新综合英语B3作业

Unit 1 Leisure Activities

Section One Reading Comprehension

Directions: There are 2 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or

unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Passage One

Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage:

―Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise.‖ Said Dr. Hans Selye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body. While here‘s on question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you‘re able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.

In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses, those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they stress that you can manage also boost immune function. In a study at the Academic Center for Dentistry in Amsterdam, researchers put volunteers through two stressful experiences. In the first, a timed task that required memorizing a list followed by a short test, subjects through a gory video on surgical procedures. Those who did well on the memory test had an increase in levels of immunoglobulin A, an antibody that‘s the body‘s first line of defense against germs. The video-watchers experienced a downturn in the antibody.

Stress prompts the body to produce certain stress hormones. In short bursts these hormones have a positive effect, including improved memory function. ―They can help nerve cells handle information and put it into storage,‖ says Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University in New York. But in the long run these hormones can have a harmful effect on the body and brain. ―Sustained stress is not good for you,‖ says Richard Morimoto, a researcher at Northwestern University in Illinois studying the effects of stress on longevity,‖ It‘s the occasional burst of stress or brief exposure to stress that could be protective.‖

1. The passage is mainly about ________. A) how to avoid stressful B) how to cope with stress effectively C) the benefits of manageable stress D) the effect of stress harmonies on memory 2. The word ―shun‖ (Line, Para.1) most probably means ________. A) cut down on C) put up with

B) stay away from D) run out of

3. We can conclude from the study of the 158 nurses in 2001 that ________. A) people who can‘t get their job done experience more stress B) doing challenging work may be good for one‘s health C) stress will weaken the body‘s defense against germs D) people under stress tend to have a poor memory

4. In the experiment described in Paragraph 3,the video-watchers experienced a downturn in the antibody because ________.

A) the outcome was beyond their control

B) they knew little about surgical procedures

C) they felt no pressure while watching the video D) the video was not enjoyable at all

5. Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University believes that ________.

A) a person‘s memory is determined by the level of hormones in his body B) a person‘s memory improves with continued experience of stress. C) stress hormones have lasting positive effects on the brain D) short bursts of stress hormones enhance memory function

Passage Two

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:

Just five one-hundredths of an inch thick, light golden in color and with a perfect ―saddle curl,‖ the Lay‘s potato chip seems an unlikely weapon for global domination. But its maker -- Frito-Lay -- thinks otherwise.‖ Potato chips are a snack food for the world,‖ said Salman Amin, the company‘s head of global marketing. Amin believes there is no corner of the world that can resist the charms of a Frito-Lay potato chip.

Frito-Lay is the biggest snack maker in America, owned by Pepsi Co. and accounts for over half of the parent company‘s $3 billion annual profits. But the U.S. snack food market is largely saturated, and to grow the company has to look overseas.

Its strategy rests on two beliefs: first a global product offers economies of scale with which local brands cannot compete. And second, consumers in the 21st century are drawn to ―global‖ as a concept. ‖Global‖ does not mean products that are consciously identified as American, but ones than consumes-especially young people-see as part of a modem, innovative world in which people are linked across cultures by shared beliefs and tastes. Potato chips are an American invention, but most Chinese, for instance, do not know than Frito-Lay is an American company. Instead, Riskey, the company‘s research and development head, would hope they associate the brand with the new world of global communications and business.

With brand perception a crucial factor, Riskey ordered a redesign of the Frito-Lay logo (标识). The logo, along with the company‘s long-held marketing image of the ―irresistibility‖ of its chips, would help facilitate the company‘s global expansion.

The executives acknowledge that they try to swing national eating habits to a food created in America, but they deny that amounts to economic imperialism. Later, they see Frito-Lay as spreading the benefits of free enterprise across the world. ―We‘re making products in those countries, we‘re adapting them to the tastes of those countries, building businesses and employing people and changing lives,‖ said Steve Reinemund, Pepsi Co.‘s chief executive. 6. It is the belief of Frito-Lay‘s head of global marking that ________. A) people the world over enjoy eating their company‘s potato chips B) the light golden color enhances the charm of their company‘s potato chips C) their company must find new ways to promote domestic sales.

D) potato chips can hardly be used as a weapon to dominate the world market 7. What do we learn about Frito-Lay from Paragraph 2? A) It gives half of its annual profits to its parent company. B) It needs to turn to the word market for development.

C) Its products use to be popular among overseas consumers.

D) Its expansion has caused fierce competition in the snack marker.

8. One of the assumptions on which Frito-Lay bases its development strategy is that ________. A) products identified as American will have promising market value B) products suiting Chinese consumers‘ needs bring more profits C) local brands cannot compete successfully with American brands D) consumers worldwide today are attracted by global brands 9. Why did Riskey have the Frito-Lay logo redesigned? A) To suit changing tastes of young consumers. B) To compete with other American chip producers. C) To change the company‘s long-held marketing image.

D) To promote the company's strategy of globalization.

10. Frito-Lay's executives claim that the promoting of American food in the international market ________.

A) will be in the interest of the local people B) will lead to economic imperialism C) won‘t spoil the taste of their chips

D)won't affect the eating habits of the local people

Section Two Blank-filling

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word

for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre

Puns are even more subtle forms of word play. They use the technique of _ L _ sounding words or E_ meanings of the same word. Puns are thought by some C_ to be the lowest form of humor, but I disagree with this. Puns require more subtle and G language skills than most humor forms, but even the very young can use them in their __N__ forms.

Some B__ humorists think too much of today‘s humor is not very I or sophisticated. They dislike the suggestive or M language used too frequently, and they feel that most humorists are not very O . It is true that some of today‘s humor is rather A , but I don‘t think humor is to be blamed for.

A. shocking B. professional C. critics D. difference E. alternative F. trick G. sophisticated H. countless I. intelligent J. shocking K. replies L. similar M. vulgar N. simpler O. creative

Section Three Translation from English into Chinese

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese.

The joy of laughing at a funny story is universal, probably as old as language itself. But, what is it that makes a story or a joke funny?

As one who has enjoyed humor since I first recognized it, I've made an attempt to explain and discuss humor with students in such diverse cultures as Latin America and China. I've done some serious thinking about funny stories. It has been a labor of love!

Why is it that several students in a class will fall out of their chairs laughing after I tell a joke while the rest of the students look as if I've just read the weather report? Obviously some people are more sensitive to humor than others. And, we recognize that some people tell jokes very well while others struggle to say something funny.

快乐的笑一个有趣的故事是普遍存在的,或许是古老的语言本身。但是,是什么使一个故事或笑话好笑?

作为一个喜欢幽默自从我第一次认识它,我曾经试图和学生议论和探讨幽默,这些不同的文化,拉丁美洲和中国。我已经做了一些严肃的思考有趣的故事。它一直是一个劳动的爱!

为什么几个学生在上课就会掉出来的椅子上笑我讲了个笑话后,而其余的学生看起来就好像我刚读了天气预报?很明显有些人比别人更敏感的幽默。而且,我们认识到,一些人讲笑话很好而其他的一些则在挣扎想说些什么有趣。

Section Four Writing

Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic TV Programs and

Me. You should write at least 150 words. You should base your essay on the outline

below:

1) 介绍电视节目在现代生活中的作用; 2) 描述你经常收看的一类电视节目; 3) 说明这类电视节目给你带来的好处。

TV Programs and Me.

There are a lot of blockbusting TV-series now on air, like Prison Break, Heroes, Lost, Numb3rs, House, CSI, The Simpsons and South Park. More information about tv-series can be found on TV.com. It can be very annoying if you missed your favorite TV-program. Especially when it's a program where you must see all the episodes, otherwise you don't understand what the story is about. My personal favorite TV-program has to be Family Guy (Seriously, how can you not like this). Another program that I really like is 24. 24 is one of those programs where you have to see all the episodes. But what if you missed one? Or what if the country you live in doesn't broadcast that program? Here's the solution: Watch your favorite program online using streaming media.

Here is a list of websites on the net that allows you to view tv-programs, movies, music video's etc. streaming online. Video's are hosted on sites such as YouTube, Your Daily Media etc. Of course this is totally free. Grab a huge bag of popcorn, get your soda's ready, sit back and enjoy

Unit 2 The Power of Words

Section One Reading Comprehension

Directions: There are 2 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or

unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Passage One

Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage:

You can‘t smell it, you can‘t taste it, you can‘t feel it, and only occasionally can you see it. What we are talking about here is radiation – energy which comes from a source. Common sources are the Sun, which radiates energy onto the Earth; X-ray machines in hospitals; nuclear power stations; the Earth itself; and even living creatures themselves. In fact, everything made of atoms – which includes all matter in the Universe – radiates energy at one time or another. The reason for this is because certain atoms ―decay‖, emitting part of their mass as energy or ―radiation‖. Substances which contain atoms that do this are said to be ―radioactive‖. Radiation occurs in two forms: ionsing radiation (致电离辐射) and non-ionising radiation. Most dangerous is ionising radiation, which humans were first exposed to in large doses in the 19 century, when X-rays were discovered. Technicians and doctors working with the new technology suffered serious skin damage – chiefly burns –and quickly developed cancer. Since World War II, much more has been learned about the effects of exposure to ionising radiation from studies of survivors of the atomic bombs dropped on Japan.

Non-ionising radiation and natural radiation produced by rocks, soils and the air is far less dangerous, although many scientists believe that they may be responsible for certain cancers as well. In fact, many experts, such as Michael O‘Riordan, Secretary of Britain‘s National Radiological Board, don‘t believe there is such thing as a safe level of radiation at all. ―We work on the firm assumption that all radiation is harmful. But, of course, the level of risk is in proportion to the degree of exposure –the smaller the exposure, the smaller the risk; the larger the exposure, the larger the risk. In fact, we assume there is a straightforward proportional relationship between exposure and risk.‖

And the risks posed by radiation are considerable, but so are the benefits. Without energy from the Sun, life itself would not exist. And, in the modern world, we depend upon it more than ever. It‘s difficult to imagine how modern medicine could have reached the point it has without diagnostic X-rays.

In the future, radiation is likely to prove even more of a mixed blessing. One day, it could become a non-polluting, totally efficient fuel. Or it might literally explode in our faces, destroying our civilization completely. One thing is certain: it, more than any other single thing will determine whether the human race has a future.

1. Which of the following statements about radiation is true? A) Radiation is a form of energy coming from natural sources. B) People can never see, feel and smell any form of radiation.

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C) Human beings are not sources of radiation. D) All matter in the universe is a source of radiation.

2. Michael O‘Riordan believes that ________.

A) ionising radiation is less dangerous than non-ionising radiation B) natural radiation does not affect people‘s health C) all radiation is harmful to some extent

D) non-ionising radiation isn‘t responsible for cancer

3. The author mentioned diagnostic X-rays in Paragraph 5 to ________ . A) explain the relationship between exposure and risk B) give an example of benefits brought about by radiation C) illustrate how dangerous ionising radiation is

D) show the side effect of exposure to non-ionising radiation

4. The author concludes in the last paragraph that radiation will ________. A) exert profound effects on human beings B) completely destroy our society

C) bring more benefits than harms to our future life D) eventually be an efficient helper to us

5. The passage is probably written to ________. A) survivors of atomic bombs B) scientists studying radiation C) technicians and doctors D) common readers interested in science

Passage Two

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:

In communities north of Denver, residents are pitching in to help teachers and administrators as the Vrain school District tries to solve a $13.8 million budget shortage blamed on mismanagement.‖ We‘re worried about our teachers and principals, and we really don‘t want to lose them because of this,‖ one parent said. ―If we can help ease their financial burden, we will.‖

Teachers are grateful, but know it may be years before the district is solvent (有综合能力的). They feel really good about the parent support, but they realize it‘s impossible for then to solve this problem.

The 22,000-student district discovered the shortage last month. ―It‘s extraordinary. Nobody would have imagined something happening like this at this level,‖ said State Treasurer Mike Coffman.

Coffman and district officials last week agreed on a state emergency plan freeing a $9.8 million loan that enabled the payroll (工资单) to be met for 2,700 teachers and staff in time for the holidays.

District officials also took $1.7 million from student-activity accounts its 38schools.

At Coffman‘s request, the District Attorney has begun investigating the district‘s finances.

Coffman says he wants to know whether district officials hid the budget shortage until after the November election, when voters approved a $212 million bond issue for schools.

In Frederick, students‘ parents are buying classroom supplies and offering to pay for groceries and utilities to keep first-year teachers and principals in their jobs.

Some $36,000 has been raised in donations from Safeway. A Chevrolet dealership donated $10,000 and forgave the district‘s $10,750 bill for renting the driver educating cars. IBM contributed 4,500 packs of paper.

―We employ thousands of people in this community,‖ said Mitch Carson, a hospital chief executive, who helped raise funds. ―We have children in the school, and we see how they could be affected.‖

At Creek High School, three students started a website that displays newspaper articles, district information and an email forum (论坛). ―Rumors about what‘s happening to the district are moving at lighting speed,‖ said a student. ―We wanted to know the truth, and spread that around instead.‖

6. What has happened to the Vrain School District?

A) Lots of teachers in the district are planning to quit. B) Many administrative personnel have been laid off. C) A huge financial problem has arisen. D) Many schools there are mismanaged.

7. How did the residents in the Vrain School District respond to the budget shortage? A) They demanded a through investigation.

B) They pooled their efforts to help solve it. C) They accused those responsible for it. D) They felt somewhat helpless about it.

8. In the view of State Treasurer Mike Coffman, the educational budget shortage is ________. A) irreversible C) unavoidable

B) insolvable D) unthinkable

9. Why did Coffman request an investigation?

A) To make sure that the school principals were innocent. B) To see if there was a deliberate cover-up of the problem. C) To find out the extent of the consequences of the case. D) To stop the voters approving the $212 million bong issue. 10. Three high school students started a website in order to ________. A) keep people properly informed of the crisis B) expose officials who neglected their duties

C) appeal to the public for contributions and donations D) attract greater public attention to their needs

Section Two Blank-filling (20 points)

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word

for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

For the last 25 years, for example, I‘ve prepared a(n) _ E Christmas letter for long-distance friends, and I often add a handwritten word of thanks or _ D . Acknowledging some success or good _ G _ that has happened during the year seems particularly appropriate considering the F of the Christmas season.

Be H with your praise. Superlatives like ―greatest,‖ ―smartest,‖ ―prettiest‖ make us all feel good. Even if your praise is a little ahead of _L , remember that M _ are often the parents of dreams fulfilled.

Today I got a warm, J letter from my old boss and mentor. Norman Vincent Peale. His little note to me was full of K phrases, and it sent me to my typewriter to ___A____ a few overdue letters of my own. I don‘t know if they will make anybody else‘s day, but they made mine.

A. compose B. sought C. uplifting D. congratulations E. annual F. spirit G. fortune H. generous I. consideration J. complimentary K. uplifting L. reality M. expectations N. anniversary O. spontaneous

Section Three Translation from English into Chinese

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese.

What does it take to write letters that lift spirits and warm hearts? Only a willingness to express our appreciation. The most successful practitioners include what I call the four ―S‘s‖ of note writing.

1) They are sincere. No one wants false praise.

2) They are usually short. If you can‘t say what you want to say in three sentences, you‘re probably straining.

3) They are specific. Complimenting a business colleague by telling him ―good speech‖ is too vague; ―great story about Warren Buffet‘s investment strategy‖ is precise.

4) They are spontaneous. This gives them the freshness and enthusiasm that will linger in the reader‘s mind long afterward.

It‘s difficult to be spontaneous when you have to hunt for letter-writing materials, so I keep paper, envelopes and stamps close at hand, even when I travel. Fancy stationery isn‘t necessary; it‘s the thought that counts.

怎样才能写信,提升士气和温暖的心呢?只有愿意表达我们的感谢。最成功的从业人员包括我所说的四个“S”注意写作。

1)他们是真诚的。没有人想要假赞美。

2)他们通常很短。如果你不能说出你想说的话用三句话,你也许下坠。

3)他们是特殊的。生意伙伴开始对他说“好的演讲”太含糊,“伟大的故事,讲的是沃伦。巴菲特的投资策略”具有较高的精度。

4)他们是自发的。这将给他们带来新鲜感和热情,在读者的脑海中逗留不久之后。

Section Four Writing

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition Means of

Communication. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your

composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:

1) 语言交流 (面对面、电话、网络语音聊天)的优势 2) 书信、邮件交流的优势；

3) 你更倾向于哪种交流方式，原因是什么。

Means of Communication.

Our modern means of communication has transformed from letter writing and meeting face to face to telephone and internet. Today‘s technological advances of communication has made it very easy for people to find and contact with each other. There are tons of these kind of networking sites for people to communication with each other. For example, facebook is a popular networking site that allows one to find old friends and make new ones by simply typing in their information. however, since it is so easy stay in touch through the internet, the chances of meeting face to face for a lunch or dinner is becoming a rare event. this is a disadvantage because words through a keyboard is not the same as sitting down with friends and having a conversation.

Unit 3 Gender Differences

Section One Reading Comprehension

Directions: There are 2 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or

unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Passage One

Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage:

Scratchy throats, stuffy noses and body aches all spell misery, but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu may make a difference in how long the misery lasts.

The American Lung Association (ALA) has issued new guidelines on combating colds and the flu, and one of the keys is being able to quickly tell the two apart. That‘s because the prescription drugs available for the flu need to be taken soon after the illness sets in. As for colds, the sooner a person starts taking over-the-counter remedy, the sooner relief will come.

The common cold and the flu are both caused by viruses. More than 200 viruses can cause cold symptoms, while the flu is caused by three viruses -- flu A, B and C. There is no care for either illness, but the flu can be prevented by the flu vaccine, which is, for most people, the best way to fight the flu, according to the ALA.

But if the flu does strike, quick action can help. Although the flu and common cold have many similarities, there are some obvious signs to look for.

Cold symptoms such as stuffy nose, runny nose and scratchy throat typically develop gradually, and adults and teens often do not get a ever. On the other hand, fever is one of the characteristic features of the flu for all ages. And in general, flu symptoms including fever and chills, sore throat and body aches come, it suddenly and are more severe than cold symptoms. The ALA notes that it may be particularly difficult to tell when infants and preschool age children have the flu. It advises parents to call the doctor if their small children have flu-like symptoms.

Both cold and flu symptoms can be eased with over-the-counter medications as well. However, children and teens with a cold or flu should not take aspirin for pain relief because of the risk of Reye syndrome, a rare but serious condition of the liver and central nervous system. There is, of course, no vaccine for the common cold. But frequent hand washing and avoiding close contact with people who have colds can reduce the likelihood of catching one.

1. According to the author, knowing the cause of the misery will help ________. A) shorten the duration of the illness

B) the patient buy medicine over the counter. C) the patient obtain cheaper prescription drugs D) prevent the people from catching colds and the flu

2. We learn from the passage that ________.

A) one doesn‘t need to take any medicine if he has a cold or the flu

B) aspirin should not be included in over-the-counter medicines for the flu

C) delayed treatment of the flu will harm the liver and central nervous system D) over-the-counter drugs can be taken to ease the misery caused by a cold or the flu 3. According to the passage, to combat the flu effectively, one should ________. A) identify the virus which causes it B) consult a doctor as soon as possible C) take medicine upon catching the disease D) remain alert when the disease is spreading

4. Which of the following symptoms will distinguish the flu from a cold? A) A stuffy nose. B) A high temperature. C) A sore throat.

D) A dry cough.

5. If children have flu-like symptoms, their parents ________. A) are advised not to give them aspirin

B) should watch out for signs of Reye syndrome

C) are encourage to take them to hospital for vaccination D) should prevent them from mixing with people running a fever

Passage Two

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:

Why do we laugh? Because we find something funny, most people would say. Robert Provine, a behavioral neurobiologist (神经生物学家) at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, once thought so too. But then he and his students began moving about secretly on the college campus, notebooks in hand, recording exactly what really made people laugh.

Twelve hundred \do with jokes or funny stories. The vast majority of laughs followed mundane statements such as \traditional standards for humor. \some 10 to 20 percent followed anything remotely recognizable as a punch line. So what are the majority of laughs actually about?

The search for an answer brings you to face with problems that are at once the bane (祸害，毁灭者) and lifeblood of virtually all research into human emotions. You may think the social context of the emotion is obvious; but then you realize that people laugh when they're nervous as well as amused, disappointed as well as joyous, and sometimes simply because someone else is laughing.

You may also set out with the belief that the emotion has evolved into something rather sophisticated, requiring the brain's conscious, cognitive centers to respond to subtle social cues; but then you realize that most people cannot force themselves to laugh on command or suppress an unwanted attack of the giggles. \arises not from our conscious mind but from a primitive, precognitive part of our brain\deep in our animal nature\

Provine is one of the few researchers trying to go beyond anecdote and speculation by looking at laughter as an animal behaviorist might study birdsong or a wolf's howl. He believes that, like birdsong, laughter functions as some kind of social signal, Indeed, studies have shown that people are thirty times more like to laugh in social settings than when they are alone, in the absence of pseudo social stimuli like television. Even nitrous oxide, or laughing gas, loses much of its potency (力量) if taken in solitude (单独), says Willibald Ruch, a psychologist at the

University of Dusseldorf.

6. The best title for the passage would be ________. A) Laughter: A Complicated Emotion B) Origins of Human Emotions C) How Laughter Influences the Brain D) New Theories on Laughter

7. The phrase \A) an accident

B) something that is funny and interesting C) a boring statement

D) something that is learned from experience

8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true? A) Laughter does not require social context.

B) People laugh mostly because they feel amused and joyous. C) The social context in which laugh occurs may not be obvious. D) We laugh mostly because someone else is laughing.

9. What is the author's point in Paragraph 4?

A) Laughing is largely an unconscious behavior. B) We laugh because we are often forced to do so. C) Giggling can be easily suppressed.

D) Laughing requires a conscious and cognitive mind.

10. It can be inferred from the passage that ________. A) birds and wolves are social animals

B) the best way to study laughing is by analyzing anecdotes C) most researchers on laughing are animal behaviorists D) television brings forth more laughter than other social settings

Section Two Blank-filling (20 points)

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word

for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

Over the past few decades, it has been proven _ L times that the various types of behavior, emotions, and interests that O_ being masculine and feminine are G__ _ by both heredity and culture. In the E of growing up, each child learns hundreds of culturally patterned H of behavior that become C _ into its gender identity. Some

of this learning takes place K . In other words, the child is told by others how to act in a(n) B feminine or masculine way. Other details of D_ behavior are taught unconsciously, or

indirectly, as the culture provides different images, aspirations, and adult J for girls and boys. A. individuals B. appropriately F. attitude G. patterned K. directly L. innumerable C. incorporated H. details M. superior D. gender E. process J. models O. constitute I. consideration N. lost Section Three Translation from English into Chinese

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese.

Their research showed that many teachers who thought they were nonsexist were amazed to see how biased they appeared on videotape. From nursery school to postgraduate courses, teachers were shown to call on males in class far more than on female students. This has a tremendous impact on the learning process for, in general, those students who become active classroom participants develop more positive attitudes and go on to higher achievement. As a matter of fact , in the late 1960s, when many of the best all-women's colleges in the northeastern United States opened their doors to male students, it was observed by professors and women students alike that the boys were \over\the classroom discussions and that active participation by women students had diminished noticeably . A similar subordination of female to male students has also been observed in law and medical school classrooms in recent years.

他们的研究显示,许多教师认为他们nonsexist惊奇地看到偏颇出现在录像带上。从幼儿园到研究生、教师被证明呼吁在课堂上远远超过男性对女性的学生。这是有极大的影响,关注学习过程,一般来说,这些学生成为活跃课堂参与者发展更积极的态度,然后继续去更高的成就。作为一个事实,在1960年代晚期,当一些最好的女子院校在美国东北部的门打开了他们的男学生,这是教授和女学生观察相似,男孩子们“接管”课堂讨论,女学生积极参与已逐渐削弱明显。一个类似的服从女性与男性的学生也被观察到在法律上和医学院教室,在近几年。

Unit 5 Athletes

Section One Reading Comprehension

Directions: There are 2 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or

unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Passage One

Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage:

Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960‘s and 70‘s, were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation worldwide has decreased significantly.

A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions form the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic（北极的）snow were declining.

In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European. Asian and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States.

In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline. Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period. The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 20 forest floors in New England. New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990.The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected.

Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute.

1. The study published in the journal Nature indicated that ________. A) the Clean Air Act has not produced the desired results B) lead deposits in arctic snow are on the increase C) lead will stay in soil and snow longer than expected D) the US is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snow

2. Lead accumulation worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in the US ________.

A) was discouraged B) was enforced by law

C) was prohibited by law D) was introduced

3. How did scientists discover the source of lead pollution in Greenland? A) By analyzing the data published in journals like Nature and Ambio. B) By observing the lead accumulations in different parts of the arctic area.

C) By studying the chemical elements of soil and snow in Northeastern America. D) By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline used in various countries. 4. The authors of the Ambio study have found that _______. A) forests get rid of lead pollution faster than expected

B) lead accumulations in forests are more difficult to deal with C) lead deposits are widely distributed in the forests of the US

D) the upper layers of soil in forests are easily polluted by lead emissions 5. It can be inferred from last paragraph that scientists ________. A) are puzzled by the mystery of forest pollution B) feel relieved by the use of unleaded gasoline C) still consider lead pollution a problem

D) lack sufficient means to combat bad pollution

Passage Two

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:

Exercise is one of the few factors with a positive role in long-term maintenance of body weight. Unfortunately, that message has not gotten through to the average American, who would rather try switching to ―light‖ beer and low-calorie bread than increase physical exertion. The Centers for Disease Control, for example, found that fewer than one-fourth of overweight adults who were trying to shed pounds said they were combining exercise with their diet.

In rejecting exercise, some people may be discouraged too much by caloric-expenditure charts; for example, one would have to briskly walk three miles just to work off 275 calories in one delicious Danish pastry. Even exercise professionals concede half a point here. ―Exercise by itself is a very tough way to lose weight,‖ says York Onnen, program director of the President‘s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports.

Still, exercise‘s supporting role in weight reduction is vital. A study at the Boston University Medical Center of overweight police officers and other public employees confirmed that those who dieted without exercise regained almost all their old weight, while those who worked exercise into their daily routine maintained their new weight.

If you have been sedentary（极少活动的）and decide to start walking one mile a day, the added exercise could burn an extra 100 calories daily. In a year‘s time, assuming no increase in food intake, you could lose ten pounds. By increasing the distance of your walks gradually and making other dietary adjustments, you may lose even more weight.

6. What is said about the average American in the passage? A) They tend to exaggerate the healthful effect of ―light‖ beer. B) They usually ignore the effect of exercise on losing weight.

C) They prefer ―light‖ beer and low-calorie bread to other drinks and food.

D) They know the factors that play a positive role in keeping down body weight. 7. Some people dislike exercise because they ________.

A) think it is physically exhausting

B) find it hard to exercise while on a diet

C) don‘t think it possible to walk 3 miles every day

D) find consulting caloric-expenditure charts troublesome

8. ―Even exercise professionals concede half a point here‖ (Line 3, Para. 2) means ―They ________‖.

A) agree that the calories in a small piece of pastry can be difficult to work off by exercise B) partially believe diet plays a supporting role in weight reduction

C) are not fully convinced that dieting can help maintain one‘s new weight D) are not sufficiently informed of the positive role of exercise in losing weight 9. What was confirmed by the Boston University Medical Center‘s study? A) Controlling one‘s calorie intake is more important than doing exercise. B) Even occasional exercise can help reduce weight. C) Weight reduction is impossible without exercise.

D) One could lose ten pounds in a year‘s time if there‘s no increase in food intake. 10. The author‘s purpose in writing this article is to ________. A) justify the study of the Boston University Medical Center B) stress the importance of maintaining proper weight C) support the statement made by York Onnen D) show the most effective way to lost weight

Section Two Blank-filling (20 points)

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word

for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is

identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

Constantly being watched by the public can be hard to tolerate at times. I am sorry that Michael Jordan had to deal with the negative A he received about gambling. I don‘t think most people can L what it‘s like to be watched that M every minute of every day. I was told once that it wouldn‘t be that bad for me because no one would know me outside of Utah, but that‘s not true. Ever since I played on the Dream Team in the Olympics, I can‘t go anywhere without being the H of attention, and that‘s very C at times. For instance, there have been D when I‘ve felt like buying a big Harley-Davidson motorcycle and riding it down the street. First, the Jazz would have a G and say it‘s too dangerous. Second, everyone would be watching to see if I I a helmet, if I was obeying the speed limit, if I was taking turns safely ---- you J it. The first time I didn‘t ___O___ up to expectations, I would hear, ―What kind of example is that to set for other people who ride motorcycles?‖

A) mention B) closely C) occasions D) wore E) fulfill F) name G) center H) cases I) intimately J) imagine K) confining L) measure M) advocate N) publicity O) fit

Section Three Translation from English into Chinese

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese.

I don't think we can accept all the glory and the money that comes with being a famous athlete and not accept the responsibility of being a role model, of knowing that kids and even some adults are watching us and looking for us to set an example. I mean, why do we get endorsements in the first place? Because there are people who will follow our lead and buy a certain sneaker or cereal because we use it.

I love being a role model, and I try to be a positive one. That doesn't mean I always succeed. I'm no saint. I make mistakes, and sometimes I do childish things. And I don't always wake up in a great, role-model mood. There are days when I don't want to pose for a picture with every fan I run into, when I don't feel like picking up babies and giving them hugs and kisses (no matter how cute they are), those are the days I just try to avoid the public.

我不认为我们可以接受所有的荣耀和金钱而成为一个著名的运动员和不接受责任,作为一个角色表率,知道孩子们甚至有些成年人看我们,寻找我们树立一个榜样。我的意思是,为什么我们要代言费在第一次呢?因为人们会跟我们的领先优势,并且买某运动鞋或谷类食品,因为我们使用它。

我爱作为一个角色表率,我试图成为一个积极的想法。那并不意味着我总是成功。我不是圣人。我犯错误,有时我做的事丢弃了。但我并不总是醒来,一位伟大的榜样的心情。有天当我不想姿势合照一张与每一个球迷我跑进,当我感到不喜欢捡起婴儿和给他们亲吻和拥抱(不管他们好可爱),这些日子我只是尽量避免公众。

Section Four Writing

Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic Dangers in Sports.

You should write at least 150 words. You should base your essay on the outline below: 1) 运动可能带来的危险和伤害有哪些;

2) 应该怎样注意避免运动中的危险和伤害。

Dangers in Sports.

Sports are a great way for your kids to exercise and keep healthy, but taken to the extreme; the idea of winning at any cost can actually cost your child his or her life! Would you know if your daughter was so obsessed with exercise that she's actually destroying her bones, instead of making them stronger? Could you tell if your son has secretly used steroids? Today, participation in sports can actually lead to serious and hidden dangers that parents need to watch for. In girls, excessive athletic exercise and dieting can set them up for eating disorders and irreparable damage to their bones. In boys, the drive to be strong leads many young men to steroid addiction, with disastrous side effects ranging from personality disorders to liver and kidney failure. Join host Dr. Winnie King, three of the country's leading sports medicine experts - meet the young men and women who learned these lessons the hard way and meet a mother and father whose son lost his life for his sport.

Unit 6 Risks

Section One Reading Comprehension

Directions: There are 2 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or

unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Passage One

Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage:

Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique -- a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born with, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C., the world‘s only liberal arts university for deaf people.

When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher.

Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the \richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? It was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing as \‘s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说).

It is 37 years later. Stokoe -- now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture -- is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. \is not mouth stuff- it‘s brain stuff.\

1. The study of sign language is thought to be ________.

A) an approach to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language B) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language C) a challenge to traditional views on the nature of language D) a new way to took at the learning of language

2. The present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ________. A) a leading specialist in the study Of liberal arts B) an English teacher in a university for the deaf C) some senior experts in American Sign Language

D) a famous Scholar in the study of the human brain

3. According to Stokoe, sign language is ________. A) an international language B) a substandard language C) an artificial language D) a genuine language

4. Most educators objected to Stokoe‘s idea because they thought ________. A) a language should be easy to use and understand B) sign language was too artificial to be widely accepted C) a language could only exist in the form of speech sounds D) sign language was not extensively used even by deaf people 5. Stokoe‘s argument is based on his belief that ________. A) language is a product of the brain

B) language is a system of meaningful codes C) sign language is derived from natural language D) sign language is as efficient as any other language

Passage Two

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:

A is for always getting to work on time. B is for being extremely busy.

C is for the conscientious ( 勤勤恳恳的 ) way you do your job.

You may be all these things at the office, and more. But when it comes to getting ahead, experts say, the ABCs of business should include a P, for politics, as in office politics.

Dale Carnegie suggested as much more than 50 years ago: Hard work alone doesn‘t ensure career advancement. You have to be able to sell yourself and your ideas, both publicly and behind the scenes. Yet, despite the obvious rewards of engaging in office politics -- a better job, a raise, praise -- many people are still unable -- or unwilling -- to \

\assume that office politics involves some manipulative (工于心计的) behavior,\says Deborah Comer, an assistant professor of management at Hofstra University. \politics derives from the word ?polite‘. It can mean lobbying and forming associations. It can mean being kind and helpful, or even trying to please your superior, and then expecting something in return.\ In fact, today, experts define office politics as proper behavior used to pursue one‘s own self-interest in the workplace. In many cases, this involves some form of socializing within the office environment -- not just in large companies, but in small workplaces as well.

\basis,\. Lewis, a management psychologist. \promotion, each of whom has reasonably similar ability, a manager is going to promote the person he or she likes best. It‘s simple human nature.\

Yet, psychologists say, many employees and employers have trouble with the concept of politics in the office. Some people, they say, have an idealistic vision of work and what it takes to succeed. Still others associate politics with flattery (奉承), fearful that, if they speak up for themselves, they may appear to be flattering their boss for favors.

Experts suggest altering this negative picture by recognizing the need for some self-promotion.

6. \

A) the political views and beliefs of office workers

B) the interpersonal relationships within a company C) the various qualities required for a successful career D) the code of behavior for company staff

7. To get promoted, one must not only be competent but ________. A) avoid being too outstanding B) get along well with his colleagues C) honest and loyal to his company D) give his boss a good impression

8. Why are many people unwilling to \ A) They are not good at manipulating colleagues. B) They feel that such behavior is unprincipled. C) They think the effort will get them nowhere. D) They believe that doing so is impractical. 9. The author considers office poetics to be ________. A) unwelcome at the workplace

B) bad for interpersonal relationships

C) an important factor for personal advancement

D) indispensable to the development of company culture 10. It is the author‘s view that ________.

A) self-promotion does not necessarily mean flattery B) hard work contributes very little to ones promotion C) many employees fail to recognize the need of flattery D) speaking up for oneself is part of human nature

Section Two Blank-filling

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word

for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

We cannot begin to answer such questions until we have a feel for the level of risks in D . So how do we measure the level of a risk? Some people seem to think that the answer is a simple number. We know, for instance, that about 25, 000 people per year die in automobile accidents. By E , only about 300 die per year in mine accidents and __I__. Does that mean that riding in a car is much riskier than mining? Not M . The fact is that some 200 million Americans K ride in automobiles in the United States every year; perhaps 700, 000 are C in mining. The A figure that we need to assess a risk is a ratio or fraction. The G of the fraction tells us how many people were killed or harmed as the result of a particular activity over a certain period of time; the L tells us how many people were involved in that activity during that time. All risk levels are thus ratios or fractions, with J between 0 (no risk) and 1 (totally risky).

A) disasters B) relative C) necessarily D) involved E) denominator F) contrast G) results H) values I) relevant J) participated K) numerator L) contrary M) permanently N) question O) regularly Section Three Translation from English into Chinese

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese.

By reducing all risks to ratios or fractions of this sort, we can begin to compare different sorts of risks—like mining versus riding in a car. The larger this ratio, that is, the closer it is to 1, the riskier the activity in question. In the case just discussed, we would find the relative safety of car travel and coal mining by dividing the numbers of lives lost in each by the number of people participating in each. Here, it is clear that the riskiness of traveling by car is about 1 death per 10,000 passengers; with mining, the risk level is about 4 deaths per 10,000 miners. So although far more people are killed in car accidents than in mining, the latter turns out to be four times riskier than the former. Those ratios enable us to compare the risks of activities or situations as different as apples and oranges. If you are opposed to risks, you will want to choose your activities by focusing on the small-ratio exposures. If you are reckless, then you are not likely to be afraid of higher ratios unless they get uncomfortably large.

通过减少一切险比率或分数的这类,我们开始比较不同种类的risks-like挖掘与坐进一辆汽车。更大的这一比率,即是接近1,风险活动问题。如先前讨论的,我们会发现相对安全的汽车旅行和煤矿除以丧生的人数在各参与的人数每件。在这里,很明显,乘汽车旅行的风险性约为每10000名乘客的死亡;开采、风险水平是每10000名矿工大约4人死亡。所以尽管更多的人死于车祸比采矿,后者,原来是4倍的风险比前者。那些使我们比较比率的风险情况不同的活动或苹果和橘子。如果你反对风险,你要选择你的活动所关注的,主要集中在small-ratio暴露。如果你是不计后果的,那你就不太可能会害怕更高的比率,除非他们得到令人不安的大。

Section Four Writing

Directions: Your essay should be no less than 150 words. You are to write an essay on the topic

“Proper Use of Mobile Phones”. You should base your essay on the outline below: 1) 手机在人们生活中起的作用；

2) 手机使用不当对生活造成的干扰；

3) 使用手机时需要注意的事项。

Proper Use of Mobile Phones

Now, the topic of whether the students can use mobile phones in school is becoming more and more heat(heated). Different people have different opinions on it. some are for it and some are against it. As for me, I think students should be allowed to use mobile phones. High-tech

communicational machines are needed for students to get more news around the world, especially for the ones living in school. With mobile phones, we can learn more things about outer world more quickly .Mobile phones play an important role among the young, too. They can help us to communicate with friends that are away from us easily. And they can help us to tell our parents whether we're in danger, in trouble, or meeting with other problems.

so I think our students should be allowed to use moble phones in school, anyhow, its advantages have an advantage over its disadvantages.

Unit 7 College Life

Section One Reading Comprehension

Directions: There are 2 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or

unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Passage One

Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage:

It came as something of a surprise when Diana, Princess of Wales, made a trip co Angola in 1997, to support the Red Cross campaign for a total ban on all anti-personnel landmines. Within hours of arriving in Angola, television screens around the world were filled with images of her comforting victims injured in explosions caused by landmines. \knew the statistics,\she said. \year-old girl who had lost her leg, and people like her.\

The Princess concluded with a simple message: \must stop landmines\And she used every opportunity during her visit to repeat this message.

But, back in London, her views were not shared by some members of the British government, which refused to support a ban on these weapons. Angry politicians launched an attack On the Princess in the press. They described her as \乱放跑的人) The Princess responded by brushing aside the criticisms: \I‘m trying to do is help.\

Opposition parties, the media and the public immediately voiced their Support for the Princess. To make matters worse for the government, it soon emerged that the Princess‘s trip had been approved by the Foreign Office, and that she was in fact very well-inf0rmed about both the situation in Angola and the British governments policy regarding landmines. The result was a severe embarrassment for the government.

To try and limit the damage, the Foreign Secretary, Malcolm Rifkidnd, claimed that the Princess‘s views on landmines were not very different from government policy, and that it was \was \

For the Princess, the trip to this war-torn country was an excellent opportunity to use her popularity to show the world how much destruction and suffering landmines can cause. She said that the experience had also given her the chance to get closer to people and their problems. 1. Princess Diana paid a visit to Angola in 1997 ________. A) to clarify the British governments stand on landmines B) to establish her image as a friend of landmine victims C) to investigate the sufferings of landmine victims there D) to voice her support for a total ban of landmines

2. What did Diana mean when she said \to me\

A) Meeting the landmine victims in person made her believe the statistics.

B) She just couldn‘t bear to meet the landmine victims face to face.

C) The actual situation in Angola made her feel like going back home.

D) Seeing the pain of the victims made her realize the seriousness of the situation. 3. Some members of the British government criticized Diana because ________. A) she had not consulted the government before the visit B) she was ill-informed of the governments policy C) they were actually opposed to banning landmines

D) they believed that she had misinterpreted the situation in Angola 4. How did Diana respond to the criticisms? A) She made more appearances on TV. B) She paid no attention to them.

C) She rose to argue with her opponents.

D) She met the 13-year-old girl as planned.

5. What did Princess Diana think of her visit to Angola? A) It had caused embarrassment to the British government. B) It had greatly promoted her popularity.

C) It had brought her closer to the ordinary people.

D) It had affected her relations with the British government.

Passage Two

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:

As soon as it was revealed that a reporter for Progressive magazine had discovered how to make a hydrogen bomb, a group of firearm (火器) fans formed the National Hydrogen Bomb Association, and they are now lobbying against any legislation to stop Americans from owning one.

\It doesn‘t spell out what kind of arms. But since anyone can now make a hydrogen bomb, the public should be able to buy it to protect themselves.\

\larly where there are children around?\

\National Hydrogen Bomb Association hopes to educate people in the safe handling of this type of weapon. We are instructing owners to keep the bomb in a locked cabinet and the fuse (导火索 ) separately in a drawer.\

\ The spokesman said, \gen bombs don‘t kill people -- people kill people. The bomb is for self-protection and it also has a deterrent effect. If somebody knows you have a nuclear weapon in your house, they‘re going to think twice about breaking in.\

\in the cabinet, with the fuse in a drawer, you would never be able to assemble it in time to stop an intruder\

\expensive to build one. So what your association is backing is a program which would allow the middle and upper classes to acquire a bomb while poor people will be left defenseless with just handguns.\

6. According to the passage, some people started a national association so as to ________. A) instruct people how to keep the bomb safe at home

B) coordinate the mass production of the destructive weapon C) promote the large-scale sale of this newly invented weapon D) block any legislation to ban the private possession of the bomb

7. Some people oppose the ownership of H-bombs by individuals on the grounds that ________. A) they may fall into the hands of criminals

B) peoples lives will be threatened by the weapon C) most people don‘t know how to handle the weapon

D) the size of the bomb makes it difficult to keep in a drawer

8. By saying that the bomb also has a deterrent effect the spokesman means that it ________. A) can kill those entering others houses by force B) will threaten the safety of the owners as well C) will frighten away any possible intruders D) can show the special status of its owners

9. According to the passage, opponents of the private ownership of H-bombs are very much worried that ________.

A) the cost of the weapon will put citizens on an unequal basis

B) the wide use of the weapon will push up living expenses tremendously C) poorly-educated Americans will find it difficult to make use of the weapon D) the influence of the association is too powerful for the less privileged to overcome 10. From the tone of the passage we know that the author is ________. A) not serious about the private ownership of H-bombs B) concerned about the spread of nuclear weapons

C) doubtful about the necessity of keeping H-bombs at home for safety D) unhappy with those who vote against the ownership of H-bombs

Section Two Blank-filling (20 points)

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word

for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

Neusner believes that in college we are trained to think that ―failure leaves no record‖ because we can O get away with mistakes easily. I have news for him. If you fail a test, you can‘t take it again, or the teacher won‘t F the grade even if he thinks you will hate him for the rest of your life. If you drop out of a class, next semester you will have to take more courses. If you get low grades, your _A___ of getting into a fine graduate school are almost none. If your grade-point average is not B high for a number of classes, you just don‘t get your _M_. When midterms and finals come, no one can avoid C them. When the 7 gets tough, the tough have to get down to work because, D what Neusner believes, college does not give ―painless‖ solutions to mistakes (paragraph 1). It is not ―an altogether G world,‖ and by no means have teachers ―pretended not to care‖ (paragraph 3) when J are not kept or when

things aren‘t done at the time they are supposed to be.

A) chances B) reasonably C) taking D) unlike E) probability F) erase G) forgiving H) promotion I) going J) deadlines K) thankfully L) tolerable M) degree N) occurrence O) supposedly

Section Three Translation from English into Chinese

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese.

With us you could argue about why your errors were not errors, why mediocre work really was excellent, why you could take pride in routine and slipshod presentation. Most of you, after all, can look back on honor grades for most of what you have done. So, here grades can have meant little in distinguishing the excellent from the ordinary. But tomorrow, in the world to which you go, you had better not defend errors but learn from them. You will be ill-advised to demand praise for what does not deserve it, and abuse those who do not give it.

For years we created an altogether forgiving world, in which whatever slight effort you gave was all that was demanded. When you did not keep appointments, we made new ones. When your work came in beyond the deadline, we pretended not to care.

你可能会争论与我们为什麽你的错误并不是错误,为什么平庸的工作真的太棒了,为什么你可以引以自豪的在常规和漫不经心的简报。你们大多数人一样,毕竟,可以回顾在荣誉的大部分等级设置为您所做的一切。所以,在这里的成绩会有没什么意义在区分优秀于普通的。但明天,在这个世界上,你走了,你最好不要保护错误,而且要向他们学习。你会不会傻到需求为什麽不赞美罪有应得,和滥用那些不给你。

多年来,我们创造了一个完全宽恕的世界,无论你给轻微的努力是要求的。当你没有信守约会,我们做了新的。当你的工作来超越的时候,我们却假装不去关心。

Section Four Writing

Directions: Your essay should be no less than 150 words. You are to write an essay on the topic

“Should Students Be Given More Free Time Or Not?”. You should base your essay

on the outline below:

1) 目前大学生学业压力大，大部分时间考试几乎没有时间选择自己擅长并有兴

趣事情，并有所创新; 2) 自由学习和高压学习的优缺点; 3) 你的观点及理由。

Should Students Be Given More Free Time Or Not?

I think that teachers should NOT assign homework to students simlpy because kids need time to be kids, go hang out at a local community center with friends, bike, skateboard. We don't need extra cericulum unless we really want to. I think it is the students choice if they want extra marks for the future but if you decide not to take the homework it will not effect your grade. If kids are stuck in the house all day doing homework they have no chance to be healthy active kids. What is done at school should stay at school not be carried on to personal life. Bottom line, kids need a

break. They have at least 8 hours of school a day sometimes 6 for small elementary schools. Teachers give homework so you can get better of what they are teaching you and get better in life.

Sure they shouldn't have us head over heals in it, but it is still good to get homework!

Unit 8 Time

Section One Reading Comprehension

Directions: There are 2 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or

unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Passage One

Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage:

I'm usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago. While any of these statements might be true, they are practically impossible to prove scientifically. Still, I was struck by a report which concluded that today's children are significantly more anxious than children in the 1950s. In fact, the analysis showed, normal children ages 9 to 17 exhibit a higher level of anxiety today than children who were treated for mental illness 50 years ago.

Why are America's kids so stressed? The report cites two main causes: increasing physical isolation -- brought on by high divorce rates and less involvement in community, among other things -- and a growing perception that the world is a more dangerous place.

Given that we can't turn the clock back, adults can still do plenty to help the next generation cope.

At the top of the list is nurturing a better appreciation of the limits of individualism. No child is an island. Strengthening social ties helps build communities and protect individuals against stress.

To help kids build stronger connections with others, you can pull the plug on TVs and computers. Your family will thank you later. They will have more time for face-to-face relationships, and they will get more sleep.

Limit the amount of virtual (虚拟的) violence your children are exposed to. It's not just video games and movies; children see a lot of murder and crime on the local news.

Keep your expectations for your children reasonable. Many highly successful people never attended Harvard or Yale.

Make exercise part of your daily routine. It will help you cope with your own anxieties and provide a good model for your kids. Sometimes anxiety is unavoidable. But it doesn't have to ruin your life.

1. The author thinks that the conclusions of any research about people's state of mind are _______. A) surprising

B) confusing

C) illogical D) questionable

2. What does the author mean when he says, \ A) It's impossible to slow down the pace of change. B) The social reality children are facing cannot be changed.

C) Lessons learned from the past should not be forgotten. D) It's impossible to forget the past.

3. According to an analysis, compared with normal children today, children treated as mentally ill

50 years ago ________.

A) were less isolated physically B) were probably less self-centered C) probably suffered less from anxiety D) were considered less individualistic 4. The first and most important thing parents should do to help their children is ________. A) to provide them with a safer environment B) to lower their expectations for them C) to get them more involved socially

D) to set a good model for them to follow

5. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? A) Anxiety, though unavoidable, can be coped with. B) Children's anxiety has been enormously exaggerated. C) Children's anxiety can be eliminated with more parental care. D) Anxiety, if properly controlled, may help children become mature.

Passage Two

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:

It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement because once you are inside, the organizational constraints (约束) influence wage increases. One thing, however, is certain: your chances of getting the raise you feel you deserve are less if you don't at least ask for it. Men tend to ask for more, and they get more, and this holds true with other resources, not just pay increases. Consider Beth's story:

I did not get what I wanted when I did not ask for it. We had cubicle (小隔间) offices and window offices. I sat in the cubicles with several male colleagues. One by one they were moved into window offices, while I remained in the cubicles, several males who were hired after me also went to offices. One in particular told me he was next in line for an office and that it had been part of his negotiations for the job. I guess they thought me content to stay in the cubicles since I did not voice my opinion either way.

It would be nice if we all received automatic pay increases equal to our merit, but \a quality attributed to most organizations. If you feel you deserve a significant raise in pay, you'll probably have to ask for it.

Performance is your best bargaining chip (筹码) when you are seeking a raise. You must be able to demonstrate that you deserve a raise. Timing is also a good bargaining chip. If you can give your boss something he or she needs (a new client or a sizable contract, for example) just before merit pay decisions are being made, you are more likely to get the raise you want. Use information as a bargaining chip too. Find out what you are worth on the open market. What will someone else pay for your services?

Go into the negotiations prepared to place your chips on the table at the appropriate time and prepared to use communication style to guide the direction of the interaction. 6. According to the passage, before taking a job, a person should ________. A) demonstrate his capability C) ask for as much money as he can 7. What can be inferred from Beth's story?

A) Prejudice against women still exists in some organizations. B) If people want what they deserve, they have to ask for it. C) People should not be content with what they have got. D) People should be careful when negotiating for a job.

B) give his boss a good impression D) ask for the salary he hopes to get

8. We can learn from the passage that ________.

A) unfairness exists in salary increases

B) most people are overworked and underpaid C) one should avoid overstating one's performance

D) most organizations give their staff automatic pay raises 9. To get a pay raise, a person should ________. A) advertise himself on the job market

B) persuade his boss to sign a long-term contract

C) try to get inside information about the organization

D) do something to impress his boss just before merit pay decisions 10. To be successful in negotiations, one must ________. A) meet his boss at the appropriate time B) arrive at the negotiation table punctually

C) be good at influencing the outcome of the interaction D) be familiar with what the boss likes and dislikes

Section Two Blank-filling

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word

for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read

the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer

Sheet with a single line through the centre.

Dr. Larry Dossey has two antique clocks. ―One fast, the other slow,‖ says Dr. Dossey. ―They remind me that my life is not __A__ by clocks, that I can choose the time I live by.‖

How a person thinks about time can kill him, according to Dossey, a pioneer in the __L science of chronobiology, the study of how time H with life. One of the most common ills in our society, he says, is ―time sickness‖, a sense of time K and hurry that causes anxiety and tension. These E can contribute to heart disease and strokes, two of our most C causes of death.

Dossey has discovered that these and other stress-induced ills can often be I treated by using simple techniques to change how a person thinks about time.

Dr. Dossey became interested in time and health when he noticed how many patients O _ on having watches with them in the hospital, even though they had no __K to keep. They were all time F , taught since childhood to schedule their lives by society‘s clock, and all felt lost without the security of a timepiece. Time seems to rule our lives. Time is money, to be saved and spent wisely, not wasted or lost.

A) interacts B) traits C) ruled D) nightmares E) successfully F) schedules G) pressure H) conventional I) frequent J) addicts K) capitalized L) symptoms M) insisted N) consciously O) emerging Section Three Translation from English into Chinese

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese.

The mind can alter rhythms of time in various ways. People brought back from the brink of

death often recall their entire lives flashing before them in an instant. Those who have been in a serious accident often report that, as it occurred, everything happened in slow motion; apparently this is a survival tool built into the brain, an ability to accelerate to several times normal perceptual speed, thereby \down\the world and giving the victim \to think how to avoid disaster.

Because the time our society keeps has been taught to us since birth, we think of it as something that everyone everywhere must somehow share. But cultures differ in how they perceive time. In North America and the industrialized countries of northern Europe, life is tightly scheduled. To keep someone waiting is frowned upon. But in southern Europe and in the Hispanic countries of Latin America, people are given priority over schedules —and in making appointments the starting time is more flexible.

心灵的时间可以改变节奏方法多种多样。带回来的人死亡的边缘上经常会想起他们一生都在他们面前闪烁在瞬间。那些已经在一次严重的事故常常报告说,因为它发生了,一切都发生在慢速运动,显然这是一种生存的工具建立进入大脑,是一种能力,促进正常感知速度数倍,从而“减速”世界并给受害者”时间”来思考如何避免灾难。

因为我们社会保持已经人教我们自出生就被放逐,我们认为它是无处不在的东西,每个人都必须想办法分享。但不同文化在看他们是如何看待时间。在北美和欧洲北部工业化的国家,生活是紧紧地安排好了。,让对方久等都会引起人们的不满。但在南欧和西班牙裔拉美国家,人们在时间表为主——而在约会开始的时间更灵活。

Section Four Writing

Directions: “Time and tide wait for no man.” Why do we have to go to school and how to make

the most of the school days? Write an essay on the topic \the Most of the School Days\ 1) 我们为什么要上学？

2) 充分利用在校时间的意义。 3) 荒废在校时光的后果。

Make the Most of the School Days

Almost one-fourth of our lifetime is spent in school. It is also most important period，for in school we are preparing our future and our duty to the community，meanwhile，we make our life-long friends who would be a great help in our future. Therefore，we must see to ourselves that we make the most of the time in school.

Why do we go to school？ Most of us would surely think we go to school in order to be educated， to be a learned man， and to be useful when we complete our studies. Of course， this is true， but I think there is more than that. We go to school， not only to be educated，but to adjust ourselves， for school is a society in miniature。 Our classmates are of different nature， so we begin to learn human nature early. Thus it enables us to handle relationships between different kinds of people later. A school provides many extracurricular activities，which is a stepping-stone to social life. A school also trains a student to have a clear and sound mind . While we are in school ， we should can]have more contact with our teachers. Teachers are as

human as we are and with a wide range of knowledge which can solve our secret little problems. Some of us tend to go to extremities， either we are too fond of studies and become a bookworm or we are fully occupied by off-campus activities that completely make us forget our studies. The former， doubtlessly， are top pupils at school， but not likely to be successful in their career because they lack the knowledge of human nature， and their range of interests is too narrow. The latter， since they lack essential knowledge， are not likely to succeed， either. Thus， we must stand in the middle of these two extremes.

Let's make lesser fewer mistakes but have more delightful experiences while in school.

Unit 9 Science and Technology

Section One Reading Comprehension

Directions: There are 2 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or

unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and

D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

Passage One

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:

The question of what children learn, and how they should learn it, is continually being debated and re-debated. Nobody dares any longer to defend the old system, the learning of lessons parrot-fashion, the grammar-with-a whip system, which was good enough for our grandparents. The theorists of modern psychology have stepped in to argue that we must understand the needs of children. Children are not just small adults; they are children who must be respected as such.

Well, you may say, this is as it should be, and a good idea. But think further. What happens? ―Education‖ becomes the responsibility not of teachers, but of psychologists. What happens then? Teachers worry too much about the psychological implications of their lessons, and forget about the subjects themselves. If a child dislikes a lesson, the teacher feels that it is his fault, not the child‘s. So teachers worry whether history if ―relevant‖ to modern young children. And do they dare to recount stories about violent battles? Or will this make the children themselves violent? Can they tell their classes about children of different races, or will this encourage racial hatred? Why teach children to write grammatical sentences? Verbal (口头的) expression is better. Sums? Arithmetic? No, no: real-life mathematical situations are more understandable.

You see, you can go too far. Influenced by educational theorists, who have nothing better to do than write books about their ideas, teachers leave their teacher-training colleges filled with grand, psychological ideas about children and their needs. They make elaborate, sophisticated preparations and try out their ―modern methods‖ on the long-suffering children. Since one ―modern method‖ rapidly replaces another, the poor kids will have had a good bellyful by the time they leave school. Frequently the modern methods are so sophisticated that they fail to be understood by the teachers, let alone the children; even more often, the relaxed discipline so essential for the ―informal‖ feeling the class must have, prevents all but a handful of children from learning anything.

1. People do not dare to defend the old system mainly because under the old system _________. A) children were made to learn passively B) children were spoiled

C) children were treated as grown-ups

D) too much grammar was taught to children

2. What do the modern psychologists maintain? A) Children must be understood and respected.

B) Children are small adults and know what they need. C) Children are better off without learning lessons.

D) Education of children is the responsibility of psychologists.

3. What happens when teachers pay too much attention to the psychology of their lessons? A) They find that the children dislike the lessons.

B) They tend to blame students for their failure in teaching. C) They do not pay enough attention to the actual lessons. D) They no longer want to teach children history.

4. Grammatical sentences are regarded as unimportant because _______. A) words are uttered out of natural feelings only

B) it is better to use verbs only

C) talking freely and naturally without sentences is a better form of expression D) it is felt that formal grammar rules might cause unnatural expression

5. According to the passage, the modern methods are understood by _______. A) neither teachers nor pupils

B) only a handful of teachers and pupils C) the more sophisticated teachers

D) everyone who enjoys the relaxed discipline of the informal classes

Passage Two

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:

Humor is a most effective, yet frequently neglected, means of handling the difficult situations in our lives. It can be used for patching up differences, apologizing, saying ―no‖, criticizing, getting the other fellow to do what you want without his losing face. For some jobs, it‘s the only tool that can succeed. It is a way to discuss subjects so sensitive that serious dialogue may start a riot. For example, many believe that comedians on television are doing more today for racial and religious tolerance than are people in any other forum.

Humor is often the best way to keep a small misunderstanding from escalating into a big deal. Recently a neighbor of mine had a squabble with his wife as she drove him to the airport. Airborne, he felt miserable, and he knew she did, too. Two hours after she returned home, she received a long-distance phone call. ―Person-to-person for Mrs. I. A. Pologize,‖ intoned the operator. ―That‘s spelled ?p‘ as in…‖ In a twinkling, the whole day changed from grim to lovely at both ends of the wire.

An English hostess with a quick wit was giving a formal dinner for eight distinguished guests whom she hoped to enlist in a major charity drive. Austerity(简朴) was a fashion in England at the time, and she had asked her children to serve the meal. She knew that anything could happen – and it did, just as her son, with the studied concentration of a tightrope walker, brought in a large roast turkey. He successfully elbowed the swinging dining-room door, but the backswing dashed the bird onto the dinning-room floor.

The boy stood rooted: guests stared at their plates. Moving only her head the hostess smiled at her son, ―No harm, Daniel,‖ she said, ―Just pick him up and take him back to the kitchen‖ – she enunciated clearly so he would think about what she was saying – ― and bring in the other one.‖ A wink and a one-liner instantly changed the dinner from a red–faced embarrassment to a

conspiracy of fun.

6. What is the main idea of the passage?

A) Humor is the key to success in our work and in our lives. B) Humor enables us to cope with difficult situations effectively.

C) Humor is the only best way to criticize someone without losing his face. D) Humor makes fun of any difficult situations.

7. Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage?

A) Comedians on TV are believed to have done a lot in making people more tolerant of racial and religious differences.

B) To make up differences, humor is a most acceptable as well as a most effective means.

C) People often turn to humorous ways when meeting with difficult situations because of its effectiveness.

D) Only by adopting the means of humor can one succeed in some jobs.

8. From the context, we may guess that the word ―squabble‖ (Para.2) means_____. A) accident

B) meal

C) joke

D) quarrel

9. What caused the roast turkey to drop onto the floor? A) The backward movement of the door. B) The son‘s hasty behavior.

C) Someone happened to be at the door. D) The bird raised by the family.

10. What do you think would probably be the result if the hostess got angry and scolded the son? A) It would make the embarrassing situation worse. B) The son would refuse to serve the guests any more.

C) The son would talk back and make the mother all the more angry. D) The guests would leave before the dinner was over.

Section Two Blank-filling

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to fill in the blanks

with appropriate words according to the meaning.

People who were born just before World War I remember waving at automobiles as they passed. Seeing a car was like watching a 1) __A__—exciting and out of the ordinary. The airplane—it was spelled \then—was another new invention. Refrigerators were \C__ the ice for the box in the summer and the coal for the stove in the winter. Now, the ice man, like the blacksmith, 3) __K_ only in literature.

Today, change comes so fast that working people can become 4) _L_ because their occupations 5) _F_ in the middle of their lives. Knowledge, and thus the rate of change, increases geometrically. Every idea gives 6) _O_ to a dozen new ones, and each of them has a dozen children. The people of the pre-World War I generation had hardly 7) _N_ the inventions of that era before they were 8) __M__ by a new batch of even more 9) __K_inventions. The Atomic Age 10) __I__ in 1945, August 6 to be exact, and then, before we could catch our breath, the Space

Age arrived.

Section Three Translation from English into Chinese

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese.

But there is a limit to everyone's ability to adapt. What will happen to us when change comes so rapidly that we can no longer adjust to it? These same scientists who talk about our adaptable nature also tell us that change is to some degree emotionally painful to everyone. What then, will happen to us when change comes so rapidly that we can no longer stand the pain, and we refuse to change?

We have read a lot about scientific and technological change, but that is only part of the picture of modern life. There is often a great lag between scientific discovery and cultural acceptance. For example, Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, proposed over one hundred years ago and accepted by all serious scholars for generations, is still rejected by large segments of society. These segments see science as contradicting a higher religious authority. They see science as questioning and destroying their beliefs and culture.

但是有一个限制每个人的适应能力。我们什么时候会发生什么改变”得如此之快,以致于我们能不再适应吗?这些相同的科学家谈论我们的适应自然也告诉我们,在某种程度上改变情绪痛苦的每一个人。那么,将会发生在我们身上时我们会发生改变得如此之快,以致于无法再忍受痛苦,我们拒绝改变?

我们已经读了很多关于科学和技术的变化,但这只是部分的现代生活的照片。通常是一个伟大的科学发现和时间差文化接受。例如,查尔斯·达尔文的进化论,提出在一百多年前的严肃的学者所接受,一代又一代,仍然是被社会的大部分地区。这些部分把科学当作否定一个更高的宗教权威。他们把科学当作质疑并摧毁他们的信仰和文化。

Section Four Writing

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My

View on Surfing the Virtual World. You should write at least 150 words. You should base your essay on the outline given below:

1) 很多人喜欢网络提供的多姿多彩生活;

2) 也有很多人对网络的虚拟空间有各种担忧;

3) 你的观点。

My view on surfing the virtual world

Virtual worlds have become a growing power in kids' online activities. In 2008, an estimated eight million US children and teens visited virtual worlds on a regular basis. It is estimated that by 2013 this number will be doubled. These online worlds are a relatively new phenomenon, so there isn't much research on their impact on kids. As parents, we ask: Is it safe? Is it educational? Do our children benefit from this activity? In lack of long-term research the best answer seems to be that like every other activity we choose to do, when it is measured and in balance with other activities, it can be enjoyable, harmless and sometimes even educational. It is our responsibility as

parents to direct our children to safe constructive activities that will help them to grow as people and become contributing citizens. The same thing is true for choosing online activities for them and specifically for virtual worlds. As parents we have to make sure that our children visit virtual worlds that are suited for their age and are safe for them. We also want to direct our children to virtual worlds that offer quality content and educational value.

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