三级语法讲义

英语三级考试讲义

句子成分简介：

主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east.

Who will be our monitor hasn?t been decided yet. （主语从句） 谓语（predicate）:说明主语的动作、状态和特征 We study English. 宾语：

1)动作的承受者——动宾 I like China.

2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词——介宾 Are you afraid of the snake?

3) 双宾语——间宾(指人)和直宾(指物) He gave me a book yesterday.

I want to know what they?re talking about.（宾语从句）

系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

常见的系动词有: be, sound(听起来)， look(看起来)， feel(摸起来)，smell(闻起来)，taste(尝、吃起来)， remain(保持，仍是)， feel(感觉) , turn(变成）。

表语（predicative）:系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. Five and five is ten. He is asleep.

The food tastes good.

This is what I want.（表语从句）

宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。 We elected him monitor.

We all think it a pity that she didn?t come here. We will make them happy. We found nobody in.

Please make yourself at home.

Don?t let him do that. (省to不定式) 主补：对主语的补充。 He was elected monitor.

She was found singing in the next room.

He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.

定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。 Tom is a chemistry teacher.(名词) He is our friend. (代词)

We belong to the third world. (数词)

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He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词) The man over there is my old friend.(副词)

The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词) The boys playing football are in Cla2. (现在分词)

The trees planted last year are growing well now. (过去分词) The next train to arrive is from Washington. (不定式) You should do everything that I do. (定语从句)

状语：用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子， 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式或让步。 I will go there tomorrow.

The meeting will be held in the meeting room. The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.

He didn?t study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much.

If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike.

Though he is young, he can do it well.

同位语是在名词或代词之后的并列名词或代词, 对前者加以说明的成分。同位语只有主语和宾语才有，由名词性短语充当。

1. 单词作同位语：

This is my friend Tom. 2. 短语作同位语

I, the oldest boy in the family, always had to care for the other children. 3. 直接引语作同位语

But now the question comes to his mind, “Does she really love him?” 4. 句子作同位语

The news that he was married is not true.

主句与从句：

从句前面一般必须有关联词（what, when, though, that, who,because等来引导，而主句前一般不用任何关联词 。

Who will be our monitor hasn?t been decided yet. （主语从句） I want to know what they?re talking about.（宾语从句 一．语法

1.1 动词的时态 (以主语I为例) 时间 一般 过去 现在 一般过去时 I studied 一般现在时 I study 进行 过去进行时 I was studying 现在进行时 I am studying 2

状态 完成 过去完成时 I had studied 现在完成时 I have studied 过去完成进行时I had been studying

现在完成进行时I have been studying 将来 一般将来时 I will study 一般过去将来时 I would study 将来进行时 I will be studying 过去将来进行时 I would be studying 将来完成时 I will have studied 过去将来完成时 I would have studied 将来完成进行时I will have been studying 在过去看将来 过去将来完成进行时I would have been studying 1.1.1一般现在时

1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：常和always, usually, often ,sometimes, every day, every week的等时间状语连用。

例：He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。

2、表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。 例：The earth is round. 地球是圆的。

3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。 例：I don?t think you are right.我以为你错了。

4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作：常用的连词有as soon as，when，till，if。 （1）They will go home for winter vacation as soon as they ________their exams. A. have finished B. finish C. finished

D. was finishing （答案：B）（1996年22题）

（2）When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force. A. will heat

B. will be heated C. is heated D. has heated （答案：C）（1992年59题） 1.1.2 一般过去时 1、表示过去的动作或状态：常和过去时间状语连用。just now, last year, when I was 8 years old等。

例：You've already missed too many classes this term .You _____ two classes just last week. A. missed B. would miss C. had missed D. have missed

（答案：A。有具体的表示过去的时间状语要用过去时。）（1995年59题） 2、used to do sth：过去常常做…（暗示现在不做了） 例：I used to take a walk in the morning. 我过去是在早晨散步。（意味着现在不在早晨散步了。）

3、it is (high) time（that）…句型中，谓语动词用过去时。(这其实是个虚拟语气) 例：Don?t you think it is time you _____ smoking? A. give up B. gave up

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C. would give up D. should give up （答案：B）（1999年31题）

例：It?s high time we _____ something to stop traffic accident. A. do B. will do C. did D. must do （答案：C）（1996年43题）

4.would rather＋句子（过去时/过去完成时）（这也是虚拟语气）

（1）如果表示现在或将来要做的事情,从句的谓语动词用一般过去式. I'd rather you met her at the airport tomorrow morning. (将来) 我但愿你明天早上能在机场见到他. I'd rather we had a rest now .(现在) 我希望我们现在休息一下.

（2）.如果谈论过去动作,从句的谓语动词用过去完成式. I'd rather you hadn't told him the news that day. (过去) 我宁可你那天没有把那消息告诉他.

例：I?d _____ you didn?t touch that, if you don?t mind. A. rather B. better C. happier D. further

（答为案：A）（1998年45题）

例：I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner. A. come

B. would come C. came

D. have come （答案为C）（2002年46题）

1.1.3一般将来时

1.will（shall）+原形动词：表示将来的动作或状态。 例：He will come and help you. 他会来帮助你的。

2.be going to +动词原形：表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。 例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个演讲吗？ 3.be to +动词原形： 表示安排或计划好了的动作。

例：The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day. 三环路将在国庆节前通车。

4.be about to +动词原形：表示即将发生的动作。 例：The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。

5、某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如：go ,come, start, arrive， leave 等的现在 进 行时可表示将来。 例：（1）We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。

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（2）The foreign guests are arriving in Jinan tonight. 外宾今晚到达济南。

1.1.4过去将来时

表示在过去预计将要发生的动作，常用于宾语从句。 例：He wanted to know when the conference would start. 他想知道会议何时开始。

注：在时间或条件状语从句中，将来时要用一般时来表示。 例：If you come here on time tomorrow, I will be very happy. 例：（1）They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ________their exams. A. have finished B. finish C. finished

D. was finishing （答案：B）（1996年22题） 例：（2）When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force. A. will heat

B. will be heated C. is heated D. has heated （答案：C）（1992年59题）

例：(3) Smith is to study medicine as soon as he ______ military service. A. will finish B. has finished C. finish D.would finish (选b, 1993年第40题) 例：（4）Please be sure to telephone me the next time you ______.

A. will come B. would come C. shall come D. come (D. 1993年第49题)

1.1.5现在进行时

1、表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作。

例：The teacher is talking with his students. 这位老师正在同他的学生交谈。 2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻并不一定在进行。

例：I am attending a conference in Beijing. 我正在北京参加一个会议。

1.1.6过去进行时

1、表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时间。

例：He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七点到九点他正在做作业。

2、when 和while 的用法

（1）I fell and hurt myself while I _____tennis. A. was playing B. am playing C. play D. played

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（答案：A。 when既指时间点，也可指一段时间；while只指一段时间，因此when引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以是终止性动词，也可以是延续性动词，而while从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。while引导的时间状语从句多用进行时态，而when引导的时间状语从句多用一般时态。）（1998年43题）

（2）One of the guards _____ when the general came in, which made him very angry. A. has slept B. were sleeping C, slept D. was sleeping

（前半句用进行时+when+一般过去时：一件事情正在发生，突然又发生了另一件事） （答案为D）（1996年23题）

3、过去进行时表示过去将来的动作。现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进行时也可以表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的动作。

例：He went to see Xiao Li. He was leaving early the next morning. 他去看小李。他第二天一早就要离开此地了。 1.1.7现在完成时

1、表示动作刚刚结束（常和just, now, already, yet等词连用）；或表示动作的结果（一般不用时间状语）。

（1）Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明刚刚把灯关上。（说明现在灯已经关上了） （2）I have lost my pen. 我把笔丢了。（说明过去某时丢的，现在我还没有找到这支笔。） 2、表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下去（常用since引导的短语或从句，或由for 引导的短语连用）。

（1）He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在这儿已经三十年了。（现在还住在这儿） （2）They?ve known each other since childhood. 他们从小彼此相识。（现在还继续来往） 3、非延续性动词的完成时和it is（has been） +时间+since…..（过去时） 英语中有些动词不能延续， 因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用。 （1）He has _____ the army for ten years and is now an officer. A. gone into B. joined in C. been in D. come into

（答案：C。用现在完成时表示“继续”的概念时，只能用含有持续意义的动词，不可用瞬间性动词。Go into, join in以及come into 都是瞬间动词词组，不能与for ten years 搭配）（1995年49题）

（2）It is 3 years since I left Shanghai .我离开上海已经三年了。

（如果是非延续动词，这时常用 it is +时间+since 的句型代替，从句用过去时态。） 4、have（has）been to 和have （has）gone to 的区别 have（has ）been to：去过某地（表示某人的一种经历），可以和once，twice，often，never，ever 连用。

have（has）gone to：去某地了（表示某人已经离开此地，在去某地的路途上或已在某地，所以一般来说此句型只用于第三人称），此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。 （1）He has gone to America.（意思为他已经去了美国，现在不在此地） （2）He has been to America twice. 他去过美国两次。

5．如果句子中有in the past__ years 这样的词组，在主句中的时态可以用现在完成时。 例：English _____ in a new way at my college in the past few years.

A. has been teaching B. was Being taught C. has been taught D. had been taught (1992年第60题)

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1.1.8过去完成时

1、表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即过去的过去）。这个过去的某一时间可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。 例：（1）About the sixth century A.D. when few Europeans could read, the Chinese _____ paper. A. invented B. had invented C. have invented D. had been invented （答案：B）（1997年35题） 例：（2）The chemistry class____ for five minutes when we hurried there. A. had been on B.was on C. has been on D. would be on (选a, 1995年第24题)

2、表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。 例：The chemistry class _____ for five minutes when we hurried there. A. had been on B. was on C. has been on D. would be on （答案：A）（1995年24题）

3、在含有before, after, as soon as 等连词引导的状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的先后顺序，因此，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时表示，而不用过去完成时。

例：I called him as soon as I arrived.我刚一到就给他打电话。

4、过去完成时常用在no sooner …than…, hardly/scarcely/barely…when…，一…就…。句型之中，句子到装。

（1）No sooner had we sat down _____ we found it was time to go. A. than B. when C. as D. while

（答案为A）（1997年50题）

（2）Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out. 他刚打开门，蜡烛就被一阵风吹灭了。

1.1.9将来完成时：表示在将来某一时间以前完成的动作。比如如果从句是by加上一个将来的时间，那么主句中就可以用这种形势。 例：1、By the time John gets home, his aunt _____. A. will have B. leaves

C. will have left D. is leaving （答案：C）（1995年25题）

例： 2、I _____ writing the article by the time you get back.

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A. shall finish

B. must have finished C. have finished

D. shall have finished

（答案：D） （2000年24题）

例：3、All the machines ____ by the end of the following week.

A. were repaired B. will be repaired C. have been repaired D. will have been

repaired

(1993年第50题)

1.1.10现在完成进行时：表示从过去某时一直延续到现在的一个动作，这个动作一般会继续延续下去，或是到说话时结束， 但是强调到说话时为止一直在做的动作。

例：I _____ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer. A. was knocking B. am knocking C. knocking

D. have been knocking （答案：D）（1998年49题）

2、被动语态

考试重点：感官动词和使役动词的被动语态；动词短语的被动语态；情态动词的被动语态；用主动表示被动的含义。

1.2.1感官动词及使役动词（如：see，feel，hear，watch，make，bid）在主动语态中用无to不定式做宾补，改为被动语态时要加to。

上面这些动词速记口诀：Make have 看(watch)；Let 听（hear） 觉(feel) 见(see)；Help后跟不定式，有to无to你随便。

1、The middle-aged man was seen _____ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder. A. came B. come C. to come D. have come （答案为C）（2000年58题）

2、We were made to study harder. 我们被要求努力学习。

1.2.2有些动词后面接一个介词或副词，构成短语。变被动语态时，短语动词做及物动词用。

1、The children are well looked after. 这些孩子得到了很好的照顾。 2、The doctor has been sent for. 已经派人去请大夫了。 1.2.3情态动词的被动语态

构成：情态动词+be+过去分词。

1、The work must be finished before lunch. 这项工作必须在午饭前干完。 2、Nothing can be seen from here. 从这儿什么也看不见。 1.2.4用主动表示被动的含义

常用：need/require +doing sth（=to be done）（此句型主语大多为物）

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Need doing=need to be done Require doing=require to be done Be worth doing值得做（表示被动） The place is worth visiting.这个地方值得旅游 You car needs repairing=your car needs to be repaired. 例：My room is a mess. It needs _____. A to be tidying up B. tidying up C. to tidy up

D. tidied up （答案为B）（2000年47题） 

3.情态动词表示推测

情态动词must, can/could, may/might, need, should, ought to +动词原型/现在完成时。这个结构可以表示对一件事情的推测。前者表示对现在或将来的推测，后者表示对过去的推测。 1． 情态动词+do 表示对现在或将来的推测/判断 2． 情态动词+have done 表示对过去的推测/判断

不同的情态动词表示的含义是有所不同的。Must结构表示特别肯定的推测，几乎是肯定会发生的。

Can/could以及may/might的肯定程度不大。

1． Must 表示特表肯定的判断，所以一般不用在否定句/疑问句中 2． Can/could/may/might表示一种可能，可以用在否定句/疑问句中。

3． Should/ought to/need表示某事应该做但却没有做，或某事不应该做但却做了。 例：1、Mr. Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now. A. must have received

B. must have failed to receive C. must receive

D. must fail to receive （答案：B）（1998年44题）

例：2、I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time. A. would have had B. could have had C. should have had D. must have had （答案为D）（2001年58题）

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例：3、They have done things they ought _____. A. not to do

B. not to be done C. not to have done D. not having done （答案为C）（1999年59题）

例：4、I?m sorry I couldn?t get in touch with him before he left, I _____ him earlier. A. had a telephone B. have phoned

C. should have phoned D. should be phoned （答案为C）（2000年26题）

例：5、The house is dark; the Browns__to bed.

A. may go B. should go C.should have gone D.must have gone (选d, 1993年第46 题)

例：6、I____asleep in the corner, for I remember nothing of what happened during the night. A. might fall B.must fall C.must have fallen D.can have fallen (选c,1994年第59) 4. 虚拟语气

如果所表示的条件根本不可能实现或实现的可能性很小时，称为虚拟条件句。

考试重点：虚拟语气的基本形式和用法；if的省略形式；含蓄条件句；以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句；would rather 引导的从句；以as if, as though 引导的从句；以suggest, advise, insist 等词后引导的宾语从句；It is necessary（important）that引导的主语从句；It is time （that）…句型中。

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1.4.1虚拟语气的基本形式和用法：

虚拟（条件）语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类： 假设类型 条件从句谓语动词形式 对现在虚拟 If+动词过去式（be用were而不用was） 对过去虚拟 If +had+过去分词 Would（第一人称可以用should）+动词原形 Would（第一人称可以用should）+have+过去分词 对将来虚拟 If+were to+动词原形 或If+should+动词原形

Would（第一人称可以用should）+动词原形 主句谓语动词形式

1、I would ask George to lend us the money if I _____ him. A. had known B. have known C. knew D. know

（答案：C。与现在的事实相反，从句用过去时）（1995年38题）

2、Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people _____ the same language? A. spoke B. speak C. had spoken D. will speak

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（答案：A。与现在的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去时。） 3、If Bob____ with us, he would have had a good time. A. would come B. would have come C. had come D. came

（答案为C。与过去的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。）（1995年59题） 1.4.2、if的省略形式

如果将虚拟语气的标志if省略，则要将if后面的主谓倒装。 在虚拟条件句中， 如谓语包含were , had, should等词， 则可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略if。

例：1、_____ you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions. A. If I realized B. Had I realized

C. Did I have realized that D. As I realized

（答案：B。虚拟条件句有时可以省略if，而将谓语中的过去式were，had，或should等移至主语之前。）（1996年39题） 例：2、_____, I should ask them some questions. A. Should they come to us B. If they come to us C. Were they come to us D. Had they come to us

（答案：A。与将来事实相反。）（1997年30题） 1.4.3含蓄条件句

有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with，without，but for。 例：1、Without your help, we _____ so much. A. didn?t achieve

B. would not have achieved

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C. will not achieve D. don?t achieve

（答案：B。这是一句含蓄条件句，条件暗含在介词短语without your help中，因此要用虚拟语气。）（1996年33题） 例：2、But for the rain, we _____ a nice holiday. A. should have B. would have had C. would have D. will have had

（答案：B。2003年28题）

1.4.4、以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句

动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若要表示与

现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；若表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分词；若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would (could)＋动词原形。

I wish I were not so busy. 但愿我不那样忙碌。

I wish I were [was] better looking. 要是我长得漂亮些就好了。 She wished she had stayed at home. 她后悔的是她当时要是留在家里就好了。

I wish you would/could go with us tomorrow. 要是你明天同我们一起去就好了。

例：1、Peter wishes that he _____ law instead of literature when he was in college. A. could study B. studied C. had studied D. would study

（答案：C）（2000年53题）

例：2、I didn?t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there. A. were B. would be C. had been

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D. will be

（答案：C）（2001年53题） 1.4.5、以as if，as though引导的从句

在as if，as though引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时，它们所引用的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和wish 后面的从中动词形式变化相同。

例：1、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world. A. knows B. knew C. had known

D. would have known

（答案：B。as if（though）从句中非真实性情况用虚拟语气。本句表示说话人对现在的情况有所怀疑，所以用过去时。） 例：2、You are talking as if you had seen them

你谈的那么起劲，好像你真的见过似的。（表示想象中的过去的动作）

1.4.6、would rather 后面的从句用虚拟语气

1.用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望。

I?d rather you came next Saturday.我宁愿你下周六来。 2. 用过去完成时表示过去的愿望

I?d rather you hadn?t done that.我宁愿你没有这样做。

例：1、I?d _____ you didn?t touch that, if you don?t mind. A. rather B. better C. happier D. further

（答为案：A）（1998年45题）

例： 2、I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner. A. come

B. would come C. came

D. have come

（答案为C）（2002年46题）

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1.4.7以suggest，advise，insist等词后引导的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形，should可以省略。

类似的动词有：propose，insist，suggest，order，demand，require，request等。

例：1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life. A. had

B. would have C. have

D. was going to have

（答案：C）（1998年28题）

例：2、His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out. A. put on B. puts on C. to put

D. putting on

（答案：A）（1999年58题）

注：如果在句中出现的不是这些动词，而是这些动词的名词形势，那么在后面的同位语从句中仍然要用should+动词原形，should可以省略。

例：It is a good suggestion that we come here at six p.m.

1.4.8、It is necessary/important/urgent that引导的主语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+原形动词，should可以省略。

例：1、It?s desired that she _____ to teach us at least twice a week. A. comes B. will come C. come

D. may come

（答案：C）（1997年29题）

例：2、It?s urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made.

A. will be arranged B. must be arranged C. be arranged

D. would be arranged

（答案：C）（2003年45题）

1.4.9、It is (high) time (that)…引导的定语从句中，谓语动词用过去式或should+动词原形，should不可以省略。优先使用过去式。 1、It?s high time we _____ something to stop traffic accident. A. do

B. will do

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C. did

D. must do

（答案：C）（1996年43题）

2、Don?t you think it is time you _____ smoking? A. give up B. gave up

C. would give up D. should give up

（答案：B）（1999年31题） 5.非谓语动词

非谓语动词分三种，即：不定式，动名词和分词。下面分三部分进行介绍。

5.1动词不定式

考试重点：动词不定式的基本结构和用法（尤其是复合结构，否定式，被动式，完成式等。）；stop和go on接不定式和动名词的区别；remember，forget接不定式和动名词的区别；have sth done 和have sb do sth。

基本形式

一般式 完成式 进行式 主动形式 （not） to make （not） to be making 被动形式 （not） to be made （not） to have made （not） to have been made 1.不定式：有些动词后面必须得用不定式 Ask sb to do sth Order sb to do Persuade sb to do

*有些动词后面的不定式要省略“to”: Make, have, watch, hear, feel, let, see Help后面的不定式也可以省略to

The teacher made the students __A__ their book. A. open B. to open C. to be opened

但是请大家再记住：这些动词如果用在被动句中，则to还得用上。 The students are made to open their book.

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在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。 5.1.1动词不定式的基本结构和用法

动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式， 由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。 例：1、Good-bye , Mr. Wang. I’m pleased _____ you. A. to meet B .meeting

C. to have been meeting D. to be met

（答案：B）（1998年57题）

例：2、Encouragement through praise is the most effective method of getting people _____ their best. A. do B. to do C. doing D. done

（答案为B: 道别时应该说be pleased meeting you或be pleased to have met you.其中，be pleased to have met you更常见。见面时应该才说be pleased to meet you。）（1996年44题） 5.1.2动词不定式的被动式

当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的对象时（或动作的承受者时），不定式一般要用被动式。

例：1、The ability _____ is very important for any speaker. A. to hear clearly B. to be clearly heard C. to hearing clearly D. to being clearly heard

（答案：B。动词不定式的被动式。）（1999年39题）

例：2、Mr. and Mrs. Smith didn’t expect the house _____ so well. A. to be decorated B. to decorate C. be decorated D. decorating

（答案：A）（1995年22题）

5.1.3动词不定式的复合结构

如需指出不定式动作的发出者时（即逻辑主语时）要在不定式前用for加名词（或代词）表示。

例：1、It was very difficult _____ me to learn Spanish. A. of B. to C. with D. for

（答案：D）

例：2、It is necessary _____ the papers immediately.

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A. for you to hand in B. that you hand out C. your hand in

D. for your hand in （答案：A）

5.1.4动词不定式的完成式

表示不定式的动作发生在句子谓语所表示的动作之前。

例：1、Judging from his manners at the party, he doesn?t seem _____ much education. A. to receive

B. to be receiving C. to have received

D. to have been received

（答案：C。表示发生在主要动词之前的动作，要用动词不定式的完成式。）（1997年45题）

例：2、The book is said _____ into several foreign languages up to now.

A. to translate

B. to have translate

C. to have been translated D. to be translated （答案：C）

5.1.5、stop 和go on后面接不定式和动名词的区别

动名词表示停下或继续正在做的事情；不定式表示停下以便做某事或改做另外一件事情。Stop doing表示停止正在做的事情，stop to do something 表示停下来去做另一件事情。Go on doing 表示继续干目前正在干的事情，go on to do something表示一件事做完后，又接着干另一件事情。还有一个词组go on with something,它表示的意思与go on doing something 一样。

例：1、The old man walked slowly, stopping frequently _____. A. on rest B. at rest C. resting D. to rest

（答案：D。“to rest”作目的状语，意思为“停下来的目的是为了休息”。）（1999年29题）

例：2、Men will never stop _____ for new ways of getting new energy.

A. search B. to search C. searching D. searched （答案：C）

例：3、You have been talking for two hours. How long do you

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intend to go on _____ like that? A. talking B. to talk

C. doing talking D. talk

（答案：A）

5.1.6、remember 和forget接不定式和动名词的区别

remember, forget + doing sth：表示动作发生在过去（记得/忘记以前所做的一件事）。

remember, forget +to do sth：表示动作尚未发生（记着/忘记去做某一件事情）。

Regret to do sth后悔去做某事

I regret to tell you that you have failed. Regret doing sth后悔做过某事 I regret having told him the fact.

例：1、Don?t forget _____ the window before leaving the room. A. to have closed B. to close

C. having closed D. closing

（答案：B。to close表示一个在leaving 之后发生的将来的动作）（2001年28题）

例：2、I remember giving the letter to him.

我记得把信给他了。（giving表示一个在remember之前发生过的动作。）

5.1.7、have sth done 和 have sb do sth的用法

have sth done表示让别人替自己做某件事情，这件事情就是sth表示的内容。Have sb do sth表示让某人做某事。

例：1、We are going to have our office _____ to make room for a new engineer.

A. to rearrange B. rearrange C. rearranged D. rearranging

（答案：C。have sth done:表示这个动作由别人来做。）（2002年50题）

例：2、I?ll _____ that I?m a qualified engineer.

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A. have you know B. have known you C. have you knowing D. have you know

（答案：A。表示让某人做某事。）（2003年25题）

注：have sth done 有事也可以表示某事无法控制的发生了，这件事情并非出于主语的意愿。

例：1、Yesterday, I had my left leg broken when I was climbing the mountain.昨天在爬山时，我将左腿摔断了。 5.2动名词

考试重点：动名词的逻辑主语，完成式，被动式，否定式；动名词做介词的宾语，有时介词可省略；“to”的作用。 基本形式：

一般时 主动形式 doing 被动形式 being done 完成时 having done having been done 动名词：动词用作名词。 有些动词后面习惯用名词，如果是动词的话，则该动词要变为动名词形式（ing形式）。Avoid doing (避免做…) Appreciate doing (喜欢做…) Feel like doing 想要做

介词后面的动词一律用动名词形式。

Look forward to doing sth(这里的to不是不定式，而是一个介词，所以后面用了动名词)

在句子中可以充当主语、表语、宾语和定语。 5.2.1动名词的基本用法：

例：1、We shall appreciate _____ from you soon. A. being heard B. hearing C. to hear

D. having been heard

（答案：B。appreciate后接动名词做宾语。）（1998年42题）

例：2、John suggested _____ anything about it until they found out more facts.

A. not to say B. saying not C. to say not D. not saying

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（答案：D。suggest后接动名词做宾语，否定式要在动名词前加“not”）（1995年53题）

5.2.2、动名词的完成时：表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生时，用动名词的完成时。

例：1、I don’t remember _____. A. ever to be saying B. to have ever said C. having ever said that D. ever said that （答案：C）

例：2、I regret having done such a thing.我后悔做了这样的事。 

5.2.3、动名词的被动式

例：1、No one avoid _____ by advertisements. A. influenced B. influencing C. to influence

D. being influenced （答案：D）

例：2、Susan was very unhappy for not _____ to the party. A. to be invited

B. having been invited C. inviting

D. to have been invited （答案：B）

5.2.4、动名词的逻辑主语

当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时可使用形容词性的物主代词或代词的宾格。

例：1、He forgot about _____ him to attend my wife?s birthday party.

A. I asking B. my asking C. me to ask D. mine to ask

（答案：B。做介词 about 的宾语， 物主代词+动名词，构成动名词的复合结构。） （1998年29题）

例：2、I object to his （him）making private calls on the office phone.

我反对他用办公室的电话打私人电话。

5.2.5、动名词做介词的宾语，有时介词可省略。

例：1、Don?t risk _____ the job which so many people want. A. losing

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B. to lose C. lost

D. your life to lose

（答案：A。risk后接动名词做宾语，risk（in）doing sth.中的介词in常省略。） （1999年57题）

例：2、I don?t think it is any use _____ this matter any further. A. discussing B. to discuss C. to discussing D. to be discussed

（答案：A。it is no use （good）doing…做…没有用（好处），动名词做介词in的宾语，常省略。）

5.2.6、有的动词后的to 既可以是不定式符号，又可以是介词，使用时要特别注意。

1、You don?t object _____ you by your first name, do you? A. for me to call B. me to call C. to my calling D. my calling

（答案：C。object to 中的to是介词，故接动名词做宾语。）（1996年21题）

2、The students are looking forward to _____ their parents in winter vacation. A. see B. watch C. seeing

D. being seen （答案：C） 6.分词

考试重点：分词在句中的作用；现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别；现在分词和过去分词的区别；分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是否一致；分词的独立主格；with（without）引导的分词的独立结构。 -ING分词是指由动词原形＋-ING构成的、具有完成时态和被动语态的一种非谓语动词形式，具体形式如下：

现在式 过去时 主动形式 doing 被动形式 being done done（此即过去分词） 完成时 having done having been done 现在分词表示主动，正在进行 过去分词表示被动，已经完成

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考试中一般考查分词短语作状语的用法。请大家记住做这种题目，一定要把握的要点：分词短语作状语，解题关键要看分词所用的动词和句子主语的关系，如果是主动关系就用现在分词，如果是被动关系就用过去分词。）

Seeing from the space, we can see the earth is very small.(因为这句话的主语是we(我们)，考察的动词是see(看见)。人和看见之间的关系是主动发生的（看这个动作是由我们自己发出的）。所以我们用现在分词seeing

Seen from the space, the earth looks very small.

（这句话的主语是earth(地球)，动词是see(看见)。地球是被人们看见的,所以earth和see之间的关系是被动的。故用seen.

就其语法功能而言，它可以作表语、补足语、状语和定语。 5.6.1分词在句中的作用

例：1、She was sitting in an armchair _____ a book. A. reading B. to read

C. to be reading D. to have read

（答案：A。分词短语在句中做伴随状语。）（1995年37题）

例：2、_____ anything about the accident, he went to work as well. A. Not know B. Know not C. Knowing not D. Not knowing

（ 答案：D。分词做原因状语）（2000年28题）

例：3、They all returned to the village _____ that the danger was over.

A. convincing B. convinced C. to convince

D. having convinced

（答案：B。过去分词做伴随状语）（1997年57题）

例：4、We kept our _____ all night to frighten the wolves. A. burning fire B. burnt fire C fire burning D. fire burnt

（答案：C。现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行）（1997年55题） 5.6.2、现在分词和过去分词的区别

例：1、She told me that it was the most _____ gift her daughter

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had received.

A. delighting B. delighted C. delights D. delight

（答案：A。现在分词修饰的是事物，常译作“令人??”，具有主动、进行的意思。过去分词修饰人，常译作“感到??”，具有被动、完成的概念。又如：a moved audience：受感动的观众。）（2003年38题） 例：2、My parents are _____ with my progress. A. please B. pleased C. pleasing

D. being pleased （答案：B。）

5.6.3、现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别。

例：1、The interviewer should take down notes at the moment the person _____ answers the questions. A. to be interviewed B. interviewing

C. being interviewed D. interviewed

（答案：C。现在分词的被动式。表示动作正在发生）（1997年33题） 例：2、Standing on the bank, the children watched the ship _____ with all kinds of goods. A. loading

B. being loaded C. to be loaded D. having loaded

（答案：B。现在分词的被动式。）（2000年23题）

例：3、We found the eggs eaten by the snake. 我们发现鸡蛋被 蛇吃了。

（过去分词表示动作的完成和结果。）

5.6.4、分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是否一致。

例：1、Arriving at the bus stop, _____ waiting there. A. he found a lot of people B. a lot of people were

C. he found a lot of people?s D. people were found

（答案：A。分词短语做伴随状语时，和主句共用一个主语。）（1996年37题）

例：2、_____ tired after a hard work, she fell into bed and went straight to sleep.

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A. Felt B. Feeling C. Being felt D. To feel

（答案：B）（1998年50题）

5.6.5、分词的独立主格：分词短语带有自己的逻辑主语，（一般由名词担任）称为分词的独立主格。

*如果分词短语的逻辑主语和主句的主语不一样，我们也有变通的办法，那就是把该分词自己的主语写在分词前面，又时候还用上with在句首。这就是分词的独立主格。

He is lying on the sofa, with tears streaming down his face.

例：1、The plane crashed, its bombs _____ as it hit the ground. A. exploded

B. were exploded C. exploding

D. were exploding

（答案：C）（1999年43题）

例：2、Weather permitting, we?ll go to the Summer Palace. 如果天气允许的话，我们去颐和园。

六、with （without） 引导的分词的独立结构。

例：1、He walked across the meeting room _____ everyone looking at her. A. with B. as C. while D. when

（答案：A。with或without可以引导分词的独立结构，做伴随状语。）（1997年49题）

例：2、With the old man _____ the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave. A. leading B. led C. lead

D. to be led

（答案：A）（2000年27题）

６.各种从句：英语中从句包括：名词从句、定语从句、同位语从

句和状语从句。

6.1名词性从句：名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句

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That和what引导名词性从句时的区别

答题要点：请记住that引导名词性从句的时候，只是起到引导作用，不能在该名词性从句中充当任何成分。What则不然，它不但起引导作用，而且还要在该名词性从句中充当一定的成分（比如充当主语或宾语）。

__A__ he said has nothing to do with me. A. What B. That

_A_ he has passed the test really surprises us. A. That B. What

6.1.1主语从句

考试重点：主语从句常用的连词的用法；it is desirable that引导的主语从句的用法。

在句子中担当主语的是一个从句，这个从句就叫主语从句。主语从句可以由下列连词、连接代词和连接副词引导，且不能省略。 连词：that，whether

连接代词：what，whatever，who，whoever等。 连接副词：when，where，how，why

*由连词that，whether引导的主语从句。

连词that，whether在主语从句中的作用只是引导主语从句，它在从句中不担任成分，不能省略，且由它们引导的主语从句，多用it做形式主语。

（1）_____ was unimportant.

A. Whether he enjoyed our dinner or not B. No matter how he enjoyed our dinner C. If he enjoyed our dinner D. What he enjoyed our dinner （答案：A）（2000年40题）

（2）That the earth is round is true.（It is true that the earth is round.）

地球是圆的， 是个事实。

*由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句

它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语，不能省略。注意翻译时不能把它们译为疑问句。由它们引导的主语从句，也可以用形式主语it引导。

（1）Who let out the news remained unknown.（It remained unknown who let out the news.）

谁泄露了那个消息仍旧无人知道。

（2）When we?ll start is not clear.（It is not clear when we?ll

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start.）

我们何时出发还不清楚。 

*以关系代词what, whatever, whoever…引导的主语从句。

What有时可以用来表示the thing which这种意思，引导从句，表示一样东西或一件事情。Who，whom，which，what，可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起强调作用。此类句子不能用形式主语it引导，它们在句子中担任成份，不能省略，语序为陈述句的语序。

（1）_____ I saw was two men crossing the street. A. What B. Whom C. Who D. That

（答案：A）（2001年38题）

（2）_____ was not the way the event happened. A. Which the press reported B. That the press reported C. what did the press report D. What the press reported

（答案：D。主语从句，what在从句中做宾语。）（1998年24题）

*句型It is desirable （suggested, necessary, requested, ordered, proposed, urgent）+that+主语+should（可省略）+V（动词原形）。 （1）It?s urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made.

A. will be arranged B. must be arranged C. be arranged

D. would be arranged

（答案：C）（2003年45题）

（2）It is highly desirable that a new president _____ for this university.

A. is appointed

B. will be appointed C. be appointed

D. has been appointed

（答案：C）（1997年52题） 6.1.2表语从句

考试重点：表语从句的基本用法；含有suggestion，proposal等词的表语从句的用法。

*在从句中做表语的从句叫表语从句。它位于主句中的系动词

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之后，常用的关联词和主语从句相同。

（1）This is what he wants. 这就是他想要的东西。 （2）The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow morning.

问题是我们明天上午能否完成任务。

*用suggestion等词表示愿望、建议、命令等情绪时，用虚拟语气，从句中用should（可省略）+动词原形。

（1）The general?s command was that the soldiers _____ their fort and carry out more important tasks. A. would leave B. leave C. left

D. have left

（答案：B）（2002年48题） （2）His proposal is that they（should）challenge the other groups to a friendly competition.

他提议他们和别的组挑战进行一场友谊竞赛。 6.1.3、宾语从句

考试重点：宾语从句用陈述句的语序；介词后面的宾语从句；suggest，insist，order，demand等动词后接宾语从句时，用虚拟语气；if和whether的区别。

*宾语从句用陈述句的语序

（1）Can you tell me _____ about the city that makes people love it so much?

A. it is what B. what it is C. what is it D. is it what

（答案：B。宾语从句用陈述句的语序。）（1999年47题） （2）No one doubts _____ it is true. A. whether B. if C. that d. what

（答案：C。I doubt whether/if…我怀疑。I don?t doubt that …我毫不怀疑。又如：I doubt whether he can speak English. 我怀疑他是否会说英语。） （1997年38题） *介词后面的宾语从句

（1）The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was aware _____ she had gone. A. where that B. of where C. of the place

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D. the place

（答案: B。where 引导的从句做介词的宾语。）（1998年48题）

（2）He was a man of fine character in all points _____ he was rather timid. A. in that

B. except that C. for that D. except for

（答案：B）（1997年53题）

*suggest，insist，order，demand等动词后作宾语时，表示欲望、建议、命令等时，用虚拟语气。

①His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out. A. put on B. puts on C. to put

D. putting on

（答案：A）（1999年58题）

②The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life. A. had

B. would have C. have

D. was going to have

（答案：C）（1998年28题）

*在下列情况下不能用if , 而用whether。

后跟不定式：He didn?t tell me whether to go or stay. 他没有告诉我是走还是留下。

前面有介词：He raised the question of whether we could find the necessary money.

他提出我们能否筹集到必要的资金这个问题。

引导主语从句：Whether they win or lose is all the same to me. 他们胜利也好，失败也好，对我来说都是一样的。

后面直接跟or not：I wonder whether I?ll catch the last bus or not.

我不知道我能否赶上末班车。 6.2定语从句

4. 定语从句 A college boy A big boy

形容词和名词可以作定语，放在名词前来修饰 请翻译：一个在2008年上大学的男孩 A ____ boy

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在英语中我们找不到任何一个词语能够表达如此复杂的意思，这时候我们可以用一个句子来表达这个意思，并且把句子放在名词后，这个句子就是一个定语从句.

He goes to college in 2008

A boy who goes to college in 2008

定语从句一般在其前要加一个引导词，考点主要就在于此 解题关键：

用什么引导词，关键要看前面的那个名词

1. 如果那个名词是人，则定语从句的引导词可以用that/who；如果该

名词在定语从句中充当的是宾语，则引导词可以用that/whom I like the boy _that/who___ goes to college in 2008. I like the boy _that/whom___ the man has beaten.

2. 如果那个名词是事物，则定语从句的引导词用that/which I like the book_which/that__ I bought yesterday.

*如果那个名词后面有个逗号，则请记住，引导词一定不要用that I like that book, _which___ I bought yesterday.

3. 如果那个名词表示地点，则后面的引导词要两种情况.

如果该名词在定语从句中充当地点状语，则引导词用where;如果该名词充当主语或宾语则引导词用which/that

I like the place___A__ we spent the holiday together. I like the place _B__ we visited yesterday. A. where B. which

4.如果那个名词表示时间，则后面的定语从句引导词有两种情况.如果该名词在定语从句中充当时间状语，则我们引导词用when;如果该名词充当主语或宾语则引导词用which/that

I will not forget the time__B__ we stayed together. I will not forget the time _A___ we spent in the village. A. which B. when

5. 如果那个名词是reason,则要看reason在定语从句中是否充当原因状语，如果是则引导词用why，如果充当主语或宾语则用which或that. 例：1.This is the reason why he does not love you. 2. this is the reason which I have told you.

6. 如果前后两个名词有“属于”的概念，引导词就用whose *I like the boy__whose__ nose is big. I like the coat__whose_ color is red.

I met my classmate _E__ was working in Beijing and ___father had died. A. who, who B. whose, who C. that, who D, who, that E. that, whose 定语从句答题要点

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6.3.1、同位语从句的基本用法

常跟在fact，idea，news等名词的后面，通常用连词that引导。 例：1、Would the news _____ he failed to pass the exam bother you?

A. which B. that

C. of which D. on which

（答案：B。同位语从句。）（2003年58题）

例：2、I had no idea that you were here. 我没有想到你会在这里。

6.3.2、如果同位语从句所修饰的先行词是suggestion，proposal等名词的时候，谓语动词用should+原形动词。should可以省略。 例：1、My suggestion that we do the experiment again is accepted by them.

我的再做一次实验的建议被他们所接纳。 例：2、His proposal that they（should）challenge the other groups to a friendly competition is praised by the teacher. 他提议他们和别的组挑战，来一场友谊竞赛。这个提议受到了老师的表扬。 6.4状语从句

考试重点：状语从句的种类及一些连词的基本用法；让步状语从句；unless，supposed （that），whomever，whenever，wherever等连词的含义和用法。

在主从句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句。常见的状语从句有时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、方式、比较、目的、结果。 6.4.1、时间状语从句

常用的连词有：when，whenever（无论什么时候），since，as，until，hardly…when，no sooner…than，as soon as，before，after，the moment，the minute（一…就…） 例：1、No sooner had they got the goods covered up _____ it started raining hard. A. when B. than C. then

D. after

（答案：B。no sooner…than 引导的时间状语从句。）（2002年57题） 例：2、She has wanted to become a nurse _____ since she was a young girl. A. long B. often C. always D. ever

（答案：D。时间状语从句，ever since表示从…以后一直。）（1997年56题） 6.4.2、条件状语从句

常用if，unless（除非，如果不），as/so long as只要。

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例：1、_____ I’m mistaken, I’ve seen that man before. A. Unless B. If C. Because D. Provided

（答案：A。unless引导条件状语从句）（2001年40题）

例：2、_____ you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine. A. Until B. Unless C. If D. Provided

（答案：B）（1998年60题） 6.4.3、原因状语从句

一、 because, since,as和for引导的原因状语从句

1 because(因为）：表示直接的原因或理由，着重点在从句，用于回答why，语气最强。

He didn't go to school because he was ill. Why didn't he go to school? Because he was ill.

2 since(既然）：一般表示对方已知的，无须加以说明的即成事实的理由，全句中心在主句，语气比because弱。

Since you are ill, I'll go alone.

3 as(由于）：表示十分明显的原因，一般说明因果关系，着重点在主句，语气较弱。

As it is snowing, we shall not go to the park.

4 for(因为，其理由是）：是个并列连词，只能放在另一个并列句后面，表示推理或解释，或用作附加说明，表示新的情况，而不是指理由或原因，语气最弱，一般不放在句首。

The day breaks, for the birds are singing.

*当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或since，且多放在句首。 Since/ As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 二、 now (that) (既然，现已...所以，当...才）；

Now (that) you've grown up, you should not behave like a child. Now (that) I am older I see things differently.

Now (that) I have heard the music I understand why you like it. In that:因为

His request is unreasonable in that he knows we can't afford it.

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他的要求是不合理的, 因为他知道我们负担不起。

6.4.4让步状语从句

常用though/although，as （尽管），even if/though，however，whatever，wherever，whoever，no matter how/what/who等。 例：In short, _____ he lives, a man belongs to some society. A. whatever B. whenever C. whichever D. wherever

（答案：D。wherever引导让步状语从句，wherever = no matter where）（1997年44题）

例：2、_____, you must show your ticket to go into the cinema. A. No matter whoever you are B. Whomever you are C. Whoever you are

D. No matter who are you

（答案：C。whoever,引导让步状语从句，= no matter who 备注：whoever , whomever引导名词性从句时，也属连接代词范畴，其中 whoever在句中可作主语、宾语或表语；whomever在句中只能作宾语）（1997年59题）

例：3、_____ you disagree with her, her idea is still worth considering. A. Even if B. If only C. Instead of D. Despite of

（答案：A。让步状语从句。）（1998年44题）

In spite of或despite之后必须用名词或动名词，不能接普通句子，例如不可说“Despite the public is getting increasingly discontented”只能说“Despite the fact that the public is getting increasingly

discontented”。不过，in spite of/despite the fact that这句式虽然正确，却嫌累赘，最好用although一字取代，例如：“Although the public is getting increasingly discontented, the government is determined to push the bill through.”

形容词/副词+as+其他：表示“尽管?” 例：4、Young _____ he is, he knows what is the right thing to do. A. that B. as

C. although D. however

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（答案：B。as引导让步状语从句，被强调的部分放在句子之前，进行倒装。）

（2000年44题） 6.4.5、方式状语从句

常用as, just as, as if/though 等词。

例：1、_____ was pointed above, this substance can be used as a substitute. A. It B. That C. What D. As

（答案：D。As引导方式状语从句。）（1999年32题） 例：2、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world. A. knows B. knew

C. had known

D. would have known

（答案：B。as if（though）引导的方式状语从句，谓语动词用虚拟语气。）

6.4.6、目的状语从句

常用so that , in order that, lest （以免， 以防）, in case。

Lest [所连接的状语从句里常用should+原形动词,should可省略] 以免；生怕；唯恐 例子：

Be careful lest you fall from that tree. 要当心, 以免从树上摔下来。

I obeyed her lest she should be angry.

我得顺着她，免得她生气。

in case作短语连词，能引导状语从句。

就其词义和语法职能来分，可引导两种从句。

其一：in case ／just in case引导目的状语从句作“以免，以备，以防”等解。如：

I decided to stay at home just in case my friends came round． 我决定留在家里，以防朋友们不期而至。

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其二：in case接条件从句，意为“如果、万一”。如：

In case we fail，we won't lose heart．万一我们失败，我们决不会失去信心。

in case of的of是介词，介词后面只能带名词性质的词，比如名词、代词等。意思和in case差不多，万一的意思 In case of rain they can't go. 万一下雨，他们就不能去了。）

例：1、I wrote it down _____ I should forget it. A. in case B. in case of C. in order that D. for fear of

（答案：A）（2002年27题）

例：2、I?ll give you my phone number, so that you can call me when you arrive here.

我把我的电话号码告诉你，以便你到达这里后可以给我打电话。

6.4.7、结果状语从句

常用so…that, such…that

例句：He got up late this morning, so that he missed the bus. so后面的中心词是形容词/副词 such后面的中心词是名词

例句：He is so clever that we all like him.=He is such a clever boy that we all like him.

如果名词前有many/much修饰，则用so there are so many people that...

such a +形容词+名词=so+形容词+a+名词 such a good student=so good a student

例：They are _____ students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations. A. so diligent B. such diligent C. so much diligent D. such very diligent

（答案：B）（2002年43题） 7.主谓一致

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D. that she

（答案：D备注：not until要放在一起）

She didn't realize she had forgotten her book until she arrived in class.

10.附加疑问句（反义疑问句）

考试重点：附加疑问句的基本用法；含有否定词的疑问句；祈使句的附加疑问句；一些特殊用法。 一、附加疑问句的基本用法

附加疑问句由两部分构成：陈述句+附加问句。一般的规则是：前肯定，后否定；前否定，后肯定。

1、He had to finish the work yesterday, _____? A. hadn?t he B. had he C. didn?t he D. did he

（答案：C。have作“有”以外解释时，附加疑问句要用助动词do/does/did。）

2、There won?t be any concert this Saturday evening _____? A. will there not B. will there C. is there D. will it be

（答案：B。当陈述句为there be句型时，附加疑问句用其否定或肯定的疑问句式。）

二、含有否定词的用法

若陈述句部分已有表示否定的 hardly，scarcely，never，seldom 等词时，反问句部分要用肯定。

1、She scarcely cares for anything _____? A. doesn?t B. does she C. is she D. isn't she

（答案：B）（1995年45题）

2、You never told me you have seen the film, _____? A. had you B. didn?t you C. did you

D. weren?t you

（答案：C）（2002年53题） 三、祈使句：

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祈使句的附加疑问句一般用will you?

1、Please let us have more time , _____? A. shall we B. will you C. won?t you D. don't you

（答案：B。如果此句中的let us变成let’s则用shall we。 例如：let?s go，shall we?）（1997年23题） 2、Don't forget to write to me, _____? A. do you B. won?t you C. are

D. will you

（答案：D）（1994年37题） 四、一些特殊用法：

陈述部分为主从复合句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况： 1） 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。

Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, and he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?

2）2） 当陈述部分为含有定语从句或宾语从句的主从复合句时，附加疑问部分一般应与

主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系:

He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he? He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?

3） 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的宾语从句时，如果主句的主语是第一人称，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。

I don't think he is bright, is he?

We believe she can do it better, can't she?

1、I suppose you?re not serious, _____? A. don?t I B. do I C. are you D. aren?t you

（答案：C。主句的谓语是suppose和think，主语是第一人称，反问句部分要和从句的谓语一致。）（1996年57题）

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2、I don?t think you?ve heard of him before, _____? A. don?t I B. do I

C. have you D. haven?t you

（答案：C）（1992年33题）

注：如果主句是情态动词构成的推测句，这时的附加疑问句要看主句是对何时的事情进行推测。如果是对现在的事情进行推测，则附加疑问句用一般现在时，如果是对过去的事情进行推测，那么附加疑问句就用一般过去时。对这样的推测句进行的回答也要遵循此规则

he must be over 60, isn't he?

he must have been over 60 last year, wasn't he? he must have finished the work, didn't he?

例：---That car must have cost a lot of money.

---Oh, no,____

A.it mustn’t B.it hasn’t C.it doesn’t D.it didn’t (选D,主句是对过去的推测，在回答这样的句子时就用一般过去时，不能用A或B)

陈述部分有动词have的反义疑问句

1. 当 have 为助动词时，其反义疑问句沿用同样的助动词： He has already left, hasn’t he? 他已经离开了，是吗? 2. 当 have 为实意动词时，要分两种情况：

① 若表示“所有”，反义疑问句可以用have，也可以用do：

He has a lot of friends here, hasn’t/doesn’t he? 他在这儿有许多朋友，是吗？ 但是若陈述部分用的是have的否定式，反义疑问句用have 还是用do，取决于陈述部分的动词形式：

He hasn’t any money, has he? 他没有钱，是吗?

He doesn’t have any money, does he? 他没有钱，是吗? ② 若表示“吃”、“玩”等意思，反义疑问句要用do：

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He has supper at 5, doesn’t he? 他5点吃晚餐，是吗?

He had a good time at the party, didn’t he? 他在晚会上玩得很开心，是吗?

二．词汇，以及固定搭配 三．改错

挑错部分由10个单句组成，每个句子中有四个划线部分，其中有一个划线部分含有词汇或语法方面的错误，考生对错误挑出即可，不用改正，这一部分实际上是词语用法和语法结构部分的延伸，目的是测试学生掌握词汇、短语及语法结构的熟练程度， 重点固定搭配和句型。考试范围与第二部分相同。和其它三种题型相比较，它和词汇和语法结构部分一样，是相对比较简单的部分，考生应当在这一部分多得一些分数。常见错误类型分析： 一、用词错误

（一）固定搭配的错误

英语中固定搭配主要包括动词、形容词、名词同介词的搭配以及许多惯用法等。

1.Neither John and his father was able to wake up A B early enough to catch the morning train.

C D

（答案为A。neither…nor…既不…也不…，是固定搭配。）（2002年62题）

2.As time went on, he suffered such heavy losses A B C that he was forced giving up his business.

D

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（答案为D。be forced to do sth：被迫做…，要接不定式。因此应改为to give up。） （2002年64题）

（二）代词、替代词的错误

1．(Those of us) who work in (laboratories) should have (their) lungs (checked) quite regularly. 解题：错处是their。应改为our，代指前面的those of us。

2．Mary showed (the customs) officer her passport, and (then) John showed (him) (his one).

解题：答案为his one。应改为his，his本身可以作名词性的物主代词，不需要再用one了。

（三）连接词的错误

1． Mary found it (difficult) to talk (calmly) about (which) she had (experienced) at the station. （答案为C。 应改为：what。what 引导宾语从句在句中做介词about 的宾语。）

（2002年65题）

2． The United States (is composed) of fifty states, (two of those) are (separated from) (the others) by land or water.

（答案为B。应改为： two of which。非限定性定语从句，which在从句中指fifty states。）(2000年62题) 二、语法错误

句型与语法结构方面的错误是另一类常见错误。主要体现在以下几个方面：

（一）主谓一致方面的问题，主要表现为数的不一致。

1． The salesman told me (that) a good pair of glasses (were) supposed (to last) (at least) 3 to 4 years.

（答案为B。a good pair of glasses做主语， 动词要用单数。因此应改为was。）

（2001年69题）

2． The news (coming from) (different parts) of the world (are) often (extremely discouraging) these days.

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