2022年中国政法大学外国语学院770英语语言文学综合一之语言学教

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目录

2019年中国政法大学外国语学院770英语语言文学综合一之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟题

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（三） ................................................................................................................................... 19 2019年中国政法大学外国语学院770英语语言文学综合一之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟题

（四） ................................................................................................................................... 29 2019年中国政法大学外国语学院770英语语言文学综合一之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟题

（五） (37)

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第 2 页，共 48 页 2019年中国政法大学外国语学院770英语语言文学综合一之语言学教程考研强化五

套模拟题（一）

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一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

1． Innateness hypothesis

【答案】 The “Innateness Hypothesis” of child language acquisition was proposed by Noam Chomsky , who states that language are somewhat innate and that children are bom with what he calls a language acquisition device , which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning.

2． Relational opposites

【答案】 This is a type of antonymy , in which the members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition. They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities. For example , “buy/sell” is such a pair. X buys something from Y means Y sells something from X.

3． figure-ground alignment

【答案】 Figure-ground alignment seems to apply to space with the ground as the prepositional object and the preposition expressing the spatial relational configuration. It also applies to human perception of moving objects. Since the moving object is typically the most prominent one , because it is moving , it is typically the figure , while the remaining stimuli constitute the ground.

4． Applied linguistics

【答案】 It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality. For example , there are studies on multilingualism , language acquisition , first and second language teaching and learning.

5． Componential analysis

【答案】 It refers to a semantic approach which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components , or semantic features. For example , the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components : HUMAN , YOUNG and MALE.

6． MT

【答案】 It refers to machine translation , the use of machine （usually computers ） to translate texts from one natural language to another

7． Diglossia

【答案】 When two languages or language varieties exist together in a community and each one is used for different purposes , this is called diglossia. Usually , the more standard variety can be called the high variety or H-variety , which is used in government , the media , education , and for religious services. The other one is usually a non-prestige variety , the low variety or L-variety used in the family ,

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第 3 页，共 48 页 with friends , when shopping , etc.

8． Pidgins and Creoles

【答案】 A pidgin refers to a variety of a language that is not native language of anyone , but is learned on contact situations such as trading. When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade language and becomes the first language of a social community , it becomes a creole. The process by which a pidgin becomes a creole is called creolization.

9． Concordance

【答案】 The computer has the ability to search for a particular word , sequence of words , or perhaps even a part of speech in a text. The computer can also retrieve all examples of a particular word. It can also calculate the number of occurrences of a certain word so that information on the frequency of the word may be gathered. We may also be interested in sorting the data in some way —for example , alphabetically on words occurring in the immediate context of the word. This is usually referred to as concordance.

10．Contrastive analysis

【答案】 Contrastive analysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition , based on a belief that a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differences between native language and target language are taken into consideration. By such an analysis , it is supposed that some leaning difficulties could be predicted in terms of language transfer.

二、Short-answer-questions

11．What are the four obvious barriers to adult L2 acquisition?

【答案】 A variety of explanations have been put forward for the apparent decline in adults :

Physical factors such as the loss of “plasticity” in the brain and “lateralization” of the brain ; social factors such as the different situations and relationships that children encounter compared to adults ; cognitive factors such as the interference with natural language learning by the adulfs more abstract mode of thinking ; and input factors that adults spend only a few hours each week of school time , rather than via the constant interaction experienced by a child , with a lot of other occupations.

12．What is behaviourism?

【答案】 Behaviourism is a principle of scientific method , based on the belief that human beings cannot know anything they have not experienced. Behaviourism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of “stimulus -response reinforcement”，and the adult?s use of language is also a process of “stimulus -response”.

13．Explain the characteristic of arbitrariness. What are the relationships between arbitrariness & onomatopoeic words and arbitrariness convention?

【答案】 Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. Onomatopoeic words are the words that sound like the sounds they describe. Only when people know the meaning can they infer that the linguistic sign is appropriate for the exact sound. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative , and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation.

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第 4 页，共 48 页 14．How are the vowels described usually?

【答案】 Usually , the description of the vowels needs to fulfill four basic requirements :

（1）The height of tongue raising （high , mid , low ）;

（2）The position of the highest part of the tongue （front , central , back ）;

（3）The length or tenseness of the vowel （tense vs. lax or long vs. short ） , and

（4）lip-rounding （rounded vs. unrounded ）.

15．Cite an example to explain synchronic linguistics.

【答案】

Synchronic Linguistics is the description of a language at some point of time in history. It focuses on the characteristics of the language at a certain time. For example , when we study English , we learn about the vocabulary , the language points and oral English etc. At this time , we are learning English of current time in synchronic method.

16．What are the four maxims of the co-operative principle? Which maxim does this speaker seem to be particularly careful about: "'Well, to be quite honest, I do not think she is ill today.

【答案】 The four maxims of the co-operative principle are as follows :

Quantity. （1） Make your contribution as informative as is required （for the current purposes of the exchange ）. （2） Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.

Quality. Try to make your contribution one that is true. （1） Do not say what you believe to be false. （2） Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

Relation. Be relevant.

Manner. Be perspicuous. （1） Avoid obscurity of expression. （2） Avoid ambiguity. （3） Be brief. （4） Be orderly.

In the utterance given , it is probable that the speaker is particularly careful about the maxim of Quality , which rules that do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

三、Essay-question

17．Explain speech act theory and list the different kinds of speech acts with examples for each.

【答案】 The speech act theory was proposed by John Austin. According to this theory , we are performing various kinds of acts when we are speaking. Actions performed through utterances are generally called speech acts. An utterance can perform different speech acts depending on the context and that one speech act can be performed by more than one utterances.

According to Searle , speech acts all into five general categories. Specific acts that fall into each type share the same illocutionary point , but differ in their strength.

1）Representatives : the acts of saying what the speaker believes to be true ; they include stating , describing , asserting , and so on ; such as “It?s raining”，“They won the game”.

2）Directives : acts of trying to get the hearer to do something. Commands , orders , requests , warnings , suggestions , and on so are of this type , as illustrated in “Be quiet!”，“Don?t touch that!”

3）Commissives : acts of committing the speaker himself to some future course of action. They include promising ，vowing , offering ，threatening , and so on. Examples are “I?ll take her to the vet.” and “We won?t do that.”

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第 5 页，共 48 页 4）Expressives : acts of expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state. They can be statements of pleasure ，pain ，likes ，sorrow , and so on. For example ，“I?m sorry to hear that”.

5）Declarations : acts of bringing about immediate changes by saying something. They include resigning ,dismissing , naming , appointing , and so on. For example , the priest may say in a wedding “I now pronounce you husband and wife”.

18．Research has found that two-year-old English children produce negative sentences such as a ） tod ） , but note ）:

a ）He doesn?t like cabbage.

b ）Doesn?t like cabbage.

c ）Him no like cabbage.

d ）No lik

e cabbage.

e ）*Him doesn?t like cabbage.

How can you account for this?

【答案】 This founding firstly demonstrates one point that the acquisition of auxiliary verbs comes later than that of comparatively “simpler” morphemes such as pronouns. Therefore , it is unUkely for children to make mistakes as shown in e ） . The reason for this phenomenon could be explained by the fact that in the early stage of children^ language acquisition , the speech at first only contains content words and lacks the function elements.

This founding also shows that children have a certain process of learning the negative form. There are generally three stages.

1） At first , the negative element is not part of the structure of the sentences. It is simply attached to the beginning , as shown in d ）.

2 ） The negative element is inserted into the sentence. The additional negative forms don't and can't are used , and with no and not , begin to be placed in front of the verb rather than at the beginning , as shown in c ）.

3） Children begin to produce the appropriate part of do , be or the model verbs , to suit the person or tense , as shown in b ） and a ）.

19．Examine the following two statements about language, and discuss the similarities and differences between them. Do you agree with the two statements? Explain your answer.

（1）Sapir （1921:Language ） : “Language is a purely human and non -instinctive method of communicating ideas ，emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.” （ p.8 ）.

（2）Bloch and Trager （1942: Outline of Linguistic Analysis ） : “A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates.”（p.5）.

【答案】 Similarities :

（1）Both definitions stick to the fact that language is primarily a matter of speech because the primary medium of language is sound. Sapir illustrates this idea by implying that the produced symbols are auditory and Bloch and Trager by explicitly using th e word “vocal”.

（2）Both definitions allude to the fact that the association between the words and the things that

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第 6 页，共 48 页 they denoted is rarely inherent , Sapir by using the word “symbols” and Bloch and Trager by placing emphasis on “arbitrary” and “symbols”.

Differences :

（1）Sapir?s definition emphasizes that language relates to communication between human beings. It is very different from the communication systems of other creatures , such as bird songs and bee dances. Bloch and Trager do not clearly indicate this property , only saying that it is possessed by a social group.

（2）Sapir also considers that language is “non -instinctive” and “voluntarily produced”. Thus for him language does not include such instinctive forms of communication as smiling and cries of pain , etc. However , Bloch and Trager?s definition do not include this feature.

（3）The element “system” in Bloch and Trager?s definition reflects the fact that language provides us with the framework for generating appropriate utterances rather than providing us with an infinite store of ready-made utterances. Still elements of lacunae are combined according to rules.

（4）The function of language is indicated differently in two definitions. Sapir sees language as for communicating ideas , emotions and desires , while Bloch and Trager considers it for a social group5s co-operation. Sapir?s definition proposes “communication” as the principal function of language and specifies what is communicated ; Bloch and Trager only vaguely point out that language can be used for co-operation.

Each of the two definitions has its own special emphasis , and it is not totally free from limitations. We think the two definitions grasp some defining properties of language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication , for example ，“vocal”，“arbitrary”，“symbol”，“purely human”，“a system”. But either has some limitation. As for Sapir?s definition , whether one considers language to be instinctive or not is an issue. Language is instinctive in so far as we are all bom with a predisposition to speak , we all acquire a language without tuition and when we speak we do not consciously convert our thoughts into speech. Language is , however , non-instinctive in that we can choose what to say or whether to say anything at all. Both the defini tion?s description of language?s function is not precise. Sapir?s definition confines language only to communicating ideas , emotions and desires , and Bloch and Trager?s definition does not point it out at all.

20．What do you think of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?

【答案】 Linguistic determinism , is one of the two points of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis , and has developed into the strong version of this hypothesis. It could be summarized as follows :

（1）One5s thinking is completely determined by his native language because one cannot but perceive the world in terms of the categories and distinctions encoded in the language.

（2）The categories and distinctions encoded in one language system are unique to that system and incommensurable with those of other systems. Therefore , the following statement could represent this hypothesis <4If Aristotle had spoken Chinese ，his logic would have been different”.

四、Synthesis

21．What is the Prague School best known for?

【答案】 The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. Following Saussure^ distinction between langue and parole , Trubetzkoy argued that phonetics belonged to parole whereas phonology belonged to langue. On this basis he developed the notion of “phoneme” as an abstract unit of the sound system as distinct from the sounds actually produced.

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