雅思7.5以上niubility经验68大页超详细 - 图文

写作分享篇

17个不能回避的雅思写作问题

经过三个月的复习总结和4次的实战，我总结了17个关于雅思写作不能回避的核心问题。这17问题一直贯穿在我整个复习的过程。相信只要弄明白这17个问题，我觉得我们离写作7分就无比接近了。对于那些即将参加4月2日，4月16日，5月7日等鸭友团来说，我觉得要搞懂问题1，2，6，7，8，13这6个问题最为迫切。如果能做好的话，分数一定能提高的。

1. 考官是怎么改卷子的？标准是怎样的？ 2. 雅思写作7分是什么样的概念？

3. 雅思写作6分与7分或者6.5分与7分的距离有多远？ 4. 怎么制定雅思写作复习计划？

5. 考试前需要写多少篇的大作文和小作文？ 6. 写作模版管用吗？

7. 雅思写作需要背多少个词汇？ 8. 雅思写作需要什么样的句型？ 9. 雅思写作需要多复杂的从句和语法？ 10. 我们对雅思写作的误区

11. 鸭友们通常会犯哪些语法错误，能有效避免吗？什么样的语法错误是致命的？ 12. 雅思写作能速成吗？平时需要多看英文报纸吗？ 13. 小作文重要吗？容易写吗？应该怎么复习 14. 怎么安排大作文和小作文的写作顺序和时间 15. 要买参考书吗？什么样的参考书？ 16. 参加培训班管用吗？

17. 网络上面所谓的―名师‖雅思写作预测有用吗？

复习计划

Part 1. 大作文

有个完整的、按部就班的、循序渐进的复习计划是雅思考试成败的关键。在过去的三个月时间里，由于有大部分时间在悉尼喜来登酒店实习（2010年11月22日到2011年2月18日），所以没全身心投入到雅思复习当中，真正full time复习雅思的话，一共用了2周。而且由于一开始缺乏信心，以及对雅思写作有着一种难以言喻的恐惧，复习计划在刚开始的时候一直都左右摇摆，朝令夕改。经历了前两次烤鸭大战（12月11日和1月22日）无功而返之后，我重新检讨了自己的复习计划。我发现自己出现了以下几个问题（不知道你们会有这样的感觉，反正我觉得以下的想法都是不正确的）

? 从一开始复习就习惯性地把雅思写作task 2 划分为八大类：教育类，社会类，科技类，政府类，环保类，发展类，犯罪类。

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基于这种划分，然后开始盲目地查找相关的雅思单词，接着盲目地背诵默写。

后来觉得单单记住单词也不管用，就开始盲目地从范文和报纸中按照这八类topics的划分摘抄各10句的万能句子。

再后来又发现单单这80句万金油句子或词组还是不能完整覆盖所有的雅思题目，然后又开始盲目地开始了―大包围‖题海战术，从网络中下载了2009年和2010年全年所有的雅思写作题目，然后开始准备每个题目的观点和内容

? 再再后来，我发现自己已经力不从心了，因为工作量实在太大了，而且就算是自己已经准备好的题目，过两三天之后，又想不起来了。此时此刻，陷入了整个雅思写作复习的最低潮：感觉很迷茫，很无助，开始抱怨―一分耕耘却没有半分的收获‖。

到了第二次雅思考试出成绩的时候（2011年2月5日），我彻底失望了，没想到经过了6周的复习准备写作还是6分。于是，我觉得将之前的雅思复习计划推倒重来。这个一次转变，对于个人而言，不亚于当年的十一届三中全会啊。经过和朋友（特此鸣谢Peter）的讨论和研究，我总结了以下一条逻辑关系

题型--->结构--->观点--->句型--->词汇

这是什么意思呢？我觉得如果把原来―按照范畴来划分的8大类topics‖作为起点的话，我很容易被导向去背观点背单词，却正正忘了雅思写作的本质（这是我自己总结的，可能不对，将就一下吧）：运用恰当的语言去表达个人的思维逻辑。语言只是辅助工具，思维逻辑才是主线和抢分点。

何谓题型？其实雅思写作task2题型一般有三大类：report，argumentation 和 ―report + argumentation‖ 的结合体。

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1. 2. 3.

report：只有三个要素：

cause

influence solution

也就是说，要么就是问你这个现象产生的原因，要么就是这个现象产生了什么样的影响（积极或消极的），要么就是叫你提出解决方案。通常report类的文体，不会同时出现以上三个要素，只会有一到两个的配搭，即：cause＋influence，cause+solution，influence+solution，或只问influence (如下面我写的一篇7分文章，问effects on individuals and societies)。所以呢，在这种题型底下，它的结构就非常的单一：开头段+ 原因分析段（一般分析3个原因）+ 影响分析段（一个列举3个影响）+ 解决办法段（这些解决办法一定要对应于之前分析的原因或者影响）+ 结尾段。这个结构是应该视情况而定(as the case may be)

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argumentation：一般有三种问法：

1. discuss both views and give your own opinion 2. to what extent do you agree or disagree

3. do you think the advantage outweigh the disadvantage

? 按照我自己的看法的话，其实argumentation就是两种，那就是1 和 2/3（因为2和3可以看成同一类）。这两种有区别吗？当然有了，你看，问题都不一样（哈哈，是不是一句废话）。其实这不是一句废话，因为discuss both views and give your own opinion，是要你先分析双方有什么合理之处，然后再给你自己的个人观点。很明显这是需要均衡结构。什么意思？意思是，假如你支持观点1用了三个论点，然后到你支持观点2的时候也得同样用三个论点（想不到的话，憋你也得憋出来！！！），最后在结尾清晰表达你自己的最后看法。对于这种题型，开头段也是表明观点，例如some people argue···, while others claim that···. I personally believe that···。所以呢，这个文体的结构应该是：开头段（回应题目+表达自己的观点）+ 支持观点1（n个论点）+ 支持观点2（n个论点）+ 结尾段（表明自己的观点）。请注意，这个题型是不能用一面倒的，是不能啊！

? 至于agree/disagree or advantage/disvantage 题型，根据考官的推介，最理想的结构是：开头段+让步段+ 支持段（论点1）+ 支持段（论点2）+ 结尾段（表明你自己的观点）。万一想不出让步段，或者时间太紧了来不及让步，可以吗？考官说了，允许便秘，憋不出来也是可以的！！！！也就是说，在这种情况下，可以使用一面倒，而且不影响你拿7分（假如你的目标分数是8分，就当我瞎说吧）。

说了那么多，究竟跟复习计划有神马联系呢？这个联系就大咯！题型决定了文章的结构，而结构呢又决定了观点的铺排，观点又反映出个人的思维逻辑关系（中立的，积极的，否定的，因果的，让步的，建议的。这就是我下面所归纳的那160+句型，它们完全覆盖了你能想到的所有逻辑表述），这种逻辑关系就决定了你用什么样的句型了，有了句型这个骨架，单词就变得水到渠成，锦上添花了。

在这里，我想说说的记单词方法。其实不特别，很多人都在用。雅思写作嘛，本身就没有明确的单词表，为什么我们却偏偏要给自己这么大的负担和压力去背单词呢。在背单词时候，一定要结合topics，结合观点，有一条的脉络。举个例子，在写 what are the influences if the gap between the poor and the rich is widening. 我会选择这么一种方式记单词

贫富悬殊扩大The widening disparity between the rich and the poor--影响influence

? 两极化 polarize community – 激化社会矛盾intensify the social conflict – 社会对立 social incompatibility – 心理问题 induce psychological problem – 仇富心理 result in hatred for the wealthy – 自卑心理suffer from inferior mentality – 行为过激 aggressive behaviour – 游行protest – 罢工strike – 强烈抗议outcry – 暴乱riot – 反政府反社会 anti-government/

anti-society – 发泄不满 give vent to their anger and dissatisfaction – 增加犯罪 drive up the crime rate

? 社会不公平 social inequality – 更可能获得公共资源have more access to public resources – 比其他人更容易获得社会特权acquire special privilege over the poor – 进一步分化社会，加剧社会仇恨 Further polarize the society and fuel social hatred – 产生恶性循环 thereby creating a vicious circle

这么记单词的话，思路就会更加清晰，而且避免了为了使用某个大词而妥协了某个观点的做法。重要的是，单词不再是一个孤立的点，而是一条有机的线

这就是我的记单词方式。其实说准确一点，应该说，这就是我编写自己单词库的方法。我觉得每个人都应该他们自己的单词库。不加思考地背别人的单词库的结果是自己被辐射了，成为了别人单词库的一部分。这就是为什么到现在我都没有upload我的雅思词汇汇总。退一万步说，我觉得我们也应该有这种能力，一种能绕开某个词也能清晰表达自己观点的能力。

说到这，你应该开始变得有信心了，甚至豁然开朗。因为这时候，你的复习计划变得异常的具体和量化了。

复习计划：本人觉得雅思考试之前需要写大概15到20篇雅思写作task2。只有足够的练习才能更好地形成你的写作习惯和写出自己的风格（也就是个性化的模版）。本人考试前是每天写两天篇，如果不自信或者焦虑不安或者更年期症状发作的时候，一天写4篇。而且时间尽可能压缩在30~35分钟完成。允许自己每次写完都有时间重新阅读和查漏补缺。其实啊，重点不在写，而是要看看自己理顺了思路没有，熟悉了文体没有，阐明了你所想的逻辑没有，用上了应该用上的句型没有····假如有一天（其实也就是两周之后的某一天），你突然发现，你已经十有八九了，那你就成功了~~这是一种未出发先兴奋，未考试先激动的感觉，这是一种成功的预兆。哈哈，你的更年期已经结束了~~~！！！

Part 2. 小作文

至于小作文吧，它同样重要，因为它是你从6.5到7分的一个很重要的决定因素。假如你发现明明感觉大作文已经写得很好了，为什么还是6或者还是6.5，就是因为你的小作文没跟上。本人觉得写作应该我下面推介的方法来说复习和练习，大概每天写一篇就够了，而且时间一定不能多余18分钟。否则你在写大作文的时候会变得很黄很暴力的~~

以下推介一个很好的网址，对你练习小作文很有帮助的。

http://www.ielts-exam.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Itemid=32

说了这么多，应该对你们有帮助了吧？为了给你们写这么多东西，我可是交了634块澳元的两次雅思考试费用。这样学费真的很贵啊~~

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关于大作文和小作文的时间分配

总之，无论是平时练习还是真正的实战，应该先审题，尤其是大作文。认真阅读题目，划出关键字，一定要紧紧围绕题目的问题和它所隐含的内容去思考。最好先用2到3分钟把自己的写作框架简单地下来，然后才动笔。大作文应该控制在35分钟写完，小作文应该在18分之内结束。剩下的5分钟应该通读小作文和大作文各一遍，重点看看自己有没有犯语法错误(重点看我下面关于常犯的低级和致命语法错误)。要知道，在交卷之前，对于文章的观点和结构，你已经不能有什么作为了，唯一能给你加分，或者说，能让你减少被扣分的机会的就是减少不必要的语法错误了。至于先写大作文还是先写小作文，应该根据个人的喜好和习惯。

记住，平时练习的时候就应该严格地执行这些步骤。只有这样，才能在紧张的考场里做到有条不紊。

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推荐书目

在准备雅思的过程当中，或许很多人都会像我曾经那样不惜一切代价地去买所谓的名师参考书，因为我们都会自觉不自觉地自我游说：1450块的考试报名费都交得起了，还介意那几十块钱的参考书费吗。其实，有时候想想，我们买的书越多，证明我们越不自信；而且参考书一多，复习计划就会更乱。所以，到目前为止，我只觉得以下几本书稍微有点价值

1. 慎小嶷《十天突破雅思写作》

? 优点：比较系统地总结了雅思写作的方方面面，而且我最欣赏它的地方是让烤鸭的必备词汇量降到最低。

? 缺点：想想当全中国80%以上的烤鸭都人手一本的时候，它就不再是烤鸭战场上的大规模杀伤性武器了。

2. 慎小嶷《十天突破写作完整真题库》

? 优点：比较系统地收集和归类不同类型的雅思题目，我最欣赏它的地方是它能让考生觉得―原来9分作文都是不外如是‖，而且我们能很好地找出差距。

? 缺点：看了这本书，你会很容易地掉进那个―大包围‖的题海战术，你会有意无意地想把所有topics 都写了，你会有意无意地背诵别人的观点和9分范文。这样的复习方法是致命的。

3. 吴建业 《最新雅思考试胜策》之写作

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优点：有很多很好的例句和观点，能让考生从例句中掌握单词，熟悉观点

缺点：观点太多，没有针对性，而且topics 很少，因为这边书是2003年的产物。它已经远远落后雅思写作题库的更新速度

4. 吴建业 《最新雅思考试胜策》之词汇

? 优点：对于渴望背单词的朋友，这本书足够你背了，而且那些词都是按照topics来划分的，所以比其他垃圾词汇书又进了一步。

? 缺点：我从来反对盲目背单词，更加反对那些为了使用某个单词而要自己的观点妥协的做法。单词是一把双刃剑，它既是武器，又是负担。

注意：以上仅仅属于本人观点和切身感受，也并非为某作者卖广告。我觉得吧，除了上述这四本书，其他的话，可以放到微波炉里面烤一下，看看有没有烤鸭的味道~~~嘻嘻

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关于写作预测

每次考雅思前我都一直留意着慎小嶷和中国雅思网预测。经过我接近半年的观察(从2010年10月到2011年3月)，那些预测基本无效。所以迷恋名师预测、提前准备、然后考试打算默写的模式，绝对不是一个好方法。但是写作预测确实为我们提供了很好的练笔机会，而且基本上那些预测涵盖了8大类的题目(即教育类，社会类，科技类，政府类，环保类，发展类，犯罪类)。所以，我建议利用他们的写作预测来练笔，而且一定要按照topics循环来写。我的意思是，比如说今天写关于社会类和教育类的，明天就应该写环保类和政府类，后天就写发展类和犯罪类等。千万不要轻信那些预测里所说的―什么月份通常考什么类别的题材‖的无病呻吟。

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关于是否参加培训班

对于没有参加过雅思考试或者基础不是太好的人来说，参加培训班能够帮助自己全面地了解雅思考试，快速形成自己的复习方案，这没什么好说的。但是对于那些已经考过3到4的烤鸭来说，对于是否参加所谓的写作7分班、VIP班、冲刺班这个问题就变得很纠结。不参加，心里不踏实，总觉得自己缺了点什么；但是参加过后，又可能觉得进步不明显，浪费了金钱和时间。在这里，我可以肯定的

说，―我们要给自己多一点自信，单单靠自己的实力足以应付雅思写作，足以拿7分了‖。其实很多中国写作老师有一个通病，在上课的时候，喜欢妖魔化剑桥雅思的批改老师，喜欢打击同学的信心；在评改作文的时候，喜欢侃侃而谈地说这词用得不好那句写得很烂，却忽略真正雅思写作评分标准。而且他们还喜欢吹牛，喜欢把自己的经历传奇化，英雄化。说实在，IELTS writing is no a big ideal and I firmly believe that all of us can successfully conquer it. 所以呢，对于已经是身经百战的老鸭，只要你肯努力下苦功，一定能考过的。

TASK 1 小作文

文起了决定性的作用。

曾经一直忽视小作文，甚至认为雅思写作约等于是写一篇250字的大作文。轻视它的原因可以归结为，字数少(只要150字)，不需要个人观点(纯粹描述客观figures)，有固定的单词和句型，分数只占总分的1/3···直到后来与考官见面的时候，我才意识到小作文的杀伤力。This is especially true when it comes to those who only got band 6.5 but indeed demand band 7.0。有时候，6.5分到7分的距离，小作

按照剑桥雅思的分类，小作文可为：柱状图(bar chart)，饼图(pie chart)，曲线图(line graph)，表格(table)，地图(map)和流程图(processing chart)。当然，这只是按照这些图表的属性和特征来归类。为什么我要费那么多笔墨在这个人所共知的问题上面呢？经过我1个月的练习和研究，我发现，如果按照这样的归类，我们得总结出6套相对应的模版(句型和词汇)。其实这样是吃力不讨好，事倍功半的，因为这样的归类方法严重地影响了我们的复习方案和练习计划，而且并没有很好地反应出task 1的本质要求。 我的个人认为，应该把柱状图，饼图，曲线图和表格看作一个总体，然后区分出是纵向比较还是横向比较（下面会继续解释它们的区别和应对方案）；然后地图题是一类，流程图是另外一类。也就是说按照本人的经验，task1 小作文按照图表的本质应该分为：横向比较，纵向比较，地图题和流程图。

Part 1 纵向比较和横向比较

由于雅思写作task 1中，柱状图，饼图，曲线图和表格占了绝大多数，所以这个板块应该作为复习的重点。每当我们拿到题目的时候，我们第一件事应该做什么？对，看图表（果然是一句废话）！！其实我的意思是，我们得首先观察它们究竟是：不同物体在同一时间点的比较（即横向比较），还是单一物体在不同时间点的比较（即纵向比较）。这一点非常非常非常非常非常重要！！！因为不同的比较，有着不同的内在比较关系。详细分析如下

横向比较：由于没有时间的变动，因此不存在物体或数据的波动，也就是说，那些描述变化趋势、描述变化特征的词汇和句型完全不适用。此时此刻，我们要focus的是

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首先我们要找出极值（最大值和最小值）

然后客观地、略有筛选地描述剩余数据（若数据太多，则有所侧重；若数据不多，则全部描述） 接着就是高潮了--找出不同数据之间的共同特征和大小比较（比如说，谁和谁一样大/小，谁是谁的几分之几，谁是谁的多少倍）

高潮过后，就需要有一个意犹未尽但有心无力的总结

纵向比较：顾名思义，就是由于时间的推移，不同物体和数据之间发生了量的变化，也就是说，这时候关于描述变化趋势和变化特征的词汇和句型就用得上了。此时此刻，我们要concentrate的是

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首先客观描述变化的大体趋势（是升高了还是降低了，是多了还是少了）

然后描述变化的具体特征（是怎样增加的，是怎样减少的，幅度如何，速率如何）

接着找出变化趋势相似的不同物体，然后客观描述一下，以减少单词和词汇的重复使用，避免啰嗦

同样，这里也需要一个纵横全局的归纳和总结

说了那么多，估计你们也看烦看腻了。毕竟很多人都想着一蹴而就，想着尽可能多背单词多抄句型。好吧，闲话不多说，上货！请大家验明正身！！ 程度副词

多于：More than, just over, over 少于：Less than, just under 几乎：Approximately, almost, nearly 完全：Exactly, precisely

表示列举data/information句型

1. Overall, A has the largest number of名词(NO1) and B the smallest (NO2). C and D both have NO3; E has NO4.

Overall, Sweden has the largest number of enrolled students (17) and Syria the smallest (5). France and Spain both have 12 students; Germany has 11. It is noticeable that France and Germany have similar profiles.

2. A has the most+名词+doing (NO1); B is next with NO2, while C has NO3. D and E have (相同) NO4 each

Sweden has the most students studying CAD (9); Spain is next with 7, while France has 6. Germany and Syria have 4 CAD students each. 3. According to the pie chart, A, which is %, is the most···among the total···, then next is B with %, followed by C, making up %; and finally come E, F and G at %, %, % respectively. According to the pie chart, chicken, which is 40%, is the most popular among the total meat sold, then next is pork with 20%, followed by beef, making up 18%; and finally come lamb, fish and other at 15%, 5% and 2% respectively.

纵向比较

1. Experience/witness/see/enjoy+修饰词(最高级)+增加/减少/震荡 Experience/enjoy + a significant/the most dramatic + decrease/increase 增加: increase, growth, rise 减少: decrease, drop 快速: dramatic, drastic 缓慢: gradual, steady, slow 大幅: significant, substantial 小幅: moderate, slight 震荡: considerable/marked/sharp/minor fluctuation

2. The number of··· was No1 in Yr and rose/reduced by % to No2

The number of miles that car traveled was 3199 in 1985 and rose by 50% to 4806 in the subsequent years.

增加/上升: increase, rise, grow 急促上升: jump, soar to, surge to 减少/下降: decrease, drop, decline 急促下降: plummet to, plunge to 3. 主语+上升/减少 to··· or 主语+上升/减少 by

4. The percentage/proportion/number of is 修饰词 larger/ smaller than that of 修饰词 明显: substantially, obviously 轻微: slightly, moderately 5. A 修饰词 increase/decrease occurred

修饰词 大幅: considerable, significant, substantial 小幅: moderate, slight 6. 表示不变的状态：主语 remain constant/unchanged/stable/steady at

表示趋势的句型

1. there is a downward/ upward/ opposite/ general/ dominant trend 下降的/上升的/相反的/总体的/主要的趋势

2. ···tend to be more/less preferred 倾向越来越受(不)受欢迎

As can be seen from the table, walk and certain short-distance transportation, such as cycled and local bus tend to be less preferred.

3. There is a considerable increase/decrease in···

There is a considerable increase in total miles by all modes of transportation, compared with the data (4,740 miles) in 1985.

表示比较增长或减少趋势

B also rose/increased/grew during this period, but less sharply decreased/declined/dropped

The sales of games software also rose during this period, but less sharply. Sales increased from about 13 billion dollars in 2000 to just under 20 billion dollars three years later.

表示相同相似变化趋势的句式

A similar situation was seen in the···, where

A similar situation was seen in the wholesale and retail trade sector, where the number of women rose from about 550 000 in 1975 to almost 800 000 two decades later.

There are some similarities between A and B Be similar to/ A has something in common with B

表示变化特征的词汇

表示超过的词语

Outnumber 比···多，在数量上超过

In this profession, women outnumber men by two to one.

= there are twice as many women as men 在这个行业，女性人数是男性的两倍 The number of men outnumbered women by four to one. 我们的人数以4比1超过他们 Exceed 超过···数量

The price will not exceed $100.

Overtake (在数量或重要性方面)大于，超过 Nuclear energy may overtake oil as the main fuel.

表示连续的时间段

1. over a span of ··· years = over the period from···to··· = in the years between···and··· 2. during the same period

3. in the No. years spanning from 19xx through 19xx = from···to···within the 5 years period 4. from then on

= from this time onwards = in the subsequent years.

横向比较

1. ···程度副词 doubled/trebled三倍/quadruple四倍/halve减半(NO. vs NO.), while···doubled/trebled/quadrupled/halved which were 数字(年份) and 数字(年份) respectively.

The figure by long distance bus more than doubled during the same period (54 miles vs. 124 miles), while the miles by taxi trebled which were 13 miles and 42 miles respectively. 2. 表示―A 占总体的多少‖或―A为B···倍‖或―A为B的···分之···\

3. ···数字(A+B), of which A were···and B were···

Italy received 20 million visitors, of which 1.2 million were from the UK and 1.8 million were from the USA. 4. ···had a higher/lower total number of 名词than any of the other+名词 France had a higher total number of visitors than any of the other countries on the list.

表示比较的句型

1. likewise, 句子. 同样地，···

Likewise, the use of other, unspecified, forms of transport also increased. 2. By contrast/In comparison, 句子. 相反地，···

By contrast, the long distance vehicle enjoyed a significant increase over the period, spanning from 1985 to 2000, although there exists some differences.

In comparison, student expenditure in country C was considerably lower, at only US$1500 per year 3. compared with the data (数字) in 年份, 句子. 与···相比较，···

Overall, there is a considerable increase in total miles by all modes of transportation, compared with the data (4,740 miles) in 1985.

4. ···had half/twice/triple·times as many 可数名词 as···, but/yet the number of···and ···was the same.

Australia had half as many visitors as Thailand (3 million vs 6 million), but the number of visitors to those countries from the UK and the USA was the same, 0.3 million. 5. 句子, while 句子.

12 million Americans visited Canada while 5.5 million visited Mexico.

6. ···had a higher/lower total number of···than any of the other+名词复数 France had a higher total number of visitors than any of the other countries on the list.

表示―%‖的词语

百分比：percentage, proportion, share 高：High, large – highest, largest 低：low, small—lowest, smallest

表示―占%‖的词组

正向：A constitute/occupy/account for/compose/comprise B A占B的% 负向：% of B be composed of A (总体)有%的(某一元素)

% of 名词 be composed of (总体)有%的(某一元素)

Around 15% of our diet is composed of protein. 我们的饮食中大约有15%的蛋白质 composes (某一元素)构成总体的%

Christians compose around 2.5% of the country’s population 基督教徒占这个国家人口的2.5% Comprise 构成

Older people comprise a large proportion of those living in poverty. Constitute 构成

Constitute around 60% of the total/a larger percentage (around 20%) of Constitute the majority of the labour force. 占劳动力的大多数 Occupy 占据

Dry lands occupy a third of the world’s surface. 陆地占了地球表面的三分之一 Account for (数量上，比例上)占

The Japanese market accounts for 35% of the company’s revenue. 日本市场占公司收入的35%.

对了，差点忘了，要区分数据是data 还是 percentage.这个决定了相对应的词汇

如果大家能够熟练地掌握我上述的总结和归纳的话，相对对于以上四种图表一定能够得心应手了

Part 2 地图题

地图是最近比较流行的题目，本人连续考的4次雅思写作里面，居然有两次都是地图题（12月11日和2月26日）。不过对于应付这种题型，大家不用害怕，其实没什么大不了的。慎小嶷最近的新书《十天突破

写作完整真题库》里面的DAY 1O(page 297~318)，有详细的归纳。以下内容均为摘抄该书的章节。恳请大家尊重别人的知识产权，在没有得到原作者允许的情况下，请勿用于商业用途~~

表示―A位于‖

A is located/situated/lies···

A is just off the road to··· A就在通向某地的路边上 A is right at the center of··· A就在···的正中央 表示―A靠近或者紧挨着B‖:A is next to/near/close to 表示―A在距离B某一面···公里处‖

A is located/situated/lies···kilometers/miles to the east/west/north/south of B 表示―A位于B内的某个部分‖

A is located/ situated/ lies in the eastern/western/northern/southern part of B 表示―A在B的某个角上‖

A lies/is located/is situated on/at the east/west/north/south/corner of B 表示―剩下的‖部分：The rest of the···

表示―道路通向/河流流向某处‖: The road runs from···to··· The river runs/ flows from···to···

表示―沿着河流/道路‖: Along with river/road Alongside the river/road 表示―A在道路或者河流的某一侧‖

A is located/situated/lies on the north/south side of the river/ the road

e.g. situated on the south side of the River Thames, this hotel offers its guests an ideal location in central London

表示―A与B仅一河之隔/仅一路之隔‖: A is right across from B 表示―A在道路或河流的南北端‖

A is located/situated/lies on the north/south end of the river/the road 表示―A在B的对面‖: A is opposite B 表示―A在B某一侧的边界上‖

A is located/situated/lies on the eastern/western/northern/southern border of B

e.g. Because of the existence of express transport such as air freight, people in frigid zone are in a position to acquire more nutritious food and vegetable from the tropical zone.

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Be a double-edged sword ···是一把双刃剑

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Equip sb with sth = furnish sb with sth 装备，使有能力，向···提供

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Turn on = hinge on 取决于

e.g The environmental protection hinges on the actual action by the civilians.

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A is a key determinant of B A是B的决定因素

e.g. In an individual’s career, tenacity is a key determinant of success.

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Be an underlying factor in··· 是···潜在/隐含力量

e.g. Human curiosity is an underlying factor in the growing popularity of newspapers

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Rely (almost exclusively) on = depend on (几乎全)依靠 e.g. Children should not always rely on parent’s help.

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Be considered as = be think of as = be acknowledged as = be regarded as 被认为是

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Be served/used as a brenchmark

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It turned out that = turn out to be 证明是

E.g. the advancement of technology turns out be conducive to the mankinds.

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Be confronted with···= In the face of ··· 面临着

e.g. be confronted with/in the face of fierce/stiff/intense competition

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Deserve/require (careful/full/serious/sufficient/ special) consideration 需要仔细/全面/认真/足够/特别考虑

Take sth into consideration/account 考虑到， 顾及

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A and B are not mutually exclusive 两者并不互相排斥 e.g. This two options are not mutually exclusive.

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Be no exception to··· 也不例外

e.g. There is no exception to this rule in modern or in accent times.

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Does not necessarily mean 并不必然意味着

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···be now a commonplace··· 司空见惯的事

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A and B alike 两者都，同样地

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Reach saturation point 到达饱和程度

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End up + doing/ adj/ in sth 以···告终

(c). 插入语和衔接词

In essence 本质上

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In terms of 就···而言

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As the case may be, 句子 or 主语+谓语, as the case may be, 宾语 根据具体情况而定，视情况而定

e.g. Students should be given sufficient autonomy in deciding the courses they take as the case may be.

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More often than not, 句子. 通常，往往

e.g. More often than not it is these moments that separate the victors from the rest – because they never despair , and press on when others fade.

往往就是这些时刻将成功者与其他人区分开来——因为成功者从不绝望，会在他人放弃时选择坚持下去。

表示―依我而言‖的词组 From my point of view, From my perspective, To my mind, In my opinion, To my way of thinking

关于By no means 的应用

Be by no means an exclusive/a unique way 绝不是唯一的方法 Be by no means confined to··· 绝不局限于

e.g. Poverty and deprivation are by no means confined to the north of the country. Be by no means fortuitous/coincidential 绝非偶然

e.g. The occurrence of such things is by no means fortuitous/ coincidental Be by no means isolated 绝非孤立/个别

e.g. Such cases, though not prevalent, are by no means isolated. Be by no means separated from 绝不应该脱离

e.g. Theory should by no means be separated from practice. 理论绝对不应该脱离实际 Be by no means certain 仍未确定的

e.g. It is by no means certain that genetrically modified food will benefit humans in the future. 转基因食品能否在未来有益于人类仍是不确定的

Be by no means a perfect way 绝非完善的方法 e.g. This is by no means a perfect way to solve the problem.

表示例证的句型

···is a good case in point

= one example will suffice to illustrate this point

= a telling(有说服力的) /notorious (臭名昭著的) example is ··· = ···is a representative of ···

表示大量的词组

A+形容词+ number of+可数名词+谓语动词复数

A+形容词+amount of+不可数名词+谓语动词单数(time/money/information/help/data) 大量的: Massive/considerable/enormous/ tremendous 不成比例的:disproportionate 小量的:Limited/moderate/small

A wide range of = a vast/impressive array of = a wealth of = a host of = a variety of

表示―一系列‖的词组

A series of = a chain of = a sequence of

表示―等等‖的词组

and so forth = and so on = and the like

表示程度的短语

in full measure 最大程度地，最大限度地

in no small/ some/ large/ equal measure 在很大/某种/很大/同样程度上 To some/a certain extent 在某种/一定程度上 To a lesser extent 其次

表示―关于，谈及到，就···而言‖的词组 When it comes to With respect to In regard to In relation to

表示某个时间段的词组 In the midst of 正值···时候 Amid + 名词词组 在···当中

Under the wave of + 名词 在···浪潮中

表示伴随状态的词组

With the rapid development of··· 随着···快速发展 With the advent of··· 随着···时代的来临 With the proliferation of··· 随着···扩散 With the huge expansion of··· 随着···扩张

表示―不管‖的词组

Regardless of = irrespective of

表示―考虑到，鉴于‖的词组 In the light of = in view of

表示―更不用说‖的词组

not to mention + sth = let alone

表示―(对社会规则的)遵从，遵守‖的词组

In conformity with = in compliance with = in accordance with

表示―除了之外‖的词组

Apart from···= Other than···

表示―连锁反应‖的词组

Domino effect 多米洛骨牌效应 Knock-on effect 连锁反应

(d). 积极关系

Be made (readily/ freely/ publicly/ generally) available for/to sb 可以容易/免费/让公众/普遍得到

e.g. Free medical care must be made available for those too poor to do so.

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Provide/give sb deep/penetrating/revealing/ fascinating insights into sth 给予某人深刻的/有启发性的/发人心省的/生动的见识

e.g. The old buidling in cities can give people especially teenagers fascinating insights into the change of history.

acquire/advance/broaden/deepen one’s understanding of sth 获得/增进···见识

= gain/get/obtain insights into

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Have better acquaintance with 更了解···

e.g. Have better acquaintance with the local needs than those in other countries so that it utilise the social resources more efficiently = have better knowledge with

e.g. Local people or government have better knowledge with the operation of charity organization in terms of the oversee of donations, thus ascertaining the transparency of fund arrangement and avoiding misappropriation of the public fund.

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Become/be proficient/skillful in/at sth/ in doing 精通，熟练 e.g. student should become proficient in using several languages.

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Instill sth in/into sb = inculcate sth in/into sb 灌输某人··· e.g. instill an idea/confidence deeply into sb inculcate a sense of responsibility in sb = impart sth to sb 传授···给某人

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Be capable of sth/doing sth有能力的，足以胜任的 = be competent to do sth

= Be more than capable of ···完成有能力

e.g. Schools should equip students with practicial skills so that they are competent to find a job under current fierce competition.

Be well/fully aware of/that = be conscious of/that 意识到，注意到 e.g. People have been fully aware of the urgency of environmental protection. Be the major beneficiaries from = largely benefit from··· 成为最主要的受益人

e.g. In respective of individuals, they are the major beneficiaries from doing their tasks at home in this age of the computer technology

Be conducive/ helpful/ beneficial/instrumental to··· 有利于, 对···起作用 = be advantageous to

= be of advantge to = to the advantage of

e.g. be instrumental in bring about an end to the conflict. An environment conducvie to learning

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Be given sufficient/greater autonomy in doing··· 给予足够的/更大的自主权

e.g. students should be given sufficient autonomy in deciding the courses they take as the case may be Be in the best interest of··· 符合···利益

e.g. Even though most citizens are conscious that recycling garbage can fully utilise natural resources in the best interest of the whole society, they are still reluctant to do so

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Become an indispensable part of··· 成为···不可分割的一部分 e.g. car have become an indispennsable part of our lives.

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Make use of = turn sth to good account = take advantage of sth 善用/利用机会 e.g. People should put the media to good account. We should make better use of our resources.

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Break down/remove/cross/overcome the barriers打破/消除/跨越/克服障碍 e.g. they believe that sport can cross any barriers. 他们相信体育可以跨越任何障碍。

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Get rid of··· 摆脱, 消除(不好的感觉,情况) = rid sb/sth/yourself of sb/sth 消除, 解除

= extricate sb/sth/yourself from sth (使)摆脱, 脱离, 解救, 挣脱

e.g. he had managed to extricate himself from most of this official duties.

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Alleviate the heavy burden of··· 减轻···重负

e.g Staying at home for work and study can alleviate the heavy burden of transport and energy consumption.

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Serve a useful function of 起到有用的功能 = Perform the function of 履行···的功能

= Fulfilll a valuable function in 实现一种有价值的功能 = Serve the purpose of 起到···的目的

= Fulfill an educational purpose 实现一种教育目的

e.g. It is sometimes claimed that zoo perform an improtant function in the protection of endangered or rare species

e.g Apart from serving the practical function of giving people a comfortable shelter, a good building should also fulfill an aesthestic purpsoe by inviting the residents to appreciate its beauty both inside and outside.

e.g. Visiting museum is not only an enjoyable experience for young children, but it also fulfills an important edcuational purpose by exposing them to a rich deposit of history, culture and tradition.

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Be/get accustomed to doing/sth 习惯于··· = be/get used to doing/sth

e.g. Students should not get accustomed to relying on others’ help.

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Adapt yourself to sth/ doing 适应(新环境) = adjust oneself to sth/ doing

e.g. students should adjust themselves to current fierce competition

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Serve/ satisfy/ cater to the needs of··· 满足···要求

e.g. satisfy/cater to the needs of tourists from abroad serve the needs of future generations

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Cater for sth 迎合

e.g. Catering for international tours, the local government commits more money to improve local infrastructure.

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Provide a solid foundation for··· 提供巩固的基础

e.g. respect and friendship provide a solid foundation for marriage. = Lay the foundation on··· 为···提供基础

e.g. Basic science lays the foundation on which any other subjects are built. Have no more worries about··· 不用再担心

e.g. The owners of companies have no more worries about employees not coming for work, because of the heavy snow storm.

Be immune to 不···(负面的)影响

e.g. The corporate sector has remained largely immune to this crisis. Immerse oneself in = Commit oneself to sth 潜心于，专心于

e.g. Student should immerse themselves in studying theory in universities instead of learning practical skill Reach a consensus on 达成共识

e.g. The EC Council of Finance Ministers failed to reach a consensus on the pace of integration

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Be brought up to do··· 教养，培养

e.g. It is standard practice that children are brought up to respect the law. 通常来说，小孩子接受教育要遵守法律

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Keep the pace with 与···俱进

e.g. A number of advanced professional personnel are needed to keep the pace with the rapid economic development.

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With less +名词+动名词组合, greater possibilities of 动名词组合 will be taking place someday. 如果少一点的··,··更有可能在某天发生

e.g With less people driving to work or school, greater possibilities of returning us a balance in ecosystem will be taking place someday.

(e). 否定关系

Serious/distinct/relative lack/ shortage/ absence/ insufficiency/ scarcity of

= Be lack of/be short of/ be deficient in/ be in need of (严重地/明显地/相对地) 缺乏···

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Be a hurdle to/ be a hindrance to/ be a barrier to 阻碍··· = confronted with/encounter/erect/put up barriers to

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Scratch the surface of the problem 治标不治本

e.g. obviously, this solution scratch the surface of the problem. Find it difficult to be immune to··· 很难不受···的影响

e.g. with the development of globalisation and social development, one country finds it difficult to be immune to global affairs.

Be (severely/grievously) stricken with sth = be afflicted with/by = suffer from 受煎熬，遭难的，受折磨

e.g. The country ends up being stricken with the epidemic. A bear/take the brunt of B A首当其冲受到B的不利影响 e.g. women bear the brunt of childcare duties

School will bear the brunt of cuts in govenment spending. 政府削减开支，学校将首当其冲受到影响

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Fall prey to sth 受害，受坏影响

e.g. the new government has fallen prey to corruption and fraud. 新一届政府深受腐败和欺诈行为之苦

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Be vulnerable to 容易受···(不好的)影响

e.g. The entity is potentially vulnerable to competitor’s moves.

Students are usually vulnerable to social evils. 易受到社会恶习腐蚀

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Be prone to sth 易于遭受，有做(坏事)的倾向 e.g. tired, malnourished people are prone to infection.

Come with unpleasant/undesirable side-effects···伴随着不好的副作用

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Fall victim to = become a victim of 成为···的牺牲品 e.g. Vital public services have fallen victim to budget cuts 一些重要的公众服务项目成了削减预算后的牺牲品

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A take one’s toll on B A对B产生严重不良影响, 造成重大损失

e.g. The recession is taking its toll on the housing markets. 经济衰退使住房市场遭受重创 The pressure of trying to win a competition has taken its toll on their health. Illness had taken a heavy toll on her. 疾病对她的身体造成极大的损害

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Shake/rock the foundations of sth 从根本上动摇···

e.g. this issue has shaken the foundations of French politics. 这个问题从根本上动摇了法国的政治

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run counter to = be at odds with sth = conflict with 与···不相符/相矛盾

e.g. government intervening in people's private lives run counter to modern democratic spirit.

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动词形式：interfere in/with = intervene in 干涉，介入 名词形式：interference in/with = intervention in/with e.g. government should interfere in the coverage of media.

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动词形式：impinge on/upon = encroach on/upon侵犯 名词形式：impringing on/upon = encroachment on/upon e.g. one country should not impringe on other's internal affairs.

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Be (potentially/rather/highly) hazardous to 对···有潜在/相当/很大的危害 e.g. chemicals that are harzardous to human beings

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Defeat the very purpose of = render sth useless/ineffective 使某物无用/无效

e.g. Merely equipping students with employment skills may defeat the very purpose of universities as educational institutions.

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Serve no useful purpose 不起作用 e.g. the experiments serve no useful purpose.

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Be awash with sth = be inundated with sth 充斥着··· e.g. TV nowadays is awash with violent and pornographic content

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Create a vicious circle 产生恶性循环

e.g. It turns out to be a vicious circle of destruction/ poverty

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句子+ to the detriment of +名词 = Be detrimental to 有害于，不利于 e.g. He works longer and longer hours, to the detriment of his marriage.

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Pose a grave threat to···对···构成威胁

e.g. In present-day society, the proliferation of non-biodegradable trash poses a grave threat to humanity.

句子+ at the expense of + 名词 以（损害）···为代价

e.g. High production rates are often achieved at the expense of quality of work.

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Be notorious for sth/ doing sth 因···而臭名昭著

e.g. The international fast foods have long been notorious as a kind of junk food.

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Be apathetic to/about= be (utterly)indifferent to 对···冷漠/漠然 Not have sb’s best interests at heart 不关心···利益

e.g. People intend to maximize their own interest instead of having the best interests of the whole society at heart.

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Get/grow weary of sth/ doing sth= lose interest in 对···不再热心 e.g. students grow weary of learning a series of historical fact.

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Be reluctant to = be unwilling to 不愿意

e.g. People are reluctant to recycle garbage for the reason that they cannot acquire direct benefit from it.

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Turn a blind eye to = shut one’s eyes to sth 对···视而不见 e.g. Those children have a good life and to turn a blind eye to patriotism

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Have a slack attitude about对···持有疏忽的态度

Be largely ignored/neglected by···= lose sight of 被···忽略

e.g. Strange as it may seem, the significance of basic science – the main driving force behind productivity, has been largely ignored by the general public.

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Addict oneself to doing = get/be(irreparably不可收复地/seriously) addicted to = indulge oneself in = indulgence in 沉迷，放纵

e.g. addict oneself to gambling, drug, electronic game, pornograhy, delights of lesure (安逸)

Too much indulgence in the Internet games or movies may lead to a superficial (肤浅的) idiot (傻子) short of abstract thinking or may aggravate the isolation of the single children.

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Give way to temptation= not resist the temptation to 经不住诱惑

e.g. the young are not mature enough so that they may not resist the temptation to conduct some unhealthy behaviours.

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Be accused of = be prosecute for/as 被指责/被控告 = be on trial(审理) for

= Accuse/prosecute sb of doing/sth

= A stand accused of = stand trial/go on trial for A 被控告···

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lay/put the blame for sth on sb 把某事归咎某人

e.g. some lay the blame for falling exports on financial turmoil sweeping many Asian countries 有的人干脆认为造成出口下降的原因是横扫亚洲许多国家的金融危机。

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be criticised for··· 因···受到批评

be condemned for/by··· 因···受到谴责 (宽恕 condone)

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