2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题及答案解析

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题及答案解析

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

①Thinner isn?t always better. ②A number of studies have 1 that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. ③And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually 2 . ④For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ⑤ 3 among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an 4 of good health.

①Of even greater 5 is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. ②It is often defined 6 body mass index, or BMI. ③BMI 7 body mass divided by the square of height. ④An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. ⑤Between 25 and 30 is overweight. ⑥And over 30 is considered obese. ⑦Obesity, 8 , can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese. ①While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. ②Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. ③Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 . ④For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. ⑤Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.

①Today we have a(an) 14 to label obesity as a disgrace. ②The overweight are sometimes 15 in the media with their faces covered. ③Stereotypes 16 with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. ④Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. ⑤ 17 very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.

①Negative attitudes toward obesity, 18 in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity 19 . ②My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. ③Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. ④Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign 20 childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat. 1. [A] denied

[B] conduced [B] dangerous [B] However [B] objective [B] relevance [B] in case of [B] determines [B] in contrast

[C] doubled [C] sufficient

[D] ensured [D]troublesome [D] Therefore [D] example [D] concern [D] in of [D] modifies [D] in part [D] straightforward [D] unless [D] taste [D] stay

2. [A] protective 3. [A] Instead 4. [A] indicator 5. [A] impact

[C] Likewise [C] origin [C] assistance

6. [A] in terms of 7. [A] measures 8. [A] in essence 9. [A] complicated 10. [A] so

[C] in favor of [C] equals [C] in turn [C] variable [C] since

[B] conservative [B] unlike [B] spirit [B] qualify

11. [A] shape 12. [A] start

[C] balance [C] retire

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13. [A] strange 14. [A] option

[B] changeable [B] reason

[C] normal [D] constant [D] tendency [D] monitored [D] associated [D] Only [D] grounded [D] studies [D] without

[C] opportunity [C] imitated [C] settled [C] Yet

15. [A] employed 16. [A]compared 17. [A] Even

[B] pictured [B] combined [B] Still

18. [A] despised 19. [A] discussions 20. [A] for

[B] corrected [B] businesses [B] against

[C] ignored [C] policies [C] with

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

①What would you do with $590m? ②This is now a question for Gloria MacKenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. ③If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfilment, she could do worse than read “Happy Money” by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.

①These two academics use an array of behavioural research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive.②Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes.③Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. ④What was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. ⑤It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dunn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. ⑥These purchases often become more valuable with time—as stories or memories—particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.

①This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck.” ②It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).③Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly.④This is apparently the reason MacDonald?s restricts the availability of its popular McRib—a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.

①Readers of “Happy Money” are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfilment, not hunger. ②Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. ③Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. ④Not everyone will agree with the authors? policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. ⑤But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.

21. According to Dunn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase? [A] A big house. [B] A special tour. [C] A stylish car.

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[D] A rich meal.

22. The author?s attitude toward Americans? watching TV is __________. [A] critical [B] supportive [C] sympathetic [D] ambiguous

23. McRib is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to show that __________. [A] consumers are sometimes irrational [B] popularity usually comes after quality [C] marketing tricks are after effective [D] rarity generally increases pleasure

24. According to the last paragraph, “Happy Money” __________. [A] has left much room for readers? criticism [B] may prove to be a worthwhile purchase [C] has predicted a wider income gap in the us [D] may give its readers a sense of achievement 25. This text mainly discusses how to __________. [A] balance feeling good and spending money [B] spend large sums of money won in lotteries [C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent [D] become more reasonable in spending on luxuries

Text 2

①An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you?re more beautiful than you are. ②We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to achieve this. ③Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.

①We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. ②We become defensive when criticised, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem. ③We stalk around thinking we?re hot stuff. ①Psychologist and behavioural scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study into self-enhancement and attractiveness. ②Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. ③Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. ④If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image—which most did—they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.

①Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. ②Nor was there any evidence that those who self-enhance the most (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. ③In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other markers for having higher self-esteem. ④“I don?t think the

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findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion,” says Epley. “It?s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves.”⑤ If you are depressed, you won?t be self-enhancing.

①Knowing the results of Epley?s study, it makes sense that why people hate photographs of themselves so viscerally—on one level, they don?t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves. ②Facebook therefore, is a self-enhancer?s paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyle. ③It?s not that people?s profiles are dishonest, says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison university, but they portray an idealised version of themselves.

26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that __________. [A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high [B] illusory superiority is baseless effect [C] our needs for leadership is unnatural [D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective

27. Visual recognition is believed to be people?s __________. [A] rapid watching [B] conscious choice [C] intuitive response [D] automatic self-defence

28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to __________. [A] underestimate their insecurities [B] believe in their attractiveness [C] cover up their depressions [D] oversimplify their illusions

29. The word “viscerally” (Line 2, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to __________. [A] instinctively [B] occasionally [C] particularly [D] aggressively

30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer?s paradise because people can __________. [A] present their dishonest profiles [B] define their traditional life styles [C] share their intellectual pursuits [D] withhold their unflattering sides

Text 3

①Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. ②Tears, be they of sorrow, anger or joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. ③The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating (毁灭性的) tragedy was the provocation. ④The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. ⑤But judging from recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.

①Humans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotional tears. ②Since evolution has given rise to few, if

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any, purposeless physiological response, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival.

①Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to elicit assistance from others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. ②Vocal cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention. ③So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves. ①Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress. ②University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. ③Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion. ④Tears shed because of exposure to a cut onion would contain no such substance.

①Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs.

①At Tulane University?s Tear Analysis Laboratory Dr. Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication (药物), to determine whether a contact lens fits properly or why it may be uncomfortable, to study the causes of “dry eye” syndrome and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants.

①At Columbia University, Dr. Linsy Farris and colleagues are studying tears for clues to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes. ②Tears can be obtained painlessly without invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to perform highly refined analyses.

31. It is known from the first paragraph that __________. [A] shedding tears gives unpleasant feelings to American [B] crying may often irritate people or even result in tragedy [C] crying usually wins sympathy from other people [D] one who sheds tears in public will be blamed

32. What does “both those responses to tears” (Line 6, Para, 1) refer to? [A] Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness. [B] The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers. [C] The tear shedder?s apology and the observer?s effort to stop the crying. [D] Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of tears. 33. “Counterproductive” (Line 7, Para. 1) most probably means “_________”. [A] having no effect at all [B] leading to tension

[C] producing disastrous impact [D] harmful to health

34. What does the author say about crying?

[A] It is a pointless physiological response to the environment. [B] It must have a role to play in man?s survival. [C] It is meant to get attention and assistance. [D] It usually produces the desired effect.

35. What can be inferred from the new studies of tears? [A] Emotional tears have the function of reducing stress.

[B] Exposure to excessive medication may increase emotional tears. [C] Emotional tears can give rise to “dry eye” syndrome in some cases. [D] Environmental pollutants can induce the shedding of emotional tears.

Text 4

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①When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. ②Housing is seldom mentioned.

①Why is that? ②To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. ③We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. ④Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. ⑤It is hard to jostle for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere.⑥But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.

①Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. ②Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.

①The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this.②It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.

①There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. ②The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. ③Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.

①Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.

①But it is not just down to the government.②While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing ￡4.5 billion programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is unlikely to be extended beyond then.③The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition?s spending plans if it returns to power.④The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants.⑤We need to adjust to this changing climate.

While the government's commitment to long-term funding may have changed, the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.

36. The author believes that the housing sector __________. [A] has attracted much attention [B] involves certain political factors [C] shoulders too much responsibility [D] has lost its real value in economy

37. It can be learned that affordable housing has __________. [A] increased its home supply [B] offered spending opportunities [C] suffered government biases [D] disappointed the government

38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may __________. [A] allow greater government debt for housing [B] stop local authorities from building homes [C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt [D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast

39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would __________. [A] lower the costs of registered providers

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[B] lessen the impact of government interference [C] contribute to funding new developments [D] relieve the ministers of responsibilities

40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may __________. [A] implement more policies to support housing [B] review the need for large-scale public grants [C] renew the affordable housing grants programme [D] stop generous funding to the housing sector

Part B

Directions:

Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. (10 points)

Uncommon Ground—Land Art in Britain

①The term Land Art brings to mind epic interventions in the land such as Robert Smithson?s Spiral Jetty, 6,500 tons of basalt, earth and salt projecting into Utah?s Great Salt Lake, or Roden Crater, an extinct volcano in Arizona, which James Turrell has been transforming into an immense naked-eye observatory since 1979.

①Richard Long?s A Line Made By Walking, however, involved nothing more strenuous than a 20-minute train ride from Waterloo. ②Having got off somewhere in suburbia, the artist walked backwards and forwards over a piece of grass until the squashed turf formed a line, a kind of drawing on the land.

①Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery. ②Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium.

①The message of this survey of British land art—the most comprehensive to date—is that the British variant, typified by Long?s piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. ②Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves, Long?s photograph of his work is the work. ③Since his “action” is in the past the photograph is its sole embodiment.

①That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relatively few natural objects.

①Long is Britain?s best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form. ②The Boyle Family, on the other hand, stand for its dirty, urban aspect. ③Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls. ④Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the mundanity that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.

①Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard?s very funny Across the Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.

①Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. ②While it probably wasn?t apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have

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readily understood. ③Derek Jarman?s yellow-tinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash. ①In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can?t help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply found a way of making his love of walking pay. ②A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath. ③British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn?t about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through. ④It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.

41. Stone Circle 42. Olaf Street Study 43. Across the Park 44. Towards Avebury 45. Seven days

[A] originates from a long walk that the artist took

[B] illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art [C] reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition [D] represents the elegance of the British land art [E] depicts the ordinary side of the British land art [F] embodies a romantic escape into the Scottish outdoors [G] contains images from different parts of the same photograph

Section III Translation

46. Directions:

Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that?s perpetually half full. But that?s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn?t recommend. “Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.

Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down—say, after giving a bad lecture—he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn?t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn?t matter.

Section IV Writing

Part A

47. Directions:

Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student. Write him an email to 1) tell him about your living habits, and 2) ask for advice about living there.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

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Part B

48. Directions:

Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should 1) interpret the chart and 2) give your comments.

You should write about 150 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

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答案及解析

Section I Use of English 1. [试题考点]语义关系+动词辨析。

[解题思路]空格处意思为“一系列的研究已经______，事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人”。结合常识，研究一般是要得出一定结论的，因此四个选项中B项合乎题意。conclude表示“下结论，总结”，conclude 后可跟that从句作宾语，表明结论的具体内容。

[干扰排除]A选项denied（否认）与文章想表达的含义相反了，这里说研究就是要得出一个结论，开头部分没有任何线索表示要进行否定。C选项doubled（翻倍）与题意无关，而且double that+从句的用法闻所未闻，是不可以这么用的。D选项ensured（确保）也不符合题意，因为研究不能确保后面的事实，只能得出后面的事实作为结论，没有语句证明这些研究保证了什么。 2. [试题考点]语境把握+形容词辨析。

[解题思路]空格处意思为“对于某些健康情况，超重事实上是有______”。结合上下文，研究的结论表明超重能减少罹患疾病的风险。此处又用的是and表连接，说明后面是进一步说明超重具有一定的益处。该句后面的例子形象地阐述了空格处的形容词的意思：“那么体重更高的女人比体重轻的女人更不容易缺钙”，这个例子说明超重是有好处的，对人体具有一定的保护作用，所以选项中protective符合题意，故选项A为正确答案。 [干扰排除]B选项dangerous表示“危险的”，和文章意思相反，后面的例子说的是好处而非坏处。C选项sufficient表示“充足的”，不符合语境，故不选。D选项troublesome表示“有麻烦的”，后面的例子是说好处，不是麻烦，与文章意思不符，故排除。 3. [试题考点]语义关系。

[解题思路]结合前文，研究表明一定程度上超重能减少罹患疾病的风险，具有一定的保护作用。紧接着用for example引出例子，说明较重的女人患缺钙的比例低于较瘦的女人。接着写到“在老年人中，一定程度上超重______”。可以看到前后都在举例证明超重带来的益处，所以应填入表明和前半句相顺接的词语。likewise表示“同样地，也，而且”，故选项C为正确答案。

[干扰排除]A选项instead表示相反对比的关系，不符合语义关系。B选项however表转折，和A选项一样表示相反的关系，也不符合要求。D选项therefore表示“因此”，是因果关系，此处考查的不是因果关系，是顺接关系。

4. [试题考点]文章结构+连词辨析。

[解题思路]结合上下文，一定程度的肥胖可减少患疾病的危险，具备一定的保护作用。此处是举例说明，“对于年老的女性同样可以认为一定程度的肥胖是健康的______”。此处需要填入一个表示象征或者是显示的名词。indicator意思为“指标，指示”，符合语境。indicator of sth 意为“……的象征”，就是说超重是健康的一种象征，完全符合文章的表述。第一段一直讲超重的好处，那么顺承下来的意思必然是健康的象征，故选项A为正确答案。

[干扰排除]B选项objective表示“客观”或“目标”，表示“目标”时，代入文中，意思为“健康的目标”，不符合语境。C选项origin表示“来源”，这一段的意思并没有说到健康的起源，所以逻辑不通。D选项example表示“例子”。结合上下文，研究表明一定范围的超重代表了健康，对于年老女性而言超重是健康的指标，而不是目标、来源或者是例子，所以以上三项都可排除。 5. [试题考点]语义关系+名词辨析。

[解题思路]上一段说明从某种角度来讲肥胖是有益的。本段开始就谈到“很难定义肥胖”这一问题。本题空格所在句是一个倒装句，其正常顺序为“the fact that… is of even great _____”，也就是说，“肥胖很难定义甚至更加_____”。

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结合上下文这里应该指引人关注，选项中表示这一意思的为concern，符合语境，故选项D为正确答案。“of +名词”这种结构相当于该名词的形容词，如of significance等于significant，这一结构常位于系动词be之后作表语。而且，of和名词之间可以加上某些形容词表达更加强烈的感情，比如强调，此处of greater concern中great用了比较级是因为前文出现了关心的问题，这里表明“更加令人关注的是……”。

[干扰排除]A选项impact表示“影响”，前文没有提到过肥胖的不好影响，当然不能够说更加影响这样的说法。B选项relevance表示“相关性”，前文没有提到相关性的问题，不应该出现更加相关这样的说法。C选项assistance表示“辅助”，代入文中，意思为“肥胖难以定义甚至有更大的辅助”，不符合语境。 6. [试题考点]语境理解+短语辨析。

[解题思路]句①说到，我们很难定义肥胖。此处“It is often defined _____ body mass index”的字面意思为“它（肥胖）被定义_____体重指数”，空格后面的body mass index是一个标准或参考，显然肥胖是依据此定义的。所以空格应填入表示“根据，依据，按照”意义的选项，由此可发现符合条件的为in terms of，故选项A为正确答案。 [干扰排除]B选项in case of 表示“在某种情况下”，空格后是body mass index，“在这些指标的情况下”不合文意。 C选项in favor of 表示“赞成”，下定义是客观的，不能够根据喜好来定义。D选项in respect of表示“鉴于……”，貌似有点道理，但是和in terms of一比较就显得牵强，也不地道。 7. [试题考点]语义理解+动词辨析。

[解题思路]句①、②说到，对于肥胖可能很难有一个明确的定义，一般以体重指数（BMI）为依据定义。本句意思为“BMI_____体重除以身高的平方”，很明显解释什么是BMI。联想我们的数学公式，用equal表示“等于”，由此可判断选项C为正确答案。

[干扰排除]A 选项measures表示“测量”，BMI并不是用来测量重量的方法或者公式，不符合文意。B 选项determines表示“确定，决定”，BMI不是用来确定重量的，它本身就是重量的一种表达方式。D选项 modifies表示“修改”，前文没有说到任何事情可以证明BMI可以修改重量，这种说法本身就不符合常识。 8. [试题考点] 句意理解+介词短语辨析。

[解题思路]上文说到，肥胖以体重指数（BMI）为依据定义，且BMI是体重除以身高的平方。既然肥胖已被定义，那么肥胖也会有等级划分的。空格之后的moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese就说明了这种等级：中度、重度和极度肥胖。可以看出这种划分是按照前文句④、⑤、⑥所描述的肥胖程度进行操作的，因此空格中最合适的选项为in turn。in turn表示“依次，分别”，表明了与前文的对应，符合语境，故选项C为正确答案。

[干扰排除]A选项in essence表示“事实上，实际上”，虽然语法上面没有错误，但是这个词用在这里没有任何意义，和前文没有联系。B选项in contrast表示“相反地”，本句是在对应着前文几个肥胖程度的描述进行一一归类的，没有表达相反的意思。D选项in part表示“部分地”，不符合原文，没有语句表明这个分类只是部分而不是全部。

9. [试题考点]语义关系+形容词辨析。

[解题思路]上文说到，肥胖可以由一个公式简明地表示出来，并且根据值的大小分为不同的等级。本句用While表示“尽管……”，有一种让步的含义，说明实际情况与While句所述内容并不相同。本句句意为“这样的数字标准尽管看起来_____，但实际上并非如此”，由上下文可判断出，空格处应填入表示“直截了当的，很清楚的，很明白的”的词语，选项中straightforward符合这一条件，故选项D为正确答案。

[干扰排除] A选项complicated表示“复杂的”，这里的数字标准指的就是体重指数，并分为三类，而且算法比较简单，所以complicated不符合文意。B选项conservative表示“保守的”，这里与保守无关。C选项variable表示“变化的”，这些数字标准是经过大量研究制定出来的，不可能是变化的，因此也不符合题意。 10. [试题考点]语义关系+连词辨析。

[解题思路]空格所在句③意思为：“一些人BMI值很高，实际上身材正好，_____其他BMI值较低的人可能 11 较差。”显然前后是对比的关系，选项中只有while表示“然而”，经常用来连接句子或者短语表达前后对比，故选项B为正确答案。

[干扰排除]A选项so表示“所以”，这里连接的是两个并列的句子，没有因果关系。C选项since表示“因为”，但

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是句子后面不是前面的原因。D选项unless表示“除非……”，很明显这个也说不通，不符合逻辑。 11. [试题考点]语义关系+名词辨析。

[解题思路]由上一题可知，本句的两个分句形成对比。本句可简化为：Some...are fit, while others...may be in poor_____. 前面fit表示体形保持很好，而“in poor_____”意思应与“体形保持很好”相反，英语中shape表示“身材，体形”，in good shape或者in bad shape是很地道的说法，表明一个人身材的好坏，这里in poor shape和前面的fit相对比，故选项A为正确答案。

[干扰排除]B选项spirit表示“精神”，这里说的是身材，和精神无关。C选项balance表示“均衡”，in balance这个词组语法没错，这里说的是身体好坏的事情也沾边，不过因为while连接的两个句子是对比关系，词上面也要对应起来，balance和fit可以说是一个意思，不能表达相反的意思。D选项taste表示“品味，口味”，这里在说健康不健康的问题，没有说到口味的问题。 12. [试题考点]语义关系+动词辨析。

[解题思路]句③说到，一些人BMI值很高，实际上身材正好，而其他BMI值较低的人却有可能体型肥胖。句④、⑤则提供一个例证来支持句③所述：许多大学和职业足球运动员_____是肥胖的，尽管他们相对而言脂肪很少。而与之相反，一个个子瘦小而脂肪很高的人却可能有 13 BMI值。不难看出，句④、⑤分别与句③前后两个分句相对应。也就是说，这些大学和职业足球运动员虽然脂肪很少，但他们的BMI值却很高，即他们被认为是肥胖的。由此可知，空格词的意思是“认为”或“符合”，选项中符合要求的是qualify。qualify表示“有资格，被认为……”，文中通过足球运动员的例子说明虽然有些球员脂肪很少，但是他们却被列入了肥胖行列，故选项B为正确答案。

[干扰排除]A选项表示“开始”，这些球员不是作为肥胖者开始的，他们是运动员，只是被认为是肥胖的。C选项表示“退休”，与内容无关，文章从始至终都没有提到运动员退休的事情，只说了他们还在职位上的事情。D选项stay表示处于一种状态，球员们不能够一直是肥胖状态，他们被人列为肥胖者，而不是作为胖子生活着，两种表达含义不同。

13. [试题考点]语义关系+形容词辨析。

[解题思路]由上一题可知，句⑤与句③后一分句相对应。本句意思为“一个个子瘦小而脂肪很高的人却可能BMI值”，句③后一分句的意思为“其他BMI值较低的人却有可能体型肥胖”，由此可判断空格词的意思为“较低”或“不高”，观察四个选项，符合条件的只有normal。normal表示“正常的”。句子意思是有些人脂肪过高，但是BMI却处于正常值，故选项C为正确答案。

[干扰排除]A选项strange表示“奇怪的”，不符合文意， BMI值是一个指标，只能高、低或正常，而不能是“奇怪的”。B选项changeable表示“可变的”，也不符合语境，这个词和high没有对比关系。D选项constant表示“常数的，不变的”。根据常识，肥胖者的BMI也不会是恒定的，不符合语意。 14. [试题考点]语义关系+名词辨析。

[解题思路]本句意思为“如今我们有一种，把肥胖看作是一种耻辱”，浏览本段下文，阐述的都是社会上歧视肥胖的各种情形，由此可判断出，本题空格所在句为本段的主题句，是对本段主题的概括，说明了社会上歧视肥胖的普遍性。观察四个选项，空格处最适合的词为tendency，have a tendency to do sth意思为“有做某事的倾向”，故选项D为正确答案。

[干扰排除]A选项option是“选择”的意思，今天我们可以选择把胖子当成侮辱对象，不符合语境。B选项意思是“原因”，后面讲的是歧视肥胖的各种情形，与原因无关，所以reason用在这里不合适。C选项是“机会”的意思，把肥胖标榜为侮辱绝不是什么机会，机会往往说的是好事情，而这个话语是贬义的。 15. [试题考点]语义关系+动词辨析。

[解题思路]句①提到了当今人们将肥胖视为一种耻辱的倾向，本句意思是“有时候胖子们不露脸在媒体”。既然大家都觉得肥胖是一种丢人的事情，那么当他们在媒体中出现时可能会处理为不露脸。因此，空格词的意思应与“出现”相关，选项中最合适的词语为pictured。picture作动词时，意思为“拍照，展示”，符合本文语境，故选项B为正确答案。

[干扰排除]A选项employed表示“利用，使用”，代入文中，意思是胖子有时蒙着脸在媒体被利用，无法讲通。C

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选项imitated表示“模仿”，如果填入这个词，那么翻译成“胖子有时被蒙着脸被媒体模仿”，逻辑不通。D选项monitored表示“控制”，带入文中表示“胖子们被媒体控制了”，也不符合文意。 16. [试题考点]语义关系+形容词辨析。

[解题思路]空格所在句的意思是：与肥胖的成见包括懒惰、缺乏意志力、不可能成功。本段都在讲人们对肥胖所抱有的普遍偏见，可见这里所提到的内容都是人们心目中对肥胖者形成的不正确的看法，因此本题选择associated。associated表示“与……相关的”，这里associated with obesity为过去分词短语做主语stereotypes的后置定语。故选项D为正确答案。

[干扰排除]A选项compared表示“与……相比”，逻辑关系不对，这里提到的是与肥胖相关的成见，而不是在比较。B选项combined表示“与……相结合”，指使物体结合或混合从而形成一个整体，显然与原文不相符合。C选项settled表示“解决，处理”，代入文中，stereotypes settled with obesity意思是“与肥胖把成见解决了”，逻辑不通。

17. [试题考点]语义关系+副词辨析。

[解题思路]本段的主题是如今人们有一种将肥胖视为耻辱的倾向。句④说到，教师、雇主以及保健医生对肥胖的偏见表露无遗。成人如此，那么小孩子是什么态度呢？本句说明了这一问题：“小孩子总是看不起超重的人，而且嘲笑肥胖者一直是学校的一个问题”。本空格缺少一个副词，结合语境，应该填入递进的词汇，even表示“甚至”，有递进的意思。本段一直在讲肥胖者被人贬低的现象，层层递进，此处用even来强调严重性，情感上最贴切，故选项A为正确答案。

[干扰排除]B选项Still表示“仍然”，如果前文提到过孩子们嘲笑胖子，那么这里就可以选择该项，可见这里不适合。C选项Yet表示“然而”，用于疑问句或否定句，这里并没有转折的意思，完全是递进关系，用Yet不妥。D选项Only表示“仅仅，只不过”，前文已经提到除了孩子们之外的其他人的贬低行为，这里再说“仅仅孩子们在做”是不对的，因为其他人也做了类似的事情。 18. [试题考点]语义关系+动词辨析。

[解题思路]空格所在的短语“___ in health concerns”修饰Negative attitudes toward obesity，说明了这种对肥胖的负面态度的产生与对健康的关注之间的关系。本句意思为：对肥胖的负面态度是___对健康的关注而产生的，已经激发众多反肥胖的 19 。人们通常认为肥胖是不健康的，因此，对肥胖的负面态度是源于对健康的关注而产生的。观察四个选项，符合这一语义的为grounded。grounded表示“基于……”，反对肥胖是基于对健康的关注，故选项D为正确答案。

[干扰排除]A选项despised表示“歧视”，关注健康问题不应该是歧视的态度，故排除。B选项corrected不与in搭配。C选项ignored表示“忽略”，而文中健康问题一点也没有被忽略，反而是描写得很多，处于很受关注的地位。

19. [试题考点]语义关系+名词辨析。

[解题思路]句①指出基于对健康问题的关注，出现了一些反肥胖的___。空格后的句子出现了banned sugary drinks和have instituted weight and fitness initiatives以及a high-visibility campaign等都是政策、措施，因此空格词应与政策、措施相关。在四个选项中，policies是结合前后文理解最恰当的一个词，故选项C为正确答案。 [干扰排除]A选项discussions表示“讨论，议论”，后文没有说到任何和讨论有关的问题。B选项businesses表示“商业”，后文的描述不是商业行为，而是很多的政策涉及的行为。D选项studies表示“研究，学习”，后文也没有说到展开了什么研究，所以不选。 20. [试题考点]句意理解+介词辨析。

[解题思路]本段的主题是反对肥胖，句①提到考虑到健康问题，出现了一些反肥胖的政策。此处接着讲到“米歇尔·奥巴马已经发起了一个非常引人注目的___儿童肥胖运动，甚至宣称肥胖是国家最大的安全威胁”。既然肥胖威胁国家安全，所以这里明显是反对儿童肥胖。空格词应表示“反对”，最合适的选项只有against，故选项B为正确答案。

[干扰排除]A选项for表示“支持”，与文意相反，这些政策出台是为了要阻止肥胖而不是支持肥胖。C选项with表示“伴随”，意思有误，米歇尔·奥巴马不可能与孩童肥胖一起举行运动。D选项without表示“没有”，不能表示

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文中反对的意思。 【全文翻译】

①瘦并非总能带来好处。②大量研究已表明和超重的人相比，正常体重的人患某些疾病的风险更高。③对于某些健康状况而言，超重事实上具有一定的保护作用。④比如说较重的女人患缺钙的比例低于较瘦的女人。⑤同样地对于老年人而言，在老年人中，一定程度上超重常常意味着健康。

①需要更加注意的是肥胖很难定义。②肥胖是依据体重指数来定义（BMI）。③BMI就是体重除以身高的平方。④一个成年人BMI值介于18到25之间会被当做是正常体重。⑤介于25到30之间的被界定为是超重。⑥BMI值高于30则被称作肥胖。⑦肥胖依次被分为中度肥胖、重度肥胖和极度肥胖。

①尽管这样的数字标准看起来一目了然，实际上并非如此。②肥胖或许和体重关系很小，而更多与脂肪有关系。③一些人BMI值很高，实际上身材正好，而其他BMI值较低的人却有可能体型肥胖。④举例来说，许多大学和职业足球运动符合肥胖的指标，尽管他们相对而言脂肪很少。⑤而与之相反，一个个子瘦小而脂肪很高的人却可能BMI值正常。

①当前我们倾向把肥胖看作是一种丢脸的事情。②出现在媒体中的肥胖者有时是不露脸的。③人们肥胖怀有的成见包括懒惰、缺乏意志力、不可能成功。④教师、雇主以及保健医生已经对于肥胖的偏见表露无遗。⑤甚至小孩子也看不起肥胖者，而且对肥胖者的嘲笑一直是学校的一个问题。

①对肥胖的负面态度是基于对健康的关注，已经激发一批反肥胖的政策。②我所在的医院系统已禁止含糖饮料的供应。③很多企业已开展减肥和健身举措。④米歇尔·奥巴马已经发起了非常引人注目的消除儿童肥胖的运动，她甚至宣称肥胖是国家最大的安全威胁。

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Part A

Text 1

21. [解题思路]事实细节题。根据关键词Dunn and Norton定位到文章第一、二段。但第一段只是提到了两个人，并没有相关的详细信息，所以需要详细阅读第二段。第二段句⑤说到“it is far better to spend money on experiences...like interesting trips...”（把钱花在体验上，比如说旅行，则好得多），句⑥又提及“These purchases often become more valuable with time...”（这些花费经历时间常常变得更有价值）。选项B“特别的旅行”与此相符，故为答案。

[干扰排除]A选项根据第二段句②“...involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes”中的extravagant homes（豪华的房子）设置的干扰，其主语是Fantasies of great wealth，并非描述回报最好的购买，故排除。选项C同样是根据这句中的fancy cars设置干扰，与题干无关，故排除。选项D根据句⑤中的unique meals（独特的饮食）设置干扰，“独特的饮食”并不是rich meals(丰盛的饭菜)，属于偷换概念，故排除。

22. [解题思路]观点态度题。根据关键词Americans? watching TV定位在第三段句②，该句出现了watching television的字眼儿，紧跟其后的括号内的句子“something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it”是对美国人看电视这件的事情的评价，意思是“普通美国人一年会花整整两个月的时间看电视，但他们并不因此而更快乐”，由此可以得知作者对于看电视的态度是批判性的，A选项与此相符，故为答案。 [干扰排除]关于作者观点态度的题目一般比较明显，根据第三段的句子就可以排除其余三项。

23. [解题思路]篇章结构题。根据关键词McRib定位在第三段。McRib所在的句④说到“This is apparently the reason MacDonald?s restricts the availability of its popular McRib”（这就是为什么麦当劳限制出售受欢迎的烤汁猪排堡的原因），此处指示代词this表近指，相关内容要在前文句③去找。句③的意思是“买礼物或者是做慈善通常要比给自己买东西更令人高兴，而且有节制地进行奢侈消费最令人愉悦”。由此可知D项所述“难以得到的东西通常会增加愉悦感“与此相符，故为答案。 [干扰排除]A选项根据they are consumed sparingly设置的干扰，其意思是加以节制的消费，而不是说消费者们有时候变得无理性的，故排除。B选项属于无中生有，故排除。C选项根据本段最后一句...a marketing trick设

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置的干扰，原意是McRib是一种市场营销手段，这一手段使得人们趋之若鹜，而after effective意思是迟发效应的，与原文不符合，故排除。

24. [解题思路]事实细节题。直接定位在最后一段，“Happy Money”是一本书，句④、⑤提到：Not everyone will agree with... But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent，意思是并不是每一个人都赞同作者的观点，但大多数人看完这本书后，然认为其物有所值。因此B选项说“Happy Money”值得购买与此相符，故为答案。［干扰排除］最后一段只有最后两句话表明读者的两种看法，并不能说明给读者留有很大的批判余地，A选项属于望文生义，故排除。C选项基于最后一段句②③设置的干扰，这两句是说金钱不一定能买到快乐，但是在更富裕国家的人们一般比贫穷国家的人们快乐。不过，不管是在富裕的国家还是贫穷的国家，把钱消费在其他人身上感觉良好的联系随处可见，并不是没有谈及两者之间的收入差距，故排除。D选项根据最后一句设置干扰，读者感受到物有所值，但不一定就是成就感，属于望文生义，故排除。 25. [解题思路]主旨要义题。文章的主旨需要结合文章各段落的大意总结而得出。第一段以一位84岁的中奖后如何消费为例，引出金钱与满足或快乐（lasting feelings of fulfillment）的话题。第二段紧接第一段提到的两个人Dunn and Mr Norton以及他们的书“Happy Money”，写到他们提出的可能的最有价值的或回报最好的消费——一次特别的旅行。第三段提到McRib，同时也说明一点买礼物或者做慈善可能比给自己置办东西要快乐。最后一段说“Happy Money”的读者对该书褒贬不一，但是大部分读者还是认可的，赞同书中关于金钱消费与幸福感的论述。所以，文章的主旨就是论述由金钱消费相关的持久的成就感或满足感，C选项与此相符，故为答案。 ［干扰排除］A选项关于消费与感觉良好之间的平衡时第一段提出的一个话题，文章并没有对此展开论述，故排除。“Happy Money”关于金钱消费与幸福感的论述并非针对lottery winners，故排除B项。文中关于luxury只在第三段最后两句话提及，是说奢侈品的消费要有节制才会令人感到愉悦，而不是说奢侈品的消费是合理的，显然D选项是不正确的说法，故排除。 【全文翻译】

①如果你有5.9亿美金，你会拿这笔钱做什么？②如今格洛里亚?麦肯齐就面临这样一个问题，她是一位失去

丈夫的84岁高龄的老太太，居住在佛罗里达州她的小铁皮房子里，她近日独自中了美国历史上金额最大的彩票累积资金。③如果她想让这份意外之财给自己带来更为持久的幸福感，那她不如去拜读一番由伊丽莎白?邓恩和迈克尔·诺顿合著的书《快乐理财》。

①伊丽莎白?邓恩和迈克尔·诺顿这两位学者运用一系列行为研究表明最受益的消费方式可能具有反直觉性质。

②通常巨额财富会让人想到豪车和豪宅。③不过，这些物质购买带来的满足感会很快消失。④曾经让人兴奋和带来新奇的东西到手之后不过就像是老旧的礼帽；懊恼悄然而至。⑤用伊丽莎白和迈克尔的话说，这远不如把钱花在寻求体验上，比如说旅行、特别的膳食及去电影院看电影。⑥随着时间的流逝，这些体验往往会变得珍贵——成为故事或记忆——如果这些体验与他人相关则更是如此。

①这本薄薄的书中充满了许多既能让工资的奴仆也能让彩票的幸运儿获得“金钱带来的快乐大爆发”的建议。②如果人们能够缩短他们的工作时间和看电视的时间而花更多的时间跟朋友和家人在一起，这似乎会让他们的生活的品质提高。普通美国人一年会花整整两个月的时间看电视，但他们并不因此而更快乐。③买礼物或者是做慈善通常要比给自己买东西更令人高兴，而且有节制地进行奢侈消费最令人愉悦。④这就是麦当劳为什么限制出售受欢迎的烤汁猪排堡的原因——这种营销手段使人们为之着迷。

①《快乐财富》的读者显然是生活富足的人，他们考虑的是生活的满足感而不是饥饿。②金钱不一定能买到

快乐，但是富裕国家的人们一般比贫穷国家的人们快乐。③不过，不管是在富裕的国家还是贫穷的国家，把钱消费在其他人身上感觉良好的联系随处可见，对大多数人来说，稀缺性提升了很多事情的快乐。④并不是每个人都同意作者在从安排更多的度假时间到减少税收刺激美国购房者的观点。⑤但是读完这本书，大多数的人会觉得它物有所值。

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26. [解题思路]事实细节题。直接定位到第一段，第一段第三句“社会心理学家对所谓的?高于均数效应?或者?虚幻的优越感?进行大量的研究，发现我们中70%的人认为自己的领导力在平均水平之上……—这些数据明显都是不可能的。”由此可知，我们对自己评价过高。A选项与此相符，故为答案。

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[干扰排除]第一段提到的所谓?高于均数效应?或者?虚幻的优越感（illusory superiority）?，它们的出现是有一定的原因的，并不是说illusory superiority就是毫无依据的一种效应，A选项属于望文生义，故排除。C选项根据70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership设置的干扰，此处只是说70%的人认为自己的领导力在平均水平之上，并非说人们对于领导力的需求是不自然的，B选项也属于望文生义，故排除。D选项根据句②设置干扰，文中意思是我们使用了一系列这样的自我美化的策略，结果怎样并没有定论，所以D选项的推论没有根据，故排除。

27. [解题思路]事实细节题。根据关键词Visual recognition定位到第三段。第三段句③说到“Visual recognition... is an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”，意思是“视觉识别是自动的心理过程，这个过程依靠直觉快速发生，几乎没有或者说没有明显的有意行为”。由此可知，这项研究认为视觉识别是人们的直觉反应。选项C与此相符，故为答案。 [干扰排除]A选项根据第三段句④中的quickly chose a falsely flattering image设置的干扰，此处主语是subjects，因此与题干无关，故排除。B选项表述与文中内容相反，文中指出...with little or no apparent conscious deliberation，即这种识别几乎是无意识的，并非有意识的选择，故排除。句③说到这种识别是一种automatic psychological process（自动的心理过程），并非自动的自我护卫，D选项属于断章取义，故排除。

28. [解题思路]事实细节题。根据关键词Epley和self-esteem定位到第四段。句②讲到“没有证据显示那些自我拔高最多的人这样做是为了掩饰自己内心的不安”，接着句③讲到“事实上，那些认为那些美化的照片就是自己的人就是那些表现出更高自尊的人”，可见表现出更高自尊的人对自己的魅力深信不疑，B选项与此相符，故为答案。 [干扰排除]A选项根据句②make up for profound insecurities设置的干扰，文中意思是“没有证据显示那些自我拔高最多的人这样做是为了掩饰自己内心的不安”，并不是说他们低估了他们的不安全，故排除。C选项根据第四段末句If you are depressed, you won?t be self-enhancing设置的干扰，文中意思是“如果你感到沮丧，那你不会自我拔高”，而不是说自尊心强的人倾向于遮掩他们的压抑，故排除。D选项意思是“过于简化他们的幻觉”，根据第四段句④中的simply 设置干扰，然而句④只提到了“这种情况只不过反映了人们通常对自己评价过高”，并没有相关他们简化他们的幻觉的信息，故排除。

29. [解题思路]语义理解题。直接定位到第五段，viscerally所在句讲到“如果了解了埃普利的研究结果，就会明白为什么许多人viscerally讨厌照片中的自己，从某种层面上说，他们甚至不承认照片中的人是他们自己”，从前文可知，根据埃普利的研究，许多人无意识地认为经过修饰的照片是真实的自己，这种心理过程occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation，由此可判断viscerally可能与“无意识地”、“下意识地”有关。四个选项中，与此最接近的是instinctively（本能地），故答案为选项A。viscerally意思是“出于本能地，非理性地”，即instinctively。 [干扰排除]其他三个选项分别意为“偶然地”、“特别地”、“攻击性地，有进取心地”，由以上分析，都不符合原文，故全部排除。

30. [解题思路]推理判断题。根据关键词Facebook定位到最后一段。最后一段句②讲到“因此，Facebook是自我拔高者的天堂，在这里人们可以分享自己最漂亮的照片，展示他们最突出的机智、风度、美丽、学识和生活方式”，由此可推断，在Facebook上，人们展示的是他们最好的一面，而不好的一面或者说最真实的一面只有他们自己知道。选项D意思为“人们可以不让别人知道自己最真实的一面”与此相符，故为答案 [干扰排除]最后一段句③接着讲到“不是人们不诚实，而是他们展示了自己最理想的形象”，A选项说“他们展示

了他们不诚实的一面”，与文中内容相反，故排除。B选项是根据句②中the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyle设置的干扰，文中并未提及他们传统的生活方式，属于断章取义，故排除。同样，文中只是说他们在Facebook展示他们最优秀的学识，并非分享他们的学术追求，C选项的表述与原文是有出入的，故排除。 【全文翻译】

①《科学美国人》上的一篇文章指出，实证研究证明，人们其实认为他们比真实的自己更漂亮。②自我感觉良好是我们内心的一种需要，我们自然地使用了一系列自我拔高的策略来达到这一目的。③社会心理学家对所谓的“高于均数效应”或者“虚幻的优越感”进行大量的研究，发现我们中70%的人认为自己的领导力在平均水平之上，93%的人认为自己驾驶水平高超，85%的人认为为人处事方面比别人优秀，这些数据明显都是不可能的。

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①我们美化我们的记忆，并自我肯定。②别人提出异议时，我们会竭力抗争，并且为增强自己的自尊给别人强加上负面的形象。③我们趾高气扬，觉得自己炙手可热。

①心理学家和行为学家尼古拉斯·埃普利指导了一项关于自我拔高和魅力的重要研究。②他不是让人们简单地通过与别人相比来对自己的漂亮评分，而是要求他们从一组照片中找出自己真实的照片，这些照片中也包括了他们的经过修饰多少显得更漂亮的照片。③这项研究报道，视觉识别是“一个自动的心理过程，这个过程依靠直觉快速发生，几乎没有或者说没有明显的有意行为”。④如果受试者很快错误地选择了一个更显得漂亮的照片（这种情况大多数情况下都会发生），他们会真地相信这是他们真实的面貌。

①埃普利发现这种情况没有显著的性别差异。②也没有证据显示那些自我拔高最多的人（即那些认为经过修饰的显得最漂亮的图片就是真实自己的参与者）这样做是为了掩饰自己内心的不安。③事实上，那些认为那些美化的照片就是自己的人就是那些表现出更高自尊的人。④埃普利说：“我认为我们的研究发现并非个人错觉所致，这种情况只不过反映了人们通常会自我拔高。” ⑤如果你正情绪低落，那你就不会自我拔高。

①如果了解了埃普利的研究结果，就会明白为什么许多人本能地讨厌照片中的自己，从某种层面上说，他们甚至不承认照片中的人是他们自己。②由此而言，Facebook是自我拔高者的天堂，在这里人们可以分享自己最漂亮的照片，展示他们最突出的机智、风度、美丽、学识和生活方式。③威斯康辛-麦迪森大学的卡特琳娜·托玛说，这并不是说人们的个人信息是不诚实的，而是他们展示了自己最理想的形象。

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31. [解题思路]事实细节题。第一段句①、②讲到，哭泣在美国社会得不到鼓励，无论泪水因悲伤、愤怒还是喜悦而流，都会让美国人感到不舒服和尴尬。选项A意思是“流眼泪会使美国人感到不舒服”，是原文的同义改写，故为答案。 [干扰排除]B项意思是“哭泣经常会使人发怒或者导致悲剧”，句②说的是“泪水因悲伤、愤怒还是喜悦而流”，B项因果倒置，故排除。C项说“哭泣总会赢得别人的同情”，第一段并没有提到。D项说“在公共场合哭泣会受到指责”，第一段没有说到公共场合哭泣的情况，所以也不符合原文。

32. [解题思路]事实细节题。从both those responses to tears定位至第一段句⑤，其后半部分意思是“这两种对待眼泪的反应常常是不合适的，甚至可能适得其反”。从这句向前看，第一段的句③、④分别说到，虽然有时候一个巨大的悲剧让人流泪，但流泪的人往往会道歉，旁观者则会想方设法劝阻他/她忍住泪水。可见，both those responses to tears说的就是这两种情况，选项C与此符合，所以为答案。 [干扰排除]A项意思是“因悲伤而哭泣和因喜悦而哭泣”，句②说的是“泪水因悲伤、愤怒还是喜悦而流”，讲的是哭泣的三个诱因，这里无法与对待眼泪的反应相联系。B项说“旁观者的尴尬和不舒服感觉”，第一段开头说的是哭泣让美国人觉得尴尬和不舒服，不关旁观者的事。D项说“和哭泣相关的疾病和找到眼泪的化学组成”，这个在both部分之前的句子中提过，但那是指“从对哭泣行为、疾病和哭泣的关系以及眼泪的化学组成的研究上来看”，明显不是both指代的内容，从语法上看就不对，故排除。

33. [解题思路]语义理解题。从词汇本身来看，productive意思是“富有成效的”，而counter-是一个否定前缀，意思是“作用相反的”，因此可以推断counterproductive的意思是“效果相反的，适得其反的”，但从四个选项来看，仍然无法确定那个与这个意思相对应，因此还需要从原文出发。最后一句说到“但是从最近对哭泣行为、疾病和哭泣的关系以及眼泪的化学组成的研究上说，上述两个行为的效果都不合适，甚至适得其反”，也就是说流泪不应视为羞愧的行为，也不应加以阻止，不难推断，哭泣是有好处的。再从“从最近对哭泣行为、疾病和哭泣的关系以及眼泪的化学组成的研究上说”这一句来说，可以知道counterproductive说的是对人体健康不好的效果，因此D项是正确答案。 [干扰排除]A项“完全无效”，过于宽泛，不符合原文。B项“会导致紧张”，文中并无提及。C项“导致灾难性的结果”是从句③“有时候一个毁灭性的（devastating）悲剧让人流泪”设置干扰，但从以上分析可知，这里无法推出灾难性的结果，故排除。

34. [解题思路]观点态度题。从第二段句②可以发现作者对哭泣的看法：“鉴于进化导致了即使有也为数甚少的无目的的生理反应，那么认为哭泣对于强化生存有一种或多种作用是合乎情理的”，也就是说作者认为哭泣对于人类生存是有强化的作用的，选项B与此相符合，故为答案。

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[干扰排除]A项意思是“哭泣是人类对环境的一个无意义的生理反应”，第二段句②说的是没有目的，不是没有意义，故排除。C项说“哭泣是为了得到关注和帮助”，第三段句①明确说明流泪对获得帮助几乎没有什么帮助，句②又说到出声哭泣比流泪更易引起关注，可见流泪本身并不能引起关注和获得帮助，故排除选项C。D项意思是“它总是能够产生预期的效果”，文中是说眼泪有一定的效果，但是仍然在研究中，而且哭泣本身没有什么目的，也就无所谓产生什么效果。

35. [解题思路]推理判断题。由new studies定位至第四段，句①讲到，这个新研究表明情绪性的泪水可能对减轻压力起到直接的作用。接下来的几句又说到，情绪性的泪水含有两种化学物质，其他原因引起的泪水却没有这两种化学物质，说明是这两种化学物质减轻了压力，选项A与原文一致，为正确答案。 [干扰排除]文章第五段讲到，研究者正在研究眼泪是否可以作为诊断疾病和药物监控的手段，在第六段讲到，他们发现通过眼泪可以检测药物滥用和服用的药物，但并非过量服药会增加情绪性的泪水，故排除B项。研究者发现通过眼泪可以研究干眼症的原因，并非说情绪性的泪水会导致干眼症，故排除C项。研究者发现通过眼泪可以测量接触环境污染物的程度，但并非环境污染物会引发情绪性的泪水，故排除D项。 【全文翻译】

①哭泣不是社会鼓励的活动。②无论泪水因悲伤、愤怒还是喜悦而流，都让美国人感到不舒服和尴尬。③甚至在一个惊人的让人流泪时，流泪的人也往往会道歉，④旁观者则会想方设法劝阻他/她忍住泪水。⑤但是从最近对哭泣行为、疾病和哭泣的关系以及眼泪的化学组成的研究上说，上述两个行为的效果都不合适，甚至适得其反。 ①人类是我们所知道的唯一可以流下感情的泪水的。②鉴于进化导致了即使有也为数甚少的无目的的生理反应，那么认为哭泣对于强化生存有一种或多种作用是合乎情理的。

①尽管有些观察者认为哭泣是从他人处寻求帮助的方法（就像哭泣的婴儿可能会得到妈妈的帮助），但流眼泪对获得帮助几乎没有什么助益。②出声的哭泣可能比眼泪更加容易得到注意。③因此，眼泪看起来具有某些特别之处。

①事实上，新的研究表明情感激发的泪水可能对减轻压力起到直接的作用。②明尼苏达大学研究眼泪化学组成的研究人员最近从情绪激发的眼泪中分离了两种重要的化学物质。③研究人员发现这两种物质只存在于因情绪激发而产生的泪水中。④但是因切洋葱而流出的泪水中不包含这两种物质。

①其他几家机构的研究者正在研究眼泪是否可以作为诊断疾病和药物监控的手段。

①杜兰大学眼泪分析实验室的彼得·卡斯尔教授还有他的同事们报告说他们可以用眼泪来检测药物滥用和药物的服用情况，可以判断隐形眼镜是否合适以及它为什么戴着不舒服，可以研究干眼症的原因以及眼部手术的效果，甚至可以测量人们接触环境污染物的程度。

①哥伦比亚大学的林赛·法里斯教授以及他的同事们正在研究是否可以通过眼泪来诊断眼部以外其他部位的疾病用。②眼泪无需使身体受侵，可以没有痛苦地获得，而且仅仅需要微量眼泪就可以进行精确度很高的分析。

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36. [解题思路]事实细节题。题干关键词为housing sector，第一段提及它是在句②Housing is seldom mentioned，讲到对经济发展有贡献的行业，房地产很少被提及。紧接着第二段由Why...引出原因的解释，要注意but在句⑥的出现，这一句应该是作者真正想要表达的观点：But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.（但也许最重要的原因是，这一问题一直以来都是充满着政治意味。）也就是说，房地产行业总是与政治相关。选项B与此相符，故为答案。 [干扰排除]A项“得到充分注意”与原文相反，第一段句②说在讲到对经济发展有贡献的行业，房地产很少被提及，故排除。C项意思是“承担了太多责任”，第二段句②说的是房地产必须承担罪责，也就是还没有承担责任，故排除。D项意思是“在经济中丧失其真正价值”，第二段句③说的是我们不善于让人们明白房地产在促进经济发展中的真正价值，两者不一致，属于断章取义，故排除。

37. [解题思路]事实细节题。根据关键词affordable housing定位到第三、四段。第三段写到目前经济适用房处于不景气状态，数量有限，供不应求。第四段讲到这一问题的解决：综合开支审查为政府提供了一个纠正这一问题的机会。政府需要把过去的偏见抛在一边，并采取了一些措施来解决我们迫切的住房需求。由此可以知道经济

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适用房遭到了政府的偏见。C选项中的biases对应文中的historical prejudices，故为答案。

[干扰排除]A选项根据第三段句②we are simply not building enough new homes设置干扰，与原文意思相反，故排除。B选项根据第四段句①中的comprehensive spending review设置干扰，原文是说该项综合消费审查给政府提供了改善目前状况的机会，而不是经济适用房提供了消费机会，属于偷换主语，故排除。D选项原文未提及，属于无中生有，故排除。

38. [解题思路]事实细节题。直接定位到第五段。George Osborne将会让当地政府的建房借贷限额变得更加宽松，并且在借贷限额取消的情况下，将会另有60,000所房屋在未来的五年中建成，并由此拉动GDP的百分之零点六。因此选项A“允许更大数额的政府建房借贷”与此相符，故为答案。 [干扰排除]B项依据第五段句②authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt设置干扰，文中意思是放宽了政府购买建房的借贷，并不是禁止当地政府建房，故排除。C选项的表达也正好与原文相反，故排除。D选项依据句③中的increasing GDP by 0.6%设置干扰，不是George Osborne拉动GDP的百分之零点六的增长，而是在未来的五年中建成的60,000所房屋会拉动GDP的百分之零点六的增长，故排除。

39. [解题思路]推理判断题。根据题干关键词stable rental environment定位到第六段。该段说到，部长们同时应该创造一个更加稳定的房屋出租市场，这将对那些登记注册的房屋提供者把收益用于新的发展项目有很大影响。由此可知，稳定的房屋出租市场对投资新发展项目是益处的，C选项与此相一致，故为答案。 [干扰排除]A选项根据registered providers设置干扰，文中没有减少注册供应者成本相关表述，属于无中生有，故排除。文中只是说了稳定的房屋出租市场对投资新发展项目的影响，并没有提及对政府干预的影响，故排除选项B。选项D根据Ministers should also look at...设置干扰，文中意思是政府相关行政领导除了在新房建设方面有所政策改变，对租房的市场环境也应有所改善，而不是说减轻他们的责任，选项D属于断章取义，故排除。 40. [解题思路]观点态度题。根据题干关键词2015定位到最后一段。句②说到，我们必须面对一个现实，那就是现在实行的用于资助新建经济适用房的45亿英镑补贴计划的截止日期是2015年，不可能在此期限后继续延长。句④也说到，房地产部门需要接受这一事实：大规模的公共补助金的时代不太可能再回来了。由这两句可推断，2015年之后，政府对房地产业不会再有大的资助了，选项D与此相符，故为答案。 [干扰排除]A项“推行更多的政策来支持住房”与原文相反，故排除。B项的意思是“重新审视大规模公共拨款的需求”，末段句④说到2015年之后，政府会停止对房地产业的资助，并没有提及审查，故排除。C项根据句②中的￡4.5 billion programme of grants to fund new affordable housing设置干扰，原文意思是说，这项45亿英镑的补贴计划是用于资助新建经济适用房的，将于2015年截止日，并没有提到续期（renew）的意思，故排除C项。 【全文翻译】

①当政府谈及基础设施促进了经济发展时，关注点总会放在公路、铁路、宽带和能源上。②而房地产业却很少提及。

①这是什么原因呢？②在一定程度上，住房部门难脱其咎。③我们一直不能让人们明白房地产在促进经济发展中的真正价值。④因此，房地产项目的规模也一成不变。⑤数十亿的基础设施项目很难赢得关注，所以注意力必然会放在其他事情上。⑥但最重要的原因也许是这个问题一直以来都是这样充满政治意味。

①然而，经济适用房的情况令人绝望。②等候名单的人数一直在增加，而我们根本没有建起足够的房屋。 ①综合开支审查为政府提供了一个纠正这一问题的机会。②政府需要把过去的偏见抛在一边，并采取了一些措施来解决我们迫切的住房需求。

①有一些迹象表明，政府正准备如此行事。②社区部部长唐·福斯特透露，乔治·奥斯本财政大臣针对现在实行的地方政府房屋借贷数额上限将采取更多的弹性政策。③有证据表明在借贷限额取消的情况下，在未来五年中将会有60,000所房屋建成，从而使GDP增长百分之零点六。

①部长们同时应该创造一个更加稳定的房屋出租市场，这将对那些登记注册的房屋提供者把收益用于新的发展项目有很大影响。

①但一切不能仅依靠政府。②虽然这些措施在短期内会受到欢迎，但是我们必须正视一个事实，那就是现在实行的用于资助新建经济适用房的45亿英镑补贴计划的截止日期是2015年，不可能在此期限之后继续有效。③

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工党近日宣布，如能重新执政，它将保留很大一部分的联盟支出计划。④房地产部门需要接受这一事实：大规模的公共补助金的时代不太可能再回来了。⑤我们需要适应这种不断变化的气候。

Part B

[A]起源于这个艺术家的漫长的步行 [B]表明了一种地景光线概念艺术 [C]提醒了人们英国山水画绘画传统 [D]代表了英国地景艺术的优雅 [E]描绘了英国地景艺术的世俗化的一面 [F]把一次浪漫的逃亡具体化为苏格兰室外场景 [G]包含的图像是来自同一张图片的不同部分

41. Stone Circle

[解题思路]根据Stone Circle定位到第六段句①：Long is Britain?s best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form.（朗是英国最著名的地景艺术家，他的作品《石环》由取自波蒂斯黑德海滩的紫色岩石围成一个完美的圆环而构成，这些石头就放置在画廊地板上，《石环》代表了这种艺术形式优雅精妙的一面。）不难看出D项与此相符合，选项中的elegance是文中elegant的改写，故正确答案为选项D。 42. Olaf Street Study

[解题思路]同样可在原文第六段句④发现关于Olaf Street Study的信息：Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the mundanity that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time. 这句话的意思是“《奥拉夫街研究》展示的是一个正方形的布满砖块的废地，是为数不多的表现大地的单调乏味的几件作品之一，这正是大部分时间我们对大部分景观的感受”。选项E中的depicts the ordinary side是embrace the mundanity的同义重述，所以正确答案为选项E。 43. Across the Park

[解题思路]根据Across the Park定位到原文第七段：Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard?s very funny Across the Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph. 这一段意思是：公园尤其是在早期作品多有出现，如约翰·希利亚德的非常有趣的《穿越公园》，其中一个漂亮的女孩不住地对一个长头发的散步者微笑，这无意间被拍摄成一系列照片，正好是同一张照片的不同部分。选项G中contains images from different parts of the same photograph正是文中a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph的改写，所以为正确答案。 44. Towards Avebury

[解题思路]根据Towards Avebury定位至原文第八段：Derek Jarman?s yellow-tinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.（德里克·贾曼的黄色调的电影《通向埃夫伯里》大多是威尔特郡景色长时间的固定镜头，这部作品会让人想起从塞缪尔·帕默一直延续到保罗·纳什的英国山水画的传统。）选项C中reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition与文中evokes a tradition of English landscape painting相对应，故答案为选项C。 45. Seven Days

[解题思路]根据Seven Days可定位至原文第九段句②：A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath.（像《七天》这样的典型作品包含了漫长步行途中拍下的一张美丽的黑白照片，照片的下下方标注了徒步的里

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程和天数。）选项A originates from a long walk that the artist took是句②taken on an epic walk的重述，所以为正确答案。 【全文翻译】

英国非凡的地景艺术

①⑤⑥⑦⑧地景艺术这个词让人想起大地之上突现的巨物，如罗伯特·史密森的作品《螺旋形防波堤》，是由重达6500吨的玄武岩、泥土和盐投入到犹他州的大盐湖中而形成，还有《罗登火山口》，这是一个亚利桑那州的死火山，詹姆士·特勒尔从1979年起开始一直在将它变成一个通过肉眼就可以进行观察的巨大天文台。 ①然而理查德·朗的作品《走出来的线》只需要从滑铁卢乘坐一段20分钟的列车而已，所谓的劳累仅此而已。②在郊区的某个地方下车后，这位艺术家在一块草地上来来回回地走，直到这块踩扁的草地形成一条线，这是一种在大地上绘画的方式。

①地景艺术在六十年代末兴起，七十年代到达顶峰，是一系列新的艺术形式之一，这些新艺术形式还包括人体艺术、表演艺术、行为艺术和装置艺术，这种艺术形式打破了传统画室和美术馆的限制。②地景艺术家不是用颜料去描绘风景，而是利用大地本体作为他们的素材。

①此次对英国的地景艺术的调查是迄今为止最全面的，调查结果表明，以朗的作品为代表，英国艺术的变体，不仅在国内大规模推广，而且比其美国同行要稀奇古怪得多。②事实上，虽然你可能会认为，大地艺术展览的只是作品记录，而不是作品本身，朗工作的照片就是其作品。③因为他的“行动”发生在过去，照片只能是唯一的艺术载体。

①这个观点似乎很含糊，但是它却为一场展品包含很多黑白照片和相对较少的自然物体的展览定下了基调。 ①朗是英国最著名的地景艺术家，他的作品《石环》由取自波蒂斯黑德海滩的紫色岩石围成一个完美的圆环而构成，这些石头就放置在画廊地板上，《石环》代表了这种艺术形式优雅精妙的一面。②而另一方面，《博伊尔家族》却代表着城市脏乱的一面。③艺术家马克·博伊尔和琼·希尔斯和他们的孩子们一起，在画廊的墙上随意地呈现英国景观。④《奥拉夫街研究》展示的是一个正方形的布满砖块的废地，是为数不多的表现大地的单调乏味的几件作品之一，这正是大部分时间我们对大部分景观的感受。

①公园尤其是在早期作品多有出现，如约翰·希利亚德的很搞笑的《穿越公园》，其中一个漂亮的女孩不住地对一个长头发的散步者微笑，这无意间被拍摄成一系列照片，正好是同张照片的不同部分。

①然而一般的英国地景艺术家宁愿远离城镇，靠近那些传统上被认为美丽的地方，如湖区或威尔特郡丘陵区域。②这种作品大都渗透着浪漫的逃避现实色彩，像华兹华斯这样的作家轻易就会明白的，虽然在当时这种倾向可能并不明显。③德里克·贾曼的黄色调的电影《通向埃夫伯里》大多是威尔特郡景色长时间的固定镜头，这部作品会让人想起从塞缪尔·帕默一直延续到保罗·纳什的英国山水画的传统。 ①至于哈米什·富尔顿，你不禁会觉得，这位苏格兰艺术家只不过是找到了一种给他的酷爱行走带来收入的方式。②像《七天》这样的典型作品包含了漫长步行途中拍下的一张美丽的黑白照片，照片的下下方标注了徒步的里程和天数。③正如在此次经精心挑选但规模适中的展览中所展示的一样，英国的地景艺术不是强加于大地之上，更是一种穿越其中的地景光线概念艺术。④它在伟大的户外有自己的发源地，但它的结果就像特纳和康斯特布尔的画作要与画廊紧密结合在一起一样。

Section III Translation 【参考译文】

大多数人将乐观定义为无穷尽的快乐，总感觉杯子里的水还有一半。但这正是那种积极心理学家并不提倡的虚假的快乐。哈佛大学教授塔尔·本-沙哈尔说道：“健康的乐观是与现实联系在一起的。”他认为脚踏实地的乐观主义者会充分利用既定的事实，而不会盲目相信一切事情有最好的结果。

本-沙哈尔运用三种方法保持乐观。当他心情低落时（比方说，一次课没讲好），他宽慰自己这是人之常情。他提醒自己并非每堂课都能达到获得诺贝尔奖的标准，总会有些课的效果会差一些。第二种方法是回顾。他会分析这次讲得不好的课，哪些地方可取，哪些地方不可取，为以后的课积累经验。最后一个阶段是展望，我们要认识到在生命的宏伟蓝图中，一堂课根本算不上什么。

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Section IV Writing Part A

【参考范文】 Dear John,

I am Li Ming, your future roommate who come from China and is going for further education. I am writing to introduce myself and ask for some suggestions for my future life in America as well.

Firstly, I am a quiet person so that silent environment would be highly appreciated. Secondly, I like cooking and I wonder whether it is convenient for you to allow me cooking Chinese dish at home, because the preparation for Chinese cuisine may produce much smoke. Thirdly, I want to buy a car but I know nothing about traffic rules in America. Would you please give me a lesson about traffic laws in U.S.? Wish you reply soon.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

Part B

【参考范文】

As is clearly illustrated in the bar chart, the number of rural and urban population varied at different rate during the past two decades. To be specific, from 1990 to 2010, the number of rural population increased sharply from 300 million to nearly 750 million. Meanwhile, the figures of urban population decreased steadily from above 840 million to around 780 million. Isolated as the figures seem to be, they are connected to one another closely.

This graph does mirror a not uncommon social phenomenon: rural workers flood into big cities. A number of factors might contribute to this tendency, but the following one might be the critical one. First and foremost, along with the development of big cites, the number of rural citizens has been soaring in the past years, which in turn contributes to the development of urbanization. In addition, the government has worked out a series of effective policies to attract rural citizens. For example, more highly praised job has been offered for them. Consequently, people in mounting numbers flood into modern cities.

In a word, this chart is a perfect index of China?s fast expanding economy, especially the living quality in big cities, which attracted an expanding number of rural workers in recent decade. Meanwhile, it is reasonable for us to believe that the waves of rural citizens will definitely contribute to our nation?s development.

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