英语词汇学第九单元测试1(附答案)

C9 Test-1

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.

1. consist of set phrases and short sentences. A. Proverbs B. Colloquialisms C. Slang words D. Idioms

2. Being phrases or sentences, idioms consist of more than word but each is a semantic unity. A. one B. two C. three D. four

3. Unlike free phrases, the structure of an idiom is to a large extent . A. changeable B. unchangeable C. unstable D. unfixed 4. The fixity of idioms depends on the . A. idiomaticity B. structure C. grammaticality D. style 5. Idioms are generally felt to be . A. formal B. intimate C. casual D. informal

6. occasionally occurs in proverbs ant{ sayings, where only a part of them is used instead of the whole.

A. Metonymy B. Synecdoche C. Shortening D. Dismembering 7. is not the characteristics of idioms. A. Expressiveness B. Complication C. Vividness D. Terseness

8. idioms are characterized by semantic and structural stability. A. All the B. Few C. None D. Not all the

9. The figures of speech of idioms include the following except . A. simile B. metaphor C. metonymy D. juxtaposition

10. Idioms manifest apparent rhetorical colouring which excludes . A. lexical manipulation B. stylistic manipulation C. phonetic manipulation D. figures of speech

11. In terms of complexity of sentences, sentence idioms can be divided into three types except . A. compound sentence B. imperative sentence C. simple sentence D. complex sentence

12. In the idiom, \ is used. A. simile B. metonymy C. personification D. synecdoche 13. In a broad sense, idioms may include . A. slang expressions B. colloquialisms C. catchphrases D. all the above

14. An idiom contains at least words. A. one B. two C. three D. four

15. A large proportion of idioms were first created by . A. linguists B. poets

C. ruling class D. working people 16. Idioms adverbial in nature function as . A. adjectives B. words C. adverbs D. verbs 17 .Forms and functions of idioms are . A. different B. identical

C. not necessarily identical D. not identical at all 18. In the idiom “make up a purse” is used. A. synecdoche B. personification C. metaphor D. simile

19. Of five groups of idioms, are the largest group. A. idioms nominal in nature B. idioms adjectival in nature C. idioms verbal in nature E. idioms adverbial in nature

20. Idioms nominal in nature function as . A. subjects B. nouns C. modifiers D. adjectives

21. The idiom “play fast and loose” is as rhetorical colouring. A. rhyme B. alliteration C. reiteration D. juxtaposition 22. “up and down” is as rhetorical colouring. A. rhyme B. alliteration C. reiteration D. juxtaposition

23. According to the criterion of grammatical functions, idioms may be classified into groups. A. two B. three C. four D. five

24. I don't know what will become of him after the war. “become of” means . A. suit B. happen to, often in a had way C. hinder D. begin to be

25. is used in the idiom “fall into good hands”. A. Metonymy B. Synecdoche C. Metaphor D. Personification 26. The idiom “scream and shout” is . A. alliteration B. reiteration C. rhyme D. juxtaposition

27. Slang expressions are often peculiar to and varieties. A. cultural, social B. professional, cultura

C. social, regional D. stylistic, affective

28. Occasionally, we may find changes in constituents of idioms: addition, ,replacement, shortening, position-shifting, , etc. A. analogy, reiteration B .juxtaposition, repetition C. deletion, dismembering D. alliteration, duplication 29. The stylistic features of idioms include . A. colloquialism B. slang C. literary expressions D. all the above

30. The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom.

A. logical B. lexical C. illogical D. grammatical

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. 1. Idioms consist of set phrases and . 2. Strictly speaking, idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their meaning of individual elements.

3. In a sense, idioms may include colloquialisms, catchphrases, slang expressions, proverbs, etc. 4. Being phrases or sentences, idioms each consist of more than one word but each is a . 5. The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom.

6. Unlike free phrases, the structure of idiom is to a large extent . 7. The fixity of idioms depends on the . 8. idioms are mainly proverbs and sayings, including colloquialisms and catchphrases.

9. As far as sentence are concerned, sentence idioms embrace declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative sentences.

10. In terms of sentence idioms can be further divided into simple, compound and complex sentences.

11. Forms and functions of idioms are not necessarily . 12. Idioms are generally felt to be and some are colloquialisms and slang. 13. The same idiom may show differences when it is assigned different meanings.

14. Apart from the stylistic features, idioms manifest apparent colouring in such respects as of phonetic manipulation, lexical manipulation and figures of speech.

15. Structural stability of idioms is not . 16. Characterized by semantic unity and stability, idioms do not allow changes as a rule.

17. When idioms are used in actual context, they do experience changes such as different forms of verbs, agreement of personal pronouns and number anti so on.

18. In some idioms, a constituent may be replaced by a word of the same , resulting in synonymous or antonymous idioms.

19. In some idioms, some constituents can be added or deleted, which does not affect the of the idioms.

20. The positions of certain constituents in some idioms can be shifted without any change in . 21. occasionally occurs in proverbs and sayings, where only a part of them is used instead of the whole.

22. The structures of idioms verbal in nature are quite complex and thus can be subdivided into phrasal verbs and . 23. The study of idioms is not just to know which are idioms and which are not, but also to understand them correctly in context and use them properly in production.

24. The same idiom may show differences when it is assigned different meanings. 25. Reiteration is of synonyms.

26. The figure of speech in \ . 27. refers to idioms in which the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it. 28. Both metonymy and involve substitution of names.

29. The substitution of one part for the whole or vice versa is called . of verbs, agreement of personal pronouns and number and so on.

III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to ① features of idioms;②variations of idioms;③sentence types of idioms and ④classification of idioms.

A B 1. flesh and blood A. shortening 2. Art is long, life is short. B. euphemism 3. Never do things by halves. C. metonymy 4. make [ cut ] a figure D. metaphor 5. behind [ the ] bars E. reiteration

6. The leopard! But he did F. idiom nominal in nature change them.

7. from start to finish G. synecdoche

8. toss and turn H. idiom adjectival in nature 9. jack of all trades( = Jack of all I. addition or deletion trades and master of none. )

10. in the cradle J. compound 11. sail( = ship) K. verb phrase 12. sleep around L. replacement 13. year in and year out M. alliteration 14. give sb. the sack N. imperative 15. flat tire( = boring person) O. dismembering 16. beyond the pale P. repetition 17. pick and choose Q .juxtaposition

18. A little pot is soon hot. R. idiom adverbial in nature 19. put down to S. rhyme 20. in nothing flat T. phrasal verb

IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify ① features of idioms; ②variations of idioms; ③sentence types of idioms and ④classification of idioms.

1. powder one's nose ( ) 2. such and such ( ) 3. hit or miss ( ) 4. a dark horse ( )

30. When idioms are used in actual context, they do experience grammatical changes such as different

5. earn one's bread ( ) 6. Failur is the mother of success. ( ) 7. come to pass ( ) 8. big wheel ( ) 9. cancer stick ( ) 10. All is not gold that glitters. ( ) 11. sum and substance ( ) 12. odds and ends ( ) 13. The kettle is boiling. ( ) 14. the last straw (= It is the last straw that breaks the camel's back. ) ( ) 15. take [ lose ] heart ( ) 16. for good [ and all ] ( ) 17. give leg-bail ( ) 18. get away with ( ) 19. call it a day ( ) 20. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. ( ) V. Define the following terms.

1. idioms 2. semantic unity of idioms 3. structural stability of idioms 4. sentence idioms 5. stylistic features of idioms 6. rhetorical features 7. metonymy 8. synecdoche 9. replacement 10. addition or deletion 11. position-shifting 12. shortening of idioms 13. dismembering 14. phrasal verbs 15. verb phrases 16. true idioms 17. idioms of regular combinations 18. semi-idioms

VI .Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given.

1. What are the characteristics of idioms?

2. What are differences between free phrases and idioms? 3. How are idioms classified according to grammatical functions? 4. What are the stylistic features of idioms? 5. What are the rhetorical features of idioms.'? 6. What changes may occur in idioms occasionally?

VI .Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. 1. Look at him. He's sleeping like a log.

Pick out the idiom in the sentence, then point out its structure, grammatical function and figure of speech. 2. For many days, I looked here and there to try to find a necklace that looked the same as the lost one, but failed to find it.

Pick out the idiom in the sentence, then point out its structure, grammatical functions and rhetorical features. 3. The sudden death of his only child was a bolt from the blue to the old woman.

Pick out the idiom in the sentence. Explain its meaning, effect, grammatical structure and functions, and

rhetorical features.

4. make [pull off] a great coup

In the given idiom, “make a great coup” and \riation of idioms does this belong to? Is the variation against the characteristics of idioms? Comment on this variation.

答案：

I. 1.D 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.D 10.B 15.D

16.C 17.C 18.A 19.C 20.B 25.B 30. C

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.

1. short sentences 2. literal 3. broad 4. semantic unity 5. illogical 6. unchageable 7. idiomaticity 8. Sentence 9. types 10. complexity 11. identical 12. informal 13. stylistic 14. rhetorical 15. absolute 16. structural 17. grammatical 18. part of speech 19 meaning 20. meaning 21 Shortening 22. verb phrases 23 actual 24. stylistic 25 duplication 26. metaphor 27 Metonymy 28. synecdoche 29 synecdoche 30. forms

III. Match the words or expressions in Column A V . Define the following terms.

l. Idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences, which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas .Strictly speaking, idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements. In a broad sense, idioms may include colloquialisms, catchphrases, slang expressions, proverbs, etc.

2. Though the various words which make up the idiom have their respective literal meanings, in the idiom they have lost their individual identity, i.e. their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the while idiom. Likewise, the part of speech of each element is no longer important. Quite often the idiom functions as one word. The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom. Many idioms are semantically inexplicable.

with those in Column B according to ① features of idioms; ② variations of idioms ; ③ sentence types of

1.F 2.J 3.N 4.L 5.I

11.B 12.C 13.D 14.B idioms and ④ classification of idioms.

6.O 7.Q 8.M 9.A

21.D 22.D 23.D 24.B 10.C 26. B 27. C 28. C 29. D 15.D

16.H 17.E 18.S 19.T 20.R IV .Study the following words or expressions and identify ① features of idioms; ② variations of idioms; ③ sentence types of idioms and ④ classification of idioms.

1. euphemism 2. repetition 3. juxtaposition 4. metaphor 5. synecdoche 6. personification 7. literary expression 8. colloquialism 9. slang 10. complex/sentence idiom

11. alliteration 12. reiteration 13. metonymy 14. shortening 15. replacement 16. addition or deletion

17. euphemism/metaphor 18. idiom verbal in nature

19. verb phrase 20. simple/declarative sentence idiom

11.G 12.B 13.P 14.K

3. Unlike free phrases, the structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable.

First, the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced. Secondly, the word order cannot be inverted or changed. Thirdly, the constituents of an idiom cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article. Finally, many idioms are grammatically unanalysable.

4. Sentence idioms are mainly proverbs and sayings, including colloquialisms and catchphrases. Each functions as a sentence.

5. Stylistic features of idioms are colloquial, slang and literary.

6. Rhetorical features of idioms lie in phonetical manipulation, such as alliteration and rhyme, in lexical manipulation such as reiteration, repetilion and juxtaposition and figures of speech.

7. This refers to idioms in which the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it. 8. Synecdoche is the substitution of a part for the whole or vice versa.

9. In some idioms, a constituent may be replaced by a word of the same part of speech, resulting in synonymous or antonymous idioms.

10. In some instances, some constituents can be added or deleted, which does not 'affect the meaning of the idioms.

11 .The positions of certain constituents in some idioms can be shifted without any change in meaning. 12. This occasionally occurs in proverbs and sayings, where only a part of them is used instead of the whole. 13. It means breaking up the idioms into pieces, an unusual case of use of idioms particularly in literature or popular press to achieve special effect.

14. Phrasal verbs are idioms which are composed of a verb plus a prep and / or a particle. 15. Verb phrases refer to the phrases that serve as verbs.

16. By true idioms we mean that the meaning of the idiom cannot be deduced from those of the individual constituents.

17. By regular combinations we speak of the idioms whose meanings are understood from the literal meanings of the constituents in combination.

18. Semi-idioms are the idioms whose meanings are in a way related to the

meanings of the constituents but are not themselves explicit.

VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given.

1. (1)The English idioms have two major characteristics: one is the semantic unity; the other is structural stability.

(2) Being phrases or sentences, idioms each consist of more than one word, but each is a semantic unity. Though the various words which make up the idiom have their respective literal meanings, in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. Quite often an idiom functions as one word.

(3) Structurally, each idiom is fixed as a rule, and does not allow changes in most cases.

2. Unlike free phrases, the structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable. The meaning of a phrase is always the combination of the different words.

3. According to grammatical functions, idioms may be classified into five groups: idioms nominal in nature, idioms adjectival in nature, idioms verbal in nature, idioms adverbial in nature, and sentence idioms.

4. Idioms are generally felt to be informal and some are colloquialisms and slang, therefore inappropriate for formal style. Occasionally, we find idioms which are extremely formal and used only in frozen style. The stylistic

features of idioms can be summed up in the following three terms: ① colloquialisms; ② slang; ③ literary expressions.

5. Idioms manifest apparent rhetorical colouring in such respects as of phonetic manipulation, lexical manipulation and figures of speech.

(1) Phonetic manipulation includes alliteration and rhyme.

(2) Lexical manipulation includes reiteration, repetition, juxtaposition.

(3) Figures of speech includes simile, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, personification, euphemism. 6. Occasionally such changes may be found in idioms as: addition, deletion, replacement, position-shifting, dismembering.

VII. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the

space given below.

1. (1)The idiom is “ sleep like a log ” . (2)Its structure is: verb + preposition + noun.

(3)Its grammatical function: verb phrase serving as the predicate in the sentence. (4) h is a simile.

2. (1)The idiom is “ here and there. ” (2)It structure is “ adverb + adverb ” .

(3) Its grammatical function is that it is an idiom adverbial in nature and it serves as adverbial. (4) Its rhetorical feature is juxtaposition. 3. ( 1)The idiom is “ a bolt from the blue. ”

(2)The idiom means a sudden unexpected incident, esp.a catastrophic one. (3)Its effect is to make the sentence concise and forcible.

(4) Its grammatical structure is \+ preposition + noun\it is nominal in nature and serves as the predicative.

(5) It is a metaphor.

4. ( 1 )The variation of the idiom is the replacement of a constituent.

(2)The characteristics of idioms are semantic unity and structural stability. This idiom seems to be against structural stability of idioms, i.e. the structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable. This does not necessarily mean that the structure of an idiom can never be changed. Structural stability of an idiom is relative, not absolute. But changes make only exceptions. So the feature “ structural stability ” is valid.

(3)According to the degree of idiomacity idioms include the true idioms, semi-idioms and regular combinations. (4)True idioms allow no changes, semi-idioms few changes and regular combinations some changes.

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