语言学Chapter 4 Syntax参考答案

Chapter 4 Syntax

（部分练习要求画树形图，这里只作初步的替代性的成分划分，仅供参考）

1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Adv V

b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N

c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Infl V Det N

d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A

2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people XP(AP) → specifier ( ) Deg. + head (full) A + complement (of people) PP b) a story about a sentimental girl XP(NP) → specifier (a) Det + head (story) N + complement (about a sentimental girl) PP c) often read detective stories XP(VP) → specifier (often) Qual + head (read) V + complement (detective stories) NP d) the argument against the proposals XP(NP) → specifier (the) Det + head (argument) N + complement (against the proposals) PP e) move towards the window XP(VP) → specifier ( ) Qual + head (move) V + complement ( ) NP + modifier (towards the

window) PP XP(NP) → specifier ( ) Det + head (move) N + complement (towards the window) PP

3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed. S → NP (The jet) + VP (landed) b) Marie became very ill. S → NP (Marie) + VP (became very ill) c) What will you talk about?

S → NP (you) + Infl(will) + VP (talk about what)

Move Infl to the left of the subject NP.

Move the wh-phrase to the beginning of the sentence.

d) The apple might hit the man.

S → NP (The apple) + Infl(might) + VP (hit the man) e) He often reads detective stories.

S → NP (He) + VP (often reads detective stories)

4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.（蓝色为名词的修饰语，褐色为动词的修饰语） a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane.

b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.

c) An unusual event occurred before the meeting.

d) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill.

5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.

a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. b) Helen put on her clothes and went out. c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics. d) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in. e) Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt. 6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence. a) You know that I hate war. b) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over.（此句有两个层面的嵌入从句） c) Gerry can't believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam. d) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce. e) The children argued over whether bats had wings. 7. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences. a) The essay that he wrote was too long. b) The dog that he keeps bites. c) Herbert found the man she loved. d) The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics. 8. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each of these sentences. （褐色为深层结构，蓝色为表层结构） a) Would you come tomorrow?

You would come tomorrow.

b) Can you pass me the newspaper?

You can pass me the newspaper.

c) Should the student report the incident?

The student should report the incident. d) What did you eat for lunch?

You eat what for lunch.

e) Who should this be reported to?

This should be reported to whom.

f) What was Helen bringing to the party?

Helen was bringing what to the party.

以下不用彩色而用斜体和划底线表示区别：

Chapter 4 Syntax

《教程》p.64（部分练习要求画树形图，这里只作初步的替代性的成分划分，仅供参考）

1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left.

Det A N Adv V

b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N

c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Infl V Det N

d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A

2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people XP(AP) → specifier ( ) Deg. + head (full) A + complement (of people) PP b) a story about a sentimental girl XP(NP) → specifier (a) Det + head (story) N + complement (about a sentimental girl) PP c) often read detective stories XP(VP) → specifier (often) Qual + head (read) V + complement (detective stories) NP d) the argument against the proposals XP(NP) → specifier (the) Det + head (argument) N + complement (against the proposals) PP e) move towards the window XP(VP) → specifier ( ) Qual + head (move) V + complement ( ) NP + modifier (towards the

window) PP XP(NP) → specifier ( ) Det + head (move) N + complement (towards the window) PP

3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed. S → NP (The jet) + VP (landed) b) Marie became very ill. S → NP (Marie) + VP (became very ill) c) What will you talk about?

S → NP (you) + Infl(will) + VP (talk about what)

Move Infl to the left of the subject NP.

Move the wh-phrase to the beginning of the sentence.

d) The apple might hit the man.

S → NP (The apple) + Infl(might) + VP (hit the man) e) He often reads detective stories.

S → NP (He) + VP (often reads detective stories)

4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.（斜体的为名词的修饰语，划底线的为动词的修饰语） a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane. b) A huge moon hung in the black sky. c) An unusual event occurred before the meeting. d) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill. 5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences. （划底线的为并列的范畴）

a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. b) Helen put on her clothes and went out. c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics. d) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in. e) Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt. 6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence. a) You know that I hate war. b) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over.（此句有两个层面的嵌入从句） c) Gerry can't believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam. d) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce. e) The children argued over whether bats had wings. 7. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences. a) The essay that he wrote was too long. b) The dog that he keeps bites. c) Herbert found the man she loved. d) The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics. 8. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each of these sentences. （斜体的为深层结构，普通字体的为表层结构）

a) Would you come tomorrow?

You would come tomorrow.

b) Can you pass me the newspaper?

You can pass me the newspaper.

c) Should the student report the incident?

The student should report the incident. d) What did you eat for lunch?

You eat what for lunch.

e) Who should this be reported to?

This should be reported to whom.

f) What was Helen bringing to the party?

Helen was bringing what to the party.

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