lhd高中非谓语动词之独立主格结构

高中英语语法独立主格结构 【一】概述

1.独立主格结构的概念： 非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但

有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。独立主格结构又叫独立结构（absolute construction） 其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。 e.g.: Given more time,I can finish the work.（非谓语动词） The guide leading the way,we had no trouble getting out of the forest.（独立主格）

注意：如何区分非谓语动词中分词结构 与 独立主格结构 作状语

（1）若句子主语与该状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓，动宾关系时，该状语 则用非谓语动词中分词结构或者状语从句表示.

Defeated by his desk mate,he felt discouraged.

(2) 若句子主语与该状语内部动词之间没有有（不存在）逻辑上的主谓，动宾关系时，且 状语内有自己的逻辑主语，则用独立主格结构或者状语从句表示.

Time permitting,we’d better have a rest at this weekend.（独立） =if time permits,we’d better have a rest at this weekend. （状语从句）

(permit与主语we 之间不存在动宾，主谓关系，time permitting 中time 就是permit的逻辑主语，中间省略了being.故只能用独立主格结构）

2独立主格结构有两种形式：

（1）由名词/主格代词+ 形容词，副词，介词短语，非谓语动词（不定式，分词 ，动名词 ）连在一起构成。

(2)介词with/without+名词或代词+形容词，副词，介词短语，非谓语动词（不定式，分词 ，动名词 ）连在一起构成。

3.独立主格结构的特点：

在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。 具有以下特点：

（1）在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。 （2）可置于句首，也可放在句尾。 （3）主要用于书面语。

（4）它的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同，不指同一人或同一物。 （5）be动词在独立主格结构中一般转化为being。

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【二】独立主格结构的构成

1.名词或代词+名词/名词或代词＋ being ＋名词(表补充说明)

Many people come to visit the great wall every year,most of

them (being)foreigners.

在这种结构中，独立主格结构中的名词与前面的名词或代词之间在逻辑上有主系表关系，在句子中主要作伴随、原因等状语或作进一步说明。

① He fought against the thief, a stick (being) his only weapon (= and a stick was his only weapon). 他和这个贼打斗，一根棍子是他唯一的武器。

③ It being Sunday (=As it was Sunday), I didn’t go to school.（句中的being不

能省略）

因为是星期天，我没有上课 注意：也可写成：“名词或代词＋ being ＋名词”，（其是独立主格结构

中的“名词/代词+动词-ing（现在分词）形式”的一种形式。）

其中being是非谓语（系）动词，往往省略.

但 being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略：（补充） ① 是在“There being + 名词”结构中. ② 是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。

There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。

2.名词/代词+现在分词 （表示主动含义和动作正在进行）

名词/代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。

① Weather permitting (= If time permits)，we are going to visit you tomorrow.

天气许可的话，我们明天去看你。 (表示条件)

② Spring coming on (= When spring came on), the trees turned green. 春天来了，树木绿油油的。(表示时间)

③ It being Sunday (= As it was Sunday), they had no classes. 由于是星期天，他们不上课。(表示原因，此时being不能省略) ④ Mother being ill (= Because mother was ill), I have to stay home to look after her.

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妈妈病了, 我只好在家照顾他。(表示原因)

⑤ There being no bus (= Because there was no bus), we had to walk home. 因为没有公共汽车，我们只好步行回家。(表示原因) 注意：

（1）如果该结构表示的动作先发生，则用“名词/代词+having done”的形式，

含义为“……已经……”。例如：

The students having finished their homework (= After the students finished their homework), we went home. 学生做完家庭作业后，我们回家了。

（2）如果该结构表示“……正在被……”,则用“名词/主格代词+being done”

的形式,being不能省略。例如： Food being cooked (= When food was being cooked), I fell asleep. 当食物正在被烹饪的时候，我睡着了。

3.名词/代词+过去分词 （表示被动含义和动作的完成）

名词/代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。

① The signal given (= After the signal was given), the bus started. 发出信号后，汽车开始前进。(表示时间)

② Their strength exhausted (= Because their strength was exhausted), they sank

down one by one. 他们精疲力竭，一个接一个倒下了。(表示原因)

③ All things considered (= If all things are considered), her suggestion is of

greater value than yours. 若全面考虑，她的建议比你的建议有价值。（表示条件） ④ He sat silently, eyes closed (= and his eyes were closed) . 他静静地坐着，双眼紧闭。（表示伴随状况或方式）

注意：如果要明确时间上的先后顺序，该结构有时可以用“名词/代词+having

been done”的形式，含义为“……已经被……”。但是having been可以省略，因为过去分词本身就表示动作完成。例如： The work having been finished (= After the work was finished), he left the workshop. 工作完成以后，他离开了车间。

4.名词/主格代词+形容词/副词 （表示状态或特征）

形容词/副词常用来说明名词或主格代词的性质特征及所处状态。在该结构中，形容词或副词前其实省略了being.

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① Everything (being) ready (= When everything was ready), they started out.

一切准备停当，他们开始出发。（表示时间）

② The children were making a snowman, hands (being) red with cold. (= and their hands were red with cold)

孩子们在对雪人，手都冻红了。（表示伴随状况）

③ The meeting (being) over (= When the meeting was over), the students were

dismissed.

会议结束，学生们解散了。（表示时间）

5.名词/主格代词+不定式 （多表示将来含义，有时也表示过去含义）

(1) 名词/主格代词是不定式所表示的动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上

的主谓关系，此时不定式用主动形式(to do)。 ① The teacher to help us (= If the teacher to help us), we will succeed. 有老师的帮助，我们就能成功。（表示条件和将来含义）

② He invited us to see a film, he himself to buy the tickets (= and he himself bought the tickets).

他请我们看了一场电影，他自己买的票。（表示补充说明和过去含义）

(2) 如果名词/主格代词与不定式构成被动关系, 此时不定式用被动形式(to

be done)。

The meeting to be held tomorrow (= Because the meeting is to be held

tomorrow)，we must catch the first bus. 因为会议明天要被召开，所以我们必须赶上第一班汽车。（表示原因） 6.名词/主格代词 + 介词短语（表示状态或特征）

介词短语常用来说明名词或主格代词的特征或所处的状态。

① The old man sat in the chair, book in hand and pipe in mouth (= and a book was in his hand and a pipe was in his mouth). 老人坐在椅子上，手里拿着书，嘴里叼着烟斗。（表示伴随状况） ② The old farmer came back, a large basket on his shoulder (= and a large basket was on his shoulder). 老农回来，一个大筐扛在肩上。（表示伴随状况） 注意：在该结构中，介词前后的名词前都可以加上限定词，也可以都不加。不加限定词时，介词前后的名词一般用单数形式。例如： He entered the classroom, hat on head. 他进入教室，帽子戴在头上。 【二 】1-5 CBDAA 6-9DCCB

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【二】习题

1.The lecture ______, he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.

A. began B. beginning C. having begun D. being beginning 2.Darkness ______ in, the young people strolled on the streets.

A. set B. setting C. has set D. was set 3. A new technique ______, the production increased by 20 percent.

A. to have been worked out B. having worked out C. working out D. having been worked out 4. On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still, ears ______, alert, listening. A. pointed B. pointing C. are pointed D. are pointing 5. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work ______, we didn’t accept the offer.

A. not being finished B. not having finished C. had not been finished D. was not finished 6. There are various kinds of metals, each ______ its own properties (特性).

A. has B. had C. to have D. having 7. The old man stood under a big tree, ______.

A. a pipe in mouth B. with a pipe in mouth

C. pipe in mouth D. pipe in his mouth 8. ________, all the students ran out of the classroom.

A. Class was over B. Class is over C. Class over D. When class over 9. He was lying on the grass, his hands________ under his head.

A. crossing B. crossed C. was crossing D. were crossed

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【三】其他形式的独立主格结构

1.It形式的独立结构（表示自然现象、时间、距离或环境状况等） It being Monday, the library is closed.

It being spring, many kinds of flowers come out. 2.倒装结构（即在独立结构中，逻辑主语在后）

(1) there being形式（含义为“有??”, being不能省略）

① There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.没有汽车，我们只好步行回家。 ② There being lots of work to do, we can’t give you a hand.有很多工作要做，我们无法 帮助你。

(2) such being形式

① Such being the case, she had nothing to say.

情况就这样，她没有什么要说。

② Such being the fact, he had to admit his mistake. 事实如此, 他只好承认他的错误。

(3) 介词短语形式

In the sand being the mark of a man’s foot, Crusoe stared at it, full of fear. 沙地里是一个男子的脚印，Crusoe注视着脚印，充满了恐惧。 注意：being在下列情况下不能省略：

① 独立主格结构的主语为it或there。 ② 独立主格结构用倒装句式。

③ 用于“名词/主格代词+being done”结构中。

以上代词均为主格代词。【三】1-5 A DBCA6b

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【三】习题

1. Such ______ the case, I have no other choices.

A. being B. is C. was

D. to be

2. ________, there is no school.

A. It is Sunday B. It was Sunday being Sunday

C. It will be Sunday D. It

3. There ________ no classes yesterday，we paid a visit to the Great Wall． A. was B. being C. were D. had been

4. __________, we have to get down to business right away．

A. As there was no time left B. There is no time left C. There being no time left D. There to be no time left

5. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits.

A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather

6. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.

A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D. There is

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【四】介词with / without复合结构 （上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现） 1.这种结构的构成和含义如下：

doing (表示动作的主动和进行)① done （表示动作的被动和完成）② to do (表示将来)③ With / without + 名词/宾格代词+ adj / adv (表示状态或特征)④ 介词短语（表示状态或特征）⑦ 名词（表示状态或特征）

注意 ：

? 在with/without 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。 ? “With / without + 名词/宾格代词+名词”使用的情形很少。

? 该结构作状语可以表示时间、原因、方式、伴随状况等含义；有时候也可以作定语。

① With the boy leading the way, we are sure we’ll be there on time. 有男孩带路，我们有把握我们会准时到那儿。（表示原因） ② The classroom is very bight with all the lights turned on. 所有的灯都打开，教室里非常明亮。（表示时间） ③ I can’t go out, with a lot of work to do. 我不能出去，因为有很多工作要做。（表示原因） ④ Don’t talk with your mouth full. 不要嘴里含着东西谈话。（表示方式） ⑤ With the light off, we can’t see anything. 灯灭了，我们什么也看不见。（表示原因） ⑥ He fought the tiger without a stick as his only weapon. 他与老虎搏斗, 没有一根棍子作为武器。（表示方式）

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⑦ The teacher entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. 老师进入了教室，手里拿着一本书。（表示伴随状况）

⑧ He reached the beautiful river with red flowers and green trees on both sides. 他来到了两岸长满红花绿树的这条河上。（作后置定语，修饰river） 2.独立主格结构与with复合结构的区别：

独立主格结构和with / without 的复合结构在大多数情况下可以相互转换。例如：

He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿。

→He stood for an instant，his hand still raised.

Without any money left，he had no choice but to borrow some from his friend.

由于手头拮据，他只得向他的朋友借一些钱。

→No money left，he had no choice but to borrow some from his friend. ④ With him sitting next to her，she felt safe. 有他坐在身旁，她感到很安全。

→He sitting next to her，she felt safe.

以上两种结构所表达的意思基本相同。所不同的是with复合结构常用于日常生活中，更口语化。而独立主格结构则多用于描绘文字，即多用于文学中，使之所描绘的内容更加生动有色。如：

① He sat in the front row，his mouth half open，his eyes looking straight up，

his head thrust forward so as not to miss a single word.

他坐在前排，口半张，眼直视，头前倾，生怕漏掉一个字。

② A bamboo hat on his head，straw sandals on his feet，carrying pole on his

shoulder，folk song in mouth，the young peasant climbed up to the mountain step by step.

那个年轻的农夫头戴斗笠，脚穿草鞋，肩扛扁担，口哼山歌，一步一步登上山来。

【四】1-5AABBC 6-7 DB

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【四】习题

1. __________ ，he can't go out for a walk as usual．

A. With so much work to do B. With so much work doing C. With so much work done D. Without so much work to do

2. It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth __________ and his eyes __________ ．

A. closed；open B. closed；opened C. closing；open D. closing；opening 3. The old man stood there，__________ ．

A. with back against the wall B. with his back against the wall

C. with back against wall D. his back against wall 4. I used to sleep with the window _____.

A. opened B. open C. opening D. to open 5. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.

A. As B. For C. With D. Through 6. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.

A. do B. doing C. done D. to do 7. ______, we will surely succeed.

A. The teacher helping us B. The teacher to help us C. The teacher will help us D. With the teacher helping

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高考试题精选

1. With a lot of difficult problems ______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. ( 上海02春季)

A. settled

B. settling

C. to settle

D. being settled

2. _______ the production up by 60 %, the company has had another excellent year. (NMET 2000) A. As

B. For

C. With

D. Through

3. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _______ behind his back. (MET91, 22)

A. being tied

B. having tied

C. to be tied

D. tied

4. The meeting _______ over, we all left the room and drove home. (上海 87) A. is

B. to be

C. being

D. would be

5. _________, they will go and visit the zoo.(上海86 ) A. Weather permitting

C. Weather being permitted

B. Weather permitted

D. Weather having permitted

6. __________ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend. (2004北京卷，33) A. With

B. Besides

C. As for

D. Because of

7. I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise _________.(2005年北京卷34) A. going on B. goes on

C. went on

D. to go on

8. I send you 100 dollars, the rest ___________ in a year。（2005湖南卷34）

A. follow B. followed。

C. to follow

D. being followed

9. __________ and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient

sought her doctor's help to end her life. (2005/江西/29)

A. Having given up hope of cure C. There being hope for cure

B. With no hope for cure

D. In the hope of cure

10.The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons __________ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 11. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ________at the end of last March.

A. has been launched C. being launched

B. having been launched

D. to be launched

Key: 1.C 2.C 3.D 4.C 5.A 6.A 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.B 11. B

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独立主格结构 复习巩固

1. She went out, ___________.

A. a gun on shoulder C. gun on his shoulder

B. with gun on shoulder

D. gun on shoulder

2. ________, we went home in a hurry.

A. The meeting was over C. Being over

B. As the meeting being over D. The meeting over

3. The square looks far more beautiful ________

A. with all the lights turning on C. turning on all the lights

B. all the lights turning on

D. with all the lights turned on

4. _________ ,I had to do her work instead.

A. Being ill B. Her being ill

C. She being ill

D. She was ill

5. _________, we’ll have a further discussion.

A. If time permitting C. Permitting time

B. Time permits D. Time permitting

6. _________, she went to bed with great satisfaction.

A. After all done

B. All done

C. All had been done D. Doing all

7. He sat listening to the teacher, __________.

A. opened his mouth C. with his mouth open

B. and opening his mouth D. with mouth open

8. __________, he would most probably be late.

A. Without anybody to call him C. Nobody called him

B. Anybody to call him

D. With him to call

9. __________, they made for the classroom in a hurry.

A. With only three minutes to go C. As only three minutes to go

B. There were only three minutes left

D. Only three minutes were left

10. __________, we are all sure of its success.

A. With he taking charge of the work C. His taking charge of the work

B. With he’s taking charge on the work

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D. With him taking charge of the work

11. A little boy _________ ran into the room.

A. with two of his front teeth missed C. with two of his front teeth missing

B. two of his front teeth were missing

D. missed two of his front teeth

12. _________ that he could speak English very well, they all came to practise English with him.

A. He being known C. He was known 13. He walked __________.

A. with his head held high C. his head holding high

B. held his head high

D. with his head to hold high

B. It was known D. It being known

14. She came here this morning, _________.

A. her boy friend to join her next month

B. her boy friend would join her next month C. and her boy friend joining her next month

D. with her boy friend joined her next month

15. They two smoked in silence, __________ .

A. both sitting and standing C. she sat but he stood

B. her sitting, his standing

D. she sitting, he standing

16. This book is well written,___________ .

A. with special attention paid to written English B. with special attention paying to written English C. special attention is paid to written English D. paid special attention to written English 17. ___________, she went out to get something to eat.

A. Being no food left C. There was no food left

B. There being no food left

D. No food was left

18. ____________,the trees turned green.

A. As spring coming on C. Spring coming on

B. Spring came on D. With spring come on

19. ____________, the sun shone again.

A. The dark clouds having disappeared C. The dark clouds to disappear

B. Having disappeared the dark clouds D. With the dark clouds disappeared

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20. ____________, he handed it to the teacher.

A. The composition writing C. The composition written 21. ____________, the meeting was over.

A. Nobody had no more to say C. Because had no more to say

B. Nobody having any more to say

D. Having no more to say

B. Having been written D. After the composition wrote

22. ____________ time going on , Einstein’s theory proved ___________ .

A. As; correct C. With; correct

B. With; corrected D. As; being correct

23. Everything ___________ , he is an outstanding scientist.

A. considering

B. considered

C. to consider

D. to be considered

24. There ___________no bus, we had to walk home.

A. being

B. to be

C. was

D. been

25. The boy __________ the way, we had no difficulty in finding the house.

A. leading

B. led

C. having been led D. being led

26. The boy stood before the roasted duck, his eyes __________ on it and his mouth __________. A. were fixed, was watered C. fixed, watered

B. fixed, watering

D. were fixing, was watering

27. Everything __________ into consideration, they ought to have another chance

A. to take

B. taken

C. to be taken

D. taking

28. The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each ___________ one

major point in contrast with the other.

A. makes

B. made C. is to make

D. making

29. People attend the meeting, __________ women.

A. all of them B. all of whom

C. all of them were

D. whom all were

30. I couldn’t sleep well last night __________ all the noise outside.

A. with

B. because

C. for

D. of

31. With the homework ____________, I won’t go to play football.

A. finished

B. finishing

C. to finish

D. to be finished

32. ____________, she had no money to buy even a bus tickets.

A. Her wallet stolen B. Her wallet stealing

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C. Her wallet was stolen D. With her wallet stole

33. The old man stood there with his eyes _____________ on the picture on the walls.

A. fixed

B. fixing

C. staring

D. stared

34. David is sleeping on the grass with his jacket _____________ his stomach.

A. covered

B. to cover

C. cover

D. covering

35. _____________ tears in her eyes, she left the room.

A. On

B. With

C. Since

D. For

36. I saw a lot of children playing in the garden, most of them ____________ boys.

A. being

B. are

C. were

D. having been

37. The building over there is a library, ____________ standing our lab.

A. on the east of which C. on the east of that

B. east of it

D. east of which

38. ___________ the days went on, the weather got worse.

A. Since

B. With

C. As

D. While

39. The boy fell to the ground from the tree, his eyes __________ and his hands___________ .

A. closing; trembled C. closing; trembling

B. closed; trembled D. closed; trembling

40. _____________ Sunday, the library is closed.

A. Being

B. It being

C. There being

D. It is

41. _ ___ only 20 minutes to go before the train left. I felt uneasy in the taxi to the railway station.

A. For

B. As

C. Because

D. With

42.---- Why do you look so sad ?

---- With so many problems ___________, I am in a difficult situation.

A. settled C. settling

B. remained to settle

D. remaining to be settled

43. _____________, they began their performances. A. After we took our seats C. Having taken our seats

B. Being taken our seats D. Taking our seats

44. The old man has three sons, none of _____________ living with him. A. who

B. whom C. them

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D. three

45. The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each ___________ one

major point in contrast with the other.

A. makes

B. made

C. is to make

D. making

46. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, ______________ .

A. her long hair was flowing in the breeze C. her long hair flowing in the breeze

B. her long hair flow in the breeze

D. her long hair flowed in the breeze

47. I carefully poured the liquid into the water, my classmates ____________ anxiously beside me

to see what would happen.

A. stood

B. standing

C. to stand

D. were standing

48. Tom sat there, face _____________ in his hands, and wept.

A. was buried

[KEY]: 1-5 DDDCD 6-10 BCAAD 21-25 BCBAA 26-30BBDAA

11-15 CDAAD 16-20 ABCAC 31-35 CAADB 36-40 ABCDB

B. being buried

C. burying

D. buried

41.D 42.D 43.A. 44.C 45.D 46.C 47.B 48.D

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