New Zealand

1. explain to sb. sth.=explain sth. to sb. 向某人解释某事 2. explain oneself 说明自己的意思 3. in relation to 与……有关 4. lie off 位于 (相差一段距离) 5. lie to 位于……

6. lie on 位于 (强调接壤); 位于……的河畔 7. on your father’s side 父系的,你父亲的血统 8. be made up of 由……组成 9. be made into 被制成(由原料制成) 10. be made from 由….制成(看不出原料) 11. be made of 由….制成(能看出原料) 12. make up 占据空间

13. be surrounded by/with 被……环绕 14. rain quite a lot 多雨 15. deep blue 深蓝色

16. have a natural deep harbor 拥有天然的深水港 17. a very beautiful natural landscape 自然风光优美 18. be famous for 因……闻名 19. such as 例如

20. take possession of 拥有……

21. settle mainly on the North Island 主要在北岛定居 22. be marked with 标有……记号

23. sign an agreement with 同……达成协议 24. compare…to… 把……比作 25. stand for 代表 26. plenty of 大量；许多 27. be native to 原产于…… 28. be of high quality 质量很高 29. be careful in （在某方面）仔细 30. prepare for … 为……作准备 31. the same size as 同……一样大 32. a mild sea climate 温和的海洋性气候 33. make electricity 发电 34. in bold 粗体地, 加粗地 35. refer to 关于; 提到,涉及; 查阅 36. turn to 开始, 着手 37. go sailing 去航海 38. go camping 去野营 39. on the coast 在海岸线上 40. off the coast 离开海岸线,沿海

41. attract tourists from all over the world 吸引世界各地的游客 T: How much do you know about New Zealand?学生说出：它是美丽的岛国、讲英语的国家，位于澳大利亚的东部，是个发达国家等等。老师再问：If you have time, would you like to visit New Zealand?当学生作

出肯定回答时，老师就以导游的身份邀请学生登上去新西兰的游艇一起去新西兰观光。 Key words:

1 relation 2 possession 3 while 4 cattle

Key Phrases

1 in relation to be related to 和…有联系，关于…

have relations with 和…有亲戚

The relation between A and B

2 on the coast 在海边

along the coast 沿着海岸线

off the coast 在海上

3 be made up of 由… 组成，由… 构成

4 be surrounded by / with 为…所包围

5 the same …as 和…一样

6 settle down 定居， 平静下来

7 take possession of 拥有， 占有

be in possession of拥有， 占有

be in the possession of 为…所拥有/占有

8 sign an agreement with sb 和…签订协议

reach / come to / arrive at an agreement with 与…达成协议

9 refer to 查阅，参考，提到，涉及

10 population 人口

have a population of + 人数

with a population of + 人数

the population of + 地点

population 用large 或small 修饰

What / How large is the population of

分数或百分数来修饰population , 谓语动词用复数

11 make up 组成 构成 / 化妆 / 编造

make up for 弥补，补上

12 an official language 官方语言

13 turn to 转向 / 致力于 / 求助于 / 翻到 /

14 be of + 抽象名词（ value , importance , use , help , interest ）

开始行动

= be +抽象名词的形容词 （valuable , important , useful , helpful , interesting）

Be of a / an + 可数名词单数 （age , color , height , weight , size , shape , kind , price等）表示具有相同的…

15 cattle ten cattle = ten head of cattle 10头牛

16 be marked with

Sentence patterns

Lie + in / on / to + the + 方位 + of

Key sentences

1 北岛以温泉区著称，有些温泉能把热水喷到高空

The North Island is famous for an area of hot springs , some of which throw hot water high into the air .

2 新西兰是温带海洋性气候，北部是亚热带气候

New Zealand has a mide sea climate , while the north is subtropical .

3 新西兰约有380 万人口，其中大约14％是毛利人

New Zealand has a population of about 3.8 million people , of which about fourteen percent are Maori .

4 新西兰是一个重要的农业国，北岛有养牛业，多山的南岛则有较多的牧羊场

New Zealand is an important agricultrual country , with cattle faming on the north Island ,while the hilly south Island has more sheep farms . 1. beyond prep. (1)(场所)在??的那一边

We can see the sea beyond the town. 我们可以看见城镇那边的海。

The river is beyond the hill. 河是在山的那一边。 (2)(程度)超出?，为?所不能及

Don't live beyond your income. 不要入不敷出。 beyond my power 超出我的能力范围。

“beyond +名词”可以表达距离，也可以表达抽象意义，如beyond one's reach与out of one's reach意义相同，但beyond the reach of our imagination (超出我们想象所能达到的)，仅能用“beyond+名词”表达此抽象含义。

2. lie 要注意lie不同的词义对应的过去式、过去分词及现在分词 lie (lay; lain; lying) 躺，位于；lie(lied; lied; lying)说谎；lay(laid; laid; laying)放置；产卵

Don't lie in bed all morning! 别一上午都躺在床上！ The town lies near the river. 城镇位于河流附近。 The man lied to his wife. 他对妻子撒谎。 She often tells lies. 她常说谎。

Lay the books on the table. 把书放在桌子上。 A black hen lays a white egg. 黑鸡下白蛋。

3. make的搭配

be made from?由?制成(看不见原材料) be made of?由?制成(看得见原材料) be made in to 制成?

be made in 由?制造(接制造地)

be made up of 由?构成，组成(=be composed of =consist of=constitute)

make up(1)编造 (2)和解，言归于好 (3)化妆，打扮 make up for 弥补 make use of 利用

make up one's mind 打定主意，决定 make sense 讲得通，有意义 make fun of 取笑

Paper is made from wood. 纸由木材制成。 Table is made of wood. 桌子由木材制成。

Wood can be made into paper and table. 木材可制成纸和桌子。

This watch is made in China. 这种表由中国制造。 4. some

(1)some作定语，可修饰可数与不可数名词，表示“一些”。 Let's get some fruit for the children.为孩子们拿些水果。 (2)some用于单数名词前表示“某一”，相当于“a certain”. Some man at the door is asking to see you. 门口有人要见你。 We expect him back some time next week.我们期望他下周某个时间回来。

(3)some用于数词前表示“大约”。

Some thirty people attended the meeting. 参加会议的约有30人。 5.possession

n. 拥有，占有；possessions: 财产；possess v. 拥有 (1)sb. be in possession of sth. 占有，拥有，持有。 . He is in possession of the keys. 他持有钥匙。

(2)sth. be in one's possession =sth. be in the possession of sb. 在某人手中由某人掌握。

The keys are in his possession. 钥匙在他手里。 (3)take possession of 拿过来，夺取，没收。

The policeman took possession of the thief's bag. 警察没收了小偷的包。

注意：charge (n. 负责，管理)与possession 区别。

(1)sb. be in charge of sth. = sb. take charge of sth. 负责?? She is in charge of this class.=She takes charge of this class. 她负责这个班。

(2)sth. be in the charge of sb. = sth. be in sb's charge 由??管。

This class is in the charge of her.=This class is in her charge. 这个班由他管。 6.sign n.

(1)记号，符号，手势，信号

She put her finger to her lips as a sign to be quiet.她把手指放到嘴上示意大家安静。 (2)标志，告示

Pay attention to road signs. 注意路标。 (3)迹象，征兆

Clouds are a sign of rain. 乌云是下雨的征兆。 v.

(1)签名，签字。

Sign here, please. 请在这里签字。 (2)打信号，做手势

The policeman signed to me to stop. 警察示意让我停下来。 sign 的短语搭配

sign one's name 签名，sign to sb (not) to do sth. 示意某人(不)做某事。

the/a sign of ??的迹象 7.habit n. 习惯(个人的)

He is in the habit of smoking. 他有抽烟的习惯。 Habit is second nature. ［谚］习惯成自然。 与habit 搭配的短语

have the habit of?有?的习惯

get/fall into the habit of??染上?的习惯 get rid of/kick the habit?改掉了?习惯 注意habit, custom与practice区别

habit侧重个人的习惯，而custom指的是社会或团体的风俗，习俗。长久做某事而形成practice习俗 (惯例), 可数名词。

I've got into the habit of switching on TV as soon as I get home. 我已养成一到家就打开电视的习惯。

It's difficult to get used to another country's customs.要适应另一国家的风俗习惯是很困难的。

It's not the usual practice for shops to stay open after 8 o'clock.

商店在八点以后还营业并非常例。 8.majority

n. 大部分 反义词：minority 较小部分，少数民族。

The majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.

大多数的医生认为吸烟有害健康。

注意：major adj. : 较大的，较多的，主要的。n. : 主修科目。v. : 主修

The car needs major repairs. 这车子需要大修。 My major is English. 我的主修专业是英语。 9.prepare v.

(1)prepare sth. 准备；谓语动作直接体现在宾语上。 She is preparing supper. 她正在准备晚饭。

(2)prepare for sth. 为??做准备；for的宾语一般只是谓语动作要达到的目的。

The troops were being prepared for battle. 部队已作好战斗准备。

(3)be prepared for对某事作好准备。

I knew there were problems, but I was not prepared for this. 我知道有些问题，却未料到这一点。

She was prepared for anything to happen. 她已准备应付一切。

(4)be prepared to do sth. 准备并愿意做某事

I'm prepared to lend you the money if you promise to pay it back. 我愿意把钱借给你，你得答应还给我。

(5)prepare sb. for sth. 使某人对某事有所准备。

prepare yourself for a nasty shock! 有件令人十分震惊的事你要有所准备。

· 重点词组解析 · 1.come to

(1)到达。The water came to my waist. 水深达我的腰部。 (2)涉及，谈到。When it comes to politics, I know nothing.谈到政治我一无所知。

(3)总共，共计。The bill came to 1, 000 yuan. 账款共计一千元。 (4)come to oneself: 恢复知觉，苏醒。

After a while, he came to himself. 过了一会儿，他苏醒过来。

2.turn to

(1)转向?eg: He turned to country music. 他转向了乡村音乐。 (2)向?求助：There is nobody she can turn to. 她求助无门。 (3)翻到(某一页)：e. g. Turn to Page 8, please. 请翻到第八页。 注意:turn 的搭配词组：

turn back 返回, turn in (上交，归还) turn down (关小，拒绝)，turn off (关掉) turn on (打开)，turn out (结果证明是) turn up (把?开大一点；出现，露面)

· 重点句型解析 ·

1．In summer, people like to go sailing, swimming, horse-riding, and rock climbing in the mountains. 夏天，人们喜欢去航海、游泳、骑马和到山里攀登岩壁。

句中的 go sailing, go swimming这类“go +-ing”结构表示“去干某事”的意思，大多数跟体育、娱乐活动有关。例如： Did you go dancing last night? 昨晚你去跳舞了吗？

Let's go mountain-climbing next weekend. 下周末咱们去爬山吧。 属于这一类的常见结构有：

go boating 去划船 go camping 去露营 go cycling 去骑车 go dancing 去跳舞 go fishing 去钓鱼 go hunting 去打猎 go riding 去骑马 go sailing 去航海 go shooting 去射击 go shopping 去购物 go skating 去滑冰 go swimming 去游泳 go walking 去散步

2．The language which the Maori speak is related to the languages of Tahiti and Hawaii. 毛利人所说的语言同塔希提岛和夏威夷的语言是有关联的。

1)Tahiti([ta：'hi：ti] 塔希提岛)，是太平洋上法属波利尼西亚最大和最重要的岛屿，长55公里，面积1042平方公里。该岛以其美丽风光及宜人气候著称。

Hawaii([h+'wai-i：] 夏威夷)，美国的一个州，是散布于中太平洋中的群岛， 1959年加入联邦成为美国的第50个州，是美国唯一不在北美大陆的州，面积16，760平方公里，人口1，121，000(1989)，其中日本人占37％，欧洲人后裔占23％，夏威夷人占17％，菲律宾人占12％，中国人占7％，波多黎各人和朝鲜人各占2％。主要语言为英语。首都火奴鲁鲁(Honolulu)。

2)句中 relate是及物动词，作“把??联系起来”解，常构成短语 be related to，意思是“和??有关系”、“和??有联系”。例如：

I can't relate those two ideas. 我没法把那两种想法联系起来。 This fact is related to that one. 这个事实与那个事实是互相关联的。

由动词 relate派生出来的名词 relation，作“关系”、“联系”解，是不可数名词；作“亲属”、“亲戚”解(如兄弟姐妹、表兄弟姐妹，祖父母、外祖父母等)，是可数名词。例如：

There is no relation between these two things. 这两件事之间并无联系。

He is a near relation of mine．他是我的近亲。

One of my relations is coming for dinner. 我的一位亲戚要来吃晚饭。

注意：在表示“亲属”、“亲戚”时，既可以用relation(s)，也可以用relative(s)，现在用relative(s) 更多一些。上述最后两个例句中的relation都可以用 relative代替。又如： Is he a relative/relation of yours? 他是你的亲戚吗？ We have not many relatives/relations in Beijing. 在北京我们没有很多亲戚。

3．This is how they keep their way of life alive. 他们就是这样保持自己的生活方式的。

1)alive adj. 活的，活着的；有活力的，有生气的。这是一个表语形容词(用作表语或宾语补足语)，一般不放在名词之前作定语。我们可以说：

The fish is still alive.这条鱼还活着。(作表语)

也可以说：Let's keep the fish alive. 咱们把这条鱼养着吧。(作宾语补足语)

“这是一条活鱼。”应译作 This is a live fish. (live 是定语形容词，作“活的”、“活着的”解。)

类似的以a- 开头的表语形容词还有：afraid, alone, asleep, awake等。例如：

The baby is asleep. 婴儿睡着了。(试比较： a sleeping baby一个睡着的婴孩)。

2) keep sth. alive是“使(某物)继续有效、存在或进行”的意思。又如：

We must always keep alive the memory of the bitter past. 我们一定要牢记苦涩的过去。

We must keep the good revolutionary traditions alive. 我们必须保持优良的革命传统。

· 语法精讲 ·

it的基本用法

（1）用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物。The train has arrived. It arrived half an hour ago. （2）用以代替提示代词this, that。

—What’s this? —It’s a knife. —Whose watch is that? —It’s mine.

（3）起指示代词的作用，指一个人或事物。—Who is knocking at the door? —It’s me.

（4）指环境情况等 It was very noisy (quiet) at the very moment. （5）指时间、季节等。 —What time is it? —It’s eight o’clock.

（6）指距离。 It is a long way to the school.

（7）作形式主语。It is not easy to finish the work in two days. （8）作形式宾语。I think it no use arguing with him. （9）用于强调结构。It was Xiaoming whom(that)I met in the street last night.

含有“It is ?”的句型

（1）It is time (for sb.) to do sth. It is (high) time that sb. did sth.(虚拟语气)

（2）It is + 形容词（+of / for sb.）+ to do sth.

通常用 of的词有brave、clever、careful、hopeless、kind、good、naughty、nice、silly、stupid、foolish、wise等。

（3）It is + 形容词 + that + sb. + (should) do sth.（虚拟语气）

能用于这个句型的形容词有strange、wonderful、natural、good、proper、right、wrong、well、fortunate、important、necessary、useless、likely、probable、impossible等。有时可省去should而直接用动词原形。如：It is natural that he（should）say so. （4）It is no use/ good + doing sth.

It is no use trying again = It is of no use to try again. （5）It is + 被强调部分 + that/who + ?

It was not until yesterday that I met my old friend. It is in a small factory that my brother is going to work. （6）It is said/reported/announced/ (well) known ? that?

（7）It is/was + 时间 + since ? 从??已多久了。

It is five months since I arrived in New York.我到纽约已经五个月了。

It is five months since I was in New York.我离开纽约已经五个月了。

（注意：终止性动词表示从动作发生时算起；如果是状态动词或持续性动词，则从动作或状态结束时算起。） （8）It is + 时间 + before ?

这个句型和上面句型中时间都是时间段，如long、years、months、weeks、five days、three hours、twenty minutes等。不过主句的时态多用一般将来时或一般过去时。

It will be several years before we meet again. 我们要过好几年才能再见面。

It was not long before they set out for the front.不久他们就出发去了前线。

（9）It is /was/will be the first/second/third ? time that ? It is the first time that I have been here./It was the second time that he had seen the film.

（10）It is up to sb. to do sth ? 应由某人做某事。 It is up to you to decide whether we start or not.

1．The language which the Maori speak is related to the larguages of Tahiti and Hawaii．

be related to…与……有联系，与…有关。例如：

1) All things are related to all other things．所有事物与其他事物都有联系。

2) How are you related to her? 你跟她有什么亲戚关系？ 2．Maori families enjoy sharing what they own and looking after one another．

A．share可表示(两人以上)共同使用；分享。例如：

1) Mary and I will share a room．我和玛丽二人合住一个房间。 2) They would share the joys and sorrows．他们将同甘共苦。 B．share…with(among, between) 与……共同使用，分担……。例如：

1) The boy shared his toy with other children．那男孩把他的玩具拿出来，和其他小孩子一起玩。

2) Why don't we share the expenses among us？我们为什么不一起来分担费用呢？

3．Apart from their milk, the wool from their coats is used in expensive clothing.

A．apart from 意为“除……外”，等于besides.例如： 1) Apart from them, I had no one to talk to．除了他们，我无人说话。

2) Apart from the cost, it will take a lot of time．除了花钱，还要花很多时间。

B．apart from还可意为“除掉”、“只是……否则”，等except for。例如：

Apart from that, all goes well．除那个以外，一切都好。 1．Look at the map of China and the names of countries，islands and seas beyond China.

看看中国地图以及除中国外的其他国家、岛屿和海洋的名字。 beyond在本句中为介词，意为“在……的那边，远于；超出；除……之外。”如：

The apples on the tree are beyond my reach. 我够不着树上的苹果。

I know nothing of it beyond what he told me. 除了他告诉我的别的我都不知道。

What lies beyond the mountains？ 山的那边有什么？ Don’t stay there beyond midnight. 不要过了半夜还呆在那儿。 2．The East China Sea lies to the east of Zhejiang Province. 东海位于浙江省的东面。 表示方法

①通常用动词be和lie，be后接介词短语，lie后既可接介词短语，又可接副词短语。 如：

Japan is to the east of China. Japan lies to the east of China. Japan lies east of China.

②有三个介词可分别表示方位：to，in，on。to表示在另一个地点的外部，译成“在…以…，在……面”；in表示范围内；on表示接壤。例如：

Mexico is in the south of North America. 墨西哥位于北美的南部。

注意：表示某一山脉或界线，以东、以西、以南、以北必须用to。on还可表示“在……河畔”。

Nanjing lies on the Changjiang River. 南京位于长江之滨。 Guangdong lies to the south of Hubei. 广东在湖北以南。

Guangdong lies on the south of Hunan. 广东在湖南以南。（与湖南接壤）

③有时可以把副词短语放在句首加动词lie或stand，表示方位.（构成完全倒装句）。

East of the village stands a big factory.

3．Where is your great-grand father on your father’s side from? 你父亲的曾祖父是哪里人？

①on your father’s side意为“父亲的，你父亲的”。side在此意为“血统，世系，家系”。如：

a cousin on my father’s side 父系的表亲 her aunt on her mother’s side 她的姨妈 ②be from = come from来自，是哪里人。如： He is / comes from Japan. 他是日本人。

4．It is made up of two large islands：North Island and South Island. 它（新西兰）由两大岛屿组成：北岛和南岛。

be made up of…由……组成（指由个体组成某个整体，此时为被动结构。）

make up…组成…（此时为主动结构。）如：

Our class is made up of 32 boys and 20 girls. = Thirty-two boys and twenty girls make up our class.

我们班由三十二个男生和二十个女生组成。

make up还可作“弥补；编造；整理；化妆”讲。例如：

This story was made up by Tom. 这个故事是汤姆虚构的。 She always makes up before leaving. 在走之前，她总是化一下妆。 We must make it up to him somehow. 我们得想个办法赔偿他。

5．New Zealand is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean to the north and east，and the Tasman Sea to the south and west.

新西兰北面和东面被太平洋包围，南面和西面则是塔斯曼海。 surround…with…意为“用……把……围住”，常用于被动语态 be surrounded by / with，意为“（四周）被……包围，围住”。要表达“在某一面被包围，围住”，短语后面接介词to，by或on。例如： The village is surrounded by mountains on its sides. 这个村子三面环山。

6．It is about the same size as Japan. 新西兰大约和日本一样大。 the same…as…意为“与……一样/相同”。as后可接名词、代词、副词及从句。如：

Your pen is the same as mine.

according to the same rules as before. 根据以前的规则

注意：“the same +名词”后可接由as或that引导的定语从句。但是that强调的是同一件事情。例如：

This is the same book as I lost the other day. 这本书和我前几天去的那本一模一样。 This is the same book that I lost the other day.

这正是我前几天丢的那本书。

7．The ocean and seas surrounding the islands are deep blue and many of New Zealand’s cities lie on a bay and have a natural deep harbour. 岛国的周围是蔚蓝色的海洋，新西兰许多城市都建在海湾上，拥有天然的深水港。

这里的介词on表示“在……水（旁），靠近……（水）；沿着（水边）（at the side of a river or area of water）。”例如： Tianjin is on the Haihe River. 天津在海河河畔。

注意比较：on the coast与off the coast. 两者的意思都是“靠近岸边”，但前者表示在岸上；后者表示“在海上”。

8．The North Island is famous for an area of hot springs，some of which throw hot water high into the air.

北岛以一个地区的温泉而著称，其中的一些温泉喷到空中的水很高。 ①be famous for…意为“以……著名/出名”。for表示原因。如： China is famous for the Great Wall. 中国以长城而著称。

②some of which throw…是一个非限制性定语从句，其标志是先行词与定语从句之间有逗号。此句中的which不能用that代替，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。

Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world. 足球，一项很有趣的体育活动，全世界都在踢。

9．It is some 3500 kilometres from Polynesia to New Zealand，which they

travelled in narrow boats.

从波利尼西到新西兰有3500公里，他们乘着狭长的小船前来。 ①此处“it”与“which”，均指代距离。

②some在句中是副词，通常用于数字前，解释“大约（about）”。例如：

That was some twenty years ago. 那是在大约20年前的事。

③Polynesia（波利尼西亚）是位于大洋洲东部的中太平洋群岛，主要包括法属波利尼西亚、夏威夷、汤加等。

10．Captain James Cook took possession of the islands in 1769. 詹姆士·库克船长在1769年占领了这些岛屿。

take possession of意为“占领，占据；获得；占有”，其中possession是名词，意为“拥有，占有，所有，着迷，领土，财产（复数）”。如： He had few possessions. 他的财产很少。 a man of great possessions 富人

How did you get possession of it? 你是怎样得到它的？ He gave up possession of the house. 他放弃了这房子的所有权。 possess是动词形式，意为“占有，拥有，持有”，如： He possesses（=owns）a gold watch. 他拥有一块金表。

11．By 1840 about 2000 Europeans，mainly British，had come to settle in New Zealand and the Maori signed an agreement with these settlers. 到1840年，大约有两千欧洲人，其中主要是英国人，就已经在新西

兰定居了，毛利人跟这些定居者签订了一份协议。

①by是介词，在此句中意思是“到……时为止”，表示时间。其后若跟过去时间，时态多用过去完成时；其后若跟将来时间，时态多用将来完成时。如：

By the age of fourteen，he had learned advanced maths. 到十四岁时，他已学习高等数学。

By the end of this term，we’ll have learned 3000 English words. 到本学期末为止，我们将学会三千英语单词。

②settle意为“定居；安置，安顿；解决，确定；使平静”。如： She has settled happily in America. 她在美国愉快地定居了。 We are settled in our new home. 我们入住新居。 We have settled who will pay for the meal. 我们已经定了由谁来付饭钱。

Wait until the excitement has settled down. 等到兴奋的情绪镇静下来再说。

③sign在此句中是动词，意为“签名（于），署名（于）。”如： Both parties have signed the contract. 双方已经在合同上签字了。 ④agreement为名词，意为“协议，协定，同意，一致，契约”。如： His opinion is in agreement with mine. 他的意见和我的一致。

They have made an agreement about the plan. 他们在这个计划上意见一致了。

12．New Zealand has a population of about 3.8 million people，of which about 14 percent are Maori.

新西兰人口大约有三百八十万，其中约百分之十四是毛利人。 have a population of指的是“人口数量是……”。常用在“哪个地方有多少人口”这个句型中。如：

Our city has a population of 10 million. 我们的城市有一千万人口。 population还有下列用法：

①population作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。如： The population of China is very large. 中国的人口很多。

②但当population前有百分数或分数时，谓语动词常用复数。如： More than eighty percent of the population of China are farmers. 中国80%以上的人口是农民。

③修饰population时，用large或small.如： The population of China is larger than that of Japan. 中国的人口比日本多。

④对population提问时，用what不用how much.如： What was the population of Europe in 2003? 2003年欧洲的人口是多少？

13．The happier events are marked with speeches, singing and dancing. 在喜庆事件中，人们发表讲话，还载歌载舞来庆祝。 mark作“标记于，打分数，标志”讲时，常与with连用。如：

The newly-painted floor was marked with footprints. 刚刚油漆过的地板留下了一些脚印。 The box is marked with“Made in China.” 那个箱子上标有“中国制造”字样。

14．New Zealand is an important agricultural country, with cattle farming on the North Island，while the hilly South Island has more sheep farms. 新西兰是个重要的农业国家，在北岛上养殖牛，而多山的南岛则有更多的绵羊农场。

①with+宾语（cattle farming）+宾补（on the North Island），这是with的复合宾语结构。宾补除了是介词短语外，还可以是形容词、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词等。此结构作状语。例如： The teacher entered the classroom with a book in her hand. I like sleeping with all the windows open.

Lu Xun fought against the enemy with a pen as his weapon. 鲁迅用笔作为武器跟敌人作战。

With all the problems to settle，I’ll have a hard time. 所有的问题有待于解决，我的日子将不好过。

With the boy leading the way，they had no difficulty in finding the house. 有那个男孩领着路，他们很容易地就找到了那栋房子。 With his homework finished，the boy went to bed.

②while为连词，意为“而，然而”，表示对比。还有“当……时，虽然”。如：

She likes English while he likes maths. Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。

While he loves his students，he is very strict with them. 虽然他爱他的学生，可是他对他们很严格。 15．Some farmers have turned to keeping deer. 有一些农民已转向养鹿。

①turn to在此句中意为“转到，把……转向”，to为介词，后跟名词或动名词作宾语。如：

He turned to the study of medicine.他转向学医了。

After she left school，he became a teacher，but later he turned to driving. 他毕业后当过老师，后来转行开了车。

turn to还作“翻到……；向某人/某物寻求帮助/建议/同情”等。如： Please turn to page 42. 请把书翻到42页。

There was nobody in the street whom I could turn to for help. 街上没有一个我可以求助的人。 ②keep在这里解释“饲养（raise）”。

16．New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world. 新西兰葡萄酒质量很好，销往全世界。

be of +（adj）n意为“具有……”，其中的名词多为抽象名词，如：help，use，importance，value等；也可为具体名词，如：age，weight，height，length，width，size等。此短语在句中作表语，定语或宾语补足语。 例如：The suggestion that he gave us is of no use.（表语）

The woman of average height is our English teacher.（定语） 那位中等身材的妇女是我们的英语老师。 I found the book of great value.（宾补）

New Zealand is located in the southwest Pacific, an island. The capital is Wellington, the largest city is Auckland，New Zealand is a developed country, with a temperate maritime climate，Maori is New Zealand aborigines and the main language of New Zealand is English and Maori

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