仁爱英语2010中考总复习七年级部分

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A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半

七年级上

Unit 1 Making new friends

【重要短语】

Good morning! Welcome to sp. Nice to meet you This is …

How do you do. Good afternoon. How are you.? How is he/she? Good evening I’m ok

See you later See you Excuse me

What’s sb.’s name? My name is …

be from=come from Where be sb. From? Who is sb.? They are… It is … How old

What class be sb. in? What grade be sb. in? That is …

in English /Chinese …

That’s ok = You are welcome ? years old be in …

the same +n.(单)

【重点句型】

---Good afternoon/morning/evning! ---Good ---What’s your telephone number? ---My afternoon/morning/evning! telephone number is … / It’s … ---Welcome to China ---Thank you ---Where are you from? ---I’m from … ---Hello/Hi! ---Hello/Hi! ---Who are they? ---They are Maria and Jane. ---Nice to meet you! ---Nice to meet you! ---How old are you? ---I’m … ---How do you do? ---How do you do? ---What class/grade are you in? ---I am in ---How are you? Class Four,Grade Seven/I am in Grade Seven. ---I’m fine, thank you./Fine,thanks ---How dou you spell it? ---E-R-A-S-E-R, ---Goodbye ---Bye eraser. ---See you later. ---See you. ---Can you spell it? ----Yes, M-A-P.map. ---Excuse me, are you Jane? --Yes, I am./ ---Thank you./Thanks. ---That’s OK./You No, I’m not. are welcome ---What’s your name? ---My name is Sally.

【语法重点】

一、be动词的用法。

①在一般现在时态中,遵循以下规则,我们可以用以下的口诀:我用am,你用are,is跟着他、她、它。凡是负数都用are.

②Be动词的缩略形式:肯定缩略式I’m, you’re, he’s, we’re, you’re, they’re, 否定缩略式 I’m

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

第 1 页 共 47 页

By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

not, isn’t, aren’t.

二、特殊疑问句。

①以疑问词开头,对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。常用的疑问词有:what who , whose,which,when,where,how,why等。 疑问词可先分为3种:

疑问代词:what,who,Which,whose,whom 疑问副词:when,where,why,how

疑问形容词:what(which,whose)+名词 ②特殊疑问句有两种语序

如疑问词作主语或主语的定语,即对主语或主语的定语提问,其语序是陈述句的语序:疑问词(+主语)+谓语动词+其他成分?如: who is singing in the room﹖ whose bike is broken﹖ which is better?

如疑问词作其他成分,即对其他成分提问,其语序是:疑问词+一般疑问句语序? 如: what class are you in﹖ What does she look like﹖ Where are you from﹖

What time does he get up every morning﹖ How do you know﹖ 注意: ①.回答特殊疑问句时,不能用yes / no,即问什么答什么,尤其是简略回答。如: ---Who is from Canada﹖ ----Helen (is).

---Where’s the restaurant﹖ ----Near the station.

---Why do you like koalas﹖ ----Because they are cute. ②.特殊疑问句一般读降调(↓)。 特殊疑问词

Who谁—Whose谁的

Why为什么When什么时候Where在哪里Which哪一个 What什么 ( What time什么时间What colour什么颜色) How怎么样(How many多少{数量} How much多少钱{价格} How long多长How often多少次How big多大How heavy多重{重量}How far多远{路程}

三、冠词a和an

㈠冠词分为不定冠词”a,an”,定冠词”the”和零冠词三种。零冠词指的是不用冠词的情况。不定冠词表示泛指,定冠词表示特指。a、an仅用在单数可数名词前来表示“一”的意义,但不强调数目概念,只表示名词为不特定者。 ㈡不定冠词有”a和an”两种形式。“a”用在以辅音音素开头的词前,”an”用在以元音音素开头的词前。判断一个词是以元音开头还是以辅音开头,是根据读音而不是根据字母。一般情况下,an用在元音因素之前,而不是原音字母之前。 ㈢不定冠词的用法:

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

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A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半

1. 用于可数名词的单数形式前,表示”一” 很久很久以前,有一个年老的国王,他有一There is a tiger in the zoo. 个非常美丽的女儿。 动物园里有一只老虎。 8. 在英国英语中,以”h”开头的多音节2. 表示一类人和东西 词,如第一个音节不重读,其前亦可用”an” A tiger can be dangerous. He plays soccer for an hour. 老虎可能有危害性。 他踢三个小时足球。 也可用定冠词the+形容词代表一类人 9. 在such a,quite a句式中 The poor are still poor. He is quite a good actor. 3. 表示”某一个”的意思 他是一个相当好的演员。 A gentleman wants to see you. Don’t be in such a hurry. 有一位先生要见你。 不要如此匆忙。 4. 表示”同一”的意思 10. 在感叹句what...的句式中 They are nearly of an age. What a pretty girl she is! 他们几乎同岁。 她是一个多么漂亮的女孩呀! The two shirts are much of a size. 11.用在某些表示数量的词组中: 这两件衬衫大小差不多。 a lot of许多 5. 表示”每一”的意思 a couple of一对 We go swimming four times a week. a great many很多 我们每周去游泳四次。 a dozen一打(但也可以用one dozen) 6. 用在作表语的单数可数名词前,表示身a great deal of大量 份、职业 12.用语习惯用语中 My mother is a teacher. all of a sudden突然as amatter of fact事实上我妈妈是教师。 as a result结果a little一点;一些a bit一点 7. 第一次提到的人或事物,但不特别指明a great many=a very large number of许多;大是哪一个 量a great deal(of...) 许多a lot(of...)许多have Long long ago there was an old king who had a cold感冒have a good (nice, wonderful, a very beautiful daughter. great)time玩得高兴 ㈣定冠词the的用法。

1. 用以特指某(些)人或某(些)事物

This is the house where Luxun once lived.这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。 2. 用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物 Open the door, please.请把门打开。

3. 用以复述上文提过的人或事物(第一次提到用“a或an”,以后再次提到用“the”) Once there lived a lion in the forest. Every day the lion asked small animals to look for food for him.从前森林里住着一只狮子。每天这只狮子要小动物们为他寻找食物。 4. 用在序数词和形容词最高级前

January is the first month of the year.一月份是一年当中的第一个月。Shanghai is the biggest city in China. 上海是中国最大的城市。 5. 表示宇宙中世界上独一无二的事物

the sun太阳the moon月亮the earth地球the sky天空the world世界 6. 指由普通名词构成的专有名词

the West Lake西湖the Great Wall长城the United States美国the United Nations联合国

7. 表示方向、方位 用在表示计量的名词前{度量衡} by the ton/ pound/ yard/ metre/ kilo注意by后面接上表示面积、体积、重量、长、高、短、深时中间不加冠词 如by volume/ weight/

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

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By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

length/ width/ depth

in the east在东方in the west在西方in the front在前面at the back在后面in the bottom在底部at the top在顶部on the right在右边on the left在左边

8. 在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词前

the Pacific Ocean太平洋the Huanghe River黄河the Tianshan Mountains天山山脉the Taiwan Straits台湾海峡

9. 在姓氏复数前,表示一家人

The Bakers came to see me yesterday. 贝克一家人昨天来看我。 10. 和某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化,代表一类人或物

the poor穷人the rich富人the sick病人the wounded伤员the good好人the beautiful美丽的事物

11. 用在表示阶级、政党的名词前

the working class工人阶级the Chinese Communist Party中国共产党 12. 用在the very强调句中

This is the very book I want.这就是我想要的那本书。 13. 在the more, the more比较级的句式中

The more you drink, the more you like it. 你越喝就越爱喝。 14. 表示演奏乐器时,乐器的前面要加the play the piano弹钢琴play the violin拉小提琴 *中国乐器名词前不与冠词连用:play erhu(二胡))

the+n{发明物} 必须是单数who invented the telephone? 15. 某些固定的表达法

in the morning在早上in the afternoon在下午 in the evening在晚上go to the cinema去看电影 go to the theatre去看戏all the year round一年到头on the way to前往...去的路上 16. the加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或事物 The horse is a useful animal.马是一种有用的动物。 注意:像这类句子还有如下两种写法

A horse is a useful animal.=Horses are useful animals.

17.在句型“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”中要用the,而不用人称代词。

take sb. by the arm抓住某人的手臂hit sb. in the face打某人的脸be red in the face脸红be lame in the right leg右腿瘸 等结构中,名词前要用the 18用在世纪或逢时{1990}的复数名词前

in the18th century在18世纪 in the 1960s在20世纪60年代 19多与民族、国籍的形容词连用

the chinese are brave hard-working people中国人是勤劳和勇敢的人 20用于报刊 杂志 会议 条义 历史 时期 朝代的名词前 the Xian incident西安事变 巧计定冠词the用法歌诀: 特指双方熟悉,上文已经提起。 世上独一无二,方位名词乐器。 某些专有名词,还有复数姓氏。 序数词最高级,习惯用语要牢记。 ㈤零冠词的用法

1. 专有名词前一般不加冠词(在特指时加冠词)China 中国 Europe 欧洲Lei Feng 雷

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

第 4 页 共 47 页

A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半

锋 William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚

2. 月份、星期、节日前一般不加冠词(在特指时加冠词)January 一月份 Sunday 星期日Christmas Day 圣诞节 Thanksgiving 感恩节National Day 国庆节 May Day 劳动节 比较: ...on a Sunday morning.在一个星期天的早晨... (表示某一个。) 注:民族节日前要加the 如:the Spring Festival 3. 三餐、四季前一般不加冠词

I have lunch at school.我在学校吃午餐。

Summer is the best season for swimming.夏天是游泳的好季节。 比较: I had a big lunch yesterday.昨天我吃了一顿丰盛的午餐。(表示某一个) The dinner given by Mr Smith was very nice.史密斯先生款待的晚宴真是美味。(表示特指) 比较: I will never forget the summer we spent in Hawaii.我永远不会忘记我们一起在夏威夷度过的那个夏天。(表示特指) 4. 进行球类运动

play basketball 打篮球 play volleyball 打排球play football 踢足球 5. 没有特指的物质名词

This cart is made of wood.这辆手推车是用木头作的。

比较: The wood outside was all wet. 外面的那些木头都湿了。(表示特指) 6. 没有特指的不可数抽象名词 Time is precious.时间是宝贵的。

比较: The time of the play was 1990s. 这个剧本的时代背景是二十世纪九十年代。(表示特指) 7. 没有特指的可数名词复数形式后。 I like tomatoes.我喜欢西红柿。 8. 山峰

Mount Qomolangma 珠穆朗玛峰 9. 固定词组

go to school 去上学 go to bed 上床睡觉go by train 乘火车去 go by boat 乘船去

at table 在用餐 in hospital 住院at school 求学 in school 求学at noon 在中午 at night 在晚上at midnight 在半夜 in town 在城里 10. 独立结构中的名词不加冠词

A boy came in, book in hand.一个男孩进来,手上拿着书。 11. 泛指人类

Man is mortal.人必有一死。

12. 在\+名词 sort of+名词\句式中 What kind of flower is it?这是什么花? I like this sort of book.我喜欢这种书。

13. 指职位、头衔的词,如king,captain,president,chairman 等。 He is (the) captain of the team.他是球队的队长。

As (the) chairman of the committee, I declare the meeting open.作为委员会主席,我宣布会议开始。

㈥冠词的搭配

①三餐名词单独使用时,之前通常不加冠词,三餐名词之前若加形容词时则除外: We have breakfast at eight.我们8点钟吃早饭。

He gave us a good breakfast.他请我们吃了一顿丰盛的早餐。 I was invited to dinner.他们邀请我吃饭。

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

第 5 页 共 47 页

By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

I was invited to a dinner given to welcome the new ambassador.我被邀请参加欢迎新任大使的宴会。

The Scots have porridge for breakfast.苏格兰人早餐吃粥。

The wedding breakfast was held in her father’s house.婚礼早宴是在她父亲家举行的。

②介词短语与冠词

A、当下列名词指其“主要目的”,即与其相关在行为时,要用零冠词。

at table 在进餐 at the table 在桌子旁边 at desk 在读书 at the desk 在课桌旁 at school 在上学 at the school 在学校里 in class 在上课 in the class 在班级里面

in bed 卧床 in the bed 在床上 in prison 坐牢 in the prison (因事)在监狱

in hospital 住院 in the hospital (因事)在医院

go to school 去上学 go to the school (因事)去学校

go to bed 上床睡觉 go to the bed 在床上 go to hospital 去看病 go to the hospital 去医院

B.有无定冠词的比较

take place 发生 in case of 万一 take the place 代替 in the case of 就...来说 in place of 代替 out of question 毫无疑问 in the place of 在...的地方 out of the question 完全不可能 C.通常使用不定冠词的短语

after a while 过了一会儿 come to an end 结束 all of a sudden 突然 come to a conclusion 得出结论 as a rule 通常 have a good time 玩得愉快 as a result 结果,因此 have a rest 休息一下 as a matter of fact 事实上 have a cold 感冒 as a whole 大体上 have a word with 和?谈一谈 at a loss 不知所措 keep an eye for 对?有鉴赏力 in a hurry 急忙 make a living 谋生 in a way 在某种程度上 make a fire 生火 in a word 总而言之 make a fool of 愚弄 It’s a pity that? 令人遗憾的是? take a walk 散步 put an end to? 结束? D.和形容词的搭配关系。

1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。

He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。 The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。 2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。

He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。 ㈦冠词位置

1) 不定冠词位置 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

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A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半

注意:

a. 位于下列形容词之后: such,what,many,half,

I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for the job.

b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后:

It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.

So short a time. Too long a distance.

c. quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。

但当rather,quite 前仍有形容词,不定

冠词放其前后均可。如:quite a lot

d. 在as,though 引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后:

Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。

当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。 2) 定冠词位置

定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等词之后,名词之前。

All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。

四、名词单数变复数的规则:

1、 一般的在后面加S

如:book—books mouth---mouths house---houses girl---girls: 2、 以S、X、CH、SH、结尾的要加es

如:class--- classes box----boxes match----matches brush---brushes 3、 以辅音字母+y结尾的,要变y为i,再加es

如:city---cities party----parties family---families story---stories lady---ladies factory----factories baby---babies study---studies country----countries fly---flies 顺口溜如下:关于城市city政党party家庭family的故事story,无论是妇女lady的工厂factory,还是小孩baby的书房study,均归国家country所有,一只苍蝇fly也别放过。 4、 以元音字母+y结尾的直接加s

如:toy---toys boy---boys key---keys day—days 5、以f、fe结尾的, ①,要变f、fe为ves

如:thief---thieves elf---elves wife---wives shelf---shelves half---halves leaf---leaves knife---knives wolf---wolves life---lives 顺口溜如下:贼thief拿了精灵elf般的妻子wife架子shelf上的半half片树叶leaf和小刀knife,遇上狼wolf,结束了生命life。 ②,直接在f,fe后面加s的情况

如:belief---beliefs chief---chiefs roof---roofs safe---safes proof---proofs

顺口溜如下:信念belief让首领chief拿到了房顶roof上保险箱safe里的证据proof ③,特殊情况

如:handkerchief---handkerchief/handkerchieves

顺口溜如下:我的手帕handkerchief我做主,想变就变。 6、 以o结尾 ①,要加es(一般是有生命的)的情况,如:Negro---Negroes,hero---heroes tomato---tomatoes potato---potatoes. 顺口溜如下:黑人Negro英雄hero爱吃西红柿tomato和土豆potato.

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

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By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

②,有的要加s(一般是没有生命的)的情况 如:radio---radios, piano---pianos, zoo---zoos, kilo---kilos, bamboo---bamboos, photo---photos

顺口溜如下:收音机radio里的钢琴piano声和动物园zoo里几十千克kilo的翠竹bamboo产生了共鸣,构成了一张和谐的图片photo.

③,注意:zero比较特别,其复数形式是zeroes/zeros. 7、 不规则的可数名词的变化规则: ①.man—men, woman—women,

tooth—teeth, foot—feet, goose—geese child—children, mouse—mice, policeman—policemen, policewoman—policewomen,Englishman—Englishmen,Frenchman—Frenchmen,Frenchwoman—Frenchwomen ,Englishwoman—Englishwomen。

②.单复数相同: Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer,fish,Swiss. ③.ox的复数oxen顺口溜如下:男人man当警察policeman,保护妇女woman跟儿童child;法国人Frenchman的牛(ox)脚foot踢掉了英国人Englishman的鼠(mouse)牙tooth

中国人Chinese养了一只日本Japanese羊sheep,一头鹿deer,一只鹅geese和一条鱼fish,卖给了瑞士Swiss人

Unit 2 Looking different

【重要短语】

Guess again. I know.

different+n.复数 look the same That’s right. Both…and… What color…

give sth. to sb.=give sb sth look like I see

You are welcome.=That’s ok

I have a small/big nose/head… Do you have a knife?

We/You/They have round faces. He/She/It has big eaars.

---Does she/he/it have…? ---Yes,she/he/it does./No,she/he/it doesn’t

---Who is your favorite movie star? ---My favorite movie star is … ./It’s…

We are in the same school,but in different.grades.

look at in+颜色 put…on… wave to sb. This/That is… Whose+n

Those/These/They are… look the same. different+n.复数

help sb. do sth.=help sb. to do sth I think+从句

【重点句型】

We don’t have the same looks. He dosen’t have gray hair.

---What does she look like? ---She is tall like you.

---What color is this T-short?---It’s red. ---What color are these shoes? ---They’re green.

But you look the same.

Please give this letter to Maria. Oh, I see.

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

第 8 页 共 47 页

A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半

I’ll give it to her. I think it’s Kangkang’s/Li Ming’s. The girl in yellow is Maria. We look the same,but we are in different He is in a black cap and blue shoes. clothes. ---Whose cap is it? ---It’s sally’s. Please help us find him. ---Whose bananas are these? ---They’re their bananas/theirs.

【重点语法】

一、have和has的用法

动词have作为\有\使用时,表示\某人(物)有??\用于第一、二人称单数I、you和复数主语,其单数第三人称形式为has,用于第三人称单数he、she、it和单数主语。 二、人称代词和物主代词

人称代词的变格形式分为第一人称、第二人称和第三人称三种情况。也可以分为主格和宾格两种。即:主格:I/we you/you he she it/they.宾格:me/us you/you him her it/them. (一)人称代词在句子中的用法:

1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或补语,

例如:John waited a while but eventually he went home.约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。

John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。

说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中。

例如:When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.约翰一到就直接去银行了。

2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语,

例如:I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语)

--- Who broke the vase?---谁打碎了花瓶?---- Me. --我。(me做主语补语= It's me.)

说明:在上面两例句中,her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为she和I. (二)主宾格的替换

1)宾格代替主格

a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not后,多用宾语。 ---- I like English. --我喜欢英语。---- Me too. --我也喜欢。

---- Have more wine? --再来点酒喝吗?---- Not me. --我可不要了。

b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。

He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am.

2)主格代替宾格

a.在介词but,except后,有时可用主格代替宾格。 b.在电话用语中常用主格。

---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。

注意:在动词be或to be后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。 I thought it was she. 我以为是她。 (主格----主格) I thought it to be her. (宾格----宾格)

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

第 9 页 共 47 页

By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

I was taken to be she. 我被当成了她。 (主格----主格)

They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格)

(二)物主代词的用法 A)物主代词列表 人称 第一人称 第二人称 单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数 数 I We You You He 第三人称 She It They 形容词性物主代词 My Our Your Your His Her Its Their 名词性物主代词 Mine Ours Yours Yours His Hers Its Theirs

B)物主代词的用法。

1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用,例如:

John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk. 约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。

物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。

名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的 --'s属格结构,例如: Jack's cap 意为 The cap is Jack's. His cap 意为 The cap is his. 2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能 a. 作主语,例如:

May I use your pen? Yours works better.

我可以用一用你的钢笔吗? 你的比我的好用。 b. 作宾语,例如:

I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。 c. 作介词宾语,例如:

Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.

你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的意义去解释。 d. 作主语补语,例如:

The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。

Unit 3 Getting Together

【重点短语】

tell sb. sth.=tell sth. to sb 告诉某人?? help sb. with sth. 在??上帮某人 speak+语言 说某种语言 No problem. 没问题 pen pal 笔友 want to do sth 想要做某事

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

第 10 页 共 47 页

A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半

want sb to do sth. 想某人做某事 each other= one another 相互、彼此 learn from sb. 向某人学习

learn…from sb./sth. 向??学习?? live in sp. 居住在?? visit sp. 参观某地 many+n.复数

like…a lot = like…very much非常喜欢?? don’t like…at all 根本不喜欢?? like…a little 有一点喜欢

at home 再见

help oneself 请自便

help oneself to sth. 请随便吃点?? would like to sth. 想要?? all right 好的

would like to do sth=want to do sth. 想要做??

Me,too. 我也一样。

What about=How about ??怎么样 Good idea. 好主意。

the more…the adj.(比较级)… 越??就越?? Something to drink 一些喝的东西 be home 到家,回家 Something to eat 一些吃的东西 glad to do sth. 很高兴做?? a glass of 一杯?? have a seat=sit down 请坐 apple juice 苹果汁 in hospital 生病住院 wait a moment 请稍等 in the hospital 在医院工作或上班 let me see 让我想想/看看 on a farm 在农场上 eat out 上馆子 in an office 在办公室 I’d like to. =I’d love to,我很乐意 in a school 在学校 Why not+v(原形)= why don’t you+v(原形) a photo of… ??的照片 为什么不呢? on the sofa 在沙发上 Here you are. 给你。 on the right/left 在右边/左边 such as 比如说。

hand in hand 手拉手

【重点句型】

Could you please tell me your name? ---Please have a seat. ---Thank you. And I help her study Chinese. This is a photo of my family. Please help us find him. ---Help yourself/yourselves(to some fish). Do you like them? ---Thank you. I don’t know him. ---What do you usually have for breakfast? I like it very much. ---I usually have milk and bread for breakfast. Nice to meet you. ---May I take your order,sir? ---Fish with He wants to visit the Great Wall. vegetables and rice, please. ---Do you want a pan pal? ---Yes, I do./No, I ---Would you like something to drink? don’t. ---Yes,a glass of apple juice please./ No, ---Does he speak Chinese? ---Yes, he thanks. does./No,he doesn’t. ---What would you like to eat?---- Let me

see./I’d like some… ---What do you do? ---I am a student.

---What does the man do? ---He is a doctor. ---Why not have some fish and eggs? ---Good ---What do your parents do? ---They are idea. farmers. ---Milk for me, please.---Wait a moment, ---Where does he/she work? ---He/She please. works in a hospital. Here you are. ---Where do you/they work? ---I/We/They I’m very glad to be here. work on a farm.

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

第 11 页 共 47 页

By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

【重点语法】

一、不可数名词

不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;它一般没有复数形式,只有单数形式,它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an ,若要表示它的个体意义时,必须与一个名词短语连用,相当于中文里的(一 +(量词)+ 名词),其中的量词意义依与具体的名词搭配而定。不可数名词 uncountable none 常用缩写为un。

例如:a piece of bread[ cake(蛋糕), paper(纸), thread(线), cloth(布),furniture(家具), coal(煤), news(新闻), advice(意见), information(信息), work(工作), meat(肉) ] 一块面包[ 一块蛋糕、一张纸、一根线、?? ] an item of information 一则情报 a burst of applause 一阵掌声 a fit of anger 一顿脾气 a slip of paper 一张纸条 a length of cloth 一段布料 a cake of soap 一块肥皂 a tube of tooth-paste 一条牙膏 a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水

简单说,一分为二后仍可用原名得为不可数,如:水,空气等。一分为二后不可用原名得为可数,如:苹果,梨等。

可数名词和不可数名词并不是一成不变的。英文中的很多词都是一词多义,名词也不例外,同是一个词在一种情况下是可数名词,而在另一种场合却是不可数名词:可数名词: a tin 一只锌罐 a relation 亲属 an iron 一把熨斗 a democracy民主国家 a glass 一只玻璃杯 a beauty美人,美的东西 A forest 一片树林 a power大国 不可数名词: tin 锡 relation 关系 Iron 铁 democracy民主 glass 玻璃 beauty 美 Wood 木头 power威力,电力。

另外,在很多情况下抽象名词可变成可数名词:

A:而可数名词在一定情况下也可以抽象化,变成不可数名词 B: Would you like some coffee ? (不可数) 喝点咖啡好吗? Let me have a coffee . (可数) 给我一杯咖啡吧。 Translation is an art . (不可数)翻译是一门艺术。 I've made an English translation of the book . (可数) 我已将那本书译成了英文。 He got in difficulty again . (不可数) 他又有困难了。 They met with many difficulties .(可数) 他们遇到很多困难。

常见的不可数名词有:常用不可数名词

advice 忠告/主意 age 年龄 baggage 行李 beauty 美丽,漂亮bread 面包 beer 啤酒camping 露营 cloth 布 coffee 咖啡 courage 勇气cream 奶油 damage 损害 death 死亡 dust 尘土 experience 经验 fear 担心furniture 家具 gin 杜松子酒glass 玻璃 gold 黄金 help 帮助 hope 希望 hair 头发 horror 恐惧 ice 冰 information 消息/信息 jam 果酱 juice 饮料 knowledge 知识 luggage 行李 mercy 仁慈 mince 肉馅 money 金钱 oil 油 paper 纸 parking 停车 people 人物 pity 同情 relief 救济 sand 沙 shopping 购物 soap 肥皂 steak 牛排 stone 石头 suspicion 猜疑 silver 银tea 茶 water 水 weather 天气 wind 风 wine 葡萄酒 wood 木头 work 工作

不可数名词常见的搭配: a bit of news 一件消息a box of milk 一盒牛奶 a cake of soap 一块肥皂a drop of oil 一滴油 a grain of sand 一粒沙子a pane of glass 一块玻璃a piece of advice 一条忠告 a pot of jam 一罐果酱a sheet of paper 一页纸

二、名词所有格。

1.表示有生命的东西的名词及某些表示时间、距离、星球、世界、国家等无生命的东西的名词后加 ’s来表示所有关系,叫做名词所有格。例如:men’s room 男厕所 / Chairman Mao’s works 毛主席著作 / a mile’s distance 一英里的距离 / a stone’s throw 一步之遥 / the moon’s light 月光

如果该名词是以-s或-es接尾,则只在该名词后加“’”来构成所有格。例如:3 hours’

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

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A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半

walk 三小时的路程 / five minutes’ walk 五分钟路程 // two miles’ distance 两英里的距离

2. 用名词所有格表示处所

肉铺叫a butcher’s shop ,但通常略写为a butcher’s 。类似情况下的shop, house, office都可以省略:a tailor’s裁缝铺 / a barber’s理发店 / a doctor’s诊所 / my sister’s我姐姐的家 / stationer’s文具店 / Chaplin’s卓别林的家

3,名词所有格的用法

名词所有格用来表示所有关系,一般用’s和of来表示名词的所有格。与所有格相对,不带’s词尾的是名词普通格。在学习名词所有格时,要掌握以下内容。 ①.’s所有格用法

单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词在词尾加’s(以s结尾的只需加’)构成所有格,主要用于有生命的东西。例如:

Have you read Robert Browning’s poems?你读过罗伯特·勃郎宁的诗吗?

It’s made from mare’s,cow’s or ewe’s milk.它是用马奶、牛奶或者羊奶制成的。 但也可用于表示时间、城市、地域、团体、机构等非生命的事物。例如: We accepted the invitation without a moment’s hesitation.我们一点也没有犹豫就接受了邀请。

New York’s population is much larger than Washington’s,though it is not the capital city.纽约的人口比华盛顿多得多,虽然它并不是首都城市。

They are holding conferences to discuss the Europe’s future.他们正召开各种会议来讨论欧洲的前景。

We heartily applauded the delegation’s successful visit.我们热烈欢呼代表团访问成功。 Professor Smith is teaching at Yale’s Department of Literature.史密斯教授在耶鲁大学文学系任教。

在某些习惯用语中,尽管是表示无生命的名词,也需要’s的所有格。例如: The driver escaped the death by a hair’s breadth.那个司机这回真是九死一生。 Now you may sing to your heart’s content.你现在可以尽情地唱了。 另外,for friendship’s sake(为了友情),at a stone’s throw(一箭之远), at one’s finger’s tip(手头上有),at arm’s length(保持距离),at one’s wits’ end(黔驴技穷)等都属此类。 ②.of所有格用法

凡不能加’s的名词,都可以与of构成短语,来表示所有关系。例如: Does anyone know the title of the novel?有谁知道这部小说的名字?

There is a tall maple tree at the end of the road.在这条路的尽头有一棵高高的枫树。 如果名词后面有一个较长定语,尽管名词表示有生命的东西,也可以用这种所有格形式。例如:

Did you listen to the speech of the President Clinton over the radio?你听了克林顿总统的广播讲话了吗?

They have the supportofthe people ofthe developing countries.他们得到发展中国家人民的支持。

③.双重所有格

所谓“双重所有格(double genitive)”,是指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格,即“of+名词所有格”。双重所有格有以下几个特征: 1) “of+名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人,不能表示事物。因此,我们可以说:a play ofShakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧), a friend of my wife’s(我妻子的一个朋友),但

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

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By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

却不能说a funnel of the ship’s或 a leg of a table’s,而且该名词必须是特指的,不能是泛指的。比如我们可以说,a friend of the doctor’s(这位医生的一个朋友),a novel of the writer’s(那位作者的一部小说),而不能说a friend of a doctor’s或 a novel of a writer’s。

2)除了修饰的原因外,用双重所有格主要是由于被修饰词有排他性的限定词(determiner),如冠词、某些不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词、数词等。比如我们不能说 an our old acquaintance,而必须说an old acquaintance of ours(我们的一个老相识);不能说many their books,正确的说法是 many books of theirs(他们的许多书)。再如: This demand oftheirs is quite ridiculous.他们的这个要求非常可笑。 “This foolish wife of mine thinks I’m a great artist,” said he.“我那愚蠢的老婆以为我是个大艺术家,”他说道。

3)注意区别下列四种表达方式含义的差别:

one of my brother’s friends(明确表示我兄弟有一个以上的朋友) a friend of my brother’s(暗示我兄弟有一个以上的朋友) a friend of my brother(对我兄弟有好感的人)

my brother’s friend(我兄弟唯一的一个朋友或刚谈及的那一个朋友) ④.特殊所有格

若一样东西为两人共有,则后一个人名用所有格;如果不是两人共有,而是各有各的,则两个名词都用所有格,且其后名词应为复数。例如:

The woman dressed in blue is Mary and Alice’s mother.那个穿蓝衣服的妇女是玛丽和爱丽丝的母亲。

You should find what the difference between Mr. Smith’s and Mr.Black’s cars is.你应当发现史密斯先生与布莱克先生的汽车的不同之处。

Unit 4 Having Fun

【重点短语】

buy sth. for sb. 为??买?? for a picnic 野炊 Not at all. 不用谢。 have a picnic 野炊 over there 在那边。 have a picnic with sb. 和某人一起野炊 try…on… 试穿?? go to sp. 去某地 look nice 看起来很还 go home 回家 how much 问价格 多少(不可数) tell sb.about sth. 告诉??关于?? a pair of 一双/一对?? forget to do sth. 忘记要做?? two kilos of 两千克?? forget doingsth. 忘记做过?? How do you like…= What do you think of… bring sth. 带上??

go fishing/boating/simming/running/hiking… 你认为??怎么样?

think about 考虑 思考 去钓鱼/划船/游泳/跑步/远足?? think of 考虑 想到 sing…with… 和??一起唱?? make a plan 制定一个计划 cook with sb.和??一起做饭 do some shopping 购物 fly a kite/kites 放风筝 need sth. 需要?? be afraid +that从句 恐怕?? need to do sth. 需要做?? have no time=don’t have time 没有时间 need do sth. 需要做?? carry water 提水 be free 有空的 空闲的 speak to sb.=speak with sb. 和某人说话

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

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A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半

talk to sb.=talk with sb. 和某人交谈 ask sb. to do sth. 叫某人做某事

this evening/year/month…今天晚上/今年、这个月??

be happy 开心

Let’s go. 让我们走吧 have to 不得不 next time 下次 get up 起床

meet sb. at sp. 在某地见某人

on one’s way home 在某人回家的路上 on one’s way to sp.

Thank you for sth./doing sth. 感谢做??/感谢某事

【重点句型】

---What can I do for you medam? ---I ---What about having a picnic with old want to buy some clothes for my daughter. McDonald? ---I’d like that, thanks. How about some bread? Hello!This is kangkang.(电话用语) Oh, we don’t have any milk. ---Are you free this Sunday? ---Yes, Do you have any vegetables? what’s up? ---Thanks. ---Not at all. ---Don't forget to bring your guitar? ---All ---May/Can I help you? ---Yes,please.i’d right. like the yellow coat. ---May I speak to Maria? ---Who is this, ---Can I try it on? ---Sure. please. ---How much is it/are they? ---It’s/ ---This is Sally. ---Oh, hello,Sally.Maria They’re… isn’t in now. ---How many bottles? ---Six bottles. ---Could you ask her to call me back this ---Is that all? ---Yes, I think so. evening? ---Sure. That’s fine, we’ll take it. What time is it, please?/ What’s the time, I’m just looking. please? How do you like the pants? Do you have any free time tomorrow? What do you think of the green skirt? Let’s meet at 9 o’clock in my home. Are you kidding? What are your favorite animals? Thank you all the same. It’s time to go home. ---Would you like to go to the West Hill for ---What’s wrong with you? ---I can’t find a picnic? -----Oh, I’d love/like to./ Thanks, my way home. That would be very nice. Let me help you. ---Would you like to sing some songs with Here we are. me? ---I’m sorry I can’t. It’s very kind of you. ---How about flying a kite with me? ---I’d Thank you for your help. like that, but I’m afraid I have no time. Thank you for writing to me.

【重点语法】

一、how much和how many 的区别

how many 后接可数名词复数形式,而how much 后接不可数名词。 例如:

-How many people are there in your family?你家有几口人?-There are five.五口人。 -How many birds can you see in the picture?图画中你能看见多少只鸟?-Only one.仅看见一只鸟。

how much 是一个常见的特殊疑问词组,它的意思为“多少”,表示数量,其后面接

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

第 15 页 共 47 页

By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

不可数名词,也可单独使用,它在初中课本里的用法主要有: 1、用来询问事物的数量,后接不可数名词。例如:

How much milk is there in the glass?玻璃杯里有多少牛奶? How much bread is there on the table?桌子上有多少面包? 2、用来询问事物的重量。例如:

-How much do you want to buy? 你想要买多少?-Two kilos.两公斤。 -How much does the pig weigh?这头猪多重?-Eighty kilos.八十公斤。 3、用来询问数字计算的结果,相当于what。例如:

-How much is three plus one?三加一等于多少?-It's four.等于四。 -How much is eight minus three?八减三等于多少?-It's five.等于五。

4、how much 意为“多少钱”时,可单独使用,也可构成词组how much money,但英语中常省略money,用来询问某物的价钱、价格。例如: How much is your new computer?你的新电脑多少钱?

How much (money ) did you pay for the English grammar book?买这本英语语法书,你付了多少钱? 注意:

(1)how much 后接be动词时,be 是单数还是复数,取决于be之后的名词。 例如:

-How much are the parrots?这些胡萝卜多少钱?-Two yuan a kilo.两元一公斤。 -How much is this coat ?这件大衣多少钱?-One hundred and fifty-three yuan. 一百五十三元。 (2)how much询问价格时,它的回答若是中国的货币单位应采用汉语拼音yuan,fen来表示,几角常采用几十分来表示,字母用小写,且不用复数。例如:

-How much is the eraser?这块橡皮擦多少钱?-Ninety two fen.九角二分。

(3)在买卖过程中,买方觉得太贵不买,常用That's much too dear.作答。如果觉得比较合适,常用That's (very,quite cheap.)

二、some和any的区别

some和any 既可以修饰可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词,some常用在肯定句中,而any则常用在否定和疑问句中。因此 some和any 的用法主要是考虑用在肯定句、疑问句还是否定句中,与名词的可数与否无关。

some意为“一些”,可作形容词和代词。它常修饰可数名词复数。如:some books一些书,some boys一些男孩,也可修饰不可数名词,如:some water一些水,some tea一些茶叶,some常用在肯定句中。any意为“任何一些”,它也可修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词,常用于疑问句和否定句。

如:

--I have some tea here. 我这儿有些茶叶。--I can’t see any tea. 我没看见茶叶。 --Do you have any friends at school? 你在学校有些朋友吗?

--I have some English books, they are my best friends. 我有英语书,它们是我最好的朋友。

但在表示建议,反问,请求的疑问句中,或期望得到肯定回答时,多用some而不用any。如:

Would you like some coffee? 你要不要来点咖啡? What about some fruit juice? 来点水果汁如何?

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

第 16 页 共 47 页

A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半

当any表示“任何”的意义,起强调作用时,它可以用在肯定句中; Any student can answer this question.任何学生都可以回答这个问题。 选题角度:

辨析some和any的不同用法:some 常用在肯定句中,而any 则常用在否定和疑问句中。在表示建议,反问,请求的疑问句中,或期望得到肯定回答时,多用some而不用any。

三、what about 和how about

What about ? 和 how about ? 是英语口语中常用的两个省略句型,它们的意思和用法基本相同,常常用在以下场合。例如:

一)、向对方提出建议或请求。例如:

1. How about going out for a walk? 出去散散步好吗? 2. What about another cake? 再吃块蛋糕好吗? 二)、征询对方的看法或意见。例如:

1、 What about the playing the violin? (你认为)她的小提琴拉的怎么样? 2、 What about the TV play? 那个电视剧怎么样? 三)、询问天气或身体等情况。例如:

1、 What about the weather in your home town? 你们家乡的气候如何?

2、 How about your uncle now? You can’t leave him by himself. 你叔叔近来身体好吗?你们不能单独让他生活。

四)、寒暄时用作承接上下文的转折语。例如:

I am from Beijing. What about you? 我是北京人,你呢?

五)、对所陈述的情况做出反诘,常给予对方一种暗示。例如:

——My memory is good. I’ve never forgotten anything.我的记忆力很好,从不忘记什么。

——What about that time you left your key to the office at home?那次你将办公室的要是忘在家里算是怎么回事呀?

四、介词past和to在表时间区别。

分钟在前,小时在后;分钟小于等于30时,用past;大于30用to;

X (X≤30) past Y

分钟 =============== 小时(X表示分钟Y表示小时) 60-X (X>30) to Y+1

七年级下 Unit 5 Our school life

【重点短语】

come on快点; 加油 on weekdays在周末 the same to对??也一样 the early bird catches the worm早起的鸟有虫on foot步行 吃 by plane/bike/ the subway 乘飞机/自行车/乘walk to sp. = go to sp. on foot 走着去?? 地铁 fly to sp. = go to sp. by plane乘飞机去?? net bar网吧 drive to sp. = go to sp. by car开车去??

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

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By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

take a bus to sp. = go to sp. by bus坐公共汽talk to sb找某人谈话 车去?? talk with sb和某人谈话 play computer games 玩电脑游戏 talk about sth谈论?? know about 知道;了解;懂得 a plan of sth ??的计划 take / have a break / rest休息一下 plan to do sth计划做某事 in one’s free time 在某人的空闲时间 at the back of在??的后面 and so on等等 on the left / right在左边/右边 read books读书 be over结束 clean the house打扫房间 between? and?两者之间 play the guitar弹吉他 from?to? 从??到/ 去?? three times a week一周三次 every day 副词, 每天 for a little while一会儿 everyday形容词,每天的;日常的 at the moment = now = at the present time 现love doing sth. = love to do sth喜爱做某事 在 one day (将来)某一天

---What day is it today?---It’s?询问周几? dining hall食堂

of course当然 outdoor activities 户外活动 lost and found失物招领处 draw picture 画画; in the center of在??的中间 work on = work at 从事于?? next to = beside紧挨着 work on the problem 做题; have / take a ?class上一节??课 learn about sth 学习?? on the playground在操场上; learn from sth / sb 向某人/物学习 do well in在某方面做得好; after school 放学后 look for sb./sth. 寻找( 强调动作, find 强调hard work 坚苦的工作 结果) work hard 努力地工作 in time及时 best wishes 最好的祝福 on time准时

【重点句型】

7. ---How does she usually go to work? 1. It’s time to get up. 该起床的时候了。

It’s time for breakfast. = It’s time to have ---She usually goes to work by car.

---What does he usually do after class? breakfast = It’s time for having breakfast.该吃早

---He usually reads novels. 饭了。

2. You must go to school early. 你必须早8. The early bird catches the worm! 早起的点去上学。(主观因素造成“必须”) 鸟儿有虫吃。/ 笨鸟先飞。

9. ---Where’s Mr. Zhou going? ---He’s I have to wash my face quickly. 我不得不

going to Shanghai. 迅速地洗脸。(客观因素造成“必须”)

3. ----Happy New Year! ---The same to you! 10. ---Which place do you like best? ---I 4. How about you? = What about you? like the computer room best.

11. Swimming is my favorite sport. = I like 5. It tastes good. 它尝起来很好。 It sounds

swimming best. good. 它听起来很好。

6. ---How do you usually go to school? ---I 12. ---Why do you think so? ----Because he usually go to school by bike. likes sleeping.

---What do you usually do after school? 13. ---How often do you go to the library? ---I usually play computer games. ---Very often.

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

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A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半

14. Peter is good at soccer ball. 彼特擅长与我。 足球。 27. I read them with great interest. (我读得

15. My interest is different from theirs. 我的津津有味)我带着极大的兴趣读它们。

28. May I ask you some questions? Yes, 兴趣和他们的不一样。

16. How many lessons do you have every day? please 我可以问你几个问题吗

29. ---Where do you come from? ---I come 你每天上多少节课?

from Australia. = 17. What time is school over? 什么时候放

---Where are you from? --- I’m from 学?

Australia. 18. I try to do my best each day. 每天我都尽

30. ---How long can I keep it? ---Two weeks. 力做到最好。

19. And if I always do my best, I need not 31. Do you have a problem? 你有问题吗? care about the test. 32. ---What day is it today ? ---It’s

20. After dinner, I often do my homework and Wednesday. then watch TV for a little while. 33.What time does the class begin / end ?

21. Welcome to our school. 34.What is your favorite subject ? 22. ---What do you think of our school? What subject do you teach ? ---It’s very nice. I like the school life here . 35 How often do you do outdoor activities ?

36.How many lessons do you have every 23.Wait a minute. = Just a minute. 等一等。

24. Thank you anyway. = Thank you all the week ?

37.Why do/don’t you like English ? same. 仍然谢谢你

Because it’s easy and interesting . 25. Thank you for your hard work. 谢谢你们

Because it’s difficult and boring. 的努力工作。

38.I don’t like math at all . 26. Thank you for asking me. 谢谢你邀请

【重点语法】 一、频度副词 1、定义

usually, sometimes, always, often等词在英文中被称为“频度副词”,是用来表示动作频率的,但程度上有别。一般说来可按频率大小排列:

always>usually>often>sometimes>seldom(很少)>hardly ever>never(从不) 2、频度副词的位置

⑴. 在be动词之后。如:

She is sometimes very busy. 她有时很忙。 ⑵. 在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。如:

I will never forget the first time I met you. 我将永远忘不了和你的第一次见面。 ⑶. 在实义动词之前。如:

We often go there. 我们常去那儿。

⑷. sometimes也可放在句首、句中或句末,often也可放在句末。如: Sometimes she writes to me. 她有时候给我写信。 She writes to me often. 她经常给我写信。 3、用法

⑴. often, always, usually等通常和一般现在时连用,表示现在经常或反复发生的动作。如:

It often rains here in April. 这儿四月份常下雨。

⑵. always与进行时连用时,并不强调动作正在进行,而是表示赞叹、厌烦等情绪。如: He is always thinking of others. 他总是想着别人。(赞叹)

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

第 19 页 共 47 页

By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

She is always asking silly questions. 她老是问些愚蠢的问题。(厌烦) ⑶. 对这些频度副词提问时,用how often。如: I write to my brother sometimes. (就划线部分提问) How often do you write to your brother? ⑷.情态动词后动词用原形。

二、一般现在时态

定义:一般现在时表示现在经常反复发生的动作、存在的状态或习惯性的动作的时态。 构成:一般现在时用行为动词的原形,但第三人称单数作主语时,动词的词尾要加-S。(一般的动词词尾+S。以sh/ch/s/x结尾的词+es.以辅音字母+Y结尾的把Y变成i,+es。辅音字母+o结尾的+es.)

形式:

主语+动词原形+宾语 用法:

1.表示经常的或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。 时间状语: always,usually,regularly,every morning/night/evening/day/week, often, sometimes, occasionally, from time to time,twice a week,rarely,seldom,once a month, hardly, ever,never. 例如:I leave home for school at 7:00 every morning.

2.表示主语具备的性格、能力、特征和状态。 例如:I don't want so much..

Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 3.表示客观事实和普遍真理。

例如:The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.

4.在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,常用一般现在时代替将来时。 5.表示预先计划或安排好的行为。

6.小说故事用一般现在时代替一般过去时。新闻报道类的内容,为了体现其“新鲜”性,也用一般现在时来表示过去发生的事情。

7.有些表示状态和感觉的动词表示现在发生的具体行为时,只用一般现在时,而不用进行时态。

8.表示现在发生的具体动作或存在的状态

9表示格言或警句中。 e.g Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

★注意★:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例:Columbus proved that the earth is round.. 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。

一般现在时表将来:

1)下列动词:come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return,live,fly的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情(即按照固定时间表将来发生的动作)。

例如:The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.

---When does the bus start? --- It starts in ten minutes.

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

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A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半

2)倒装句,表示动作正在进行。

例如:Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.

There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 3)在时间或条件句中。

例如:When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.

I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.

4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 例如:I hope they have a nice time next week.

Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 5).表示按规定、计划或时间表将要发生的事。 例如:He starts next week. 他下个星期出发。 We leave very soon. 我们很快就离开。

The train starts at 10 o'clock in the morning. 火车将在早上10点开出。

这类用法限于表示“移动”的动词:go去,come来,leave离开,start出发,begin开始,arrive到达,take off起飞等。

三、动词变单三形式的规则:

1 一般情况下,动词后面直接加 -s.

例如:work---works bring---brings forget—forgets get---gets give---gives help---helps know---knows like—likes meet---meets look---looks live---lives love---loves order—orders say---says sit---sits see---sees show---shows sing---sings speak---speaks spell---spells take---takes think—thinks visit---visits wait---waits want---wants play---plays …

2 以s,x, ch, sh或 o 结尾的动词,在后面加 es。

例如:wash---washes watch---watches teach---teaches brush---brushes rush---rushes push---pushes go---goes do---does fetch---fetches guess---guesses fix---fixes 3 以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词,把 y变为 i 再加 -es.

例如: study-studies fly—flies try---tries carry---carries hurry---hurries marry---marries 4 特殊情况

例如:have---has 5 运用

A、把第三人称单数陈述句变疑问句 口诀:一找二提三抄写

eg:His mother works in a factory.

一找:be动词 情态动词 实意动词 该句无be动词和情态动词,works为实意动词,找其对应的助动词does,然后还原works为work。 His mother works in a factory.

His mother does work in a factory 二提:把does放在句首。Does??

三抄写:Does his mother worker a factory? B、把第三人称单数肯定句变否定句 Eg:My brother studies math well. 口诀:一找二否三抄写

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

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By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

一找:be动词 情态动词 实意动词 该句无be动词和情态动词,studies为实意动词,找其对应的助动词does,然后还原studies为study。 My brother studies math well

My brother does study math well 二否:把找到的助动词does否定,即:doesn’t 三抄写:My brother doesn’t study math well

温馨提示:动词变单三形式时,元音字母+y结尾的直接加s

四、现在进行时态 定义:

现在进行时的定义:现在进行时表示现在或当前一段时间正在进行的动作。可以表示有计划的未来,也就是用现在进行时表示将来。 构成:

现在进行时的构成是:主语+be+v-ing〔现在分词〕形式 第一人称单数 I+am+doing+sth 第一人称复数 We+are+doing +sth

第二人称单(复)数 You+are+doing+sth 第三人称单数 He(She,it)+is+doing+sth 第三人称复数 They+are+doing +sth 肯定句:主语+is/am/are+现在分词

否定句:主语+is/am/are+not+现在分词

一般疑问句:Is/am/are+主语+现在分词 现在分词变化规则:

1.直接+ ing(例:sleep+ing sleeping) 2.去e+ing(例:bite-e+ing biting)

3.重读闭音节,且末尾只有1个辅音字母,双写辅音字母+ing(例:sit+t+ing sitting) 4.特殊变化:die-dying,lie-lying,tie-tying 现在进行时的基本用法:

A 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。 例:We are waiting for you.

B. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。

例:Mr. Green is writing another novel. (说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。) 例:She is learning piano under Mr. Smith. C.已经确定或安排好的将来活动

I'm leaving for a trek in Nepal next week.(已经安排了) we're flying to Paris tomorrow.(票已经拿到了) D.有些动词(状态动词不用于进行时态)

1.表示知道或了解的动词:believe,doubt,forget,imagine,know, remember, realize, suppose, understand.

2.表示“看起来”“看上去\ 3表示喜爱或不喜爱hate,like,lover,prefer

4表示构成或来源的动词 be /come from,contain,include 5表示感官的动词 hear,see, smell, sound, taste

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

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A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半

6表示拥有的动词belong to,need.own ,possess,want,wish

E. 表示渐变的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。 例:The leaves are turning red.

It's getting warmer and warmer.

F.与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。

例:You are always changing your mind. 关于现在进行时的其他内容:

【No. 1】现在进行时的构成

现在进行时由\构成。be并不是助动词,而是am is are 这三个be动词。初学者最容易漏掉,它应与主语的人称和数保持一致。 【No. 2】现在进行时的应用

在实际运用时,现在进行时常用以下几种情况:

(1)当句子中有now时,常表示动作正在进行,这时要用现在进行时。如: They are playing basketball now.现在他们正在打篮球。

(2)以look, listen开头的句子,提示我们动作正进行,这时要用现在进行时。如: Listen!She is singing an English song.听,她正在唱英语歌。

(3)表示当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作,且此时有this week, these days等时间状语,这时常用现在进行时。如:

We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在做飞机模型。

(4)描述图片中的人物的动作,也为了表达更生动。此时也常用现在进行时。如: Look at the picture. The children are flying kites in the park.看这幅图,那些孩子正在公园放风筝。

【No. 3】现在进行时的变化

肯定句式:主语+be( am, is, are)+现在分词+其它.

否定句式:主语+be(am, is, are) +not +现在分词+其它. 一般疑问句:Be(am, is, are) +主语+现在分词+其它?

特殊疑问句:疑问词+be(am, is, are)+主语+现在分词+其它?

对现在进行时的特殊疑问句的回答,它不可以用Yes或No直接作答,要根据实际情况回答。

五、特殊疑问句的用法 一)特征

1、一般情况:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句构成。 2、特殊疑问词在句中充当成分。 3、不用yes ,no回答,直接回答。 4、读降调。 5、常用疑问词:who, what, whose, where, how, which, when, why, how many, how much, how far. How long, how often, how soon, how high, 等。 二)对划线部分提问。(把各句变为特殊疑问句) 1、对主语(人)提问:

The boy is running now. Who is running now? 2、对表语(人)提问:

He is Lily’s father. Who is he ?

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

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By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

3、对介宾(人)提问:

She is looking for the little boy. Who is she looking for ? 4、对动宾(人)提问:

I often help Wei Hua with English. Who do you often help with English? 5、对间宾(人)提问:

Kate lent Tom a ball yesterday. Who did Kate lend a ball yesterday? 6、对主语(东西)提问:

The books are on the desk.. What are on the desk ? 7、对表语(东西)提问:

These are boats. What are these? 8、对动宾(东西)提问:

I want a cup of tea. What do you want? 9、对职业(提问)提问:

The man is a farmer. What is the man ? What does the man do? 10、对介宾(东西)提问:

He is looking for his pen. What is he looking for? 11、对是什么提问:

It’s a Chinese car. What is it? 12、对计算结果提问:

Six and nine is fifteen. What is six and nine? 13、对年级提问:

I’m in Grade Three. What grade are you in? 14、对班级提问:

Li Lei is in Class Five. What class is Li Lei in? 15、对年级和班级提问:

Wei Hua is in Class Three Grade One, What class and grade is Wei hua in ? 16、对排提问:

We are in Row One. What row are you in?

注:1、对年级、班级、排提问时,问句中的in 不能去掉.

2,what 后的grade ,class ,row用小写形式. 3,what根据实际译为汉语. 17、对学号提问:

Lucy is Number Six. What number is Lucy? What is Lucy’s number? 18、对后置定语提问:

This is a map of China. What map is this ? 19、对颜色提问:

The flowers are red. What color are the flowers? 20、对几点几分提问:

It’s six. What time is it ? What’s the time? 21、对名字提问:

My name is Li Lei. What’s your name ? 22、对前置定语提问:

These apples are yours. Which apples are yours? The best one is Lily’s. Which one is Lily’s?

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

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A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半

23、对表语(名物代)提问:

This cup is yours. Whose is the cup? 24、对后置定语提问:

The boy in the hat is my brother. Which boy is your brother? 25、对后置定语提问:

I want to buy the shirt on the left. Which shirt do you want to buy? 26、对主语(名物代)提问: Mine is red. Whose is red? 27、对定语(形物代)提问:

They are my books. Whose books are they? 28、对定语(名词所有格)提问:

This is Lucy and Lily’s room. Whose room is this? 29、对表语(名词所有格)提问: This cup is Kate’s. Whose is this cup? 30对身体提问:

I’m fine (well, OK, All right.) How are you? 31、对年龄提问:

The boy is fifteen. How old are you? 32、对天气提问:

It’s cloudy today. How is the weather today? =What’s the weather like today? 33、对语言提问:

I can spell it in English. How can you spell it? 34、对方式提问:

I often go to school on foot.(by bus ,by train , by bike···) How do you often go to school? 35、对程度提问:

She studies hard. How does she study? 36、对数量提问:

1,There are five birds in the tree. How many birds are there in the tree?

2,There is much water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle ?

3,There is an apple tree in front of the house. How many apple trees are there in front of the house?

37、对价格提问:The meat is ten yuan . How much is the meat? 注:1,对价格提问,be 应根据后面的主语而定。

2,单位yuan在问句中去掉。 38、对距离提问:

The factory is two kilometers from here. How far is the factory from here? 39、对长度提问:

The ruler is one metre long. How long is the ruler? 40、对for+一段时间提问:

We have stayed there for two hours. How long have you stayed there ? He has lived here since 1997. How long has he lived here? 注:how long 后面必须是延续性动词。 41、对星期提问:

Today is Monday. What day is it today?

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

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By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

42、对in+一段时间提问:

The woman will go to the shop in five minutes. How soon the woman will go to the shop? 43、对频度副词提问:

Liu Ying often carries water for Uncle Li. How often does Liu Ying carry water for Uncle Li? 44、对范围内的次数提问:

I go swimming once a week in summer. How many times do you go swimming in summer? 45、对宽度提问:

The river is five metres wide. How wide is the river? 46、对原因状语提问:

He didn’t come to school because he was ill in bed. Why didn’t he come to school? 注:表示“因为”的连词有since, as , for, because. 47、对时间状语提问:

We usually come to school at seven in the morning. When do you usually come to school? 48、对地点状语提问:

The children sometimes play football on the playground. Where do the children sometimes play football?

49、对几月几日提问:

It’s May 2 today. What’s the date today? 50、对种类(后置定语)提问:

I want the cakes with nuts in them . What kind of cakes do you want? 51、对作什么提问:

The boys are playing in the tree. What are the boys doing in the tree? 三.熟记变特殊疑问句时,容易判断错的情况。 数词

表示年龄:He is fifty-five. How old is he ? 表示时间:It’s fifty-five. What’s the time?

表示加法:Six and two is eight. What’s six and two?

表示价格:The shirt is thirty yuan . How much is the shirt?

表示多少:I have three brothers. How many brothers do you have? 姓名和人

表示人名:My name is Gina. What’s your name? 表示人:The woman is Gina. Who is the woman ? 长度和距离

表示距离:It’s five hundred metres away from here. How far is it from here? 表示长度:It’s five hundred metres. How long is it ? 颜色,东西

表示颜色:The shoes are white. What color are the shoes? 表示物:They are white sheep. What are they?

表示颜色:They are white sheep. What color are these sheep? 名词所有格和人

表示名词所有格:She’s Lucy’s sister. Whose sister is she? 表示人:She’s Lucy’s sister. Who is she?

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

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A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半

Unit 6 Our Local Area

on the second floor 在第二层 next to 靠近 紧挨着 there be 存在的有 go upstairs 上楼

so many+n.(复数) 如此多的?? so much+n.(不可数) 如此多?? have a look 看一看 have a look at? 看?? play with sb. /sth.和??玩耍 in front of 在??的前面 in the front of 在??的前部

play football/cards/chess 踢足球/玩牌/下棋 play the violin/piano/guitar 拉小提琴/弹钢琴/弹吉他

talk to/with sb. 和??交谈

look after=take care of 照顾;照看;照料;保管

and so on 等等 on the wall 在墙上 in the wall 在墙里面

in the tree 在树上(外来物) on the tree 在树上(本身) love/like doing sth. 喜欢做??

hear from sb. =get a letter from sb.收到某人的来信

tell sb. about sth.告诉某人关于某事 tell sb. sth=tell sth. to sb. 告诉某人某事 tell sb. to do sth. 告诉某人做某事 give back归还

what…be like?像??样子? look like 看起来像?? apartment buildings 公寓 town house 城镇住宅 live with sb. 和??居住 for a while 一会儿 put away 把??收起来 have a walk散步 have a bath洗澡 have a swim游泳 have a talk谈话 have a rest休息

【重点短语】

look for寻找 for rent 出租

rent sth. to sb. 把某物租给某人

call sb. at+号码 请拨打??电话与某人联系

double room 双人间 single room 单人间

a family of+数词 ??口之家 a parking lot停车场

at/on the street corner在街道的拐角 knock at(the door)敲(门) hear sb. doing sth.听到某人正在做某事(动作) hear sb. do sth.听见某人做某事(过程) on the left在左边;on the right在右边

at the end of 在??的尽头;在??的末尾 close to 离??近(very near) far from 离??远

not far from 离??不远

there be+sb./sth.+v.ing 某处有某人/某物在干??

get sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事 right now= at once 立刻、马上 all right 行了,好吧

from…to… 从??到??

in the suburbs在郊外;在郊区 the cost of ??的花费 according to按照

at the first street 在第一个街口 walk along 沿着??走

go across 越过,走过(表面) go through 越过,走过(空间) on the corner of 在??拐角处

at the corner of 在某个地方或建筑外面的拐角处 in the corner of 在某建筑物内的角落 across from在(街,路等)的对面 be…away from 离??远 need to do sth. 需要做?? change to+车辆 改乘??车俩 how far 多远

No parking/wimming… 禁止停车/游泳?? lose one’s life 丧生

obey/follow the rules 遵守规则

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

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By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

thousands of成千上万的 a public phone公用电话 get to到达

the way to the station去车站的路 traffic lights交通灯

between?and?在??和??之间 the information desk咨询处

a ticket for speeding 超速行驶罚单 be careful 小心

it’s good to do sth. 做某事说好心的/助人为乐的

【重点句型】

1.Welcome to my new home. Maria! 19.The parking lot and the train station are not 2.Why not go upstairs and have a look? far from here. 3.There are so many books on the shalves. 20.Are there many people living near your There is a lamp,a computer,some books and home? so on. 21.My kitchen fan dosen’t work./There is Is there a sofa in your study? something wrong with my kitchen fan. 4.Don’t put them here. Put them away, please. 22.I’ll get someone to check it right now. 5. My pet dog plays with the ball everywhere. 23.That’s all right. That’s right. 6.---What’s in front of the house? ---There is 24.Many people are moving from cities to the

suburbs. a car in front of it.(方位介词)

7.----How many boats are there? ---There 25.The cost of the living is high. are two. 26.Go along Xinhua Street and turn left at the 8.I love playing on the computer in the study. first street. 9.There is a map on the wall./ There is a 27.Go across the bridge,and you’ll find the window in the wall. park. 10.I’m very glad to get a letter from you.=I’m 28.Which is the way to the post office? very glad to hear from you . =Could you tell me the way to the post 11.I want to tell you something about my office? house, too. =How can I get to the post office? 12.What’s your home like? =Is there a post office near her? 13.Do you live with your grandmother? =Where is the post office? 14.Micheal is looking for an apartment near 29.It’s about 15 kilometers away from here. our house. 30.We must obey the traffic rules. 15.She wants to rent a double room. 31.We keep on the left of the road. 16.Would you like me to help you? 32.It’s good to help children and old people to 17.I hear you playing the piano. cross the road. 18.There are many shops and restautants close 33.You need to take bus No.718. to my home. 34.How far is it from here?

【重点语法】

一、there be句型

一)、there be句型基本认识

1、 定义:There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。

2、结构:(1) There is +单数可数名词/不可数名词+ 地点状语. (2) There are +复数名词+地点状语.

注意事项: there是引导词,在句中不充当任何成分,翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物,谓语动词be要与主语(某人或某物)的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

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A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半

上的名词时,谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。如: ① There is a bird in the tree. 树上有一只鸟。

② There is a teacher and many students in our classroom. 我们教室里有一位老师和许多学生。 ③ There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 树下有两个男孩,一个女孩。 二)、 there be 句型的常考点 考点一:各种句型转化。 1:变成否定

There be句型的否定式的构成和含有be动词的其它句型一样,在be后加上not或no即可。注意not和no的不同:not是副词,no为形容词,not a/an/any + n. 相当于no+ n.。 例如:There are some pictures on the wall. →There aren't any pictures on the wall. =There are no pictures on the wall.

There is a bike behind the tree. → There isn't a bike behind the tree. =There is no bike behind the tree.

2:变成一般疑问句

There be句型的一般疑问句变化是把be动词调整到句首,再在句尾加上问号即可。但同时要注意:当肯定句中有some时,要将其改为any(否定变化也一样)。 There is some water on Mars. → Is there any water on Mars?

There are some fish in the water. →Are there any fish in the water? 3:特殊疑问句

对主语提问:当主语是人的时候,则用who 引导,当主语是物的时候,则用what 引导。

注意:无论原句的主语是单数还是复数,对之提问时一般都用be的单数形式(回答时却要根据实际情况来决定)。如:

There are many things over there. →What's over there? There is a little girl in the room.→Who is in the room?

对地点状语提问:则用where 引导。如:

There is a computer on the desk. → Where is the computer?

There are four children on the playground. →Where are the four children?

对数量提问:般有两种句型结构: How many+复数名词+are there+介词短语? How much+不可数名词+is there+介词短语? 考点二:there be 句型的时态。

be可以有现在时(there is/are)、过去时(there was/were)、将来时(there is/are going to be或there will be)和完成时(there have/has been);还可用there must be ,there can’t be, there used to be等。 如:

---There ______ a concert this evening. ---Yeah. Exciting news!

A. are going to be B. is going to be C. is going to have D. will have 考点三:there be 句型反意疑问句的构成:be (not) there?

如:There is some milk in the bottle, ____ ?

A.isn't there B.aren't there C.isn't it D.are there 考点四:there be 句型的主谓一致:

There be 结构中的be动词要和后面所跟名词保持一致,遵循就近原则。 如:1.There ___ any rice in the bowl.

A. are B. is C. isn’t D. aren’t

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

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By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

2.There ___ many apples on the tree last year.

A. have been B. were C. are D. is 考点五:there be 句型用的其他动词:

there be 句型中有时不用动词be ,而用come , live ,stand , lie, seem to be , happen to be ,等。

如:There ____ a knife and a fork on the table. (2007黄冈)

A. seems to be B. seem to be C. is seeming to be D. are

剖析:根据就近原则,首先排除B、D,而 there be 句型中有时不用动词be ,而用come , live ,stand , lie, seem to be等,所以答案应从A、C中选。感官动词一般不用进行时,故C也不正确。

注意事项:there be 句型与have句型的区别

(1) There be 句型和have都表示“有”的含义。区别如下:There be表示“某处存在某物或

某人”;have表示“某人拥有某物/某人”,它表示所有、拥有关系。 如:He has two sons. 他有两个儿子。

There are two men in the office. 办公室里有两个男人。

(2)当have表示“包括”、“存在”的含义时,There be 句型与其可互换。

如:A week has seven days. =There are seven days in a week. 一个星期有七天。

二、方位介词的用法

1、next to 意思为“紧挨着,与??相邻,在隔壁”

如:The city is next to Shanghai. 2、in 意思为“在??里(内)”

⑴用于一天当中某个时间。

如:in the morning/evening/afternoon ⑵用于某个较长的时间

如:in 2005 in May in spring ⑶in+某种语言

如:in Chinese/English

⑷in+地点名词 意思为“在??” 如:in China in the city 3、on 意思为“在??上”

⑴在方位上, on表示A地与B地接壤、毗邻。如: North Korea is on the east of China. 韩国在中国的东部。 ⑵在时间上, on指时间表示:

① 具体的时日和一个特定的时间,如某日、某节日、星期几等。 如:On Christmas Day(On May 4th), there will be a celebration. ②在某个特定的早晨、下午或晚上。

如:He arrived at 10 o’clock on the night of the 5th. ③准时,按时。

如:If the train should be on time, I should reach home before dark.

⑶在地点上,on表示地点,一般指与面或线接触,意为“在??上;在??旁”。如: The picture was hanging on the wall. New York is on the Hudson River. 4、in front of和in the front of

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

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in front of 意思为“在某物/某人外面的前面” 如:There is a big tree in front of the classroom. in the front of意思为“在某物/某人内部的前面” 如:There is a big desk in the front of the classroom.

5、behind 意思为“在??后面” 同“at the back of” 如:There is a cat behind the door.

She is standing at the back of me.

6、under 意思为“在??的下面/下方” 如:The cat is sleeping under the table. 7、near 意思为“在??附近、靠近”

如:You can see the library is near the school building. 8、at 意思为“在......处”,一般指较小的比较具体的地点。 如:He isn't at school. He is at home.

三、祈使句

⒈定义:用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句,祈使句最常用于表达命令,因此在学校文法中也常称为命令句。

⒉祈使句因对象(即主语)是第二人称,所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都为一般现在时,句末则使用句号来表示结束。

例:Go and wash your hands. (去洗你的手。——命令) Be quiet, please.(Please be quiet.) (请安静。——请求) Be kind to our sister. (对姊妹要和善。——劝告) Watch your steps. (走路小心。——警告)

Look out!Danger! (小心!危险!——强烈警告,已如感叹句) Keep off the grass. (勿践草坪。——禁止) No parking. (禁止停车。——禁止)

祈使句也常把主语“You”表达出来,使对方听起来觉得柔和些, 例如:You go and tell him, Chris. (克立斯你去告诉他。) ⒊相关口诀

祈使句无主语, 常常省去主语you; 谓语动词用原形, don't句首变否定; 朗读应当用降调, 句末常用感叹号。 ⒋表现形式

●肯定结构:

⑴. Do型(即:动词原形(+宾语)+其它成分)。如:Please have a seat here. 请这边坐。

有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下,动词可省略。如:This way, please. = Go this way, please. 请这边走。

⑵. Be型(即:Be + 表语(名词或形容词)+其它成分)。如:Be a good boy! 要做一个好孩子! ⑶. Let型(即:Let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分)。如:Let me help you. 让我来帮你。 ●否定结构:

⑴. Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加don't构成。如:Don't forget me! 不要忘记我! Don't be late for school! 上学不要迟到!

⑵. Let型的否定式有两种:“Don't + let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分”和“Let + 宾语 + not + 动词原形 + 其它成分”。如:Don't let him go. / Let him not go. 别让他走。

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

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By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

⑶. 有些可用no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。如:No smoking! 禁止吸烟!No fishing! 禁止钓鱼!

“let”带头的祈使句

由“let”带头的祈使句(Imperative Sentences)是个常见的动词句型,它的主要用法有下列三种:

1.表示“建议”。

这个句型里的\后头紧跟着一个第一人称的代词宾语,如: (1) Let me try. (2) Let's do it.

(3) Let me go and look for it.

这个句型语气委婉,比直接的祈使句客气。试比较(4)a和(4)b: (4) a. Don't disturb him. b. Let's not disturb him.

(a)是直接命令,语气强烈,不如(b)温柔悦耳。 2.表示“间接命令”或“愿望”。

这句型里的动词宾语是第三人称名词或代词,如: (5) Let Robert take charge of the marketing department. (6) Let her join our choir. 3.表示“警告”、“蔑视”、“威胁”等。

这种祈使句里的宾语也是第三人称为主。除了口气凶悍之外,有时还语带讽刺,如: (7) Let him try and he will expose his inability to work on his own.

(8) Let the invaders come and our armed forces will wipe them out in no time. 用“let”的祈使句时,必须注意下列几点:

一、“let” 的否定句有二。如果宾语是第三人称用“Don't let.....”(见例(9));如果宾语是第一人称,则用“Let......not”(见例(10)):

(9) Don't let this type of things happen again.

(10) It's raining now. Let's not go out until after the rain. 二、“Let”只适用于现在时态,可以有被动语态 (the passive voice),如: (11) Let the recalcitrant criminals be sent to prison. (12) Let all the dedicated capable staff be promoted. 三、“Let”后头除了是不带\的不定式动词 (The infinitive without\之外,还可以是某些适当的副词,如out, in, down, alone等:

(13) Let the puppy out.

(14) Open the windows and let the fresh air in. (15) The room is too sunny. Let the blinds down. (16) Let me alone, please.

四、用“Let's”时,把谈话者的对象包括在内;用\时,并不包括对方,如: (17) Let's try it, shall we?

(18) Let us do it by ourselves, will you?

从(17)里的“shall we”和(18)里的“will you”,不难知道前者包括听话人,后者并没有。

四、通过的各种表达

1、across是介词,强调从范围的一边倒另一边,且在物体表面上或是某一直线的方向而进

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

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A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半

行的动作。

My house is across the river. 我家在河对岸。 2、cross是动词,表示“穿过,越过,渡过”。 Don’t cross the river. 别穿过马路。 3、across from 在??对面

My house is across from the bank. 我家在银行对面。 4、crossing 意思为“十字路口”

All cars should stop at the zebra crossing. 所有的车辆都要在斑马线前停下。 5、past 也是介词,从某物旁边经过。意思是“走过??, 进过??”

He often walks past me without saying “hello”. 他经常不打招呼就从我身边走过。 6、through 也是介词,强调从空间范围里通过,一般和go/walk/fly…连用 The fly flies through the window. 苍蝇从窗户里飞过。

介词through和across的用法与区别

1)through为介词,既可指时间,也可指地点。指时间时表示“在(整整一段时间)中”,指地点时表示“通过,穿过经过”(常有较活的译法)。例如:

① Sometimes they have to work through the weekend.有时候整个周末他们都得工作。 ② All through the night, he waited for news from the front.整整一夜他等候着前线的消息。 ② She walked rapidly through the rice-fields. 她快步穿过稻田。

③ ④ The sunlight was coming in through the window.阳光从窗口照射进来。

⑤ The wind was cutting through his thin prison uniform like a knife.寒风象一把刀子透过他薄薄的囚服刺入骨髓。

2)across 与 through 的区别:

这两个介词都有“穿过”的意思,但用法却有所不同。across的含义与on有关,表示动作在某一物体的表面进行,常指从宽度意义上讲的“横穿/跨”。through的含义与 in有关,表示动作在某物体的空间进行。例如:

① He hurried across the bridge to Waterloo. 他匆匆过桥到滑铁泸去了。

② The river flows through the city from west to east. 这条河从西向东流过这座城市。

Unit7 The Birthday Party

【重点短语】

next Tuesday /year /week 下星期二/明年/下It`s round 它是圆的 周 What color什么颜色 plan to + 动词原形+sth 打算/准备做某事 black and white黑白相间 want to do sth 想做某事 have a look /rest /swim /walk 看一看/休息have a birthday party 开个生日聚会 一下/游泳/散步 Would you like to+v.(原形)你想??? I`m afraid… 恐怕?? I`d love to 我非常乐意去 look like看起来 Pay attention to 注意?? just now刚才 Work alone 独立练习 A moment ago 刚才 be born 出生 how wide / far / long/ often / soon 多长/ 多A model plane 一个飞机模型 远/ 多长/ 多久/ 多久 guess again 再猜一下 Use…for … 用??做??

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

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By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

without one’s help = without the help of sb. want to do sth. =would like to do sth. 想要

做?? 在没有某人的帮助下 buy sth. for sb. =buy sb. sth. 给某人买某物 may be 可能是?? 表推测、猜测 to one’s surprise 令某人惊奇的是 enjoy oneself 过得愉快、玩得开心 what a surprise. 太让人惊讶了。 It’s one’s turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事了 do some cleaning/shopping/washing 做卫生/fall down 滑到、摔倒 买东西/洗衣服 hurt oneself 伤着某人自己 play the piano/guitar 弹钢琴/弹吉他 at once = right now 立刻 马上 no way 没门 happen to sb.(sth.) 某人(某事物)出了什么take…to… 把??带到?? 事 what else…? 还有什么? happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事 count from… to… 从??数?? stand up 站起来 take photos 照相 come back (to) sp. 回到某地 take photos of…给??拍照片 last night/ month/ term/ year/ week 昨晚/ 上half a year ago 半年前 个月/ 上学期/ 去年/ 上周 two days/years ago 两天前/年 go to the movies = see a movie 去电影院看be good at+n./v.ing 擅长于?? 电影 have a good/ great/ nice/ wonderful time 玩得lie to sb. =tell a lie to sb. 对某人撒谎 开心 make…by hand 收工制作 because of +名词、代词或动名词 sit around 坐在??的周围 at the age of = when sb. be +年龄 在??岁in one breath 一口气 时 write a letter back to sb. 给??回信 with one’s help = with the help of sb.在某人write to sb. 给某人写信 的帮助下 why not … ? 为什么不呢?

【重点句型】

1.When is your birthday? I can also perform ballet. 2.How do you plan to celebrate it? 14.I’m sure we’ll have a good time at the 3.What day is it today? party. 4.What’s the date today? 15.You are so smart. 5.When were you born? 16.What else can you do? 6.What is your present for Kangkang’s 17.I’d like to take these flowers to the party. birthday? 18.But one year ago, he couldn’t do it at all. 7.What’s the shape of your present? 19.Kangkang is good at playing soccer, while =What shape is your present? Micheal does well in basketball. =What does it look like? 20.How was Kangkang’s birthday party? 8.I’m afraid you can’t. 21.Did you sing a Chinese song or an English 9.How long/wide/big is it? song? 10.---What do we use it for? ---We use it to 22.What did Sally do? study. 23.Did Kangkang enjoy hinself? 11.Mr. Brown wants to buy a beautiful light 24.It’s your turn to paly the piano. blue dress for Mis. Brown. 25.I missed the chair and fell down. 12.That would be a surprise for Mrs. Brown. 26.Go and wash them at once. 13. I can only sing English songs. 27.Did you hurt yourself. I can speak English well. 28.What time did you come back home last

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

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A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半

night, Judy? 34.There was a big birthday cake with 13 29.Why did you come back so late? candles on it. 30.I went to the movies with Alice and lisa. 35.We all sat around the cake, Kangkang

made a silent wish, and then he blew the 31.How could you lie to me?

32.Why didn’t you tell me the truth? candles out in one breath. 33.Each of us gave Kangkang a birthday card. 36.What happened to Micheal at the party.

【重点语法】

一、be动词的一般过去时

学习动词be的一般过去时,下面有一口诀,它可以帮你们更好地掌握动词be的一般过去时。

be的过去时有四巧:

一是时间状语巧,表示过去的短语要记牢; 二是形式巧,单数was,复数were;

否定句结构是三巧,not紧跟was/were; 四是疑问句式巧,was/were向前跑(提前)。

【一巧】 时间状语巧。一般过去时表示过去发生的动作 或存在的状态,恰巧与表示过去的一些时间状语连用。例如:

yesterday, last night/week/month/year, last Saturday, the day before yesterday, in 1998, five years ago等。

【二巧】 形式巧。它与一般现在时一样,形式多样:当主 语是第一人称单数或第三人称单数时,谓语动词用was;主语是第二人称或其他人称复数时,谓语动词用were。例如: I was in the classroom yesterday morning. 昨天早上我在教室里。 He was at school last Tuesday. 上周二他在学校。

They were over there a moment ago. 刚才他们在那边。 【三巧】 否定句结构巧。与动词be的一般现在时一样,

它在动词后面加not即可变成否定句,并且was, were与not可以缩写成wasn't, weren't。即:主语 + wasn't/ weren't + 表语 + 其他。例如: I was not (=wasn't) here yesterday. 昨天我不在这儿。

My parents were not (=weren't) at home last Sunday. 上周日我父母不在家。

【四巧】 疑问句式巧。把was, were提到句首,句末用问号即可变为一般疑问句。即:Was(Were) + 主语 +表语 + 其他?这恰巧与动词be的一般现在时的疑问句式相似。例如:Were you at home the day before yesterday﹖ 前天你在家吗? Was she late this morning﹖ 今天早上她迟到了吗? 更巧的是疑问句的答语也相似,肯定回答用“Yes, 主语+was/were.”;否定回答用“No,主语+wasn't/weren't.”。例如:

—Were Wei Hua and Han Mei here just now﹖ 刚才魏华和韩梅在这儿吗?

—Yes, they were. (No, they weren't.) 是的,她们在。(不,她们不在。)

二、数词 一)、 数词的分类

1. 基数词:表示数目的词称为基数词。其形式如下: A.从1——10

one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten. B.从 11——19

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

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By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

eleven,twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen,eighteen, nineteen. 这里除 eleven, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, eighteen为特殊形式外,fourteen,sixteen,seventeen,nineteen都是由其个位数形式后添加后缀-teen构成。

C.从 21——99

整数几十中除twenty,thirty, forty,fifty,eighty为特殊形式外,sixty,seventy,ninety都是其个位数形式后添加后缀-ty构成。表示几十几时,在几十和个位基数词形式之间添加连字符“-”

21 twenty-one 76 seventy-six D.百位数

个数基数词形式加“hundred”,表示几百,在几十几与百位间加上and.

101 a hundred and one 320 three hundred and twenty 648 six hundred and forty-eight

E.千位数以上

从数字的右端向左端数起,每三位数加一个逗号“,”。从右开始,第一个“,”前的数字后添加 thousand,第二个“,”前面的数字后添加 million,第三个“,”前的数字后添加 billion。然后一节一节分别表示,两个逗号之间最大的数为百位数形式。

2,648 two thousand six hundred and forty-eight

16,250,064 sixteen million two hundred and fifty thousand sixty-four

5,237,166,234 five billion,two hundred and thirty-seven million,one hundred and sixty-six thousand,two hundred and thirty-four

F.基数词在表示确切的数字时,不能使用百、千、百万、十亿的复数形式;但是,当基数词表示不确切数字,如成百、成千上万,三三两两时,基数词则以复数形式出现。

There are hundreds of people in the hall.大厅里有数以百计的人。

Thousands and thousands of people come to visit the Museum of Qin Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses every day. 每天有成千上万的人来参观秦兵马涌博物馆。

They went to the theatre in twos and threes. 他们三三两两地来到了剧院。 G.表示人的不确切岁数或年代,用几十的复数形式表示。

He became a professor in his thirties. 他三十多岁时成为了教授。 She died of lung cancer in forties. 她四十来岁时死于肺癌。 It was in the 1960s. 那是在二十世纪六十年代。 H.基数词的句法功能

基数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语。 The two happily opened the box. 两个人高兴地打开了盒子。(作主语) I need three altogether. 我总共需要三个。(作宾语)

Four students are playing volleyball outside. 四个学生在外面打排球。(作定语) We are sixteen. 我们是16个人。(作表语)

They three tried to finish the task before sunset. 他们三个人尽力想在日落前完成任务。(作同位语)

2. 序数词

表示顺序的词称为序数词。序数词的主要形式: A.从第一至第十九

其中,one— first, two— second, three— third, five— fifth,eight—eighth,nine—ninth,twelve— twelfth为特殊形式,其它的序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加“th”构成。例如: six— sixth、nineteen— nineteenth.

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

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A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半

B.从第二十至第九十九

整数第几十的形式由其对应的基数词改变结尾字母y为i,再加“eth”构成。 twenty——twentieth thirty——thirtieth

表示第几十几时,用几十的基数词形式加上连字符“-”和个位序数词形式一起表示。 thirty-first 第三十一 fifty-sixth 第五十六 seventy-third 第七十三 ninety-ninth 第九十九

C.第一百以上的多位序数词

由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。 one hundred and twenty-first 第一百二十一

one thousand,three hundred and twentieth 第一千三百二十 D.序数词的缩写形式

有时,序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有。

first——lst second——2nd third——3rd fourth——4th sixth——6th twentieth——20th twenty-third——23rd

其中lst,2nd,3rd为特殊形式,其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。 E.序数词的句法功能

序数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和表语。

The second is what I really need. 第二个是我真正需要的。(作主语) He choose the second. 他挑选了第二个。(作宾语)

We are to carry out the first plan. 我们将执行第一个计划。(作定语) She is the second in our class.在我们班她是第二名。(作表语)

注:序数词在使用时,通常前面要加定冠词 the;但是如果序数词前出现不定冠词a或an时,则表示“再——”,“又——”。

We’ll go over it a second time. 我们得再念第二遍。

We’ve tried it three times.Must we try it a fourth time? 我们已经试过三遍了,还必须试一次(第四次)吗?

另外,基数词也可以表示顺序。只需将基数词放在它所修饰的名词之后即可,不需要添加定冠词。

the first lesson——Lesson One the fifth page——Page 5(five) the twenty-first room——Room 21(twenty-one) 温馨提示:序数词的变化口诀

一二三,特殊记,从四起后面要加th,八去t,九去e , 遇到ve要用f替,若是整十的,y变成ie,再说几十几,前基后序要牢记。 二)、时刻表示法

1. 表示几点钟用基数词加可以省略的o’clock 5:00 读作 five o’clock 或 five

2. 表示几点过几分,在分钟后加past,再加小时

five past seven 七点过五分 half past six 六点半 a quarter past eight 八点过一刻 seven past eight 八点过七分 3. 表示几点差几分,在分钟后面加to,再加小时 ten to eight 差十分八点(七点五十分) a quarter to twelve 差一刻十二点(十一点四十五分) twenty to six 差二十分六点(五点四十分)

在日常生活中,常用下列简单方法表示时间。 以小时、分种为单位分别读出数字。 6:31 读作 six thirty-one 10:26 读作 ten twenty-six 14:03 读作 fourteen o three 16:15 读作 sixteen fifteen 18:30 读作 eighteen thirty 23:55 读作 twenty-three fifty-five

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

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By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

注:时刻表上的时间大多采用24小时表示法,这样就不需要用a.m.表示上午,p.m.表示下午了。 三)、年月表示法

1. 世纪可以用定冠词加序数词加世纪century表示,也可以用定冠词加百位进数加’s表示

the sixth(6th)century 公元六世纪 the eighteenth(18th)century 公元十八世纪 the 1900’s 二十世纪 the 1600’s 十七世纪

这里,用百位数整数表示的世纪比这一百位阿拉伯数字本身多一个世纪。 2. 年代用定冠词及基数词表示的世纪加十位整数的复数形式构成

in the 1930’s(in the thirties of the twentieth century或 in the nineteen thirties) 在二十世纪三十年代 in the 1860’s(in the sixties of the 19th century或 in the eighteen sixties) 在十九世纪六十年代 In the 1870’s when Marx was already in his fifties,he found it important to study the situation in Russia,so he began to learn Russian. 在十九世纪七十年代当马克思已经五十多岁时,他发现研究俄国的形势很重要,便开始学习俄语。

3. 表示某年代的早期、中期和晚期,可以在定冠词后,年代前添加 early,mid-,late in the early 1920’s 在二十世纪二十年代早期 in the mid-1950’s 在二十世纪五十年代中期

4. 年月日表示法

A.年份用基数词表示,一般写为阿拉伯数字,读时可以以hundred为单位,也可以以世纪、年代为单位分别来读。

1949 读作 nineteen hundred and forty-nine 或 nineteen forty-nine 1800 读作 eighteen hundred 253 读作 two hundred and fifty-three或two fifty-three 1902 读作 nineteen hundred and two或 nineteen o two

表示在哪一年,一般在年数前加介词in,使用year时,year放在数词之前。 in the year two fifty-three B.C. 在公元前253年 但是,通常采用in加表示年份的阿拉伯数字。

B. 月份,在哪个月用介词in加第一个字母大写的月份词表示。例如:in May在五月; in July在七月。为了简便起见,月份与日期连用时,月份常用缩写形式表示。缩写形式除May,June,July外,其它的月份都由其前三个字母表示,但September除外。

January——Jan.一月 February——Feb.二月 March——Mar. 三月 April——Apr.四月

August——Aug.八月 September——Sept.九月 October——Oct.十月 November——Nov.十一月 December——Dec.十二月

注:这里缩写形式后面加点不能省略,因为它是表示缩写形式的符号。 C.日期用定冠词the加序数词表示。在哪一天要添加介词on。 National Day is on Oct. 1. 国庆节是十月一日。(读作 October first) 此句也可以表示为 National Day is on the 1st of October.

May 5 五月五日(读作May fifth) 也可以表示为the fifth(5th)of May Mar. 1(st) 三月一日(读作March first或 the first of March)

5. 表示不具体、不确切的时间,如世纪、年代、年份、月份时,用介词in表示,表示具体确切的某一天用介词on表示通常情况下morning,afternoon,evening等词前用介词in。但是,当这些词前后有一修饰限定的词作为定语,把它们限定为某一天早晨、下午或晚上时,介词in应改为on。这里的修饰限定词可以是介词短语、名词、形容词、定语从句等。

On a cold morning,the old man died lonely in his house. 在一个寒冷的早晨,这个老人孤独地死在自己的房子里。

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

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A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半

I don’t want to be disturbed on nights when I have to study. 我不愿意在我必须学习的晚上被打扰。

The accident happened on the afternoon of July 7. 这次事故发生在7月7日下午。 We are to have a small test on Monday morning. 星期一早晨我们将进行一次小测验。 四)、加减乘除表示法

1. “加”用plus,and或add表示;“等十减去六等于四 于”用is,make,equal等词表示。 3. “乘”用time(动词)或multiply

2+3=? 可表示为: How much is two 表示 plus three? 3X4=? How much is three times four?

2+3=5 3X4=12 Two plus three is five. Three times four is/are twelve. Two and three is equal to five. Multiply three by four,we get twelve. Two and three makes five. Three multiplied by four makes twelve. Two added to three equals five. 三乘以四等于十二 If we add two to/and three, we get five. 4. “除”用divide的过去分词形式表示

16÷4=? How much is sixteen divided by 二加三等于五

four? 2. “减”用 minus或 take from表示

10-6=? How much is ten minus six? 16÷4=4 10-6=4 Sixteen divided by four is four.

Sixteen divided by four Ten minus six is four.

Take six from ten and the remainder is equals/gives/makes four. four. 十六除以四等于四。

Six (taken) from ten is four. 五)、分数表示法

1. 分数是由基数词和序数词一起来表示的。基数词作分子,序数词作分母,除了分子是“1”以外,其它情况下序数词都要用复数形式。

3/4 three fourths或 three quarters 1/3 one third或a third 24/25 twenty-four twenty-fifths 3 1/4 three and one fourth或 three and one quarter 1/2 a half 1/4 one quarter或a quarter 1 1/2 one and a half 1 1/4 one and a quarter

2. 当分数后面接名词时,如果分数表示的值大于1,名词用复数;小于1,名词用单数。 1 1/2 hours 一个半小时(读作 one and a half hours) 2 3/4 meters 二又四分之三米(读作two and three-fourths meters) 4/5 meter 五分之四米 5/6 inch 六分之五英寸

3. 表示“n次方”的说法:指数用序数词,底数用基数词。

10的7次方 the seventh power of ten(ten to the seventh power) 6的10次方 the tenth power of six(six to the tenth power) 六)、小数表示法

1. 小数用基数词来表示,以小数点为界,小数点左首的数字为一个单位,表示整数,数字合起来读;小数点右首的数字为一个单位,表示小数,数字分开来读;小数点读作 point,o读作 zero或o〔ou〕,整数部分为零时,可以省略不读。

0.4 zero point four或point four 零点四 10.23 ten point two three 十点二三 25.67 twenty-five point six seven 二十五点六七 l.03 one point o three 一点零三

2. 当数字值大于1时,小数后面的名词用复数,数字值小于1时,小数后面的名词用单数。

1.03 meters 一点零三米 0.49 ton 零点四九吨 l.5 tons 一点五吨

A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 一本好书,相伴一生。

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By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实,交谈使人精明。

七)、百分数表示法

百分数用基数+percent表示

50% fifty percent 百分之五十 3% three percent 百分之三 0.12% zero point one two percent 百分之零点一二

这里的percent前半部per表示“每一”,cent这一后半部分表示“百”,所以百分之几中percent不用复数形式。 八)、数量表示法

1. 表示长、宽、高、面积等,用基数词+单位词(meter,foot,inch,kilogram等)+ 形容词(long,wide,high等)表示,或者用基数词+单位词 + in + 名词(length, width, height, weight等)表示。

two meters long或 two meters in length 2米长 three feet high或 three feet in height 3英尺高

four inches wide或 four inches in width 4英寸宽 This box is 2 kilograms in weight. 这个盒子有两千克重。

The city wall of Xi/’an is 12 meters wide and 12 meters high. 西安城墙是12米宽,12米高。

2. 表示时间、距离时,使用含数词的名词所有格形式作定语。 five minutes’ walk 步行五分钟(的距离)

It’s an hour’s ride from my hometown to our university. 从我的家乡到我们大学是乘车一小时的路程。或:从我的家乡到我们大学需要乘车一小时。

It’s three kilometers’ distance from our campus to the Bell Tower. 从我们校园到钟楼有三公里远。

3. 表示温度时,用below zero表示零下温度,温度用基数词+degree(s)+单位词(centigrade摄氏或Fahrenheit华氏)表示。

thirty-six degrees centigrade或 36℃ 摄氏 36度 four degrees below zero centigrade或 -4℃ 摄氏零下4度

Water freezes at thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit. 水在华氏三十二度时结冰。 Water boils at one hundred degrees centigrade. 水在摄氏一百度时沸腾。 这里的单位词在人们都很清楚是什么度量制度时,可以省略。 You are 37℃.(读作 thirty-seven degrees) 你是三十七度。(摄氏) It’s seven degrees below zero. 今天是零下七度。(摄氏)

4. 由数词和其他名词构成的名词性短语作定语时,其中的名词用单数形式,名词性短语中各部分间要用连字符“-”来连接。

It’s a five-minute walk from the library to the playground.从图书馆到操场需要走五分钟。 She’s a sixteen-year-old girl.她是个十六岁的女孩。 5. 表示“比···大(或)几倍”的说法。

This room is two times bigger than that one. 这个房间比那个(房间)大两倍。 The dictionary is four times thicker than that book. 这本词典比那本书厚四倍。 My age is two times older than his. 我的年龄比他大两倍

三、情态动词can和could的用法 一)、表示能力

(1) 表示现在的能力,用can:

I can’t decide which to choose. 我不能决定选哪个好。

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother 经验是智慧之父,记忆是智慧之母。

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