船舶消防设备检查保养规则与解析

新证三副FFE培训教材

二〇一四年五月

（修订版2017-10）1

1. Portable fire extinguishers

IMO Resolution A.951(23), paragraph 9.1.1

(1) Portable fire extinguishers should be examined annually by a competent person; (A competent person may be taken as Chief Officer, Second Engineer or above);

(2) Each portable fire extinguisher should be attached with a tag indicating that it has been examined;

(3) CO2/ Halon(卤化烃) Portable fire extinguishers should not be located in accommodation spaces;

(4) Each powder or carbon dioxide extinguisher should have a capacity of at least 5kg, and each foam extinguisher a capacity of at least 9?.

(5) A portable extinguisher is one, which is designed to be carried and operated by hand, and which in working order has a total weight of not more that 23 kg (6) Marking of extinguishers

Each extinguisher should be clearly marked with the following minimum

information:

.1 name of the manufacturer;

.2 types of fire and rating for which the extinguisher is suitable; .3 type and quantity of extinguishing medium; .4 approval details;

.5 instructions for use and recharge (it is recommended that operating

instructions be given in pictorial form（图片的形式）, in addition to explanatory text in language understood by the likely user);

.6 year of manufacture;

.7 temperature range which the extinguisher will operate satisfactorily; .8 test pressure.

(7) Periodical inspections and maintenance

.1 Extinguishers should be subject to periodical inspections in accordance

with the manufacturer's instructions and serviced at intervals not exceeding one year.

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.2 At least one extinguisher of each type manufactured in the same year and kept on board a ship（定语）should be test discharged at five yearly intervals (as part of a fire drill). 五年之内，同一船上的，同一年份制造的，每一种灭火器中至少要有一支应该做释放测试。

.3 All extinguishers together with propellant cartridges should be hydraulically

tested in accordance with the recognized standard（公认标准） or the manufacturer’s instruction at intervals not exceeding ten years. .4 Service and inspection should only be undertaken by, or under the

supervision of a person with competence, based on the inspection guide in below table ANNUAL INSPECTION Safety clip and indicating devices Check to see if the extinguisher may have been operated. Where fitted, check to see that the pressure is within limits. Check that dust covers on Pressure indicating device pressure indicating devices and relief valves are in place. Inspect for corrosion, dents or damage which External examination may affect the safe operation of the extinguisher. Weigh the extinguisher and check the mass Weight compared to the fully charged extinguisher. Check that hoses and nozzles are clear and Hose and nozzle undamaged. Check that they are in placeand legible（清晰Operating instructions 地）. INSPECTION AT RECHARGE Air passages （气管）and operating mechanism（机械装置） Operating mechanism Prove clear passage by blowing. Check hose nozzle strainer（过滤器）, Check the operating and discharge control. Clean and lubricate as required. Check that the safety pin is removable and that the lever（控制杆） is undamaged Examine for damage and corrosion. Weigh the cartridge to ascertain that it is within prescribedGas cartridge （规定的） limits. O-rings washers（环形垫圈） Check O-rings and replace hose diaphragms if and hose diaphragms（膜片） fitted. Inspect the interior（内部）. Check for corrosion Water and foam bodies and lining（内衬） deterioration. Check separate containers for leakage or damage Powder body Examine the body and check internally for corrosion and lining deterioration. INSPECTION AFTER RECHARGE Water and foam Reassemble(重装)

Replace the charge in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Reassemble the extinguisher in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. 3

Maintenance label Mounting of extinguishers Report

Fill in entry(条目) on maintenance label, including full weight. Check the mounting bracket. Complete a report on the state of maintenance of the extinguisher. (8) Records of inspections should be maintained. The records should show the

date of inspection, the type of maintenance carried out and whether or not a pressure test was performed. (9) (10) (11)

Extinguishers should be provided with a visual indication（直观指示） of discharge.

Instructions for recharging extinguishers should be supplied by the

manufacturer and be available for use on board.

Extinguishers are classified（分类） according to the type of extinguishing medium（灭火剂） they contain. At present the types of extinguishers and the Extinguishing medium Recommended for use on fires involving Water wood, paper, textiles（纺织品） and similar materials Water with additives（添加剂） Foam Dry powder/dry chemical (standard/classes B, C ) wood, paper, textiles and flammable liquids flammable liquids, electrical equipment and flammable gases Dry powder/dry chemical wood, paper, textiles, flammable liquids, electrical (multiple or general purpose/classes equipment and flammable gases A, B, C) Dry powder/dry chemical (metal) combustible metals Carbon dioxide flammable liquids and electrical equipment Wet chemical for class F or K cooking grease, fats or oil fires（油类火灾） Clean agents uses for which they are recommended are as follows:

2. Spare charges for portable fire extinguishers IMO MSC/Circ.847, paragraph 6.2

For portable fire extinguishers of the same type, capable of being recharged on board, the spare charges should be provided as follows:

(1) 100% for the first ten portable fire extinguishers and 50% for the remaining

portable fire extinguishers but not more than 60; and (2) For portable fire extinguishers that cannot be recharged by the crew,

additional portable fire extinguishers of the same quantity, type, capacity and

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number as determined in (1) above should be provided in lieu of spare charges.

(3) Instructions for recharging should be carried on board. Partially emptied

extinguishers should also be recharged.

3. Testing for portable fire extinguishers IMO MSC/Circ.847, paragraph 6.5

A- The extinguishers should be examined annually by a competent person. B- Each extinguisher should be provided with a sign indicating that it has been examined. C- Containers of permanently pressurized portable fire extinguishers and propellant bottlesof non-pressurizedportable fire extinguishers should be

hydraulic pressure tested as follows by a competent service station recognized by a Recognized Organization:

(1) Powder type portable fire extinguishers every 10 years; (2) CO2 type portable fire extinguishers every 10 years; (3) Other type portable fire extinguishers ever y 10 years; and

(4) Containers of non-permanently pressurized portable fire extinguishers

should be hydraulic pressure tested every 10 years. 问：手提式灭火器容易发生的缺陷有哪些？

答：目前船舶配备的手提式灭火器有干粉、泡沫、二氧化碳灭火器。 容易发生的缺陷：未定期检查；瓶体锈蚀严重；压力表显示无压力；灭火

器总重超规范（FSS规定，手提式灭火器总重应不超过23KG）。

船舶手提式灭火器配备不符合要求案例（一）

2015年3月，某海事处对“X”轮实施安全检查，发现该轮起居处所配备的灭火器均为二氧化碳灭火器，不满足《04国内航行海船法定检验技术规则》(06修改通报) 第4篇船舶安全第2-2章构造-防火、探火与灭火1.15.3（1）（在起居处所内不应布置二氧化碳灭火器。在控制站和其它内设船舶安全所必要的电器或电子设备或装置的其它处所，所配备灭火器的灭火剂应既不导电也

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不会对设备和装置产生危害）的要求。在“06修改通报”中明确国内航

行船舶2006年3月1日或以后安放龙骨的船舶应符合上述要求。

手提式灭火器配备现状

目前，国际航行船舶基本都按照国际海上人命安全公约（SOLAS）2000修正案Ⅱ-2章第10.3条要求配备了手提式灭火器，其起居处所基本没有二氧化碳灭火器。国内二程船舶无论是新船还是2006年3月1日之前安放龙骨的船舶，在日常检查中起居处所二氧化碳灭火器也不常见。无论国际航行船舶还是国内航行船舶，起居处所目前配备较多的是干粉灭火器或者水基灭火器。

法规和公约要求

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海安会通函MSC.1/Circ.1275（2008年6月3日）关于SOLAS公

约第Ⅱ-2章关于船上手提式灭火器的数量和布置的统一解释和SOLAS公约第Ⅱ-2/10.3.2.3条规定：在起居处所内不应布置二氧化碳灭火器。在控制站和其它内设船舶安全所必要的电器或电子设备或装置的其它处所，所配备灭火器的灭火剂应既不导电也不会对设备和装置产生危害。同时，二氧化碳的配备应符合国际消防安全系统规则（FSS规则）第4章关于船上手提式灭火器的数量和布置要求。

对于国内航行船舶，“海06修改通报“要求2006年3月1日或以后建造船舶船舶，起居处所不应布置手提式二氧化碳灭火器。

缺陷处理和纠正

执法人员要求船方于开航前配齐合格的手提式灭火器，并对负责消防设备的三副进行违法记分1分处理。

问题思考与工作提示

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对于手提式灭火器的配备和日常维护保养检查，虽然目前大多数船舶

配备都比较规范，但是在日常现场检查和安全检查中，仍有不少问题值得大家去思考。现将本人思考的几点小建议分享给大家，希望对大家以后的工作有所帮助。

一、鉴于SOLAS公约和FSS规则关于禁止起居处所使用手提式二氧化碳灭火器，其出发点是考虑生活区尤其是客船如果发生火灾，在使用手提式二氧化碳灭火器灭火的同时，可能会对船员、乘客人身安全造成二次伤害。那么，我们在日常检查中，可否建议国内2006年3月1日以前安放龙骨的船舶将二氧化碳灭火器更换成其他等效的灭火器。另外，如果2006年3月1日之前安放龙骨的船舶，其配备的二氧化碳灭火器过期后，新配备的灭火器是按照06修改通报配备还是沿用未修订的04规则进行配备？我个人倾向于前者，因为该项目的修改不会给船东带来额外的费用，同时，我们也建议船检机构在年度检验时，将防火控制图更新到符合新规范要求。

二、船上手提式灭火器的维护保养检查，可以参照IMOA.951(23)决议“船用手提式灭火器改进指南”、GB4351-2004手提式灭火器通用技术条件、ISO 7165:1999 灭火-手提式灭火器-性能和制造等规范的要求。在查看灭火器时，我们可以结合船舶防火控制图以及灭火器的年检进行进一步的比对，查看备份灭火剂，许多船更换灭火器过程中会产生船图不一致。

三、 在日常检查中，我们发现有些船员除了在培训四小证时候偶尔使用过手提式灭火器，在船上服役多年却从来没有使用过，有的船员甚至已经忘记了

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灭火器如何使用。尤其是二氧化碳灭火器，若使用不当不但容易造成人员呼吸困难，还会造成人员手臂冻伤。另外，部分高级船员也不是很清楚各类灭火器所对应的火灾种类，这需要我们一线的海事执法人员在安全检查和现场检查中多进行此类的实操检查，必要时通过演习等方式实地查看船员手提式灭火器的使用情况。 四、 国内航行船舶手提式灭火器的配备一般应满足以下要求： 1、起居处所、服务处所和控制站内应配备型式合适和数量足够的手提式灭火器。1000总吨及以上的船舶应至少备有5具手提式灭火器； 2、用于任何处所的手提式灭火器，其中应有1具存放在该处所入口处附近； 3、灭火器应布置于易于看到并能在失火时迅速和容易到达的位置。灭火器的可用性应不会受到天气、震动或其他外部因素的影响。手提式灭火器应配有表明其是否已经被用过的标志。 附表1 船上各类处所手提式灭火器的最低数量和布置 处所的类型 起 公共处所 居 处 走廊 所 梯道 盥洗室、居住舱室、办公室、无烹调设备的配膳室 医务室 服洗衣干燥间、设有烹调设备的配1具 1具 A A或B 9

灭火器的最低数量 每205㎡甲板面积或不足，配1具灭火器 每层甲板或每一主竖区内，灭火器间的步行距离应不超过25M 0 0 配置灭火器适宜扑灭的失火类别 A A

务膳室 处储藏室和物料间（甲板面积大于所 等于4㎡）、邮件和行李室、贵重物品室、工作间（不是机器处所、厨房的一部分） 厨房 对设有深油炸锅的厨房，1具能扑灭B级火的灭火器和1具附加的能扑灭F级或K级火的灭火器 储藏室和物料间（面积小于4㎡） 0 存放易燃液体的其他处所 控控制站（非驾驶室） 制驾驶室 站 A 类机主配电板附近 器工作间 处带有燃油惰性气体发生器、焚烧所 炉和废物处理装置的围蔽处所 推进装置的集中控制站 根据SOLAS公约第Ⅱ-2/10.6.3条 1具 50㎡，仅要求1具灭火器 1具，当主配电板布置A和/或C 在集中控制站时，再布置1具适合扑灭电器 2具 1具 2具 C A或B B A或C 2具，如果驾驶室小于A或C B,F或K 1具 B 带有燃油净化器的单独围蔽舱室 0 周期性无人值班的A类机器处所 每个入口处1具 其构成机器处所一部分的工作间和他其他机器处所（辅机处所、电器处设备处所、自动电话交换室、空所 调处所和其他类似处所） 露天甲板 滚装处所和车辆处所 0 点到达1具灭火器的步行距离不大于20m 货物处所 0 1具 B B或C B 在每个甲板面，任何一B B 10

液货泵舱 直升机甲板 2具 根据SOLAS公约第Ⅱ-2/18.5.1条 B B 注： 1 对于小处所，所要求的手提式灭火器可位于该处所外部且位于处所入口附近处。 2对于服务处所，位于处所外部且位于处所入口附近处的对小处所要求的手提式灭火器，也可视为该服务处所要求配置的手提式灭火器之一。 3如果驾驶室和海图室相邻并有直接通往海图室的门，不要求海图室中布置附加的灭火器。如客船的安全中心位于驾驶室限界面内时，也同样适用。 4如果在露天甲板、开式滚装处所和车辆处所以及货物处所（适用时）载运危险货物时，应布置2具，每具容量不少于6公斤干粉或等效的手提式灭火器。在液货船的露天甲板上，应设有2具具有适当容量的手提式灭火器。 5如果开放或封闭的集装箱内装载油箱内备有自用燃料的机动车辆，集装箱船的货舱内不需要设有手提式灭火器。 附2：火灾分类 灭火剂 水、水和添加剂 泡沫 干粉/干化学品（标准B/C级） 建议用于下列物质引起的火灾 木材、纸类、纺织品及类似固体材料 木材、纸类、纺织品及易燃液体 易燃液化、电气设备、易燃气体 干粉/干粉化学（高倍/一般用途/木材、纸类、纺织品、易燃液体、电气设备和A、B、C级） 干粉/干粉化学(金属)

易燃气体 可燃金属 11

二氧化碳 湿化学品（F级） 清洁气体 易燃液体和电器设备 烹调用油、油脂 火灾种类： A级 固体材料引起的火灾、通常是有机材料。 B级 可燃液体或液化固体引起的火灾。 C级 气体引起的火灾 D级 可燃金属如镁、钛、锆、钠、锂和钾引起的火灾。 F级 烹调油和油脂引起的火灾。

4. Maintenance and inspection of fixed carbon dioxide fire extinguishing system IMO MSC/Circ.1318, paragraph 6.1.2

(1)

Maintenance and inspection plan

Fixed carbon dioxide fire extinguishing systems should be kept in good working

order and readily available for immediate use. Maintenance and inspections should be carried out in accordance with the ship’s maintenance plan having due regard to ensuring the reliability of the system. The onboard maintenance plan should be

included in the ship’s safety management system and should be based on the system manufacturer’s recommendations including:

.1 maintenance and inspection procedures and instructions? .2 required schedules for periodic maintenance and inspections? .3 listing of recommended spare parts? and

.4 records of inspections and maintenance, including corrective actions taken to maintain the system in operable condition.

(2)

Monthly inspections

2.1 At least every 30 days a general visual inspection should be made of the

overall system condition for obvious signs of damage, and should include verification that:

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.1 all stop valves are in the closed position?

.2 all releasing controls are in the proper position and readily accessible(易接近的) for immediate use?

.3 all discharge piping and pneumatic tubing（输气管） is intact and has not been damaged? .4 all high pressure cylinders are in place and properly secured? and .5 the alarm devices are in place and do not appear damaged.

2.2 In addition, on low pressure systems the inspections should verify that: .1 the pressure gauge is reading in the normal range? .2 the liquid level indicator is reading within the proper level?

.3 the manually operated storage tank main service valve is secured in the open position? and .4 the vapor supply line valve is secured in the open position.

(3) Annual inspections

The following minimum level of maintenance and inspections should be carried out in accordance with the system manufacturer’s instructions and safety precautions:

.1 the boundaries of the protected space should be visually inspected to confirm that no modifications have been made to the enclosure that have created un-closeable openings that would render the system ineffective;

.2 all storage containers should be visually inspected for any signs of damage, rust. Cylinders that are leaking, corroded, dented or bulging should be hydrostatically retested or replaced;

.3 the manifold should be inspected to verify that all flexible discharge hoses and fittings are properly tightened;

.4 all entrance doors to the protected space should close properly and should have warning signs, which indicate that the space is protected by a fixed carbon

dioxide system and that personnel should evacuate immediately if the alarms-sounded.

.5 All remote releasing controls should be checked for clear operating instructions and indication as to the space served.

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(4) Renewal survey* in cargo ships , the following maintenance should be carried out

.1 all high pressure cylinders and pilot cylinders should be weighed or

have their content verified by other reliable means to confirm that the available charge in each is above 90% of the nominal charge. Cylinders containing less than 90% of the nominal charge should be refilled. The liquid level of low pressure storage tanks should be checked to verify that the required amount of carbon dioxide to protect the largest hazard is available;

.2 the hydrostatic test date of all storage containers should be checked. High pressure cylinders should be subjected to periodical tests at intervals not

exceeding 10 years. At the 10 year inspection at least 10% of the total number provided should be subjected to an internal inspection and hydrostatic test. If one or more cylinders fail, a total of 50% of the onboard cylinders should be tested. If further cylinders fail, all cylinders should be tested. Flexible hoses should be replaced at the intervals recommended by the manufacturer and not exceeding every 10 years;

.3 the discharge piping and nozzles should be tested to verify that they are not blocked. The test should be performed by isolating the discharge piping from the system and flowing dry air or nitrogen(氮气)from test cylinders or suitable means through the piping.

5. Controls for fixed carbon dioxide fire extinguishing system

FSS Code, Chapter 5, paragraph 2.2.2

Carbon dioxide systems shall comply with the following requirements: (1) Two separate controls shall be provided for releasing carbon dioxide into a protected space and to ensure the activation of the alarm. One control shall be used for opening the valve of the piping which conveys the gas into the protected space and a second control shall be used to discharge the gas from its storage containers;

(2) Two controls shall be located inside a release box clearly identified for the particular space. If the box containing the controls is to be locked, a key to the box shall be in a break-glass-type enclosure conspicuously located adjacent to the box.

6. Foam fire-extinguishing systems

IACS Recommendation No.53-2

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IMO MSC/Circ.1312, MSC/Circ.670 and MSC/Circ.798

Fixed foam extinguishing systems should be inspected every two years by a competent service station recognized by a Recognized Organization. Foam sample analysis shall be carried out after a period of 3 years after being supplied to the ship and thereafter every year at authorized service agent of manufacturer’s laboratory. A record of the age of the foam concentrates and of subsequent controls should be kept on board.

7. Air cylinders for self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) (CABA) IMO MSC/Circ.850, 1432

IACS Recommendation No.88

SCBA cylinders should be hydraulic pressure tested at intervals not exceeding 5 years and the hydrostatic test date must be permanently marked on the bottles. Two spare charges suitable for use with the breathing apparatus should be provided for each SCBA. If cargo ship are equipped with suitably located means for fully recharging the air cylinders free from contamination, only one spare charge is required for each required SCBA.

8. Air bottles for air supply in totally enclosed lifeboats IACS Recommendation No.88

Air bottles for air supply in totally enclosed lifeboats should be hydraulic pressure tested by a competent service station recognized by a recognized organization at intervals not exceeding 5 years and the hydrostatic test date must be permanently marked on the bottles.

Periodical hydrostatic tests of air Cylinders of safety equipment

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9. Medical oxygen cylinders C ap. 295B, regulation 66

Hydrostatic pressure testing of cylinders shall be carried out by a competent service station recognized by a Recognized Organization at the intervals not exceeding 5 years and the hydrostatic test date must be permanently marked on the bottles.

10. Emergency escape breathing device (EEBD)

IACS Recommendation No.88

IMO MSC/Circ.1081, 1432

At least two EEBDs and one spare EEBD should be provided in accommodation spaces. In machinery spaces for category A containing internal combustion machinery used for main propulsion, EEBDs should be positioned as follows:

(1) One EEBD in the engine control room, if located within the machinery space. (2) One EEBD in workshop areas. If there is, however, a direct access to an

escape way from the workshop, an EEBD is not required. (3) One EEBD on each deck or platform level near the escape ladder constituting

the second means of escape from the machinery space (the other means being an enclosed escape trunk or watertight door at the lower level o f the space).

For machinery spaces of category A other than those containing internal combustion machinery used for main propulsion, one EEBD should, as a minimum be provided on each deck or platform level near the escape ladder.

The EEBDs should be annually tested and inspected according to maker’s instructions.

----The EEBD should have at least a duration of service of 10 min. ----Inspections and Testing

.1 Maintenance and inspection shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s instruction by a competent person, and shall be undertaken annually. .2 Hydrostatic pressure testing of the cylinder shall be undertaken at least once every five years or in accordance with the manufacturer’s instruction if such

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testing is required on a more frequent basis. The test pressure and the test date shall be clearly and permanently marked on the cylinder.

.3 Where EEBD are fitted with a small capacity oxygen cartridge and

manufacturers specify a fixed service life without scheduled hydrostatic

pressure testing (e.g. “Ocenco” M-20.2), hydrostatic testing is not required.

---- Records

Records of inspection, maintenance and testing shall be retained onboard for

examination. The records must include the test certificates and the inspection status of each cylinder.

----Survey Requirements

.1 During Safety Equipment surveys the Recognized Organization shall verify

that: i the manufacturer’s instructions for EEBD are provided and available on

board. ii the EEBDs have been inspected and maintained in accordance with the

manufacturer’s instructions and this bulletin公告.

iii the records of maintenance are being maintained in accordance with above. iv all ships shall carry spare EEBDs that shall be located in a control station.

The number of spares carried on board shall be as follows:

Cargo ships: 1; Passenger ships: 2.

---- In order to satisfy the SOLAS requirements for on board training in the use EEBDs, the vessel shall have either:

i at least one separate EEBD clearly marked as designated for training, or ii the onboard facility to re-instate the EEBD能够恢复的设备 that was

used during the training exercise.

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GUIDELINES FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND

INSPECTION

OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND APPLIANCES

MSC.1/Circ.1432

1 Application

These Guidelines apply to all ships and provide the minimum recommended level of maintenance and inspections for fire protection systems and appliances. This information may be used as a basis for the ship's onboard maintenance plan required by SOLAS regulation II-2/14. These Guidelines do not address maintenance and inspection of fixed carbon dioxide systems or portable fire extinguishers. Refer to the comprehensive instructions(全面的说明) provided in the Guidelines for the maintenance and inspections of fixed carbon dioxide fire-extinguishing systems (MSC.1/Circ.1318) for fixed carbon dioxide systems, and resolution A.951(23) for portable fire extinguishers. 2 Operational readiness

All fire protection systems and appliances should at all times be in good order and readily available for immediate use while the ship is in service. If a fire protection system is undergoing maintenance, testing or repair, then suitable arrangements should be made to ensure safety is not diminished削弱 through the provision准备 of alternate fixed or portable fire protection equipment or other measures. The onboard maintenance plan should include provisions for this purpose.

3 Maintenance and testing

3.1 Onboard maintenance and inspections should be carried out in accordance

with the ship's maintenance plan, which should include the minimum elements listed in sections 4to 10 of these Guidelines.

3.2 Certain maintenance procedures and inspections may be performed by

competent crewmembers who have completed an advanced fire-fighting training course, while others should be performed by persons specially trained in the maintenance of such systems. The onboard maintenance plan should indicate which parts of the recommended inspections and maintenance are to be completed by trained personnel.

3.3 Inspections should be carried out by the crew to ensure that the

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indicated weekly, monthly, quarterly, annual, two-year, five-year and ten-year actions are taken for the specified equipment, if provided. Records of the inspections should be carried on board the ship, or maybe computer-based. In cases where the inspections and maintenance are carried out by trained service technicians other than the ship's crew, inspection reports should be provided at the completion of the testing.

3.4 In addition to the onboard maintenance and inspections stated in these

Guide lines, manufacturer's maintenance and inspection guidelines should be followed.

3.5 Where particular arrangements create practical实践的 difficulties,

alternative testing and maintenance procedures should be to the satisfaction of the Administration. 4 Weekly testing and inspections

4.1 Fixed fire detection and alarm systems

Verify all fire detection and fire alarm control panel indicators are functional by operating the lamp/indicator test switch.

船上火灾探测器的种类及原理

船上火灾探测器的种类及原理

一、火灾探测器的种类

各种各样的火灾探测器归纳起来可分四类：感烟类探测器、感热类探测器、感光类探测器和联合类探测器，每种形式探测着火的阶段及感应的现象有所不同。

二、、各类探测器的原理与特点

1、 感烟类探测器

主要是感应悬浮微粒和烟气来探知火灾的发生。比如常用的离子室式探测器，其原理是当有悬浮微粒或烟雾进入离子室时，离子流通阻力加大，因此电流

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表的电流就大大降低，电流的变化预示着火灾的发生。其他形式的感

烟探测器其核心部件通常是由光敏电阻或光敏电池组成的平衡电桥。当有悬浮微粒和烟雾存在时，要么一个光电阻被遮挡，要么一个光电池由于烟粒子的折射发散而得到光照，因此电桥失去平衡，电路中就有电流产生，电流的产生预示着火灾的发生。

感烟探测器探测的是火灾的初期阶段和发烟阶段，它的优点是比较早地探知火灾的发生，灵敏度高。其缺点是容易发生误报，而且对环境条件要求较高，一般其探头必须设在室内。它适宜探测纤维素火灾及其他产生大量烟雾的火灾。离子室式可探测火灾的初期阶段，预报最早，所以在居住区目前使用离子室式的最多。

2、 感热类探测器

主要通过感应辐射热来探知火灾的发生。此类探测器包括很多形式，但其应用原理只有两个，要么是利用热膨胀；要么是利用熔点低的金属受热熔化。这类探测器

工作可靠不易发生误报。它所探测的是火灾的火焰阶段并

且当辐射热达一定能量时探测器才动作。它的缺点是探测火灾比较晚，也可以说其灵敏度不高。比较而言差温式(或称温度速升式)，灵敏度要高一点。

3、感光类探测器

都是利用光电原理而制成的，也就是说设法把光信号变为电信号，电信号经处理后就能推动报警。现阶段在平台上常用的是紫外线、红外线探测器，他们所感应的是频率较低的火光中的紫外线和红外线，而不感应阳光中的紫外线和红外线，常安装延时器以防止引起的假警报。它的特点是比较可靠，

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不受风雨等环境的影响，适宜室外安装和探测气体火灾，但对浓烟滚

滚的火灾不易探测。

感光类和感热类虽然感应的都是火陷阶段，但感光类探测器比感热的要灵敏，也就是说探测得比较快比较早。

4.2 Fixed gas fire-extinguishing systems

.1 verify all fixed fire-extinguishing system control panel indicators are

functional by operating the lamp/indicator test switch; and

.2 verify all control/section valves are in the correct position.

4.3 Fire doors

Verify all fire door control panel indicators, if provided, are functional by operating the lamp/indicator switch.

4.4 Public address and general alarm systems

Verify all public address systems and general alarm systems are

functioning properly.

4.5 Breathing apparatus

Examine all breathing apparatus and EEBD cylinder gauges to confirm they are in the correct pressure range.

4.6 Low-location lighting

Verify low-location lighting systems are functional by switching off normal lighting in selected locations.

4.7 Water mist, water spray and sprinkler systems

.1 verify all control panel indicators and alarms are functional;

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.2 visually inspect pump unit and its fittings; and

.3 check the pump unit valve positions, if valves are not locked, as

applicable. 5 Monthly testing and inspections

Monthly inspections should be carried out to ensure that the indicated 指明的actions are taken for the specified equipment. 5.1 Fire mains, fire pumps, hydrants, hoses and nozzles

.1 verify all fire hydrants, hose and nozzles are in place, properly arranged, and are in serviceable condition可用状况;

.2 operate all fire pumps to confirm that they continue to supply adequate pressure; and

.3 emergency fire pump fuel supply adequate, and heating system in satisfactory condition, if applicable. 问:水灭火系统容易发生的缺陷有哪些？

答：该系统包含消防泵、消防总管及隔离阀、消防栓、水带、水枪和国际通岸接头。

容易发生的缺陷有：消防总管锈蚀严重、锈烂有洞。这在各种安全检查中都是严重缺陷，可能导致船舶被滞留。总管放残水考克损坏。放水考克关不死或脱落相当于总管上有一个漏洞，将导致泄压，若锈死打不开则不利于防冻。总管上的隔离阀不活络或锈死，阀位指示器不清楚，有污垢等。有的船舶养护不够，隔离阀长期处于开启状态，需要关闭时非常艰难，用“凡尔扳”关闭都非常吃力或扳不动，这个缺陷同样会被滞留。消防栓不活络、漏水，消防水带有破洞。水带接头尺寸与消防栓尺寸不符、水带接头卡簧缺失。

根据船级社的统一解释，除油船和化学品船开敞甲板区域外，铝合金可用于消防水带接头和水枪，油轮开敞甲板上的接头和水枪应该使用铜制的。两用水枪水流转换不活络，应急消防泵出水时间超过5分钟，应急消防泵出水压力低等。 5.2 Fixed gas fire-extinguishing systems

Verify containers/cylinders fitted with pressure gauges are in the

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proper range and the installation free from leakage. 问：大型二氧化碳灭火系统容易发生的缺陷有哪些？

答：根据操作说明，打开遥控释放控制箱门，应报警、通风切断，有的有燃油切断功能，实际动作与操作说明不一致。另外，注意放大气管系是否完好。所谓“放大气管系”的作用是当大型二氧化碳钢瓶瓶头阀意外泄漏时，能将二氧化碳气体引向室外并发出报警声响，以免造成大型二氧化碳间人员伤亡。

5.3 Foam fire-extinguishing systems

Verify all control and section valves are in the proper open or closed position, and all pressure gauges are in the proper range. 问：大型泡沫灭火系统容易发生的缺陷有哪些？

答：油轮上用大型泡沫灭火系统来保护货油区域、货泵间，有的油轮也用来保护机舱。容易发生的缺陷是，隔离阀不活络；泡沫炮旋转轴和阀不活络或不能固定在需要的位置；泡沫液总量与证书上的总量不相符；用应急消防泵供水从泡沫炮出水的操作不能顺利完成（经常发生由于阀调错，泡沫炮不出水）。 5.4 Water mist, water spray and sprinkler systems

.1 verify all control, pump unit and section valves are in the proper open or closed position;

.2 verify sprinkler pressure tanks or other means have correct levels of water;

.3 test automatic starting arrangements on all system pumps so designed;

.4 verify all standby pressure and air/gas pressure gauges are within the proper pressure ranges; and

.5 test a selected sample of system section valves for flow流量 and proper initiation引发 of alarms. (Note – The valves selected for testing should be chosen to ensure that all valves are tested within a one-year period.)

5.5 Fire fighter's outfits

Verify lockers providing storage for fire-fighting equipment contain their

23

full inventory and equipment is in serviceable condition. 问：消防员装备的缺陷有哪些？

答：铝箔衣状况差；空气呼吸器面罩脏污、破损；空气呼吸器呼吸阀损坏；空气瓶空气压力低（目前一般的认定标准是，实际压力少于额定压力的90%则认为压力低。但有的船舶配备的空气呼吸器钢瓶容量是6L，额定压力30Mpa，其自由气体体积达1800L，即使压力下降到75%总量，仍有1200L自由气体，仍然符合SOLAS要求。

这就要看生产厂家或船公司对此的具体规定了）；低压报警故障；呼吸器背带损坏；空气瓶未定期进行水压试验检验（每5年应该进行水压试验或生产厂家、主管机关另有规定）。 5.6 Fixed dry chemical powder systems

Verify all control and section valves are in the proper open or closed position, and all pressure gauges are in the proper range.

5.7 Fixed aerosol extinguishing systems固定的气溶胶灭火系统

.1 verify all electrical connections and/or manual operating stations are properly arranged, and are in proper condition; and

.2 verify the actuation system动作系统/control panel circuits are within manufacturer's specifications.

5.8 Portable foam applicators

Verify all portable foam applicators are in place, properly arranged, and are in proper condition.

24

25

5.9 Wheeled (mobile) fire extinguishers

Verify all extinguishers are in place, properly arranged, and are in proper condition.

问：移动式灭火器材的分类及要求是什么？

答：（1）推车式泡沫灭火器。有45L和135L两种。要求：放置位置与防火控制图相符；定期养护并有养护记录卡；行走机构、储液瓶状况良好；启动瓶压力在有效值内；喷枪管道畅通，无龟裂、损坏，开关活络；按产品规定年限换液或进行水压试验。

（2）可携式泡沫灭火装置（二桶一枪）。要求：储液容器（背桶）有清晰标志，无严重腐蚀，背带完好；泡沫液储量充足并在有效期内；喷枪、吸液管齐全，无龟裂变形，连接接口吻合，吸管不是平口；空气进气口无阻塞；挂有养护记录卡。 5.10 Fixed fire detection and alarm systems

Test a sample of detectors and manual call points so that all devices have been tested within five years.

6 Quarterly testing and inspections

Quarterly inspections should be carried out to ensure that the indicated actions

are taken for the specified equipment:

6.1 Fire mains, fire pumps, hydrants, hoses and nozzles Verify international shore connection(s) is in serviceable condition.

6.2 Foam fire-extinguishing systems

Verify the proper quantity of foam concentrate is provided in the foam system storage tank.

6.3 Ventilation systems and fire dampers

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Test all fire dampers for local operation.

6.4 Fire doors

Test all fire doors located in main vertical zone bulkheads for local operation.

7 Annual testing and inspections

Annual inspections should be carried out to ensure that the indicated actions are taken for the specified equipment:

7.1 Fire mains, fire pumps, hydrants, hoses and nozzles

.1 visually inspect all accessible components for proper condition; .2 flow流量 test all fire pumps for proper pressure and capacity.

Test emergency fire pump with isolation valves closed;

.3 test all hydrant valves for proper operation;

.4 pressure test a sample of fire hoses at the maximum fire main

pressure, so that all fire hoses are tested within five years; .5 verify all fire pump relief valves安全阀，释压阀, if provided, are

properly set;

.6 examine all filters/strainers to过滤器 verify they are free of

debris 杂物and contamination污染物; and

.7 nozzle size/ type correct, maintained and working.

7.2 Fixed fire detection and fire alarm systems

.1 test all fire detection systems and fire detection systems used

to automatically release fire-extinguishing systems for proper operation, as appropriate酌情;

.2 visually inspect all accessible detectors for evidence of

27

tampering obstruction对探测器探测作用的干扰妨碍, etc., so that all detectors are inspected within one year; and

.3 test emergency power supply switchover.

7.3 Fixed gas fire-extinguishing systems

.1 visually inspect all accessible components for proper condition; .2 externally外部 examine all high pressure cylinders for evidence

of damage or corrosion;

.3 check the hydrostatic test date of all storage containers; .4 functionally test all fixed system audible and visual alarms; .5 verify all control/section valves are in the correct position; .6 check the connections of all pilot release piping and tubing for

tightness; .7 examine all flexible hoses in accordance with manufacturer's

recommendations;

.8 test all fuel shut-off controls connected to fire-protection systems

for proper operation; .9 the boundaries of the protected space should be visually

inspected to confirm that no modifications have been made to the enclosure that have created unclose able openings that would render the system ineffective; and .10 if cylinders are installed inside the protected space, verify the

integrity完整性 of the double release lines inside the protected space, and check low pressure or circuit integrity monitors监视器线路完整性 on release cabinet释放箱, as applicable.

7.4 Foam fire-extinguishing systems

.1 visually inspect all accessible components for proper condition;

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.2 functionally test all fixed system audible alarms; .3 flow test all water supply and foam pumps for proper

pressure and capacity, and confirm flow at the required pressure in each section (Ensure all piping is thoroughly flushed with fresh water after service.);

.4 test all system cross connections交叉连接 to other sources of

water supply for proper operation;

.5 verify all pump relief valves, if provided, are properly set; .6 examine all filters/strainers to verify they are free of debris and

contamination;

.7 verify all control/section valves are in the correct position; .8 blow dry compressed air or nitrogen 氮气through the discharge

piping to confirm the pipe work and nozzles of high expansion foam systems are clear of any obstructions, debris碎片 and contamination污染物. This may require the removal of nozzles, if applicable;

.9 take samples from all foam concentrates carried on board and

subject them to the periodical定期 control tests in

MSC.1/Circ.1312, for low expansion foam, or MSC/Circ.670 for high expansion foam.

The first periodical control of foam concentrates should be

performed not more than 3 years after being supplied to the ship, and after that, every year.

A record of the age of the foam concentrates and of subsequent controls should be kept on board.

.10 test all fuel shut-off controls connected to fire-protection systems

for proper operation. 7.5 Water mist, water spray and sprinkler systems

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.1 verify proper operation of all water mist, water-spray

and sprinkler systems using the test valves for each section;

.2 visually inspect all accessible components for proper condition; .3 externally examine all high pressure cylinders for evidence of

damage or corrosion;

.4 check the hydrostatic test date of all high pressure cylinders; .5 functionally test all fixed system audible and visual alarms; .6 flow test all pumps for proper pressure and capacity;

.7 test all antifreeze防冻 systems for adequate freeze protection; .8 test all system cross connections to other sources of water supply

for proper operation; .9 verify all pump relief valves, if provided, are properly set; .10 examine all filters/strainers to verify they are free of debris and

contamination; .11 verify all control/section valves are in the correct position; .12 blow dry compressed air or nitrogen through the discharge

piping of dry pipe systems, or otherwise confirm the pipe work and nozzles are clear of any obstructions. This may require the removal of nozzles, if applicable;

.13 test emergency power supply switchover, where applicable; .14 visually inspect all sprinklers focusing in areas where sprinklers

are subject to 易于Changeable 多变的atmosphere (like saunas, 桑拿 kitchen areas) and subject to physical damage (like luggage handling areas, gyms, play rooms游乐室, etc.) so that all sprinklers are inspected within one year; .15 check for any changes that may affect the system such as

obstructions by ventilation ducts, pipes, etc.;

.16 test a minimum of one section in each open head water mist

system by flowing water through the nozzles. The sections tested should be chosen so that all sections are tested within a five-year period; and

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.17 test a minimum of two automatic sprinklers or

automatic water mist nozzles for proper operation.

7.6 Ventilation systems and fire dampers

.1 test all fire dampers for remote operation;

.2 verify galley exhaust ducts and filters are free of grease build-up

聚集; and

.3 test all ventilation controls interconnected with fire-protection

systems for proper operation.

7.7 Fire doors

Test all remotely controlled fire doors for proper release.

7.8 Breathing apparatus

.1 check breathing apparatus air recharging systems, if fitted, for air

quality;

.2 check all breathing apparatus face masks and air demand风量阀

valves are in serviceable condition; and .3 check EEBDs according to maker's instructions.

7.9 Fixed dry chemical powder systems

.1 visually inspect all accessible components for proper condition;

.2 verify the pressure regulators are in proper order and within

calibration; and

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.3 agitate搅动 the dry chemical powder化学干粉 charge

with nitrogen in accordance with system manufacturer's instructions.

(Note: Due to the powder's affinity吸附力 for moisture, any

nitrogen gas introduced for agitation must be moisture free.)

7.10 Fixed aerosol气溶胶 extinguishing systems

Verify condensed or dispersed浓缩的或分散的 aerosol generators have not exceeded their mandatory replacement date. Pneumatic or electric actuators 气动或电动装置 should be demonstrated working, as far as practicable.

7.11 Portable foam applicators

.1 verify all portable foam applicators are set to the correct

proportioning ratio for the foam concentrate supplied and the equipment is in proper order;

.2 verify all portable containers or portable tanks containing foam

concentrate remain factory sealed, and the manufacturer's recommended service life interval has not been exceeded;

.3 portable containers or portable tanks containing foam concentrate,

excluding protein蛋白质 based concentrates, less than 10 years

old, that remain factory sealed can normally be accepted without the periodical foam control tests required in MSC.1/Circ.1312 being carried out;

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.4 protein based foam concentrate portable containers and

portable tanks should be thoroughly checked and, if more than five years old, the foam concentrate should be subjected to the periodical foam control tests required in MSC.1/Circ.1312, or renewed; and

.5 the foam concentrates of any non-sealed portable containers and

portable tanks, and portable containers and portable tanks where production data is not documented, should be subjected to the periodical foam control tests required in MSC.1/Circ.1312.

7.12 Wheeled (mobile) fire extinguishers

.1 perform periodical inspections in accordance with the

manufacturer's instructions; .2 visually inspect all accessible components for proper condition; .3 check the hydrostatic test date of each cylinder; and

.4 for dry powder extinguishers, invert颠倒 extinguisher to ensure

powder is agitated散动的.

7.13 Galley and deep fat cooking fire-extinguishing systems

Check galley and deep fat cooking fire-extinguishing systems in

accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

8 Two-year testing and inspections

Two-year inspections should be carried out to ensure that the indicated actions are taken for the specified equipment.

8.1 Fixed gas fire-extinguishing systems

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.1 all high pressure extinguishing agents cylinders and pilot cylinders should be weighed or have their contents verified by other reliable means to confirm that the available charge in each is above 90 per cent of the nominal charge. Cylinders containing less than 90 per cent of the nominal charge should be refilled; and

.2 blow dry compressed air or nitrogen through the discharge piping or

otherwise confirm the pipe work and nozzles are clear of any obstructions. This may require the removal of nozzles, if applicable.

8.2 Fixed dry chemical powder systems

.1 blow dry nitrogen through the discharge piping to confirm that the pipe

work and nozzles are clear of any obstructions; .2 operationally test local and remote controls and section valves;

.3 verify the contents of propellant推进剂 gas cylinders (including remote

operating stations);

.4 test a sample of dry chemical powder for moisture content; and

.5 subject the powder containment vessel安全壳, safety valve and

discharge hoses to a full working pressure test.

9 Five-year service

At least once every five years, the following inspections should be carried out for the specified equipment.

9.1 Fixed gas fire-extinguishing systems

Perform internal inspection of all control valves.

9.2 Foam fire-extinguishing systems

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.1 perform internal inspection of all control valves;

.2 flush all high expansion foam system piping with fresh water,

drain and purge 净化with air;

.3 check all nozzles to prove they are clear of debris; and

.4 test all foam proportioners泡沫比例混合器 or other foam mixing

devices to confirm that the mixing ratio tolerance公差 is within +30 to -10% of the nominal mixing ratio defined by the system approval.

9.3 Water mist, water spray and sprinkler systems

.1 flush all ro-ro deck deluge system 密集洒水系统piping with water,

drain and purge with air; .2 perform internal inspection of all control/section valves; and

.3 check condition of any batteries, or renew in accordance with

manufacturer's recommendations.

9.4 Breathing apparatus

Perform hydrostatic testing of all steel self-contained breathing apparatus cylinders. Aluminium and composite cylinders should be tested to the satisfaction of the Administration.

9.5 Low-location lighting

Test the luminance of all systems in accordance with the procedures in resolution A.752(18).

Luminance measurements辉亮度测量 on board ships of low location

lighting system using photo luminescent materials发光材料.

9.6 Wheeled (mobile) fire extinguishers

Visually examine at least one extinguisher of each type manufactured in the same year and kept on board.

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10 Ten-year service

At least once every 10 years, the following inspections should be carried out for the specified equipment:

10.1 Fixed gas fire-extinguishing systems

.1 perform a hydrostatic test and internal examination of 10 per cent of the

system's extinguishing agent and pilot cylinders. If one or more cylinders fail, a total of 50 per cent of the onboard cylinders should be tested. If further cylinders fail, all cylinders should be tested;

.2 flexible hoses should be replaced at the intervals recommended by the

manufacturer and not exceeding every 10 years; and

.3 if permitted by the Administration, visual inspection and NDT

(non-destructive testing非破坏性试验) of halon cylinders may be performed in lieu of hydrostatic testing.

10.2 Water mist, water spray and sprinkler systems

Perform a hydrostatic test and internal examination for gas and water pressure cylinders according to flag Administration guidelines or, where these do not exist, EN 1968:2002 + A1.

10.3 Fixed dry chemical powder systems

Subject all powder containment vessels安全壳 to hydrostatic or non-destructive testing carried out by an accredited可信的 service agent.

10.4 Fixed aerosol extinguishing systems

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Condensed or dispersed aerosol generators to be renewed in

accordance with manufacturer's recommendations.

10.5 Wheeled (mobile) fire extinguishers

All extinguishers together with propellant cartridges should be hydrostatically tested by specially trained persons in accordance with recognized standards or the manufacturer's instructions.

关于消防水带长度的规定

根据SOLAS公约第II-2章“构造-防火、探火和灭火”第10条“灭火”第2.3款“消防水带和水枪”中的规定：

“消防水带的长度应至少为10 m，但不超过下述长度： .1 机器处所，15 m；

.2 其他处所和开敞甲板，20m；和

.3 最大型宽超过30 m 船舶的开敞甲板，25 m。”

也即是说，配备在机舱、舵机房的消防水带长度不超过15米，配备在生活区、物料间等处所的水带长度不超过20米，最大型宽超过30米的船舶配备在主甲板的水带长度不超过25米。

目前供应上船的消防水带长度一般为20米，如果直接配备在机舱、舵机间，将违反SOLAS公约的规定。

请各自管船尽快检查核对机舱、舵机间等机器处所的消防水带长度是否合乎规定。对于长度超过15米的水带，应进行更换或剪短处理。

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