专升本英语命题剖析与复习指导
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普通高等教育专升本《大学英语》谋胜攻略 普通高等教育专升本《大学英语》命题剖析与复习指导 一、词汇和语法
根据对近三年普通高等教育专升本《大学英语》试题的分析和研究,词汇和语法的主要考点分布如下:词汇(考查58次)、非谓语动词(考查15次)、虚拟语气(考查9次)、状语从句(考查7次)、定语从句(考查6次)、时态和语态(考查4次)、名词性从句(考查3次)、情态动词(考查2次)、主谓一致(考查2次)、倒装结构(考查2次)、强调句(考查1次)等。不难发现,普通高等教育专升本《大学英语》试卷的考点涵盖了绝大多数英语语法知识点,但考查点的分布主次分明,重点突出。因而考生在复习备考时,应该把主要精力放在出现频率较高的考点上,并对这些考点的命题手法做到心中有数。下面就针对普通高等教育专升本《大学英语》语法命题的重点和应对技巧,逐一进行归纳和分析: 1、词汇
考点一:短语动词题
所谓短语动词,就是动词加小品词构成的起动词作用的短语,其构成主要有三种形式:①动词+副词;②动词+介词;③动词+副词+介词。据分析,专升本大学英语考试涉及到break,bring,call,carry,catch,come,cut,get,give,go,grow,hand,hold,keep,look,make,pass,pick,pull,put,run,set,shut,take,try,turn等动词构成的短语。
【真题再现】Since I was a stranger there, I had no one to _____.
A. turn up B. turn on C. turn to D. turn down
【解析】选C。turn up意为“出现,发生”;turn on意为“打开,发动”;turn to意为“求助于,转向”;turn down意为“拒绝”。译文“由于初来乍道,我不能向任何人寻求帮助”。 考点二:上下文语义题
【真题再现】I gave John a present but he gave me noting _____.
A.in return B. in turn C.in hand D. in vain
【解析】选A。in return意为“作为回报,作为报答”; in turn意为“依次,轮流”; in hand意为“(工作等)在进行中,待办理”; in vain意为“徒劳无功”。译文“我送给约翰一份礼物,但他却没有给予我任何东西作为回报”。 考点三:近义干扰题
【真题再现】The house was sold for$60,000,which was far more than its real _____.
A. money B. payment C.value D. profit
【解析】选C。money是表达“钱”的通用词汇;payment是“付款,支付报酬”;value是 “价值,重要性”;profit是“利润,收益”。译文“那间房子售价为60,000美元,远远高
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于其实际价值”。
考点四:近形干扰题
【真题再现】Words _____ meaning, as we all know.
A.convince B. convey C.contribute D. conquer
【解析】选B。convince意为“使确信,使信服”; convey意为“表达,传递”; contribute意为“贡献,捐款”;conquer意为“攻克,征服”。译文“正如我们大家所知,言语传递意义”。
考点五:近形近义干扰题
【真题再现】After a number of disagreements with the committee, the chairman decided to_____.
A.resign B. retire C.retreat D. withdraw
【解析】选A。resign意为“辞职”; retire意为“退休”; retreat意为“撤退”; withdraw意为“撤销,收回”。译文“由于与委员会有太多的分歧,主席决定辞职”。 考点六:固定搭配题
【真题再现】Everybody has access _____ the large collection of books on various subjects in our department library.
A.of B. for C.to D. about
【解析】选C。“have access to sth/sb”为固定搭配,意为“使用某物或接近某人的机会”。译文“每个人都可以使用我们系图书馆大量不同学科的图书”。
2、非谓语动词
考点一:非谓语动词作主语
不定式和动名词在句中可用作主语。不定式(短语)用作主语较长时,为了使句子保持平衡,通常用it代替不定式作形式主语,而将作为真正主语的不定式置于句后。
【真题再现】It takes courage for one _____ the huge task,to say nothing of fulfilling it in such a short time.
A.to be faced up B. facing up to C. faces up to D.to face up to
【解析】选D。此题考查不定式作主语的结构。译文“勇敢地面此项重任就需要很大的勇气,更不要说在如此短的时间内完成它了!” 考点二:非谓语动词(短语)作宾语
不定式和动名词在句中可用作宾语。在afford, agree, attempt, care, choose, claim, dare, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, prefer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等动词后要用不定式作宾语。在appreciate, suggest, finish, avoid, admit, enjoy, delay, practice, excuse, pardon, advise, escape, keep, resist, fancy, deny, can't help, give up, look forward to, be used to,be accustomed to, be opposed to, feel like等动词或动词短语后要用动名词作宾语。
【真题再现】My children are looking forward to_____ a trip to Beijing next month.
A) make B) making C) be making D) have made
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【解析】选B。此题考查动名词作宾语的结构。译文“我的孩子们期待着下个月的北京之旅”。 考点三:非谓语动词作宾语补足语
不定式、现在分词和过去分词在句中可用作宾语补足语:
(一)在allow,advise, ask, beg, believe,command, consider, declare, encourage, force, get, know,persuade, prefer, like, mean, order, permit,persuade,prefer,remind, request, teach, tell,urge, want, warn, wish等动词后要用带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。而在feel, notice, observe, perceive, see, smell, feel, watch, have, let, make等感官动词和使役动词后要用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。
(二)在feel, find, get, hear, keep, leave, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, send, set, smell, start, watch, have等动词后可接现在分词或过去分词作宾语补足语,二者的区别是:现在分词表示主动或进行意义,而过去分词表示被动或完成意义。
【真题再现】The scientists wanted to keep people__________about the breakthrough in their experiment.
A.inform B.informed C.informing D.to inform
【解析】选B。此题考查过去分词作宾语补足语的结构。译文“科学家们想让人们知道他们在实验上的突破”。
考点四:非谓语动词作定语
动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词在句中都可用作定语。不定式作定语时,要放在被修饰的名词或代词之后,一般表示将来行为,与被修饰词之间是动宾、主谓或同位 语关系。单个分词作定语时,一般位于被修饰词之前;分词短语作定语时,一般位于被修饰 词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句。
【真题再现】It was in his childhood that he read most of the books________(write)by Mark Twain.
A. to write B. being written C. written D. writing
【解析】选C。此题考查过去分词作后置定语的结构。译文“他在童年时代就阅读了马克.吐温大部分著作”。
考点五:非谓语动词作状语
不定式、现在分词和过去分同在句中可作状语,表示目的、时问、结果、原因、方式、伴随或条件等情况。
【真题再现】_________ a solution to the problem of water shortage,we have to put all our efforts
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together.
A) To work out B) Working out C) Work out D) Being worked out
【解析】选A。此题考查不定式作目的状语的结构。译文“为了解决水资源短缺的问题,我们必须同心协力”。
3、虚拟语气
考点一:虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法
条件句分为真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。其中,非真实条件句所表示的假设是不大可能实现的,主句和从句应该用虚拟语气,具体用法如下表:
结 构 时 间 过 去 现 在 从 句 had+过去分词 主 句 would/should/could/might have+过去分词 过去式(be动词用were) would/should/could/might+动词原形 should+动词原形 将 来 过去式(be动词用were) would/should/could/might+动词原形 were to+动词原形 值得一提的是,表示与过去事实相反的非真实条件句和错综时间的虚拟语气在考试中出现的几率最高。
【真题再现】If John had told me in advance,I_____ him at the airport. A.would meet B. will meet C. am going to meet D. would have met
【解析】选D。此题考查与过去事实相反的非真实条件句的虚拟语气用法,从句用had+过去分词,主句用would/should/could/might have+过去分词。译文“如果约翰提前告诉我,我就会去机场接他”。
考点二:宾语从句中的虚拟语气
①advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(坚决要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建议) 表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气,虚拟语气的结构为:should+ 原形动词,should常常省略。
②would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望,故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构如下表:
时 间 过 去 现 在 将 来 虚拟语气结构 had + 过去分词 过去式(be 用were) 过去式(be 用were ) ③wish之后的宾语从句,表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望,常用虚拟语气。其
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虚拟语气的结构如下表:
时 间 过 去 现 在 将 来 虚拟语气结构 (1)had + 过去分词 (2)would / could / might / should + have + 过去分词 过去式(be 用were ) would / could / might / should +动词原形 【真题再现】I’d rather you_____ make any comment on the issue for the time being. A.don’t B. wouldn’t C.didn’t D. shouldn’t
【解析】选C。此题考查宾语从句中的虚拟语气用法。译文“我宁愿你在这个问题上暂时不要发表评论”。
考点三:主语从句中的虚拟语气
①在以“it”为形式主语的从句中,主句的表语为表示“惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此”等意义的形容词时,要用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为:should + 动词原形,should常常省略。这类形容词主要有:important、necessary、essential、urgent、admirable 、advisable 、annoying、disappointing、surprising、better、best等。
②在以“it”为形式主语的从句中,主句的谓语为表示“建议、命令、要求”等意义的动词的被动语态时,要用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为:should + 动词原形,should常常省略。这类动词主要有:suggested、requested、required、desired、proposed、recommended、ordered等。
【真题再现】It is quite natural that my coming late again ________ them very angry.
A. had made B. would make C. makes D. make
【解析】选D。此题考查主语从句中的虚拟语气用法。译文“很自然,我的再次迟到使他们生气了”。
考点四:状语从句中的虚拟语气 ①目的状语从句中的虚拟语气
a、在for fear that, in case, lest引导的目的状语从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓语为:should + 动词原形。
b、在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中,从句中的谓语为:can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。 ②让步状语从句中的虚拟语气
在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中,可用虚拟语气,主句、从句的结构与if
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所引导的条件从句结构相同。 ③ 方式状语从句中的虚拟语气
在as if, as though引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的结构如下表:
时 间 过 去 现 在 将 来 虚拟语气结构 had + 过去分词 过去式(be 用were) would / could / might / should+动词原形 考点五:定语从句中的虚拟语气
在表示“早该做某事了”时,定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气,其结构为:It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式或should + 动词原形。
考点六:表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气
在表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或同位语从句时,表语从句及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:should + 动词原形。
4、时态和语态
考点一:一般现在时代替一般将来时
在时间和条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。常用的引导词有:when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day(表时间),if, unless, provided(表条件)。
【真题再现】John will go to school the moment he _____his work. A.will finish B. finish C. finishes D. would finish
【解析】选C。此题考查一般现在时代替一般将来时的用法,在时间状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时,主句用一般将来时,即主将从现。译文“约翰完成自己的工作后将会去学校”。
考点二:一般将来时
“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。 “am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。 “am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。 【真题再现】“When is the concert supposed to start?” “It_____now.” A.is about to starting B. was about to start C. is about to start D. was about to starting 【解析】选C。此题考查一般将来时的结构。译文“‘音乐会几点开始?’‘马上开始。’”。 考点三:现在完成进行时
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现在完成进行时表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且还将持续下去。 【真题再现】Since he left the university,he_____in an accounting company.
A.has been working B. had worked C. had been working D. was working
【解析】选A。此题考查现在完成进行时的语法意义,从句时态为一般过去时,主句为现在完成进行时,表示主句的动作从过去一直持续到现在,并且还将持续下去。译文“大学毕业后,他就一直在一家会计公司里工作”。
考点四:过去完成时
在hardly/scarcely...when,no sooner ...than 句型中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。
【真题再现】No sooner_____the top of the hill than we all sat down to rest.
A.had we reached B. had reached we C. reached D. have we reached
【解析】选A。此题考查过去完成时的语法意义,从句时态为一般过去时,主句为过去完成时,表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之前,此外,此题还要注意倒装结构。译文“一到达山顶上,我们所有人就坐下来休息”。
5、状语从句
状语从句主要考查引导各类状语从句的连词与短语。如下表所示:
类 别 时间状语从句 引导从句的从属连词 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as, the moment, the minute, no sooner…than, hardly/scarcely…when 地点状语从句 原因状语从句 目的状语从句 结果状语从句 条件状语从句 让步状语从句 比较状语从句 方式状语从句 where, wherever because, since, as, for, now that, in that, seeing that in order that, so…that, so that, lest, in case, for fear that so…that, so that, such…that, if, unless, so/as long as, on condition that, provided that, if only though, although, as, even if/ though, no matter how/what/who/when/where/which as…as, than, as, as if, as though, 【真题再现】They had talked only for a few minutes ___________they found they were of different opinions.
A. unless B. while C. before D. once
【解析】选C。此题考查时间状语从句连词的用法,unless表示“除非;如果不”;while表示“当??时候;和??同时”;before表示“在??之前”;once作连词时表示“一旦”。根据题意,主句动作发生在前,从句动作发生在后,要用连词before引导状语从句。译文“他们才交谈了几分钟就发现他们意见不同”。
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【真题再现】Please note that I will be away from Boston next week, _________ you want to call me and discuss things.
A. in case B. unless C. so that D. until
【解析】选A。此题考查目的状语从句的连词。in case意为“免得;以防”;unless意为“除非;如果不”;until意为“直到”;so that:意为“以便于,为了”,只有in case与题意相符。译文“请注意下个星期我不在波士顿,以免你们想给我打电话讨论问题”。
【真题再现】The young man lost his job last month, but it wasn't long_________ he found a new position in this company.
A. after B. while C. as D. before
【解析】选D。此题考查时间状语从句的连词。It is/ was not long before?是一个固定句型,意思是“不久??;很快??”,before引导时间状语从句。译文“这个年轻人上个月失业了,但很快就在这家公司找到了一个新的职位”。
6、定语从句
考点一:关系代词和关系副词
正确区分关系代词(that或which)与关系副词when(表时间)、where(表地点)、why(表原因)。重点根据定语从句中所缺成分(即关系词在定语从句中作状语时,使用关系副词when (on which); where(in which); why(for which);在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语时,使用that或which)来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词,绝不能因先行词是时间名词就用when,是地点名词就用where,是reason就用why来确定。因此,认准先行词只是选择关系词的一个方面,更重要的是看其在后面定语从句中充当什么句子成分。
【真题再现】No one here believe the reason ________he gave for his lateness.
A. that B. why C. for which D. what
【解析】选A。此题考查定语从句关系代词和关系副词的区别,在从句中,gave缺少宾语,故排除B项和C项,D项what=先行词+关系代词。译文“这里没有人相信他迟到的理由”。 考点二:介词+关系代词
当关系代词作介词宾语,且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时,介词可以提前,这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物,用“介词+which”,指人则用“介词+whom”, 且两个关系代词均不能省略,介词的选择要遵循两个原则:1.根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定; 2.根据先行词特殊用法而定。
【真题再现】The class needs a monitor___________________
A. whom everyone has confidence on B. who everyone has confidence of C. for whom everyone has confidence D. in whom everyone has confidence
【解析】选D。此题考查“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的用法,在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,介词的选择取决于某种习惯搭配或上下文所表示的意义。“have
confidence in sb”表示对某人有信心。译文“我们需要一个所有人都对他充满信心的班长”。 考点三:非限定性定语从句
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【真题再现】____is mentioned in some of his stories,the author was brought up in a small village.
A. It B. What C. That D. As
【解析】选D。此题考查非限定性定语从句引导词的用法。as和which都可以引导非限定定语从句,两者区别是:which引导非限定性定语从句不能放到句首;which既可以指代整个句子也可以指代部分。as引导非限定性定语从句可前可后;as只能指代整个句子。译文“正如在一些作品中提到的那样,那位作家在一个小山村里长大”。
7、名词性从句
考点一:名词性从句的引导词 that 与 what 的区别
【真题再现】_______we can't get seems better than _______we have. A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what 【解析】选D。此题考查what和that的区别,在名词性从句中 that 与 what 的区别是: that 在从句中不充当句子成分,只起连接作用;而 what 不仅起连接作用,而且也可充当句子成分。此题考查了两个名词性从句:主语从句和宾语从句,what 在这两个名词性从句中都作宾语。译文“我们得不到的东西似乎比我们拥有的要好”。 考点二:名词性从句中的 it 作形式主语或形式宾语
【真题再现】_______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It
【解析】选D。此题考查名词性从句中的it作形式主语的用法,在名词性从句中为了保持句子的平衡,往往用先行词 it 作形式主语或形式宾语,而把真正的主语和宾语放到后面,尤其是 that 引导的主语从句往往用先行词 it 作形式主语。此句也可以改写为:That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact。译文“事实上,英语正作为一种国际性的语言而被接受”。
8、情态动词
考点一:need的用法
1)need 作为情态动词通常用于否定意义的句子,过去式仍然为need; 2)在以need开头的问句中,肯定回答用 must;否定回答用needn’t; 3)needn’t+have+p.p.表示“本不必做某事”; 4)need也可用作实义动词。
【真题再现】— What sort of house do you want to have? Something big?
— Well, it ________ be big — that’s not important. A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. won’t
【解析】选B。此题考查情态动词need的用法,mustn’t 表示“禁止”;needn’t表示“没必要”;can’t表示“不可能”;won’t表示“将不会”。译文“‘你想要哪种类型的房子,面积大的?’‘不,没必要太大—那不重要’”。
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考点二:“情态动词+have +done”结构
【真题再现】It _____have rained last night,for the ground is wet. A.should B.can C.will D.must
【解析】选D。此题考查“情态动词+have +done”结构的意义,A项和B项首先排除,“should have done/ought to have done”表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做;must have done 表示对过去工作肯定的推测。译文“昨天晚上肯定下雨了,因为地是湿的”。
9、主谓一致
考点一:当主语后面跟由with, together with, but, along with, like, in addition to, as well as, as much as, rather than, except等连接的词组时,其谓语动词的形式根据主语的单复数形式而定。
【真题再现】The chairman as well as many other people_____present at the conference.
A.was B.were C. would D.would
【解析】选A。此题考查主谓一致结构,谓语动词依据主语“the chairman”确定。译文“主席和其他很多人出席那个会议”。
考点二:由neither...nor, either…or, not…but, not only...but also等连接的并列主语,谓语动词单复数由其邻近的名词或代词的数确定。 【真题再现】Neither they nor I _____the winner.
A.being B.were C. are D.was
【解析】选D。此题考查主谓一致结构,由neither...nor连接的并列主语,谓语动词单复数由其邻近的名词或代词的数确定(就近原则)。译文“他们和我一样,都不是胜利者”。
10、倒装结构
考点一:表否定意义的副词(短语)或连词放句首,句子要倒装
never,no,seldom,few,little, not, rarely, nowhere, at no time,by no means,no longer,in no case,under/in no circumstances, not only…but also,neither, nor,not unti1,hard1y/scarce1y…when,no sooner…than等置于句首时,其后句子要用部分倒装(助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语+其他成分)。
【真题再现】 Not only_______ a promise, but also he kept it. A.does the manager make B.did the manager make C.the manager made D.the manager makes
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【解析】选B。此题考查倒装结构,“not only”放在句首时,其后句子要用部分倒装,此题时态是一般过去时。译文“那个经理不但做出一个承诺,而且会信守承诺”。 考点二:Only+状语/状语从句置于句首时,主句要用部分倒装。
【真题再现】Only after the students have mastered the rules of pronunciation _______. A. can they memorize words more easily B. when can they memorize words more easily C. then they can memorize words more easily D. when they can memorize words more easily 【解析】选A。此题考查倒装结构,only+状语/状语从句置于句首时,主句要进行部分倒装。译文“只有在这些学生们掌握了发音规律后,记忆单词对他们来说才能变得更加容易”。 考点三:用倒装结构“so/neither/nor+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语”表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者(so表示肯定意义,neither/nor表示否定意义)。 【真题再现】Bill wasn’t happy about the delay of the report by Jason,and______.
A.I was neither B.neither was I C.I was either D.either was I
【解析】选B。此题考查倒装结构,“neither+系动词+主语”表示前面所说的否定情况也适用于后者。译文“比尔和我都对杰森延迟的报告很不高兴”。 考点四:在as引导的让步状语从句中要用倒装结构。
As/though引导的让步从句中必须将表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前),构成”形容词/副词/名词/动词/分词+as/though +主语+谓语的其它部分”的形式。
【典型例题】Unsatisfied _____with the payment,he took the job just to get some work experience. A.as was he B.as he was C.he was as D.was he as
【解析】选B。此题考查倒装结构,as此处引导让步状语从句,表语可放在as之面,此时主谓不倒装。译文“尽管他对这份工作的报酬不满意,但为了获得一些工作经验他还是接受这项工作”。
二、阅读理解
阅读理解题型一般包括五类:主旨题、细节题、推断题、词汇题和作者的意图、态度、目的题。针对不同的题型,采用不同的解题思路和技巧。 1.主旨题:
主旨题在考试中出现的频率较高,考查的内容主要包括主题思想、写作意图、文章的题目等,旨在考查考生掌握文章主要信息的能力。这类题型在设题时常会用到title, subject, main idea, topic, theme等。
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1)常见的提问方式有:
What is the general/main idea of the passage?
Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? 2)解题技巧:
主旨题要求考生跨越文字本身,从整体上把握文章的结构形式和作者的推理过程。阅读理解文章多是议论文和说明文,这就要求考生必须熟悉这两种文体的结构特点,这两种文体的结构特点可归纳为:提出问题——论述问题——得出结论或者阐明观点。掌握这一结构,就可以迅速掌握文章的主题,把握文章的脉络,要想确定文章的主题思想,最容易且行之有效的方法就是找出文章的主题句。
主题句在文章中的位置主要有四种情况:
(1)段首:大多数文章的主题句就是文章的首句,所以要认真阅读段首句。 (2)段尾:有的文章主题句出现在结尾。文章以列举事实开头,通过论证得出结论。 (3)段首段尾:更多的文章是开头提出问题,点明主旨,通过议论,最后重述文章的主旨,使得文章主题清楚、明确,更具说服力。
(4)中间:有些文章为了引人入胜,开头部分常会有个轻松、诙谐的引子,然后在中间部分提出自己的观点,接着再议论,最后得出结论。 2. 细节题:
细节题主要是测试考生对文章提供的细节与事实(如时间、地点、原因、结果、特征、方式、数字等)的理解程度。这类题型的特点是:答案一般都能在文章中找到。当然,答案并不一定是文章中的原句,考生需要根据文章提供的信息自己组织语句回答问题。 1)常见的提问方式有:
According to the passage who(what, why, when, where)? ? What does the author think of??
According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? 2)解题技巧:
(1)词定位法:命题人在设计问题时,往往会在题干中运用近义词语替代文章中的词语。因此,考生应通过分析题干部分所提供的信息,把握重点词语,并根据这些词语,迅速准确地找到问题在文章中的位置。
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(2)WH-信息定位法:该题型内容大多涉及到时间、地点、人物、事件、情景、数字、原因等,往往以who, where, when, what, why和how等提问。因此,考生要在迅速浏览全文时注意典型的WH-信息,并通过分析题干把握考查内容,从而确定问题的出处。 3. 推断题:
这类考题旨在测试考生的逻辑推理能力、语言分析能力和综合归纳能力,它要求考生根据文章内容做出合乎逻辑的推断,包括考生对作者观点的理解,态度的判断,对修辞、语气、隐含意思等的理解。这种题的难度很大,考生很容易出错。 1)常见的提问方式有:
Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated? It can be inferred from the passage that_____.
Which of the following best describes the author’s tone in this passage? 2)解题技巧:
推断题在文章中是无法直接找到答案的,考生必须在正确理解文章字面意思的基础上,运用逻辑推理的方法,综合主旨句、主题句和上下文信息以及作者的措辞,做出总结性的判断。切忌主观臆断,但要果断排除明显不可能成为答案的干扰项。 4.词汇题:
词汇题是询问文章中出现的某个词、某个词组甚至某个句子含义的题型。其中所询问的词、词组或句子,往往不为考生所熟悉,但又能在文中找到线索进行推测,所以这类考题是考查考生是否具备根据一个词、词组或句子所处的特定环境来判断其意义的能力。 1)这类题常见的提问方式有以下几种:
The word“?”(Line 6. para.2)most probably means _____. The word “?”could best be replaced by which of the following? In para.2,the sentence “?? ” probably means “?”. 2)解题技巧:
解答这类试题时,考生应首先明白,任何词或词语都不是孤立的,它或它们所在的上下文往往能提供重要的线索。某个定义、解释、甚至标点符号、关联词都可以帮助考生推测一些词或词语的意义。除此之外,还必须注意所测试的词或词语与其前后一些词形成的同义、反义、并列和指代等关系。
5.作者的意图、态度、目的题:
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作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里,只能通过细读文章,从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来。这种题型常见的提问形式有:
The purpose of the author in writing this passage is _____. The author’s intention in writing the passage is to _____. In the author’s opinion, _____.
这类询问语气态度的考题中,选项里常出现以下一些重要的词:
sympathetic 同情的;critical批评的;doubtful怀疑的;objective客观的;enthusiastic热情的,matter-of-fact实事求是的;hostile敌对的;satisfied满意的;friendly友好的;indifferent冷淡的;subjective主观的;optimistic乐观的;pessimistic悲观的;disappointed失望的;neutral中立的。 询问写作目的的题,选择项里常出现的词是:
explain解释;persuade劝说;comment评论;criticize批评;interest引起??的注意或兴趣;entertain使欢乐;argue辩论;demonstrate举例说明,示范;tell讲述;prove 证明;urge激动;advise劝告;analyze分析;praise赞扬; view 看待,等等。 【真题再现】
We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming(把学生按能力分班)pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all,it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!
Besides,it is rather unreal to grade pupils just according to their intellectual ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality.(83)We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full,not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills,and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning. In our classrooms,we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to co-operate,to share, and to develop leadership kills. (84)They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyze and evaluate,and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher.
Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments,and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently. An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best,not their least,and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal.
51. In the passage the author's attitude towards \
A. critical B. approving C. questioning D. objective
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【解析】根据“the author's attitude towards”可知此题是作者的意图、态度、目的题。四个选项分别为critical “批评的,负的”; questioning “质疑的,负的”;approving “赞同的,正的”和objective “客观的,中性的”。对于作者的意图、态度、目的题直接在文章中找评价词句,即“We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching.” 意思是“我们发现,聪明的孩子不会因为混合教学而受到不利影响”。 这句话清楚地表明作者的态度是赞成的,故正确答案是B项。
52. By \,Para. 1)the author means__________. A. made to remain in the same classes B. forced to study in the lower classes C. drawn to their studies
D. prevented from advancing
【解析】很明显,此题为词汇题,因为任何词或词语都不是孤立的,它或它们所在的上下文往往能提供重要的线索。即“On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched.”意思是“反而还会丰富他们的知识和经历”。结合对文章中第一段第一个句子的理解,很容易得出\的意思是“抑制、阻碍”,故正确答案是D项。
53. The author argues that a teacher's chief concern should be the development of the student's__________.
A. personal qualities and social skills B. total personality
C. learning ability and communicative skills D. intellectual ability 【解析】此题是考查考生对文章所提供的细节与事实,此类题的答案一般都能在文章中找到,但需要考生自己重新组织相关信息,即“We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full,not just their academic ability”,意思是“我们关心的是学生的能力的全面发展,而不只是他们学习能力的发展”,故正确答案是B项。
54. Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED in the third paragraph?
A. Group work gives pupils the opportunity to learn to work together with others. B. Pupils also learn to develop their reasoning abilities.
C. Group work provides pupils with the opportunity to learn to be capable organizers. D. Pupils also learn how to participate in teaching activities.
【解析】此题为推断题,考查的是考生的逻辑推理能力、语言分析能力和综合归纳能力,此类题在文章中是无法直接找到答案的,考生必须在正确理解文章字面意思的基础上,运用逻辑推理的方法,综合主旨句、主题句和上下文信息以及作者的措辞,做出总结性的判断,此类题应采取排除法,即在文章中的第三段能够找到A项、B项和C项的出处,不属于“NOT MENTIONED”选项,全部排除,故正确答案是D项。
55. The author's purpose in writing this passage is to__________.
A. argue for teaching bright and not-so-bright pupils in the same class B. recommend pair work and group work for classroom activities C. offer advice on the proper use of the library
D. emphasize the importance of appropriate formal classroom teaching
【解析】此题为主旨题,考查的内容主要包括主题思想、写作意图、文章的题目等因为这类
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题可考查考生抓主要信息的能力,难度比较大。这就要求考生能从宏观上把握整篇文章,结合每一段主旨,得出整篇文章的中心思想。即作者的写作目的:就是要求将聪明的学生和普通学生混合在一起上课。故正确答案是A项。
三、完形填空
1、解题步骤
1)通览全文,了解大意
由于完形填空测试考生在语篇水平上综合运用语言的能力,考生在回答问题之前应花几分钟时间快速阅读全文一至两遍,目的是抓住文章的主题,搞清作者的思路及上下文的逻辑关系。在阅读过程中,能根据自己的“语感”,确定自己最有把握的题目。 2)逐题斟酌,初做答案
在了解文章的大意后,第二步就可以结合文章内容,逐题做出答案。在填每个空格时,按照先句法,后语法、语义、逻辑关系及固定搭配的次序从各个角度进行考虑,初步做出每个小题的答案。如果有的答案一时做不上来,应立即跳过去,继续往下做。 3)前后照应,寻找线索
对于较难的题目,要反复阅读其前后的句子,联系上下文,寻找信息词。因为句子中的空格除了由该句的信息词提供信息外,往往还由另一个句子中提供信息。因此,考生要仔细琢磨句与句之间的关系,领会信息词的暗示,作出最合乎逻辑的答案。 4)重读原文,核实答案
所有题目做完后(实在不会的题目先空着),考生应从头至尾再通读全文,通读的目的是再一次通过“语感”来核实自己的答案。这次通读,不仅可以改正填错的词,还会在阅读过程中得到一些启发,把之前做不上来的题目做上来。 2、考点分析 1)语法判断
从语法结构、习惯搭配或习惯用语用法的角度思考解题。 2)篇章理解
根据上下文含义(或信息词),选择词义各异的词。 3)词义辨析
根据上下文含义(或信息词),对备选答案中的同义词或近义词作出辨析。 4)语法、语义结合解题法
用语法规则和句子含义相结合选择答案。 【真题再现】
Mrs. Jones was over eighty, but she still drove her old car like a woman half her age. She loved driving very fast, and was proud of the fact 1 she had never, in her thirty-five years of driving, been punished 2 a driving offence (犯规,犯法).
Then one day she nearly 3 her record. A police car 4 her, and the policemen in it saw her 5 a red light without stopping. Of course, she was stopped. It seemed 6 that she would be punished. 7 Mrs. Jones came up to the judge, he looked at her seriously and said that she was 8 old to drive a car, and that the 9 why she had not stopped at the red 10 was most probably that her eyes had become weak 11 old age, so that she had simply not seen it.
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When the judge had finished what he was 12 , Mrs. Jones opened the big handbag she was 13 and took out her sewing. Without saying a word, she 14 a needle with a very small eye, and threaded it at her first attempt.
When she had 15 done this, she took the thread out of the needle again and handed 16 the needle and the thread to the judge, saying, “Now it is your 17. I suppose you drive a car, and that you are quite sure about your own eyesight.”
The judge took the 18 and tried to thread it. After half a dozen tries, he had still not succeeded. The case (案例) against Mrs. Jones was 19 , and her record 20 unbroken. 1. A. which B. when C. that D. this
【解析】选C,此题是语法判断题,fact后接that, 因为that 引导的是一个同位语从句。 2. A. about B. on C. to D. for
【解析】选D,此题是篇章理解题,for表示被惩罚的原因,上下文意思是“在她45年的驾驶生涯中,从来没有因为违规被处罚过”。 3. A. kept B. won C. missed D. lost
【解析】选D,此题是篇章理解题,上下文意思是“她始终保持着记录,但那天她差点儿丢了这个记录,因为她闯了红灯。”
4. A. watched B. passed C. followed D. ran after
【解析】选C,此题是词义辨析题,watch表示“注视着”,pass表示“经过”,follow表示“跟随”,ran after表示“追赶”, 此处表达“一辆警车跟在她后面”。 5. A. pass B. go C. run D. rush
【解析】选C,此题是词义辨析题,run a red light为固定用法,表示“闯红灯”。 6. A. sure B. indeed C. certain D. perhaps
【解析】选C,此题是语法和词义结合题,用certain,不用sure,因为sure 常用人作主语 7. A. Before B. While C. Until D. When
【解析】选D,此题是语法判断题,came为瞬间动词,while、until后接表示延续性的动作,before不符合句义。 8. A. so B. very C. too D. quite
【解析】选C,此题是语法判断题,这是too…to结构,表示太…而不能。 9. A. cause B. reason C. matter D. trouble
【解析】选B,此题是词义辨析题,cause 表示“火灾、水灾或事故的起因”,reason“某事
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某现象的理由”,matter“事件”, trouble“麻烦”。 10. A. light B. lamp C. sign D. one
【解析】选A,此题是词义辨析题,同时可根据前文“saw her 5 a red light without stopping”可知。
11. A. with B. because C. for D. of
【解析】选A,此题是语法、词义结合题,for、because后跟表示原因的句子,with此处相当于because of。
12. A. speaking B. saying C. talking D. telling
【解析】选B,此题是词义辨析题,speak的意思是“说话”,作不及物动词,通常指说话的能力和方式,say 意思是“说”,强调说话内容,talk 意思是“谈”,与介词to 或with 连用表示“与…交谈”,与介词about 或of连用表示“谈论…内容”, tell的意思是“讲”、“告诉”,作及物动词,意为“讲述”、“告诉”,指把一件事或一个故事讲出来,有连续述说的意思。 13. A. holding B. getting C. carrying D. bringing
【解析】选C,此题是词义辨析题,hold表示“保持某种状态”,get表示“得到,获得”,carry表示“随身携带”,bring表示“带来”。 14. A. took B. brought C. picked D. chose
【解析】选D,此题是词义辨析题,take表示“带来”;bring表示“带走”;pick表示“挑选”,强调仔细挑剔和苛刻地选择;choose表示“选择,挑选”,侧重于通过意志或判断,是最普通的用语。因此选chose,意思是“琼斯太太挑选了一根小眼的针”。 15. A. quickly B. slowly C. suddenly D. successfully
【解析】选D,此题是篇章理解题,根据上下文可知,老太太显然是成功了。 16. A. both B. all C. neither D. either
【解析】选A,此题是词义辨析题 ,both表示“两者都”,all表示“三者或三者以上都”,neither表示“两者都不”,either表示“或者A或者B”。 17. A. time B. turn C. chance D. job
【解析】选B,此题是词义辨析题 ,your turn表示“该轮到你了”。 18. A. thread B. glasses C. needles D. needle
【解析】选D,此题是篇章理解题,因为后面她要thread it。 19. A. dismissed B. passed C. settled D. studied
【解析】选A,此题是篇章理解题,表示“对琼斯太太的起诉被撤销”,后文与之相对应的是“琼斯太太继续保持着她的未违规记录”。 20. A. was B. kept C. seemed D. remained
【解析】选D,此题是词义辨析题,remain表示过去是这样,现在仍保持这一状态,seem
18
语气不够肯定,kept此处应用was kept。
四、翻译
英译汉句子翻译是测试考生将英语翻译成汉语的能力。由于这些句子均来自阅读理解,而且是阅读理解中的长句和难句,这就要求考生在对整个段落的整体把握基础上,进一步对重点和难点句子进行确切深入的理解,然后将其翻译成汉语。因此,考生在做本部分试题时,可运用以下解题步骤:
1、略读全句,结合上下文意思,从整体上把握句子大意。
2、认真分析所要求翻译的句子,首先锁定连词,其次划分主句和从句,最后明确主句和从句关系。
3、搞清楚各个句子的主干结构,明确代词所指代意思,再分析是否存在强调、省略、倒装等结构。
4、进一步细化,分析关键词汇及习惯用法,领会句子的整体意义。
5、把握好谓语动词的特点,在明确动词的时态、语态及语气等基础上试译全句。 6、认真检查所试译的句子,检查是否有漏译或误译的现象;检查译文是否正确而又流畅地表达了原句的意思,检查是否符合汉语的表达习惯等。 【真题再现】
(83)We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full,not just their academic ability.
【解析】此题为结构简单,主要考查点是短语、词汇和汉语组织能力。词汇和短语“be concerned、the abilities of all our pupils、develop sth to the full、academic ability、”意思分别是“关心、所有学生的各项能力、充分开发、学习能力”。译文:我们关注的是充分开发所有学生的各项能力,而不仅仅是发展他们的学习能力。
(84)They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyze and evaluate,and to communicate effectively.
【解析】此题是how引导的宾语从句,句子比较长,但结构清晰,主要考查点是动词短语理解和汉语组织能力。短语“to cope with personal problems、to think, to make decisions, to analyze and evaluate,to communicate effectively”意思分别是“处理个人问题、思考、决策、分析、评价、有效地交流”。译文:他们要学习思考、决策、分析、评价,并有效地进行交流,还要学习如何处理个人问题。
五、写作
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提纲式作文(Outline Composition),即给出二、三个汉语或英语提示短语作为写作框架,展开文章的一种作文形式。它也属于指导性作文(Guided Writing),是专升本大学英语考试中最常见的作文形式。此类作文具有更大的控制性,而且给出的材料更明确具体。这种作文题型以提纲的形式对作文的选材范围、立意、内容的组织等进行具体的指导。 1、提纲式作文的基本结构
提纲式作文多以英文给出题目、以中文给出提纲。以下面一篇文章为例: How to Solve the Energy Problem
1. 能源是当今人们最关心的重大问题之一。 2. 节约能源是解决这一问题的一种办法。 3. 开发新能源是最好的解决办法。 2、提纲式作文的写作要领
由于提纲材料本身决定了写作对象、范围、目的、体裁等,命题者的意图往往较容易领悟,而且在审题上一般不会出现障碍。因此,根据提纲规定的方向和范围构思和展开材料是至关重要的。写提纲式作文时,除了把握段首句作文的写作要领外,还需注意以下三个要领: (1)细心钻研提纲材料
弄清提纲的思路和旨意是写好提纲作文的前提。审题时,首先要认真阅读、仔细分析提纲材料,注意弄清以下问题:
1) 提纲材料交代的主要内容是什么 2) 反映的意义是什么 3) 要达到什么目的
4) 各个层次之间有什么联系 5) 重点在哪里。
只有对材料进行认真分析和研究,揣摩出材料的旨意,才能顺理成章地运筹,构思出合乎要求的文章。How to Solve the Energy Problem这一提纲式作文的主要思路和旨意是:能源问题人们目前人类社会面临的重大问题之一。如何解决目前的能源问题呢?节约能源是解决这一问题的一种办法,但不能从根本上解决能源问题。解决能源问题最好的办法就是开发新能源。
(2)避免简单重复提纲材料
写提纲作文要避免不假思索地围绕提纲堆砌材料,写一些“不痛不痒”的句子,或者将中文提纲简单地译成英文,或者将英文提纲生硬地搬到作文里。提纲作文不是简单地重复提纲材料的过程,而是在提纲材料的基础上,合理巧妙地构思全文,充分表现主题的过程。 (3)发展深化提纲材料
研究提纲材料时,要明确提纲材料所要体现、发展的内容。发展深化提纲材料就是要提炼主题,是对提纲材料进行的加工、补充、扩展。写好主题句是发展深化提纲的前提。主题句要写得意义完整,清晰明了,有利于段落的扩展。各段落的展开要根据提纲的来龙去脉进行。尤其要注意确定重点,选准扩充点,将较抽象的内容具体化,阐述透彻。下面以How to Solve the Energy Problem(如何解决能源问题)这篇提纲式作文为例,具体分析该提纲内容是怎样发展、深化的。
根据提纲要求,第一段应介绍能源问题的现状,解释为什么人们要尽快解决能源问题。第二段应重点解释解决能源问题的办法:号召人们节约能源。第三段是本文的重点。阐述如何从根本上解决能源问题时,切忌只简单地写出“We should take measures to solve the problem.”这样空洞的、表态性的句子,而不提出具体的解决方法。只有提出具体的解决方法,才能使文章显得充实,有说服力。根据上面的构思,我们可以列出下列提纲: Topic: Energy crisis
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Question: How to solve the energy problem?
Outline: I. Energy shortage is a very serious problem in the world
II. Conserving and saving our energy is a good way to solve the problem. Examples: some countries…..,some countries….., some countries
III. Conservation alone cannot solve the problem, and developing new energy
resources is the best way to solve the problem once for all.
或许有人会先把给出的中文的提纲细化(即列出一个更细的中文提纲),然后考虑如何将这一细化了的提纲转化为英文提纲,或者边写边考虑如何用英文表达细化了的中文提纲的内容。这样势必占用不少时间,会降低写作的速度。因此,建议大家把中文提纲细化(即构思)时,最好直接用英语列出更细的提纲。这样既可以节约不少宝贵的时间,又可以提高写作的速度。
【范文】Energy shortage is a very serious problem in the world. Many people worry that energy resources on the earth will be exhausted if we use them in an unchecked way. This, most people agree, will cause serious problems and even crisis and jeopardize the survival of mankind. On the one hand, most people agree that the problem can be solved in one way or another. One is to conserve and save our energy. Energy refers not only to coal, oil, or natural gases but also to goods, land and water, etc. Most countries have realized the wastefulness in their using of energy. They are trying to conserve energy. For example, some countries have a daylight saving system to use less electricity for lighting. Some cities have enforced water savers at public such as restrooms and bars. Some have enforced serious penalties on overuse of electricity, water, and farming land. By these means, people hope the drain on energy resources could be slowed down.
However, conservation alone cannot solve the problem. Another way, perhaps the best I think, is to develop new energy resources. Obviously, no matter how hard we try to save energy resources and how abundant they are, we will use them up sooner or later. I think there are many energy resources that we can develop and utilize. We don’t have to depend only on the current conventional energy resources. There are many other energy resources that we can develop such as nuclear power, waterpower and solar power. These resources, if developed, can completely replace the conventional energy and thus solve the problem of energy shortage.
21
Question: How to solve the energy problem?
Outline: I. Energy shortage is a very serious problem in the world
II. Conserving and saving our energy is a good way to solve the problem. Examples: some countries…..,some countries….., some countries
III. Conservation alone cannot solve the problem, and developing new energy
resources is the best way to solve the problem once for all.
或许有人会先把给出的中文的提纲细化(即列出一个更细的中文提纲),然后考虑如何将这一细化了的提纲转化为英文提纲,或者边写边考虑如何用英文表达细化了的中文提纲的内容。这样势必占用不少时间,会降低写作的速度。因此,建议大家把中文提纲细化(即构思)时,最好直接用英语列出更细的提纲。这样既可以节约不少宝贵的时间,又可以提高写作的速度。
【范文】Energy shortage is a very serious problem in the world. Many people worry that energy resources on the earth will be exhausted if we use them in an unchecked way. This, most people agree, will cause serious problems and even crisis and jeopardize the survival of mankind. On the one hand, most people agree that the problem can be solved in one way or another. One is to conserve and save our energy. Energy refers not only to coal, oil, or natural gases but also to goods, land and water, etc. Most countries have realized the wastefulness in their using of energy. They are trying to conserve energy. For example, some countries have a daylight saving system to use less electricity for lighting. Some cities have enforced water savers at public such as restrooms and bars. Some have enforced serious penalties on overuse of electricity, water, and farming land. By these means, people hope the drain on energy resources could be slowed down.
However, conservation alone cannot solve the problem. Another way, perhaps the best I think, is to develop new energy resources. Obviously, no matter how hard we try to save energy resources and how abundant they are, we will use them up sooner or later. I think there are many energy resources that we can develop and utilize. We don’t have to depend only on the current conventional energy resources. There are many other energy resources that we can develop such as nuclear power, waterpower and solar power. These resources, if developed, can completely replace the conventional energy and thus solve the problem of energy shortage.
21
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