体育概论考研试题整理

许西

1.体育功能：健身功能、娱乐功能、促进个体社会化、社会情感、教育功能、政治功能、经济功能。

2.国际奥林匹克委员会：于1894年6月23成立，是现代奥林匹克的最高权力机构，是

国际奥林匹克运动的领导者、捍卫者、指导者和仲裁者，它是一个国际性的、非政府的、非盈利的组织。

3.计划经济下我国体育管理体制的主要特点。?由政府主办并主管，政府行使几乎全

部管理职权。?经费依靠财政拨款，国家承担绝大部分经济义务。?人员列入国家编制、业务脱离经济主体。

4.体育文化:是在增加健康，提高生活质量的过程中创造和形成的一切物质和精神财富，

包括与之相适应的社会组织及规范体育活动的各种思想、制度、伦理道德、审美观念、还包括为达成目标的各种改革举措以及相应的成果。

5.电子竞技运动：是人与人之间，运用计算机，通过网络所营造的虚拟平台，按照统一的

竞赛规则而进行竞赛的体育活动。

6.国际单项体育联合会：指在世界范围内管辖一项或几项运动项目，并接纳若干管辖这些项目的国家或地区级团体的非官方国际体育组织，如国际足球联合会?.国际单项体育联合会由各个国家或地区的单项协会组成，其最高权力机构是定期举行的代表大会，一般没有技术专业委员，处理该项目的技术问题。

9.不同类型体育体制比较：

?政府主导型：优点：有利于集中有限资源实现预期的目标

不足：容易抑制社会对体育参与和支持的积极性。

?社会主导型：优点：有利于发挥社会各方面的积极性，在各体育组织内部进行不受外

界干扰的管理。 不足：在全局上缺乏有力的协调和统一。

?综合型：优点：有利于发挥政府和社会双方面的积极性。

不足：在权限划分和利益分配方面容易发生冲突

10.体育过程与健身过程关系：

?健身是一个多因素复杂的系统，也是一个完整的独立的系统。它的唯一目的是促进人的身心健康、和谐发展，提高生命存在的质量。它涉及许多方面，健身有赖于、营养卫生、优生优育、环境保护、身体锻炼等多方面因素。体育中的运动项目和身体运动方式只是健身的手段之一，体育也无法代替健身的所有内容。

?从体育的角度来看，健身只是体育的功能之一而不是体育的唯一功能。体育过程具有健身、娱乐、促进个体社会化等多重功能。另一方面，体育过程的健身功能也是需要合理的调控才能实现的，并不是只要参与体育活动就一定能达到健身的目的。体育过程与健身过程既有区别又有密切联系，所谓的体育就是以身体联系为基本手段，促进人身心和谐发展的文化活动。体育过程的健身功能是现代体育得以存在和发展的根本理由之一。

?两者是两个不同的过程，它们既有区别又有联系；既有重合部分，又不相互包括。人们需要辩证的理解体育与健身的关系

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许西

11.社区体育与社会体育关系：

社区体育是指在居民区内开展的群众性体育活动，有很强的区域性特点，而社会体育一般是指除学校体育以外的一切体育活动，无区域性限制。就社区体育而言，社区就是指基层社区，而社会体育包括整个社会，即外延更大。社会体育属于行政主导型体育，而社区体育属于民间主导型体育。 总之，社区体育与社会体育不是一回事，是不同的两个领域。其最主要的区别是社会体育反应体育的宏观方面，社区体育反应体育的微观方面。社会体育是整体的，抽象的，不可操作的；社区体育则是局部的，具体的，可操作的。

12.我国的体育目标与目的的关系

体育目的是体育实践的总方向和总要求，它一经确立就决定着体育的措施、步骤及方式方法等 。

体育目的是体育实践所要形成或培养的标准和规模，具有高度的概括性。体育实践中只有将体育目的分解成具体的、可操作的、有标准的、分层次的目标体系，才有望最终实现体育目标反映并服务体育目的。体育目标服务于体育目的，要求体育实践要努力地完善体育目标体系，尤其是制定完善的、操作化的具体体育目标，使体育目的得以落实，并顺利实现。

一般来说，体育目的只指明体育发展的方向，所以体育目的往往不具备明显的操作层面的意义。因此，我们依照体育目的进行实际工作时，必须将抽象转化为具体，并按层次逐步分解，直到操作为止。在将“目的”具体化的过程中，通常用“目标”“任务”等有形的，或者看得见、摸得着的、可以实现的具体工作范畴和标准，来规范和约束体育行为，使体育目的可以实际操作。这一般要依靠确定具体的体育目标。围绕体育目的确定体育目标，体育目标可以是多个的，但体育目标不能背离体育目的。

13.体育过程与竞技过程的关系

?、目的 竞技运动为了提高运动技术水平，夺取优异的成绩为目的。体育的目的主要是强身健体增进健康。

?、负荷 竞技运动具有很强的竞争性，所以竞技运动项目训练都是在高强度下进行的。而体育则不是，它一般是在轻松愉快的运动方式下进行的。

?、效果 由于夺标的需要，竞技运动中的技能成分已高度专门化，体育运动中专门化的高超技能没有多大的用处。联系：竞技体育都是以身体运动作为主要手段的活动、竞技与体育常常互为手段、体育与竞技都有教育性功能，两者都有关于身体活动的教育、都有较强的娱乐功能，这种娱乐功能也是成千上万的参与者不断为之付出的一种主要诱因。

总之，体育与竞技运动之间既有区别又有联系，各有其运作规律目标、内容、方法、评价和学科体系。

14.体育在国民教育中的地位？

?体育是学校教育的重要组成部分，也是国民教育的构成要素，它与德育、智育紧密结合，肩负着为社会培养全面发展人才的历史使命，对促进社会精神文明建设具有积极作用。

?体育在国民教育中的地位是由体育的功能及社会体育的要求所决定的，体育运动在人的社会化过程中起着非常重要的作用，肩负着体育文化传递和重建的作用。通过规范等可以约束人们的行为，强化人们遵守社会生活行为准则，引导人们形成合理健康的生活方式。

?宏观上讲，体育对整个社会具有教育作用，体育更加成为一种富于感染、易于传播的精神力量，总之，体育在国民教育中占有重要地位，财富的总和。

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许西

15.美国的体育体制：（社会主导型）政府中没有专门的体育主管部门，也没有单一、垂直

的权威机构来负责全面体育协调工作，政府不制定体育政策，而且很少直接资助体育。名目繁多的社会组织在体育发展中扮演着主要的角色，这是美国体育显著特点之一。 实际上，除了选拔组织奥运会代表团外，美国奥委会对其他体育组织不具有支配控制权利。 美国的竞技体育是以学校为中心，依靠学校的课余体育训练提高运动技术水平。美国的各级学校是培养优秀运动员的主要基地，中学成为培养青少年运动员的摇篮，大学则是培养优秀运动员的高级阶段。 美国业余体育联合会是负责管理青少年体育运动的社会组织，他负责制定范围广泛的一系列计划，用于发展青少年体育运动。美国健康、体育、娱乐和舞蹈联盟是一个非常重要的社会体育组织。

16.竞技体育“举国体制”的特征及其改革取向？

“举国体制”主要是指中国的体育事业在一定时期内，为了一定的目标和需要，能够有效

的统一、集中国家的力量使某些方面迅速提高的体育发展机制及相应的一套组织机构等。

特征： ?、管理上的集权性。即由国家专门的行政机构对竞技体育事业进行全方位管理。行政权力渗透于竞技体育发展中的每一个角落。在管理过程中实行上级对下级指令，下级对上级负责的垂直管理模式。

?、资金上的财政性。即发展竞技体育事业的经费基本依靠国家财政拨款，离开国家的财政支持，竞技体育就步履维艰。

?、目标上的排他性。发展竞技体育的目标由国家最高体育行政部门统一规划，各地方虽然可以有自己的发展目标，但受制于管理方式的限制，基本上难以有效实现。这种一元化的目标在实践中表现为对奥运金牌的追逐。凡是与获得金牌目标有冲突的其他目标都得为此让路。 ④、训练体制的封闭性。这表现在社会其他机构很难介入训练工作，教练员特别是运动员享受近似于国家公务员的待遇，一旦运动员进入这个体系，就很难拓展自身的其他发展道路。

改革取向：转变政府管理体育事业的职能、运动项目协会实体化及非政府体育组织的独立、

竞技体育中的职业体育将逐步市场化、大众大众体育将得到迅速发展。 17.对“举国体制的评价”：缘于计划经济时期的举国体制，在我国计划经济时期及建立

市场经济的过程中，对提高我国的国际地位，尤其是提高我国在国际体坛的地位、增强民族凝聚力、振奋民族精神和促进经济发展，均发挥了积极的作用。 但是在市场经济条件下，举国体制的一些弊端也逐渐显现出来。如过分依赖政府、经费来源渠道单一、运动员队伍文化素质低和退役运动员安置难、社会半体育的积极性未有效发挥等。 在市场化的过程中，中国的体育产业将得到快速发展，体育自身的发展能力也将逐渐得到加强，中国的经济发展和社会良性运行的姿势也越来越得到国际社会的认同。 在今后一段时期内，举国体制这种提法将继续沿用并发挥其作用。

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许西

18.中西方体育文化的比较

（一）体育精神文化的比较：从整体上说，中国古代文化追求静态美的文化，西方传统文化是种动态文化。这决定了中、西方体育形态和体育价值观的性质差异。中国传统体育价值观透射出十分明显的重人格倾向。中国传统体育坚持天人合一的生命观，强调和谐的运动观。体育的作用往往以养护生命、祛病、防病和延年益寿为主，注重保健和健康长寿。太极

拳就是最能代表中国传统体育精神文化的一项传统体育运动。 作为西方体育文化的典型代表，古希腊的体育就是文化与中国传统体育精神文化大相庭径。在古代奥运会举行的数千年间，古希腊人一直保留着赤身裸体参加竞技比赛的习俗，以展示人体外形的健美和肌肉的发达，就是西方传统体育就是文化的如实写照。

（二）体育行为制度文化的比较：中西体育行为制度文化也是大不相同的，主要表现在人们对体育运动手段和方法的认识上，体现在体育行为和体育生活中。

中国传统体育以养生为主，尤其重“养”。由此导致大部分典型的中国传统体育活动项目都强调整体效果和直观感受，强调意念的作用和内部修炼。对动作的把握靠直观顿悟，动作简单，但内涵深刻，讲究动作的神韵。中国古代的人们对竞技活动的普遍持“胜固可喜，败亦无忧”的态度，也是不利于竞技体育运动发展的。

西方体育文化大力提倡竞争，提倡超越，包括超越对手、自然障碍和自我，其活动是在相互较量、相互比较的过程中完成的。在西方，竞技场上的结果、成绩、名次直接影响到做人的价值以及本人的尊严，其价值的取向是线形的、单向的。

（三）体育物质文化的比较： 中国传统体育精神文化中占主导地位的是重人格的体育价值观，体育专用的场地、设施和器材等体育物质文化建设，在数千年的历史进程中，发展极为缓慢。 西方的体育物质文化建设，在公元前776年，第一届古代奥运会开始就初见端倪。奥运会场地、设施的规范和发展，是西方体育物质文化高度发展的标志，也是西方现代体育得以在世界广泛传播，并成为世界体育主流的重要原因之一。

综上可知，中国传统体育文化与西方从古代延续至今的体育文化比较，存在巨大的差异。不过，不能一这种差异来简单判断其本身的孰优孰劣。中西方体育文化必然依据各自的发展规律，在各自的发展轨道上继续前进，取长补短，共同繁荣。

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许西

英语二小作文

2010 年感谢&邀请信 感谢美国同事对你在美交流期间的热情招待并邀请其适当的时候来中国玩儿 2011 年祝贺&建议信 祝贺表弟李明被大学录取，并对怎样为大学生活做好准备提出建议 2012 年投诉信 对网店购买的电子词典投诉，并要求立即解决

2013 年告知信 告诉同学们你们班将为需要帮助的孩子们举行慈善义卖，并鼓励大家积极参加 2014 年询问信 向将在留学期间共住的 John 介绍你的生活习惯并向他问询在那里生活的建议 2015 年通知 简单介绍你们大学要为高中生举办的夏令营活动，并招募志愿者 2016 年感谢&建议信 对朋友的祝贺表示感谢并就怎样提升翻译水平提出建议 大作文

2010 年chart： 2000 年到 2008 年期间发达国家和发展中国家的手机用户数量变化情况 2011 年chart： 2008 年、2009 年国内轿车市场各品牌市场份额变化示意图 2012 年 table： 某公司不同年龄段员工工作满意度百分比 2013 年 chart： 某高校不同年级学生兼职情况百分比

2014 年 chart： 1990 到 2010 年这 20 年间中国城镇人口与乡村人口数量变化图 2015 年 chart： 我国某市居民春节假期各种不同花销占比图 2016 年 chart： 某高校学生旅行目的占比

I. 历年小作文汇总 英语二

2016 年 Directions：

Suppose you won a translation contest and your friend, Jack, wrote an email to congratulate you and ask for advice on translation. Write him a reply to

1) thank him, and 2) give you advice

You should write about 100 on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead. Do not write the address. (10 points) 2015 年 Directions:

Suppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students. Write a notice to 1) briefly introduce the camp activities, and 2) call for volunteers.

You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your name or the name of your university. Do not write your address. (10 points) 2014 年 Directions：

Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student. Write him an email to

1) tell him about your living habits, and 2) ask for advice about living there.

You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write your address. (10 points) 2013 年 Directions：

Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help. Write your classmates an email to 1) inform them about the details and 2) encourage them to participate.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write your address. (10 points)

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2012 年 Directions：

Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an online store the other day. Write an email to the customer service center to

1) make a complaint, and 2) demand a prompt solution.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead. 2011 年 Directions：

Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to 1) congratulate him/her, and 2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead. Do not write the address.（10 points） 2010 年 Directions：

You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange program. Write a letter to your American colleague to

1) express your thanks for his/her warm reception; 2) welcome him/her to visit China in due course. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead. Do not write your address. (10 points)

III. 精研范文举例

2014 年 Dec 24, 2016 Dear President,

I am a senior of Life Science Department in our University. I am writing to advise you of the pressing situation concerning our students’ poor physical conditions.

There are several aspects underlying this letter. For one thing, being accustomed to staying up late every night, many students still take dozing off at class in the morning for granted. For another, a significant number of students spend the bulk of their spare time on mobile phones or computers, thus leading to their poor health conditions. To save the situation from further aggravating, I would like to suggest as follows. The leadership of our university could launch a schoolwide campaign to help improve our physical conditions. Moreover, rules or regulations concerning staying up and electronic addiction should be set up to guarantee a proper lifestyle. It is my sincere hope that the above suggestions are of any help. Thanksa lot for your time and attention to this letter.

Yours sincerely, Li Ming

2009 年 Dec.24, 2016 Dear Editor,

I am writing to advise you of the pressing situation we are now faced with. As is known to all, being accustomed to using plastic bags in our daily life, many still take “white pollution” for granted. Plastic bags have played an indispensable part in our life, and “white pollution” is now a fairly prevalent phenomenon, which greatly worsens our environment.

To save the situation from further aggravating, I would like to suggest as follows. The government could set up a set of laws to punish those who are still polluting the environment. Furthermore, new technologies should be employed to produce new environment friendly materials. Above all, the mass media can make full use of its own influence to intensify the publicity in order to enhance people’s awareness of environment protection.

It is my sincere hope that my suggestions will be of any help, and thanks for your time and consideration!

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Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

2008 年 Dec 24, 2016 Dear Bob,

I am writing to make an apology to you for having forgotten to return a music CD when I left Canada. Yesterday I came back from Canada, only to find it in my luggage. I was in such a hurry that I packed everything in my luggage without checking carefully. Had I paid more attention then, I wouldn’t have made such a stupid mistake.

The CD which I borrowed from you is made in Canada, so I believe you can find another one in your local store. How about your buying another CD and my paying for it? If you fail to find a similar one, I would send it through the post office. If there are other solutions you like, please tell me.

I am sorry again for all the inconvenience caused by my behavior and I am looking forward to your reply.

Faithfully yours,

Zhang Wei

2007 年

Dec.24, 2016

Dear Sir or Madam, I’m a student in the university and a loyal reader of this library. I’m writing to share with you some of my ideas about the services of our library, which I hope will be of any help to you.

To better serve the students, I would like to suggest as follows. It should be noted that several magazines in our library are out of date. It would be beneficial to us students if they could be updated in time. And I suggest introducing some new journals so as to bring new fresh air to the library. Furthermore, since we have a huge number of books, it is not easy to find the right one, so we had better introduce some new searching means. Most importantly, I would be delighted if you would expand the size of the computer lab. Currently, I often have to wait for quite a while before a computer becomes available.

Thank you for taking time reading this letter and I’m looking forward to seeing some new changes soon. I would like to extend my greatest appreciation if you are so kind as to take my suggestions into consideration.

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

2006 年

Dec.24, 2016

Dear Sir or Madam,

Moved by the noble cause of Project Hope and encouraged by what has been achieved so far, I would like to contribute my bit to the project by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area of your province.

I would be most grateful if you could help me find a kid to whom I could offer my help. Specifically, the child must be a girl who has just started schooling but whose family cannot afford her education. My plan is to pay for her tuition on an annual basis till she finished her secondary education. I would like to remit my donation directly to a bank account opened by her family in her local area.

Thanks for your time and consideration and I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.

Yours truly, Li Ming

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许西

Dec.24, 2016

Dear Sir,

I am writing this letter to you in order to find a candidate for the Project Hope program, because I have decided to offer some financial aid to a child in a remote area.

I know that there are many children who need help in remote areas. The candidate I want to help would better be a girl who is six or seven years old. I have planned to offer her 500 yuan a year for 6 years until she can finish her study in a primary school. In addition, I will send her some used clothes and books. And I would like to pay a visit to her next year if possible.

Thanks for your time and consideration and I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.

Yours sincerely，

Zhang Wei

2005 年 Dec 24, 2016 Dear Mr. Wang,

I am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from the current position as an editor. There are several factors contributing to my decision to quit.

In the first place, the salary has proven to be much lower than you originally promised, and I find it hard to turn my life around. And promotions are not based on performance, which will inevitably hinder my career advancement. In addition, the office is located in the downtown area, yet I live in the suburbs, so it is exhausting for me to spend over three hours commuting every day. Above all, I feel rather disappointed as in the past two months I was never given any really important responsibility.

It is my sincere hope that you could approve of my resignation. I am terribly sorry for any inconvenience caused by my decision . Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

2011 年英语二

Sample 1 Dec 24, 2016 Dear Li Ming,

Congratulations on your success in the University Entrance Examination to be admitted to Peking University. Your hard work has paid off and we’re all so proud of you.

As setting out on a new journey, I guess you may have some doubts and worries. I have experienced the same with you, so I think I may be in a position to give you some suggestions. First, you need to realize that to be independent emotionally is the first step in adjusting to university life. Then, I think it is necessary to remind you that university is a diversified place where academic achievements and interpersonal skills are equally important.

I wish you have a brilliant start in university life and please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any problem.

Yours sincerely,

Zhang Wei

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许西

Sample 2 Dec. 24, 2016 Dear Li Ming,

I am much delighted to hear that you have just been admitted to the English Department of Peking University. Congratulations! This is a special moment for you and all your friends and relatives.

I guess you may have some doubts and worries at this new start. I once have experienced the same with you, so I insist that I may be in a position to give you some suggestions. Above all, you need to realize that to be independent emotionally is the first step in adapting to university life. Besides, you should not ignore that university is a diversified place where academic achievements and inter personal skills are equally essential for your future life.

Congratulate you again and wish you a brilliant start in university life. Please contact me if you have any problems.

Yours sincerely Zhang Wei

附录 1：小作文需要掌握的句型：

1)． 询问 2)． 邀请 3)． 建议 4)． 求职 5)． 辞职 6)． 道歉 7)． 感谢 8)． 投诉/索赔 9). 答复投诉 10）． 陈述意图 11）． 提出问题

附录 2：小作文其他题型 1. 报告 （report）

1) The given line graph subtly presents Canadians’ saving and debt as a percentage of their disposable income between 2002 and 2013. In general, the figures reveal that Canadians total debt increased dramatically while savings decreased greatly during that period of time.

What can be apparently seen in the above chart is that the total debt to disposable income remained at about 56% stably from 2002 to 2005. However, it jumped sharply from 2005 to 2013 when it reached the peak of 101%. On the contrary, the savings to income fell rapidly between 2002 and 2007, and then it leveled off until 2010 when there came another steep decrease. In 2013, it bottomed out to 2%.

It should be noted, of course, that the Canadians have been over-consuming for years. Indeed, the general public should be made aware that this trend is unsustainable.

2) The given pie chart conspicuously features the proportion of the meat sold in a supermarket. The total meat sold can be classified into six types as follows: chicken, pork, beef, lamb, fish and others.

In general, chicken, which accounts for 40%, has the largest proportion, while others has the smallest percentage, at 2%. What can be apparently seen in the above chart is that chicken is the most popular among the total meat sold with 40%, and then next is pork, which makes up 20%, followed by beef, constituting 18%, and finally come lamb, fish and others at 15%, 5% and 2% respectively.

It should be noted that the sale of pork is half as much as that of chicken. And it is also interesting to note that the sale of chicken is 20 times as much as that of others.

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许西

2. 备忘录（memo & memorandum） 1.） Directions:

You are an active member of the student newspaper. The newspaper is currently looking for a journalist for the summer semester. Write a memo that will appear in the newspaper next week describing the position available. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Sample: To: All students

From: The student newspaper Date: December 24, 2016

Subject: Journalist Position Available for the Summer Semester

The student newspaper is now searching for a journalist for the next term. He or she should currently be studying at the university, and should have at least two years’ writing experience.

The successful applicant will have to write two articles every week on happenings in the city and on campus. The position will commence at the end of May and last through to the end of August. The salary for the position is negotiable and will be based on performance. Those who are interested are supposed to send his or her resume to the campus newspaper office.

2.） Directions: You are the organizer of a spring excursion activity in the suburbs of Beijing this weekend. Write a memorandum to remind the students of your department about the following items:

The place to visit, as well as the time and place to meet, and preparations for the activity. Sample:

To: All students of the English Department From: Class monitor, Li Ming

Date: December 24, 2016 Subject: Spring Excursion to Be Arranged As spring arrives and the weather turns to be more agreeable, the department has decided to organize a spring excursion in suburban Fangshan District, which is not far away from the downtown of Beijing, on this Sunday, Jan.10. The activities include mountain-climbing and picnic. All students of the English Department are supposed to participate. We should bear in mind the necessity of bringing some food and water, as well as wearing comfortable shoes.

We will meet at the west gate of the university at 9am, Sunday; and a bus has been arranged. Please be on time so that we can have enough time to enjoy the beautiful nature.

3. 通知（Notice & Inform）

Announcement

In order to improve students’ ability to speak English and enrich their spare time, the Students’ Union of Department of English is to organize a school-wide English-speaking contest, which is to be held on Friday next week at the Students’ Recreational Center. Those who are interested in taking part in it are supposed to sign up with the monitor of their classes before this Sunday. Some overseas teachers will be invited to be the judges. The first ten winners will be given awards. Everybody is welcome to be present on the occasion.

The Students’ Union Department of English

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