美国社会文化Unit 6翻译

Unit 6

Religion in the United States 美国的宗教

一、Pre-reading Question

1. Is the majority of the American population religious Yes

2. Which is the largest single religious group in the United States, Catholicism or Protestant Catholicism

3. You know that most of the early settlers from Europe belong to the Protestant churches, but can you tell the percentage of their numbers 60%

4. Is there a government-supported religion in the States No

5. Was the War of Independence religious one No, it was politics.

6. What does “WASP” stand for

It stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant（盎格鲁-撒克逊人白人新教文化）.

二、Go over the following focal points before reading the text

1. American history and religious liberty 2. the US Constitution and religion 3. Protestants and different Protestant groups in the US 4. Catholics in the US 5. Jews and their religious faith 6. Religious diversity in the US 7. Characteristics of American religious beliefs 1

美国历史与宗教自由 美国宪法与宗教 新教与美国不同复原派 美国的天主教 犹太教及其宗教信仰 美国宗教多样化 美国宗教信仰的特色

三、Text

From Chapter 3, we came to know that American mainstream culture was developed from what is known as \culture and that people who settled in the 13 North American colonies that would become the United States were mostly Protestant believers.

从第三单元中，我们就了解到美国的主流文化是由所谓“盎格鲁-萨克逊白人新教文化”发展而来的。13 个北美殖民地，即后来成为美国的定居者大多数是新教（复原派）教徒。

Religious Liberty

宗教自由运动 By the middle of the 18th century, many different kinds of Protestants lived in America. Lutherans had come to America from Germany. The Dutch Reformed Church flourished in New York and New Jersey. Presbyterians

pr b t r

came from Scotland and Huguenots h u Ot

from France. Congregationalists, as the Puritans came to be called, still dominated in Massachusetts and the neighboring colonies, an area which came to be known as New England. 到 18 世纪中叶，在美国居住着众多不同派别的新教徒。有从德国来美国的路德派（信义宗） ；在纽约及新 泽西兴旺的荷兰改教派（归正宗） ；来自苏格兰的长老会及来自法国的胡（预）格诺派。由清教徒演变而 来的公理会教派，在马萨诸塞以及相邻的其他新英格兰地区殖民地中，仍然占主导地位。

Although the Church of England was an established church in several colonies, Protestants lived side by side in relative harmony, and they influenced each other. The Great Awakening of the 1740s, a \movement that sought to breathe new feeling and strength into religion, cut across the lines of Protestant religious groups, or denominations.

虽然英国国教（安立甘）在几个殖民地是官方教会，但新教各派能和平相处，并已经开始相互影响。18 世纪 40 年代的宗教大觉醒运动，力图把新感觉和新力量注入到北美各殖民地人民的宗教信仰中去。这次 “觉醒”运动打破（包抄）了复原教各派之间的界限。

At the same time the works of John Locke were becoming known in America. John Locke reasoned that the right to govern comes from an agreement or \into by free people. The Puritan experience in forming congregations made this idea seem natural to many Americans. Taking it out of the realm of social theory, they made it a reality and formed a nation. 2

与此同时，约翰洛克的著作在美国广为流传。约翰洛克认为治理的权利来自一种协议，或“社会契约” ， 这一契约是由自由民众自愿缔结的。因此，清教徒形成公理会之经历，对许多美国人来说似乎顺理成章。 他们抛开了社会学理论的范畴，顺其自然地组成了一个国家。

It was politics and not religion that most occupied Americans' minds during the War of Independence and for years afterward. A few Americans were so influenced by the new science and new ideas of the Enlightenment in Europe that they became deists, believing that reason teaches that God exists but leaves man free to settle his own affairs. 独立战争期间以及此后几年，主导美国人民思想的是政治而不是宗教。很多美国人深受欧洲启蒙运动中新 科学、新思想的影响，因此成为自然神论者。相信理智教导人们上帝是存在的，但上帝让人类自由地处理 自己的事务。

Many traditional Protestants and deists could agree, however, that, as The Declaration of Independence states, \

l au

by their creator

bl rights,\

entitled them to form a new nation. Among the rights that the new nation guaranteed, as a political necessity in a religiously diverse society, was freedom of religion.

许多传统的复原派和自然神论者赞成《独立宣言》中所阐述的这种观点，即： “人人生而平等，造物主赋 予他们若干不可剥夺的权利” ，而“自然规律及创造自然的上帝”赋予他们权力建立一个新国家。在新国 家保证的各项权利中包括宗教信仰自由，这是一个宗教多样化社会政治上的必要。

The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States forbade the new federal government to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice, or exercise, of religion. The Unites States would have no state-supported religion. In this way, those men who formulated the principal tenets of the newly established political system hoped to insure that diversity of religious belief would never become the source of social or political injustice or disaffection. But Protestant churches kept a privileged position in a few of the states. Not until 1833 did Massachusetts cut the last ties between church and state.

美国宪法第一修正案规定联邦政府不得给予任何宗教以特殊优惠，不得阻止宗教的自由实行，美国没有国 教。这样，那些制定这一新确立的政治体制主要原则的人们希望确保宗教信仰的多样化永远不会带来社会 上和政治上的不公平和不满。但是新教在一些州享有特殊地位。直到 1833 年，马萨诸塞州才切断了政教 3

之间的最后联系。

The First Amendment insured that American government would not meddle in religious affairs or require any religious beliefs of its citizens. But did it mean that the American government would have nothing at all to do with religion Or did it mean that government would be religiously neutral, treating all religions alike

第一修正案确保美国政府不干涉宗教事务，不强迫公民建立某种宗教信仰。但是，这并不意味着美国政府 与宗教没有任何关系，或对宗教保持中立，对各宗教派别一视同仁。

In some ways, the government supports all religions. Religious groups do not pay taxes in the United States. The armed forces pay chaplains of all faiths. Presidents and other political leaders often call on God to bless the American nation and people. Those people whose religion forbids them to fight can perform other services instead of becoming soldiers.

一方面， 政府支持所有宗教派别， 美国的宗教团体不用纳税。 军队对所有不同信仰的随军教士都发放军饷。 总统与其他政治领导人常常要“上帝保佑美国国家和人民” 。那些因宗教信仰禁止他们上前线打仗的人， 可以不去参军，而以其他服务来代替。

But government does not pay ministers' salaries or require any belief—not even a belief in

God—as a condition of holding public office. Oaths are administered, but those who, like Quakers, object to them, can make a solemn affirmation, or declaration, instead. 但是政府不付给牧师薪水，也不把宗教信仰—包括最基本的相信上帝的信仰—作为担任公共职务的先决条 件。宣誓是要进行的，但是那些拒绝宣誓的人们，比如：贵格教成员，可以用严肃声明代替。

The truth is that for some purposes government ignores religion and for other purposes it treats all religions alike—at least as far as is practical. When disputes about the relationship between government and religion arise, American courts must settle them. 事实上，政府一方面对宗教不予理睬，而另一方面则对所有教派一视同仁——此举颇为实际。当政府与宗 教之间的关系产生了矛盾，美法院必须予以解决。

American courts have become more sensitive in recent years to the rights of people who do not believe in any God or religion. But in many ways what Supreme Court Justice William O. 4

Douglas wrote in 1952 is still true. \presuppose a Supreme Being.\

最近几年，美法院对于人民无宗教信仰或不信上帝的权利变得颇为敏感。然而，最高法院大法官，威廉 道格拉斯 1952 年在其信中所说，仍为诸多方面之真实写照，他声明： “我们是信仰宗教的，我们的制度预 先假定上帝的存在。 ”

In the early years of the American nation, Americans were confident that God supported their experiment in republican government. They had just defeated Great Britain—probably the most powerful nation in the world at that time. Protestant religion and republican forms of government, they felt, went hand in hand.

在早期的美国，人们相信上帝支持他们建立共和政府的尝试。他们这才战胜了大不列颠，当时可能是世界 上最强大的国家。他们认为，新教与共和制政府是一致的。

Protestants in the United States

美国的新教徒 Today, the majority of Americans belong to the Protestant church. Over 60% of Americans are said to be Protestant believers. The Baptists are the largest Protestant group. They believe in adult baptism by immersion, symbolizing a mature and responsible conversion experience. From a beginning in 17th century England, the Baptists have continued on a small scale in England where they are about 1% of the population. But in the Unites States, they have their main strength, with over 25 million members (19.4% of the population), divided among more than 20 branches and concentrated particularly in the Southern Bible Belt. Some white Baptists have liberal attitudes toward the blacks and stand up courageously in difficult circumstances for their belief in the equality of all human beings before God, whatever their color. But the great majority seems to have no difficulty in reconciling their Christian belief and practice with their racial prejudice. Meanwhile, most of the blacks are Baptists too, but they go to different churches from the white. In southern communities the blacks find their main social center in their Baptist churches and sometimes a base from which to organize group action.

当今，大多数美国人属于复原派。据说有 60%的美国人信仰新教。浸礼会是最大的新教团

体。他们相信将 身体浸在水中的成年人洗礼仪式，他们认为这一仪式象征着成熟和负责任的转变。浸礼会于 17 世纪源于 英格兰，延续至今在英国只有小规模的发展，约占当地人口的 1%。而在美国，其实力颇为强大，拥有成员 5

超过二千五百万（占本国人口的 19.4%） ，有 20 多个分支机构，主要集中在南方“圣经”地带。有些白人 浸礼会教徒对待黑人的态度没有偏见，在逆境中勇敢地坚持“不论肤色，上帝面前人人平等”的信仰。但 是，对于大多数浸礼会教徒来说，把他们虔诚的宗教信仰和种族歧视统一起来没有什么困难。而同时，大 多数黑人也是浸礼会教徒，可是他们与白人进的不是同一座教堂。在南方社区，黑人把浸礼会看作自己主 要的社交中心，有时以此为基础组织团体行动。

Next to the Baptists, the most numerous Protestants are the Methodists, adherents of the group which grew up in 18th century England following the lead of John Wesley. Most Methodists are united in the Methodist Church, which has a form of service based on that of the Church of England.

人数仅次于浸礼会的新教派是卫理公会（循道宗） ，该会源于 18 世纪由约翰韦斯里在英国创建的组织。 大多数教徒在卫理公会教堂做礼拜，其信仰形式是以英国国教为基础的。

Thus the main Protestant groups with the origins in Britain are flourishing, and seem to have taken on a distinctively American character, including a tendency to form subgroups. But this is not the whole story of Protestantism. Smaller sects from Europe have taken root, and new sects have formed within America, some of them around individual leaders.

因此，源于英国的主要新教团体非常兴旺，而其似乎也呈现出了独特的美国特色，其中也有形成亚流派的 趋势，但是这并不能涵盖整个新教教义。在个别宗教领导周围，也有源于欧洲的小教派、形成于美洲的新 教派等等。

There are more than 100 other Protestant sects, many of them hardly known to anyone except their own members, but with a combined membership of more than 20 million. They express variety, rather than doctrinal

O tra l schism s m . Some of them are of recent foundation, and

the dominant trend is fundamentalist. Four of the smaller sects are really quite large, with 2 million or more members. These are the Latter Day Saints, the Churches of Christ, the United Church of Christ and the International Convention of Disciples of Christ. Some of the small sects are extremely intolerant, and depend on a highly emotional and even hysterical approach. Some have shown themselves particularly ready to be pragmatic in adapting themselves to what they imagine to be the ideas of modern society. And new prophets and movements of religion are appearing all the time. 6

新教的其他小派别大约有 100 多个，许多派别除了其成员外，其他人难以了解，但其综合成员人数也有二 千万之多。 他们反映的只是教派的不同， 而并不是教义的分歧。 有些教派是最近创建，基要主义倾向突出。 其中四个最小的教派，人数也颇多，成员也有二百万

或二百多万。这些教派是现代基督教圣徒派（后期圣 徒派、末日或末世圣徒 Mormon） 、耶稣教、联合耶稣教及国际耶稣信徒会等。某些小教派非常偏执，其 进行的活动高度情绪化，甚至歇斯底里。其中一些教派表示特别愿意采取实用主义的方法，以求适应他们 所认识的现代社会的思潮。新宗教的先知以及新宗教运动每时每刻都在出现。

Catholics

天主教徒 Although the largest church is of the Protestant faith, the largest single religious group is that of Roman Catholics. More than one-quarter of all Americans are now of the Roman Catholic faith. According to a survey done in the early 1990s, Roman Catholics represent 26.2% of the U.S population (the 4 large Protestant groups, the Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians p s p l

represent 31.9% of the population). The majority of the Catholics are

descendants of immigrants from Ireland, Italy and Poland. Most of the early Catholics stayed near the East Coast. They were concentrated especially in New York and Massachusetts, and are still a very important element of the population in those two states. By the Civil War, over a million Irish Catholics, many driven by hunger, had come to the United States. Most were working people. Anti-Catholic prejudice was so strong that, on a few occasions, it broke out in mob violence. In 1844, two Catholic churches were burnt and 13 people died in rioting that swept through the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. More often prejudice took the form of discrimination, particularly at the polls. By 1960, however, John F(itzgerald) Kennedy's presidential election victory put to rest the catholic religion as an issue in national politics. Kennedy was Roman Catholic. Catholics were not shut out of public schools and hospitals but they wanted their own schools, colleges and hospitals. Catholics believed that these institutions were needed to preserve their faith. Many Catholics now attend public schools and secular colleges. But Catholic institutions, especially in large cities, still serve large numbers of Catholics and a growing number of non-Catholics, who are attracted by the discipline and education offered in these schools. By the 1950s, many Catholics had risen to positions of leadership, not only in labor unions, but also in business and politics as well. As Catholics grew more confident about their place in American life, they began to challenge, not the basic idea of separation of Church and State, but the way American courts interpreted 7

it. The costs of modern education had made their schools very expensive to maintain. Catholics began to seek some way in which they could obtain public funds to help meet these expenses. Other private schools, not necessarily religious in origin or concern, also sought this help. 固然， 最大的教派莫过于信奉新教的教徒， 可是最大的独立宗教团体当属罗马天主教。 现在全美有超过 1/4 的人信奉罗马天主教。根据早在二十世纪九十年代做的一项调查显示，罗马天主教徒占美国人口的 26.2% （四大新教团体，浸礼会、卫理公会、长老会和圣公会教徒[E]Anglican 占人口的 31.9%） 。大多数天主教 徒是爱尔兰、 意大利和波兰移民的后裔。 早期的天主教徒大多居住在东部海岸。 主要汇集在纽约州和麻省， 至今仍然是这两个州人口来源中非常重要组成部分。英国内战时期，一百多万爱尔兰天主教徒迫于饥饿来 到

美国。他们大多是劳动者。对于天主教的偏见如此强烈，屡次发生暴乱。1844 年，在宾西法尼亚州，两 座天主教堂被烧毁，13 人在横扫费城的骚乱中丧生。更经常的是，偏见以歧视的形式出现，特别是在选 举站。然而，到 1960 年，约翰肯尼迪总统选举的胜利使天主教在国家的政治中不再是一个问题。肯尼迪 就是一位罗马天主教徒。 天主教徒不再被挡在公立学校和医院门外， 但是， 他们想要建立自己的中小学校， 大学和医院。天主教徒们相信他们需要这些机构来保持自己的信念。现在很多天主教徒进了公立学校和普 通(非宗教)大学。但是，天主教机构，尤其在大城市，仍然服务于大多数天主教徒以及日益增加的非天主 教徒，他们被这些学校设立的学科内容所吸引。到二十世纪五十年代，很多天主教徒晋升到了领导岗位， 这不仅在工会中，而且在政界及商界亦是如此。天主教徒对他们在美国生活中的地位日益加强了信心。这 时，他们开始了挑战，倒不是针对政教分离的根本思想，而是针对美国法院对这一概念的解释。现代教育 的成本使他们维持学校的经营要付出昂贵的代价。因此，天主教会开始另辟蹊径，已得到公众投资偿付费 用。另外的私立学校，原本不一定是不是教会学校，也在寻求这种援助。

The lawmaking bodies of many states were sympathetic to these demands. But most attempts to provide help for religious schools were ruled unconstitutional (declared to violate the Constitution) by the Supreme Court of the United States. Giving public money to a religious school was held to violate the clause, or part of the First Amendment which prohibits the establishment of religion. Public money for religious schools remains an issue in American politics in the 1990s. If Catholics feel that government should support the non-religious aspects of private education; other American groups call for even less government connection to religion. Sunday closing laws were a real hardship to Jews. In effect, they were forced to observe two Sabbaths, or days of rest—their own and the majority Christian one as well. Nonbelievers, and some religious people as well, objected to prayer and Bible reading in public schools. They thought that a modern government in a free society should be basically secular. 8

很多州的立法部门非常同情这些要求， 但是对于教会学校的这种资助行为大都被美国最高法院裁定为违宪 （宣布违背宪法） 。将公共资金给予宗教学校，这被认为是违反了第一修正案的有关条款，至少是部分条 款，即：禁止确立一种宗教的统治地位。为教会学校提供公共资金，是二十世纪九十年代美国政坛的遗留 问题。如果天主教会认为政府应当支持非宗教类的私立学校，美国的其他团体则会要求政府更少与宗教联 系。星期日关门不营业法给犹太教徒造成很大困难，他们被迫遵守两个安息日，也就是说要休息两天，他 们自己的以及多数基督教徒的休息日。不信上帝的人以及其他宗教人士反对公立学校的祈祷和读经文。他 们认为作为自由社会的现代政府应该是根本不受宗教约束的（世俗的） 。

Three Faiths

三个信仰 Like Catholics, Jews were a small minority in the first years of the American republic. Until the late 19th century, most Jews in America were of German origin. Many of them belonged to the Reform movement, a liberal branch of Judaism modern life. Anti-Semitism u m , which had made many adjustments to

s m t ( )m , or anti-Jewish prejudice, was not a big problem before

the Civil War. But when Jews began coming to America in great numbers, anti-Semitism appeared. 和天主教徒一样，犹太教徒在美国共和初期也属于少数派教徒。到十九世纪末，美国的大多数犹太教徒来 自德国。 他们中的许多人属于改教宗， 也就是犹太教中的一支自由派， 他们为适应现代生活作了许多调整。 在内战前，反犹主义之偏见并不是个很大的问题。但是随着来美国犹太人数量的增加，反犹主义出现了。

Usually, Jewish children attended public schools. The children of the immigrants moved rapidly into the professions and into American universities, where many became intellectual leaders. Many remained religiously observant

b v t . Others, while they continued to think of themselves

as ethnically Jewish, adopted a secular, non-religious outlook. 犹太人的孩子通常去公立学校读书，犹太移民的后代迅速进入各种职业领域，进入美国的大学，并且很多 人成为那儿的知识分子领导。许多人仍遵守自己宗教的教规，其他的人虽然还继续认为自己是犹太民族， 但采取了世俗的、非宗教的观念。

When faced with prejudice and discrimination, Jews responded by forming organizations to combat prejudice. The Anti-Defamation f m

League played a major role in educating

Americans about the injustice of prejudice and making them aware of the rights, not only of Jews, but of all minorities. 9

当面对偏见与歧视，犹太教徒的回应是成立组织抗击偏见。 “反诽谤联盟”在教育美国人克服不公正与偏 见方面起到了主要作用。并且使美国人有了权利意识，这不仅是犹太人的，包括所有其他少数教派的。

By the 1950s, a kind of “three faiths” model of the United States had developed. Americans were considered to come in three basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish, the order reflecting the strength in numbers of each group. But an increasing number of Americans did not fit into any of these categories. And some who could be considered Protestant had styles of life and beliefs that did not fit into “Mainstream” America.

到二十世纪五十年代，一种“三个信仰”模式在美国发展起来了。人们认为美国出自三个基本信仰：新教、 天主教和犹太教，这种排序反映了各个组织在人数上的强弱对比。但是，数量越来越多的美国人已不适合 这几种分类中的任何一类。有些被认为是新教徒的人其生活方式以及信仰并不适合美国的“主流” 。

Religious Diversity

宗教多样化 The United States has always been a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements. Frontier America provided plenty of room to set up a new church or found a new community. For example, the ancestors of the Amish, very strict Protestants who live in rural areas

and scorn modern life, came from Germany in the 18th century to escape persecution. 美国一直以来就是萌生新宗教运动的沃土，开发边疆给美国人提供了很大的空间去修建新教堂，创办新教 区。例如：安曼教的祖先为逃避迫害，于 18 世纪来自德国，他们居住在农村地区，拒绝现代生活，是教 规严格的新教徒。

Many religious communities and secular utopias, or experiments in new forms of social living, were founded in 18th and 19th century America. Most did not last long. But some prospered for a while and a few are still in existence. 20th-century Americans who follow the impulse to withdraw from society and \

18、19 世纪，有许多宗教团体和世俗的“乌托邦”组织或试验新的社会生活方式的团体在美国成立。大多 都不长久，但有些团体一度非常兴旺，有些现在仍然存在。20 世纪要求“离开社会”加入公社的那些美国 人的冲动，继承了美国这种历史传统。 10

Small sects and \as hopelessly corrupt. Prohibition of alcohol, tobacco and caffeine Qf

are common.

Sometimes dramatic expectations about the future—predictions of the end of the world or the dawning of a new age—form the main tenets, or doctrines, of the group. Often the founder is a charismatic Qr mQt

person, dynamic personality who claims some special revelation or

relationship with God. Some groups never win a large following. Others grow smaller or disappear when the founder dies or his prophecies fail to come true. Still others prosper, win large followings and “graduate” into the ranks of the \

小教派及其崇拜者具有某种共同的倾向，他们往往认为大社会团体之堕落不可救药，禁酒、禁烟以及禁咖 啡因是他们的共同点。有时，教派的主要原则是由对未来的富有戏剧性预测形成的，比如说预言世界末日 或新时期的到来。教派的缔造者通常是一位具有超凡魅力的人，并有着生气勃勃的个性，声称他得到了上 帝的某种启示或与上帝有着某种特殊关系。某些派别从未得到大批追随者，有些有少数追随者，有些团体 随着缔造者的死去或其预言没能实现而消失。还有一些教派兴旺起来，争取到大批信徒，并升到具有相当 地位的教派行列中。

Some groups, like the Amish of Pennsylvania, simply want to be left alone in their rural communities. They wish to keep their children out of high school so they will not be affected by modern society.

有些教派，如宾州安曼教，只想在乡村地区过简朴生活。并希望自己的孩子不受高等教育，以避免受到现 代社会的影响。

A few prefer faith healing to modern medicine or object to certain medical practices. What should society do when a Jehovah's h uv

Witness refused a blood transfusion for himself or his

child Questions like these often come before the courts in the United States. They are generally settled according to a principle the Supreme Court established when it ruled that the Mormons, a large and prosperous Christian sect that settled the state of Utah, could not marry more than one wife. Individuals may believe anything they please in America, but they may not do anything they want, even if the action is based on a religious belief. Such questions do not usually cause great controversy, because they do not reflect basic divisions in American society. The Mormons, for example, continue to flourish, and are one of the fastest growing church groups in the United States. 11

一些教派相信信仰疗法，而不相信现代医学，或反对某些医疗方法。当耶和华见证派拒绝为自己以及孩子 输血，社会又能怎么办呢？在美国法庭上经常会遇到诸如此类的问题，这种情况一般按照最高法院制定的 原则予以裁决。像以犹他州为中心的摩门教，属新教派，组织庞大而兴旺，实行一夫多妻制。在美国人人 皆可信其所好，但其不能为所欲为，即使基于宗教信仰的行为亦是如此。这些问题通常不会引起很大的争 议，因为，他们并不能反映美国社会的基本分歧。例如摩门教依旧兴旺，是美国发展最快的教会组织。

But other questions reflect continuing conflicts in American life. When a 1973 Supreme Court decision made abortion legal in America, many Catholics were shocked. Many evangelical vQ l l

Protestants and Orthodox Jews also objected. Yet more liberal Protestant and

Jewish clergymen joined nonbelievers in maintaining that abortion is a basic right in a pluralistic plu r l st

, or religiously varied, society.

但是，其他一些问题则不断与美国生活相抵触。1973 年，美国最高法院宣布堕胎合法，许多天主教徒对此 裁决感到震惊。许多新教福音派教徒和正统派犹太教徒也都反对此举。而许多新教自由派和犹太教牧师加 入到无宗教信仰者之列，坚持认为堕胎在多元化（或宗教门派众多）的社会中是妇女的一项基本权利。

Other world religions are increasing their numbers and influence in America. Over 2 million members of the Islamic religion live in America. Some are immigrants or the children of immigrants; others are Americans, including some black Americans who have converted to Islam. 来自其他国度的宗教在美国的教徒人数以及影响也在增加。有超过两百万的伊斯兰教成员居

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