错误！未找到引用源。B. Wow! I was prepared. 错误！未找到引用源。C. ...

2. You get a speeding ticket and you left your wallet at home. You think: (B)

错误！未找到引用源。A. I'm so unlucky.

错误！未找到引用源。B. I must be more careful next time. 错误！未找到引用源。C. ...

3. Someone pushes you on the bus. You think: (B)

错误！未找到引用源。A. People are so rude!

- 27 -

错误！未找到引用源。B. That person must be having a bad day. 错误！未找到引用源。C. ...

4. A stranger on the street compliments you on your outfit (全套服饰). You think: (B)

错误！未找到引用源。A. I must be wearing a nice outfit today. 错误！未找到引用源。B. I must have good fashion sense. 错误！未找到引用源。C. ...

5. You find a dollar on the street. You think: (B)

错误！未找到引用源。A. Yep! How lucky!

错误！未找到引用源。B. Hey, I'm pretty observant (机警的)! 错误！未找到引用源。C. ...

3. Text: Temple Treatment for Psychiatric Illness Temple Treatment for Psychiatric Illness 用于精神病治疗的庙宇治疗法 1 A six-week stay at a Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu can produce 1 印度的研究员声称，患有严重精神紊乱的the same improvement in people with severe psychiatric 人在泰米尔纳德邦的印度庙宇里呆上6周，相当于一个月的标准药disorders as a month-long course of standard drugs, say 病情得到改善的程度，researchers in India. 物治疗疗程。 2 A team led by Ramanathan Raguram of the National Institute 2 在班加罗尔由国家心理健康和神经科学学of Mental Health and Neurosciences in Bangalore studied all 31 院的拉马纳坦?拉古兰姆领导的团队研究了前people who came for help and stayed at the Muthuswamy 来求助的31名患者。这些患者于2000年6Temple between June and August 2000. 月至8月一直呆在穆都斯瓦米庙里。 3 The patients were evaluated by a trained psychiatrist. Six were 3 患者由一位训练有素的精神病专家评估。6diagnosed with delusional disorders, 23 with paranoid 名患者被诊断为患有妄想型精神紊乱症，23schizophrenia and two with bipolar disorder. At the end of their 名患有妄想型精神分裂症，还有2名患有躁在这些患者离开之前，他们stays, their scores on a test called the Brief Psychiatric Rating 狂抑郁性精神病。Scale had improved by an average of nearly 20 per cent. 在简明精神病评定量表测试中的分数平均改4 No specific rituals or ceremonies intended to improve mental 善了近20个百分点。 health were performed in the temple. The patients attended a 4 庙宇里没有为改善精神健康而举行特别的simple morning prayer for 15 minutes, and then spent the rest of 宗教仪式。患者每天上午参加15分钟的简单the day helping out with routine temple work. 祷告，然后在剩余的时间里帮忙做些庙宇的日5 \they were given is tender loving care, in a 常工作。 “他们所得到的是亲切的关爱，non-threatening environment, in tune with their own cultural 5 拉古兰姆说：和他们自己的文化beliefs, with the hope of recovery,\在一个没有威胁的环境里，并且满怀康复的期望。在精神病治history of psychiatry, these were the principles on which asylums 信仰协调，were originally built.\ Curative powers 疗史上，这些原本都是建立精神病院的原则。”治疗的力量 6 In India, many mentally ill people of all faiths visit religious 6 在印度，很多持不同信仰的精神病患者都穆都斯瓦sites renowned for having curative powers. The Muthuswamy 会到以治疗能力而闻名的宗教圣地。他生活在一个世纪Temple is built over the tomb of a man who lived a century ago 米庙建在一个人的墓地上，and who, according to legend, could cure mental illnesses with a 以前，传说他只需用手一点，便能手到病除。并提供无偿服touch of his hand. His descendants now run the temple and offer 现在他的后人管理着这座庙宇，its services for free. - 28 -

务。 7 The 31 patients had been suffering for an average of 71 weeks. 7 31位患者平均患病71周。仅有一人接受Only one had received any professional care. 过专业治疗。 8 \dramatic improvement in test scores matches those 8 拉古兰姆说：“测试分数显示他们的病情得expected within four weeks of administering drugs such as 到了极大的改善，与服用4周的药物如氯丙这是我们始chlorpromazine and risperidone,\嗪和利哌利酮所期望的效果相同。really prepared for it.\ Complementary approach 料未及的。” 辅助疗法 9 An expert on mental disorders at the University of Western 9 珀斯城西澳大学的一位精神紊乱研究专家这样的发现不是印度或是任何特殊的信Australia, Perth, points out that such findings are not specific to 指出，India, or any particular faith. \example, a 'treatment 仰所特有的。他说：“例如，穆都斯瓦米庙的protocol' in many ways similar to the healing temple of 庙宇疗法和尼日利亚的一个叫阿罗的村庄的Muthuswamy has been practised at the traditional therapeutic 传统?治疗仪式?非常相似。” village of Aro in Nigeria.\ complementary to other approaches, and not an alternative. 10 但是他提醒道，这样的治疗方法应被看作11 拉古兰姆承认他的研究中存在一个问题10 But he cautions that such treatments should be considered as 是对其他治疗方法的补充，而不是替代。 11 Raguram admits one problem with the study—there were no ——没有对照组。他说：“要证明治疗效果，但在这种背景下操controls. \prove the efficacy we need double-blind control 就必须进行双盲对照研究，studies, which is very difficult to conduct in such settings,\作是很困难的。” says. New Words

psychiatric

a. relating to mental illness or psychiatry 精神病的；精神病学的 The patient was taken to a psychiatric hospital. 病人被送到精神病院。 Hindu a. 印度教的

disorder

n. 1) [C, U] a mental or physical illness which prevents part of your body from working properly 紊乱，失调 He's suffering from severe mental disorder. 他患有严重的精神病。 n. 2) [U] a lack of order or organization 混乱，凌乱

When returning home, he discovered the room was in disorder. 回家后, 他发现屋子里乱七八糟。

neuroscience

n. [U] the scientific study of the nervous system 神经科学

psychiatrist

n. [C] a doctor who studies and treats mental illnesses 精神病学家，精神科医生

delusional （医）妄想的

delusional type妄想型； delusional idea妄想观念；

delusional interpretation 妄想性解释

- 29 -

paranoid

a. 1) suffering from a mental illness in which you wrongly believe that other people are trying to harm you or that you are very important 患偏执症的；有妄想狂的 paranoid delusions 偏执妄想； a paranoid killer 偏执型杀人凶手 a. 2) 多疑的，恐惧的

My father is paranoid about being robbed. 我父亲总是疑神疑鬼怕被人抢劫。

schizophrenia n. [U] 精神分裂症 bipolar

a. （精神病）具躁狂和抑郁交替发生特征的，双相型障碍的 ritual

n. [C, U] a ceremony that is always performed in the same way, esp. as part of a religious ceremony 宗教仪式；礼节，仪规

Many of the tribe's customs and rituals are as old as the hills. 这个部落的许多风俗、仪式都极其古老。

psychiatry

n. [U] the study and treatment of mental illness 精神病治疗；精神病学

principle

n. [C] a belief that is accepted as a reason for acting or thinking in a particular way 观念，理由，信条 Each side declared that it would never abandon its principle. 各方都说绝不放弃自己的原则。

asylum

n. 1) [C] a hospital where people who were mentally ill could be cared for, often for a long time 精神病院 She became so unmanageable; she was committed to an asylum. 她变得如此不可理喻，被送进精神病院。 n. 2) [U] （政治）庇护，避难

Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. 人人有权在其他国家寻求和享受庇护，以避免迫害。

curative

a. able to cure illnesses 能治病的，有疗效的

religious

a. 1) concerned with sacred matters or religion 宗教的 That's a religious question. 那是个宗教问题。

a. 2) believing strongly in the existence of a god or gods 笃信宗教的，虔诚的

She is a very religious person who goes to church every Sunday. 她十分虔诚, 每星期都去教堂。

renowned

a. widely known and esteemed 有名的，享有声誉的

He is one of the world's renowned writers. 他是世界上知名的作家之一。 tomb - 30 -

n. [C] grave 墓穴

A few red roses were scattered on the tomb. 那座坟墓上散放着几朵红玫瑰。 legend

n. [U, C] a story from ancient times about people and events, that may or may not be true 传说，传奇故事 This is a popular legend. 这是一个民间传说。

descendant

n. [C] a person, animal, or plant when described as descended from an individual, race, species, etc. 后代，后裔

They are the descendants of Queen Victoria. 他们是维多利亚女王的后裔。

dramatic

a. very great and often surprising 巨大的；令人吃惊的

The report has dramatic effect on the price of houses. 这篇报道对房价产生了巨大影响。

administer

vt. 1) to give or apply medicine, drugs, etc. to sb. 给予，施用（药物等）

The doctor administered some medicines to his patient. 医生给他的病人开了一些药。 vt. 2) to manage and organize the affairs of a company, an organization, etc. 管理，治理

It is complete different to run a newly-established firm than administer a large organization. 经营一家刚成立的公司和管理一个大的组织截然不同。

chlorpromazine n. [U] 氯丙嗪，冬眠灵

risperidone

n. [U] 利哌利酮，利哌酮 [抗精神失常药]

protocol

n. 1) [U] the formal etiquette and code of behavior on official and diplomatic occasions 礼仪；外交礼仪 The delegates have to be seated according to protocol. 代表们须按礼仪要求就座。 protocol for diagnosis and treatment of neonatal septicemia 新生儿败血症诊疗方案

therapeutic

a. 1) helping you to relax 有助于放松精神的

caution

vi./vt. to warn someone that something might be dangerous, difficult, etc. 提醒，警告，劝……小心 The policeman cautioned that driver. 警察对那个司机提出了警告。

The government cautioned that pay increase could lead to job losses. 政府警告说增加工资会导致失业。

efficacy

n. [U] the capacity or power of sth. to produce a desired effect 功效，效力

This plan would have some efficacy in preventing any danger. 这项计划对于防止危险会有些效力。

- 31 -

a. 2) designed to help treat an illness 治疗的，治病的

n. 2) [C] a plan for carrying out medical treatment or a scientific experiment 医疗方案，科学实验室计划

Phrases and Expressions

psychiatric disorder 精神紊乱

bipolar disorder

躁狂抑郁性精神病；双相型障碍

in tune with 与……协调，与……一致

Get your violin in tune with the piano, please. 请调整你的小提琴的调子，使之与钢琴和谐。

be renowned for 因……而著名，以……著称

Suzhou is renowned to the world for its arts and crafts. 苏州以其工艺品闻名全球。

mental disorder

(psychiatry) a psychological disorder of thought or emotion; a more neutral term than mental illness 精神障碍，精神紊乱，心理失常

Anxiety is a common mental disorder. 焦虑是一种常见的精神障碍。

Proper Nouns

Tamil Nadu

泰米尔纳德邦（印度南部）

Ramanathan Raguram 拉马纳当·拉古兰姆

National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences 国家心理健康和神经病学学院

Bangalore 班加罗尔

Muthuswamy Temple 穆都斯瓦米庙

the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) 简明精神病评定量表

the University of Western Australia 西澳大学 Aro 阿罗 - 32 -

Nigeria

尼日利亚（非洲中西部国家）

Notes to Paras. 1&3

1. Temple Treatment for Psychiatric Illness 用于精神病治疗的庙宇疗法

psychiatric: a. 精神病的；精神病学的

e.g. The patient was taken to a psychiatric hospital.

2. A six-week stay at a Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu can produce the same improvement in people with severe

psychiatric disorders as a month-long course of standard drugs, say researchers in India. 印度的研究员声称，患有严重精神紊乱的人在泰米尔纳德邦的印度庙宇里呆上6周，病情得到改善的程度，相当于一个月的标准药物治疗疗程。

Note standard drugs here means traditional medicine including chlorpromazine (氯丙嗪,冬眠硫磷). disorder: n. 1) [C, U] 紊乱，失调

e.g. He?s suffering from severe mental disorder. 2) [U] 混乱，凌乱

e.g. When returning home, he discovered the room was in disorder.

3. The patients were evaluated by a trained psychiatrist. Six were diagnosed with delusional disorders, 23 with

paranoid schizophrenia and two with bipolar disorder. At the end of their stays, their scores on a test called the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale had improved by an average of nearly 20 per cent. 患者由一位训练有素的精神病专家评估。6名患者被诊断为患有妄想型精神紊乱症，23名患有妄想型精神分裂症，还有2名患有躁狂抑郁性精神病。在这些患者离开之前，他们在简明精神病评定量表测试中的分数平均改善了近20个百分点。

Notes to Paras. 4-5

4. No specific rituals or ceremonies intended to improve mental health were performed in the temple. The patients

attended a simple morning prayer for 15 minutes, and then spent the rest of the day helping out with routine temple work. 庙宇里没有为改善精神健康而举行特别的宗教仪式。患者每天上午参加15分钟的简单祷告，然后在剩余的时间里帮忙做些庙宇的日常工作。 ritual: n. [C, U] 宗教仪式；礼节，仪规

e.g. Many of the tribe?s customs and rituals are as old as the hills.

5. “What they were given is tender loving care, in a non-threatening environment, in tune with their own cultural

beliefs, with the hope of recovery,” says Raguram. “And in the history of psychiatry, these were the principles on which asylums were originally built.” 拉古兰姆说：“他们所得到的是亲切的关爱，在一个没有威胁的环境里，和他们自己的文化信仰协调，并且满怀康复的期望。在精神病治疗史上，这些原本都是建立精神病院的原则。”

in tune with: 与??协调，与??一致

e.g. Get your violin in tune with the piano, please. principle: n. [C] 观念，理由，信条

e.g. Each side declared that it would never abandon its principle. asylum: n. 1) [C] 精神病院

e.g. She became so unmanageable; she was committed to an asylum. 2) [U]（政治）庇护，避难

e.g. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.

Notes to Paras. 6&8

6. In India, many mentally ill people of all faiths visit religious sites renowned for having curative powers. The

- 33 -

Muthuswamy Temple is built over the tomb of a man who lived a century ago and who, according to legend, could cure mental illnesses with a touch of his hand. His descendants now run the temple and offer its services for free. 在印度，很多持不同信仰的精神病患者都会到以治疗能力而闻名的宗教圣地。穆都斯瓦米庙建在一个人的墓地上，他生活在一个世纪以前，传说他只需用手一点，便能手到病除。现在他的后人管理着这座庙宇，并提供无偿服务。 religious: a. 1) 教的

e.g. That?s a religious question. 2) 笃信宗教的，虔诚的

e.g. She is a very religious person who goes to church every Sunday. renowned: a. 有名的，享有声誉的

e.g. He is one of the world?s renowned writers. be renowned for: 因??而著名, 以??著称 tomb: n. [C] 墓穴

e.g. A few red roses were scattered on the tomb. legend: n. [U, C] 传说，传奇故事 e.g. This is a popular legend. descendant: n. [C] 后代，后裔

e.g. They are the descendants of Queen Victoria.

7. “The dramatic improvement in test scores matches those expected within four weeks of administering drugs

such as chlorpromazine and risperidone,” says Raguram. “We were not really prepared for it.” 拉古兰姆说：“测试分数显示他们的病情得到了极大的改善，与服用4周的药物如氯丙嗪和利哌利酮所期望的效果相同。这是我们始料未及的。”

dramatic: a. 巨大的；令人吃惊的

e.g. The report has dramatic effect on the price of houses. administer: vt. 1) 给予，施用（药物等）

e.g. The doctor administered some medicines to his patient. 2) 管理，治理

e.g. It is complete different to run a newly-established firm than administer a large organization.

e.g. Suzhou is renowned to the world for its arts and crafts.

Notes to Paras. 9-11

8. An expert on mental disorders at the University of Western Australia, Perth, points out that such findings are

not specific to India, or any particular faith. “For example, a ?treatment protocol? in many ways similar to the healing temple of Muthuswamy has been practised at the traditional therapeutic village of Aro in Nigeria.” 珀斯城西澳大学的一位精神紊乱研究专家指出，这样的发现不是印度或是任何特殊的信仰所特有的。他说：“例如，穆都斯瓦米庙的庙宇疗法和尼日利亚的一个叫阿罗的村庄的传统‘治疗仪式’非常相似。” mental disorder: 精神障碍，精神紊乱，心理失常 e.g. Anxiety is a common mental disorder. protocol: n. 1) [U] 礼仪；外交礼仪

e.g. The delegates have to be seated according to protocol. 2) [C] 医疗方案，科学实验室计划

e.g. protocol for diagnosis and treatment of neonatal septicemia

9. But he cautions that such treatments should be considered as complementary to other approaches, and not an

alternative. 但是他提醒道，这样的治疗方法应被看作是对其他治疗方法的补充，而不是替代。 caution: vi./vt. 提醒，警告，劝??小心 e.g. The policeman cautioned that driver.

- 34 -

The government cautioned that pay increase could lead to job losses.

10. Raguram admits one problem with the study—there were no controls. “To prove the efficacy we need

double-blind control studies, which is very difficult to conduct in such settings,” he says. 拉古兰姆承认他的研究中存在一个问题——没有对照组。他说：“要证明治疗效果，就必须进行双盲对照研究，但在这种背景下操作是很困难的。” efficacy: n. [U] 功效，效力

e.g. This plan would have some efficacy in preventing any danger.

Read the text and answer the following questions.

1. How many people were involved in the study done by the team led by Raguram in 2000? 31 people.

2. What did the patients' scores at the end of their stays signify? That their mental health had been improved.

3. What did those patients do during their stay in the temple?

The patients attended a simple morning prayer for 15 minutes, and then spent the rest of the day helping out with routine temple work.

4. What factors contributed to the improvement of those patients?

Tender loving care, in a non-threatening environment, in tune with their own cultural beliefs, and with the hope of recovery are the factors contributing to the improvement of those patients. 5. How many of those patients had received professional care? Only one had received professional care. 6. What was the problem with the study? There were no controls.

4. Working with words

Look at the symptoms of mental problems. Put them in the right list.

depression (抑郁症) mania (躁狂症)

错误！未找到引用源。(mania)1. impulsive behavior 错误！未找到引用源。 (depression)2. feelings of sadness 错误！未找到引用源。(mania)3. short temper

错误！未找到引用源。(mania)4. decreased need for sleep 错误！未找到引用源。(mania)5. rapid, loud, disorganized speech 错误！未找到引用源。(mania)6. change in sleep pattern

错误！未找到引用源。(depression)7. loss of interest in daily activities 错误！未找到引用源。(depression)8. recurrent thoughts about death 错误！未找到引用源。(depression)9. loss of appetite

(depression)10. feelings of worthlessness, guilt, and hopelessness

错误！未找到引用源。(mania)11. boundless energy, enthusiasm, and need for activity 错误！未找到引用源。(depression)12. loss of motivation and poor concentration

- 35 -

5. Research project

Issue/Event/Context:

James Blake is a foreign doctor of medicine who lives in the USA. He can be contacted at 1015 Cass, St. Monterey, CA 93940 (Mob 079 7657483, Tel 012 3674892, E-mail peterpan@tesco.net). He was born on 16th August, 1972 and is the father of a 9-year-old son. He is seeking a job as psychiatric practitioner since he is well grounded and experienced in this field. He has seen job ads of this kind and is preparing his CV. Research Goal:

To prepare a CV based on the above information. Research Method & Route:

Search the Internet for information on what a psychiatrist is, a job ad for a psychiatrist, the requirements for a psychiatrist, and how to prepare a CV. Read these materials carefully. Work out a CV for James Blake. Research Resources:

Internet: http://www.yyxenglish.com,

http://www.mentalhealthchannel.net/psychiatrist.shtml,

http://careers.stateuniversity.com/pages/493/Psychiatrist.html, http://jobsearch.about.com/od/cvsamples/a/cvsample.htm. Result:

Present a CV for James Blake.

Reference answer： CURRICULUM VITAE Name: James Blake MD

Address: 1015 Cass St, Monterey, CA 93940 Mobile: 079 7657483 Telephone: 012 3674892 E-mail: peterpan@tesco.net Date of Birth: 16th August 1972 Civil Status: Married

Children: One son aged nine Objective

To follow a career in old age psychiatry, preferably in a post where I will be able to continue my research interests. Education

1989-92 Bachelor of medicine—Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans 1992-96 Doctor of medicine—Oxford College of Emory University, Atlanta Board certification

Psychiatry American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology Addiction Medicine American Society of Addiction Medicine - 36 -

Permanent certificate from the Educational Council of Foreign Medical Graduates License

Current license to practice medicine in the United States, District of Columbia or Puerto Rico Employment to date

1997-2001 Staff psychiatrist, Community Hospital of Monterey Peninsula

2002-2008 Staff physician, Complementary Medicine Clinic, Stanford University Hospital Awards and Honors

Resident Choice teaching awards Representative Publications

\Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, May, 2000, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 36-60 Interests

Stamp collecting, skydiving, power boat racing References

Available upon request

6. Listening-based writing

Listen to a news item twice about a college student's suicide due to mental problems and write a passage entitled How to Improve Psychological Health, referring to the following hints.

1. The importance of psychological health for students; 2. What should the schools do?

3. What should the students do for themselves?

Reference answer： How to Improve Psychological Health?

As is known to all, psychological health is as important as, if not more important than, physical health for a student during his/her growth. However, it's quite worrying that nowadays some students are not quite psychologically healthy.

Undoubtedly, schools and universities should take great account in the responsibilities of students' psychological health. Relevant courses and activities should be introduced to students so that they can be more aware of the significance of psychological health and find appropriate ways to maintain and improve it. For example, there should be a psychological counseling hotline or office for students to turn to when they need some psychological aid.

Of course no psychological health can be obtained without the efforts from the students themselves. From my perspective, what they can do is trying to stay positive, optimistic and follow the right guidelines from their schools. To be more specific, they can participate in some activities such as voluntary work to cultivate an opening and caring mind. Meanwhile, harmful impacts from the cyber space should definitely be avoided.

Mind Map

- 37 -

fragility n. psychological a. isolation n. Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics

脆弱 心理的 孤立 北京航空航天大学 Language for improving psychological health Relevant courses and activities should be introduced...

Learning Find appropriate ways to maintain and improve psychological health.

Stay positive and optimistic and follow the right guidelines... Participate in some activities to cultivate an open and caring mind.

Part 3 Enhancement of Language Abilities

1. Translation skills

Put the following sentences into Chinese. Pay special attention to the underlined expressions.

1. These passive approaches to teaching have little value in a world where a premium is set on creativity and flexibility.

Reference answer： 这些被动的教学方法在当今强调创造性和灵活性的世界根本就没有什么价值可言。

2. Many teachers spend a great deal of their class time disciplining children and playing babysitter, two things that are not a part of their job duties.

Reference answer： 许多教师把大量的课堂时间用于维持纪律，像保姆一样照管孩子，而这些都不在教师职责之列。

3. The students, who cannot afford a textbook, must then transcribe the notes in a notebook. Reference answer： 负担不起教科书费用的学生，必须把老师的授课笔记抄在自己的笔记本上。

4. Many students, who had carefully read through the instructions before doing their experiment, could not obtain satisfactory results because they followed them mechanically.

Reference answer： 虽然很多学生在做实验之前仔细阅读了说明书，但是由于机械地照搬照抄，最终还是不能得到令人满意的结果。（译为让步状语从句）

5. The people of the entire community, not just the parents of the children who attend, pay for public schools, which are free and open to everyone.

Reference answer： 整个社区的居民，而不仅仅是入学儿童的家长，都得为公立学校出资，因此，公立学校是免费的，每个人都可以上学。（译为结果状语从句）

Translation of Attributive Clauses

定语从句的翻译

定语从句（Attributive Clause）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词、代词或词组，被修饰的名词、代词或词组即为先行词。定语从句通常由关系代词或关系副词引出。

1. 前置法

对于简单的英语定语从句，尤其是限制性定语从句，翻译时可以将其放在被修饰词的前面。有时非限制性定语从句对其主导词限制性较强，且句式较短，也可采用前置法，译成“……的”短语作定语。例如: - 38 -

In many societies women study subjects that conform to their traditional roles, rather than courses that will maximize their opportunities in the labor market. 在很多国家，女性只是学习符合其传统角色的课程，而不是那些能在人才市场上最大限度地给她们提供就业机会的课程。 2. 后置法对于复杂的英语定语从句，将其单独成句，翻译为后置的并列分句。例如:

Budgets must typically be approved by government officials, a few of whom may have little understanding of higher education in general. 财政预算通常由政府官员审核批准，而有些官员可能对高等教育一窍不通。 3. 合成法

把定语从句与其先行词结合起来译成一句。

Market forces, which attempt to reward good performance, are seldom used to determine pay in the higher education sector.

市场机制旨在奖励良好业绩，可是在高等教育领域，却很少用它决定收入高低。 4. 译成状语从句

从意义上讲，英语中的定语从句有时从原因、目的、结果、条件等方面对中心词加以修饰。因此，在对语法结构、上下文逻辑关系深刻理解的前提下，为了更明确地表达这种逻辑关系，可以将定语从句译成相应的状语从句。例如:

The United States has long been known as a \who came from all over the world to make their homes in the new world.

美国历来以“民族熔炉”著称，因为许多美国人都是早期移民的后代，这些移民从世界各地来到这片新大陆安家落户。（译为原因状语从句）

2. Pleasant surprises in language

Expressing LOVE by using JOURNEY and INSANITY concepts

对“爱情”的理解与表达（一）

“这就是爱，说也说不清楚！”歌中如是感叹。这里的“爱”指的是“爱情”。为什么说不清楚？因为它太抽象了，看不见，摸不着，只能体会和感受。因为抽象，理解和表达“爱情”的概念时，我们往往要借助许多其他较为具体的概念。常见的有“旅途”、“力量”、“人”、“疯癫状态”、“战争”等。

旅途有陆路和水路，与陆路、水路相关的词语也可以用于描述爱情。

- 39 -

Where are they?

他们的关系进展到哪一步了？（不知道关系进展到哪个地步了） Look how far we've come.

我们都相爱这么久了啊。（回顾爱情进展过程时的感叹） We're at a crossroads.

我们的关系正处于十字路口。（爱情处于继续与结束两难境况的时候） It's been a long, bumpy road.

这是一条漫长而崎岖的道路。（回顾爱情关系的曲折发展时） We'll just have to go our separate ways.

我们将不得不各走各的路/分手/分道扬镳。（爱情不能持续下去而要终止了） I don't think this relationship is going anywhere. 我认为我们的爱情不会有结果。（认为爱情不会有什么结果） This relationship is a dead-end street. 我们的爱情是死路一条。（同上） We've gotten off the track.

我们的爱情驶离了轨道。（爱情出现了问题） Our marriage is on the rocks. 我们的婚姻触礁了。（同上） This relationship is foundering. 爱情之舟正在沉没。（同上）

当一个人对另一个人的爱达到一定程度后，这个人可能会处于一种不理智或不清醒的状态，即汉语所说的“痴迷”、“痴狂”、“神魂颠倒”。英语中也有这样的隐喻。描述心智不正常的形容词有crazy、mad、wild、insane，这些词都可以用来描述人在爱情中神魂颠倒的状态。 I am crazy about her. 我爱她爱得发狂。

He has gone mad over her. 他痴迷于她。

I am just wild about Harry. 我简直对哈里痴狂了。 I am insane about her. 我爱她爱得发狂。

上面的情况属于主动的。当强调一个人受到对方的影响而发疯地爱上对方时，我们往往将这种情况理解为后者对前者“施加了魔力”，或“念了魔咒”，因此也就有了“爱情魔力（magic of love）”和“爱情魔咒（spell of love）”的说法。 spell是“咒语”，对某人施咒就是cast a spell on/over sb.，put sb. under a spell；spellbound是形容词，原义为“被施以魔咒的”，现在一般用它的比喻义，表示“入迷的，出神的”；trance表示“昏睡状态”，而hypnotize表示“使进入催眠状态”、“给……施催眠术”，和entrance一样，都用来表示“使着迷”；charm作名词时原指“符咒”，后比喻为“魅力，吸引力”，用作动词时指“使陶醉，使着迷”；bewitch是动词，表示“对……施妖术，蛊惑”，比喻“使入迷，迷住”。

- 40 -

She cast her spell over me. 她对我施了魔法/她让我着魔。 I was spellbound. 我被迷住了。

She had me hypnotized. 她让我着迷。

He has me in a trance. 他让我精神恍惚。

I was entranced by him. 我被他迷住了。 I am charmed by her. 我被她迷住了。

I am utterly bewitched by that girl. 我完全被那个女孩迷住了。

Choose the word or phrase that best expresses the meaning of the italicized word or phrase in the following sentences.

1. Two years ago, Tom was crazy about Catherine. (D) A. was angry with

B. was treated wrongly by C. felt extremely annoyed with

D. was totally in love with

2. I was hypnotized by her immediately. (C) A. hurt

B. made unconscious C. fascinated

D. upset

3. Mary and Charle have to go their separate ways. (B) A. have different aims B. end their relationship C. choose different vehicles D. take different methods

4. Their love is foundering. (C) A. sinking B. being built C. failing

D. starting

5. When I first met my wife five years ago, I was spellbound immediately. (D) A. became very foolish B. was extremely bored C. couldn't think logically

- 41 -

D. was attracted to her

- 42 -

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/cad5.html