目录

目录

Chapter 1 General Writing

一． The Writing Process

Understanding Writing Assignments………………… 1 Prewriting…………………………………………....... 4 Writer's Block/Writer's Anxiety……………………….6 Developing an Outline………………………………….9 Audience Analysis Overview…………………………..10 Writing Report Abstracts……………………………...11 Writing a Research Paper……………………………..17 Evaluating Sources of Information…………………...18 Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing…………..19 Establishing Arguments ……………………………...21 Stasis Theory………………………………………….101 Proofreading…………………………………………..105 二． Academic Writing

The Rhetorical Situation……………………………..113 The Rhetorical Situation: Audience and Text……....115 The Rhetorical Situation: Context, Environment, Setting ………………………………………………...117

The Rhetorical Situation: Example 1……………….118 The Rhetorical Situation: Example 2……………….121 The Rhetorical Situation: Conclusion………………124 Logic in Argumentative Writing………………….....135 Logical Fallacies………………………………………139 Does Logic Always Work….........................................142 Improprieties…….…………………………………...143 Paragraphing (Length Consistency)………………..147 Essay Writing………………………………………...150 The Expository Essay………………………………..152 The Descriptive Essay……………………………….154 The Narrative Essay………………………………....155 The Argumentative Essay…………………………...157 Eliminating Words…………………………………...161 Changing Phrases……………………………………166 Avoid Common Pitfalls………………………………168 Paramedic Method: A Lesson in Writing Concisely.172 Reverse Paramedic Method………………………....174 Visual-Textual Devices for Achieving Emphasis……177 Punctuation Marks for Achieving Emphasis……......178 Choice and Arrangement of Words for Achieving Emphasis………………………………………………179

Strategies for Variation……………………………...181 Sentence Types……………………………………….186 For Short, Choppy Sentences……………………….188 For Repeated Subjects or Topics……………………189 For Similar Sentence Patterns or Rhythms………...192 Appropriate Language: Overview…………………..193 Levels of Formality………………………………….. 194 Deceitful Language and Euphemisms……………….197 Appropriate Pronoun Usage…………………………201 Active Versus Passive Voice…………………………..202 More about Passive Voice…………………………….204 Choosing Passive Voice……………………………….205 Changing Passive to Active Voice. …………………..206 Further Suggestions for Using Passive and Active Voices …………………………………………………209Email Etiquette………………………………………..211 三． Common Writing Assignments

Understanding Writing Assignments………………..214 Argument Paper……………………………………..217 Research Paper………………………………………225 Exploratory Papers………………………………….223 Annotated Bibliographies…………………………...236

Book Report………………………………………….243 Definitions……………………………………………245 Essays for Exams………………………………….....247 Book Review…………………………………………254 Academic Proposals…………………………………257 四． Mechanics

Higher Order Concerns (HOCs) and Lower Order Concerns (LOCs) …………………………………….268 Sentence Clarity………………………………………270 Parts of Speech Overview…………………………....276 Sentence Clarity Presentation……………………….280 Sentence Fragments…………………………………..280 Writing Transitions…………………………………...282 Transitional Devices…………………………………..284 Dangling Modifiers and How To Correct Them……286 Parallel Structure…………………………………….287 Overview of Two-Part (Phrasal) Verbs (idioms)……291 Separable Phrasal Verbs……………………………..292 Inseparable Phrasal Verbs…………………………296 Intransitive Phrasal Verbs…………………………298 A Little Help with Capitals………………………...301 Gerunds……………………………………………..305

Participles…………………………………………...307 Infinitives……………………………………………309 Comparing Gerunds, Participles and Infinitives…313 五． Grammar

Spelling: Common Words that Sound Alike………317 Writing Numbers……………………………………323 The Difference between Adjectives and Adverbs….326 Avoiding Common Errors…………………………..328 Adjectives with Countable and Uncountable Nouns.330 Adjective or Adverb………………………………….332 Appositives……………………………………………337 Articles: A versus An…………………………………339 Using Articles…………………………………………340 Prepositions for Time, Place, and Introducing Objects………………………………………………..343 Prepositions of Direction: To, On (to), In (to)……...346 Prepositions of Spatial Relationship………………..357 Pronoun Case………………………………………...364 Introduction and General Usage in Defining Clauses………………………………………………..366 Relative Pronouns in Non-Defining Clauses……….370 Defining vs. Non-Defining and ESL Tips…………...371

Count and Noncount Nouns: Basic Rules…………..372 Count and Non-Count Nouns (with Plurals, Articles, and Quantity Words)………………………………...374 Making Subjects and Verbs Agree………………….380 Sequence of Tenses…………………………………...382 Passive Verb Tenses…………………………………..385 Active Verb Tenses…………………………………...387 Verb Tense Consistency……………………………...389 Verbs with Helpers…………………………………...395 Irregular Verbs: Overview and List………………...397 六． Punctuation

Brief Overview of Punctuation………………………400 Punctuation in Types of Sentences…………………..407 Sentence Punctuation Patterns………………………409 Identifying Independent and Dependent Clauses…..412 Run-ons - Comma Splices - Fused Sentences……….414 Conquering the Comma PowerPoint Presentation…415 Commas: Quick Rules………………………………..416 Extended Rules for Using Commas………………….417 Commas After Introductions………………………...424 Commas vs. Semicolons in Compound Sentences….426 Commas with Nonessential Elements……………….428

The Apostrophe……………………………………….429 Hyphen Use……………………………………………432 How to Use Quotation Marks………………………..435 Extended Rules for Using Quotation Marks………..437 Additional Punctuation Rules when Using Quotation Marks………………………………………………….439 Quotation Marks with Fiction, Poetry, and Titles….440 Quotation Mark Exercise and Answers……………..442 七． Visual Rhetoric

Visual Rhetoric: Overview…………………………...444 Visual Rhetoric: Text Elements……………………...445 Visual Rhetoric: Color……………………………….449 Visual Rhetoric: Use of Images……………………...451 Elements of Analysis…………………………………457 Organizing Your Analysis……………………………460 Using Fonts with Purpose……………………………463 Font Features…………………………………………464 Font Personality………………………………………469 Additional Tips for Using Fonts……………………..472

Chapter2 Research and Citation

一．Conducting research

Research overview……………………………………473 What is Primary Research and how do I get Started ..........................................................................474 Evaluating Sources: Overview………………………476 Searching the World Wide Web: Overview………...477 Internet References…………………………………...479 Database Research Tutorials from the Purdue Library………………………………………………...479 Common Pitfalls of Primary Research……………...479 Interviewing…………………………………………..481 Surveying……………………………………………...482 Creating Good Interview and Survey Questions…...484 Observing……………………………………………..485 Analysis………………………………………………..487 Analyzing Your Primary Data……………………….488 Evaluating Sources: Overview……………………….489 Evaluating Bibliographic Citations………………….490 Evaluation During Reading………………………….491 Evaluating Print vs. Internet Sources……………….492 Searching the World Wide Web: Overview…………494 How the Internet and Search Engines Work………..495 Kinds of Search Engines and Directories…………...496

Searching with a Web Directory…………………….500 Search Engine and Web Directory List……………..501 Resources to Search the Invisible Web……………...502 Other Useful Sites for Finding Information………..504 Other Strategies for Web Searching………………...504 Dictionaries, Style Manuals, Grammar Handbooks, and Editing Resources………………………………..505 Online References…………………………………….506 Indexes for Writers…………………………………...507 Online Libraries………………………………………508 Online Books and E-texts…………………………….508 Newspapers, News Services, Journals and Magazines Online…………………………………………………508 Database Research Tutorials from the Purdue Library………………………………………………..510 二． Using Research

Overview and Introduction………………………….510 Descriptive Statistics…………………………………512 Writing with Descriptive Statistics…………………..515 Basic Inferential Statistics: Theory and Application …………………………………………………………516 Statistics and Visuals…………………………………519

Key Terms……………………………………………..522 Guidelines for Fair Use……………………………….523 Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing…………526 Paraphrase: Write it in Your Own Words…………..528 Sample Essay for Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting………………………………………………..530 Paraphrasing Exercise………………………………..533 Paraphrasing Exercise: Possible Answers…………..534 Documenting Sources: Overview……………………535 Documenting

Electronic

Sources

in

Specific

Disciplines…………………………………………….536 Online Guides to Citing Electronic Sources………..537 Avoiding plagiarism Overview and Contradictions..539 Is It Plagiarism Yet ......................................................540 Safe Practices…………………………………………542 Safe Practices: An Exercise………………………….547 Best Practices for Teachers…………………………..549 Manuscript Formatting……………………………...550 In-Text References……………………………………552 References Page Formatting…………………………553 Documenting Sources in the Disciplines: Overview...556 Complete Discipline Listing………………………….556

三． APA Style

APA Style Workshop…………………………………561 General Format………………………………………567 In-Text Citations: The Basics………………………..570 In-Text Citations: Author/Authors………………….573 Footnotes and Endnotes……………………………...576 Reference List: Basic Rules………………………….578 Reference List: Author/Authors…………………….579 Reference List: Articles in Periodicals……………...583 Reference List: Books………………………………..584 Reference List: Other Print Sources………………..586 Reference

List:

Electronic

Sources

(Web

Publications)………………………………………….588 Reference List: Other Non-Print Sources…………..597 Additional Resources…………………………………600 Types of APA Papers………………………………….602 APA Stylistics: Avoiding Bias………………………...604 APA Stylistics: Basics…………………………………606 APA Headings and Serration………………………...608 APA Tables and Figures 1…………………………….611 APA Tables and Figures 2…………………………....616 APA Abbreviations……………………………………622

Statistics in APA………………………………………624 APA Classroom Poster…………………………….....626 四．MLA Style

MLA Overview and Workshop……………………….627 MLA Formatting and Style Guide…………………...633 MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics……………….....637 MLA Formatting Quotations………………………....645 MLA Footnotes and Endnotes………………………..648 MLA Works Cited Page: Basic Format……………...650 MLA Works Cited Page: Books……………………....653 MLA Works Cited: Periodicals……………………….661 MLA Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web

Publications)…………………………………………...665 MLA Works Cited: Other Common Sources……......670 MLA Additional Resources…………………………...676 MLA Abbreviations…………………………………...676 MLA Sample Works Cited Page……………………...680 MLA Tables, Figures, and Examples…………………681 MLA Classroom Poster……………………………….688 五．Chicago Manual

Chicago Manual of Style……………………………...689 Books…………………………………………………...691

Periodicals……………………………………………..694 Web Sources…………………………………………...698 Film and Television……………………………………701 Film and Television……………………………………702 Interviews and Personal Communication……………704 Lectures and Papers Presented at Meetings…………705 Public Documents and Unpublished Materials……...706

Chapter 3 Teacher and Tutor Resources

Writing Instructors

Parents………………………………………………...707 Grades 7-12 Instructors and Students……………...711 Non-Purdue College Level Instructors and Students.714 Purdue Instructors and Students…………………….718 Adult Basic Education (GED, ESL, Cover Letters, Résumés)……………………………………………….722 Writing Across the Curriculum: An Introduction…..725 Poetry in Writing Courses…………………………….729 Teaching Detailed Writing and Procedural

Transitions……………………………………………..732

Chapter4 Subject Specific Writing

一． Professional, Technical Writing

Workplace Writers……………………………………733 Rhetorical Awareness and User-Centered Design......737 Applying User-Centered Design……………………...742 Glossary and References……………………………...744 Participatory Design…………………………………..745 Audience Analysis Overview………………………….746 The Development Stage……………………………….747 Reading and Action Stage…………………………….749 Higher Order Concerns: Is Your Document Sound…751 Later Order Concerns: Does Your Document Look Professional…………………………………………….754 Parallel Structure in Professional Writing…………..756 Tone in Business Writing……………………………...757 Business Letters: Accentuating the Positives………...765 Writing the Basic Business Letter……………………768 Sample Letters…………………………………………771 Memos …………………………………………………773 Format………………………………………………….776 Writing Report Abstracts……………………………..779 White Paper……………………………………………780 Revision in Business Writing…………………………781 Language: Revising for Conciseness and Clarity…...783

Tone: Tailoring Language to Your Audience………..786 Organization and Correctness……………………….789 二．Writing in Literature

Literary Terms………………………………………..790 Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism…………..792 Literary Theory and Schools of Criticism…………..793 Moral Criticism and Dramatic Construction (~360 BC-present)…………………………………………….794 Formalism (1930s-present)……………………………796 Psychoanalytic Criticism (1930s-present)……………797 Marxist Criticism (1930s-present)……………………801 Reader-Response Criticism (1960s-present)…………802 Structuralism and Semiotics (1920s-present)………..804 Post-Structuralism, Deconstruction, Postmodernism (1966-present)………………………………………….806 New Historicism, Cultural Studies (1980s-present)…811 Post-Colonial Criticism (1990s-present)……………..813 Feminist Criticism (1960s-present)…………………..815 Gender Studies and Queer Theory (1970s-present)…817 Writing about fiction………………………………….820 Writing about literature………………………………827 Writing in Literature………………………………….831

Arguments in an Essay on Literature……………….841 Reading a Novel or Story……………………………..843 Reading a Play…………………………………………846 Writing About Poetry…………………………………847 三．Writing in social science

Social Work Literature Review Guidelines………….854 Writing in Psychology…………………………………856 Rhetorical Considerations and Style in Psychology Writing…………………………………………………858 Writing the Experimental Report: Overview,

Introductions, and Literature Reviews………………860 Writing the Experimental Report: Methods, Results, and Discussion…………………………………………863 References Section…………………………………….866 References and Sources for More Information……..868

四．Writing in Engineering

Writing Engineering Reports…………………………869 Handbook on Report Formats………………………..869 Purposes and Types of Report Formats……………...871 Informal Lab Reports, Short Memo or Letter Reports…………………………………………………873 Checklist for Reports…………………………………876

Sections of Reports…………………………………….878 The Report Body………………………………………879 The Report Abstract and Executive Summary……...882 Mechanical Elements of Reports……………………..884 EPICS Design Notebook and Overview……………...887 五． Creative Writing

Fiction Writing Basics1……………………………….889 Fiction Writing Basics 2………………………………891 Fiction Writing Basics 3 - Sample Assignments……..894 Pattern and Variation in Poetry……………………...896 Pattern, Generally…………………………………….898 Variation, Generally…………………………………..899 Ear Training: Sound and Meter……………………...900 Meter and Scansion……………………………………901 Poetic Feet and Line Length………………………….903 Sound and Rhyme……………………………………..906 Other Matters of Sound……………………………….911 Eye Training: Visual Patterning……………………...912 六．Medical Writing 919

七．Journalism and Journalistic Writing

Journalism and Journalistic Writing………………...923 Associated Press Style…………………………………926

Media Ethics…………………………………………….932 The Inverted Pyramid Structure………………………936 How to Write a Lead……………………………………937 八．Writing in Nursing

Writing as a Professional Nurse…………………….....942 Writing in the Field: The Three Kinds of Charting...944 List of Nursing Resources on the Purdue OWL……...945

Chapter 5 Job Search Writing

一． Preparing an Application

Tailoring Employment Documents For a Specific Audience………………………………………………950 How do I tailor an employment document to an audience……………………………………………….952 Addressing Audience………………………………….954 International Student's Job Search: Tips and Terms.956 Writing the Personal Statement……………………...958 Examples of Successful Statements………………….961 Advice from Admissions Representatives……………963 Personal Statement: Top 10 Rules and Pitfalls……...967 Personal Statement: Top 10 Rules and Pitfalls……...968

What is an Action Verb?...............................................970 Categorized List of Action Verbs……………………..971 Example Employment Documents…………………...974 二．Job Search Letters

Letters Concerning Employment…………………….975 Applicant Request For a Reference………………….975 Model for Writing a Reference Request Letter……..976 Follow-up to an Interview…………………………….977 Follow-up to an Interview Letter Model……………..978 Inquiry about Cover Letter and Resume…………….978 Model of Inquiry about Cover Letter and Resume Letter…………………………………………………...979 Follow-Up After No Response to an Interview………980 Acceptance Letter……………………………………..980 Model for an Acceptance Letter……………………...981 Rejection of Job Offer………………………………...982 Model for Writing a Rejection of a Job Offer……….982 Letters Concerning Employment…………………….983 Request for Further Negotiations…………………….984 Model for Writing a Reference Request Letter……...984 Model for Writing a Reference Request Letter……..985 Model for Writing a Reference Request Letter……..986

Model for Writing a Request for Further

Negotiations……………………………………………987 Model

for

Writing

a

Reply

to

a

Rejection…………………………………………….....988 Model for Writing an Inquiry about a Cover Letter and Resume…………………………………………………989 Model for Rejecting a Job Offer………………….......990 Model for Acceptance Letter………………………….991 Model for Writing a Reference Request Letter……...992 Model for Writing a Reference Request Letter……...993 Model for Writing a Reply to a Rejection…………....994 Quick Content Tips for Cover Letters……………….996 Quick Formatting Tips for Cover Letters…………...998 Academic Cover Letters……………………………..1010

Chapter 6 Current OWL Exercises

Grammar Exercises

What is the Difference between Adjectives and

Adverbs?.......................................................................1012 Appositives…………………………………………....1015 Articles: A versus An…………………………………1017 Count and Noncount Nouns: Basic Rules…………..1024 Prepositions for Time, Place, and Introducing

Objects………………………………………………..1031 Brief Overview of Punctuation……………………...1033 The Apostrophe………………………………………1041 How to Use Quotation Marks……………………….1046 Commas: Quick Rules……………………………….1051 Spelling Exercises……………………………………1075 Sentence clauses……………………………………...1078 Sentence Structure…………………………………...1081 Sentence Fragments………………………………….1081 Run-ons - Comma Splices - Fused Sentences………1088 Making Subjects and Verbs Agree…………………..1089 Sentence Style………………………………………...1092 Paraphrasing…………………………………………1099Writing Numbers…………………………………….1100

Chapter 8 Writing Lab Engagement Resources

一． GED Preparation

Introduction…………………………………………..1101 GED Practice…………………………………………1104 Essay Organization Questions………………………1105 Sentence Structure Questions……………………….1108 Mechanics Questions…………………………………1112

GED Essay Game…………………………………….1116 Part 1, Lessons 1-4 Suggested Resources…………...1117 1.1: Topic Sentences………………………………….1120 1.1: Relevance of Ideas……………………………….1122 1.1: Relevance of Ideas……………………………….1123 1.1: Transitions……………………………………….1124 1.2: Fragments and Run-Ons………………………..1125 1.2: Comma Splices…………………………………..1128 1.2: Parallel Structure………………………………..1129 1.2: Modifiers…………………………………………1131 1.2: Coordination and Subordination………………1131 1.2: Verb Tense………………………………………..1135 1.3: Pronouns…………………………………………1142 1.4: Capitalization……………………………………1146 1.4: Commas………………………………………….1150 1.4: Semi-Colons, Colons, and Quotation Marks…..1153 1.4: Italics and Underlining………………………….1157 1.4: Spelling…………………………………………...1159 1.4: Contractions……………………………………..1162 1.4: Homonyms………………………………………1163 Part 2, Lessons 1-5 Suggested Resources…………...1164 2.1: Understanding the Prompt……………………..1168

2.1: Brainstorm for the Essay……………………….1170 2.2: Parts of the Essay, Outlining……………………1172 2.2: Developing a Thesis……………………………..1175 2.2: Topic Sentences………………………………….1177 2.3: Introductions…………………………………….1178 2.3: Body Paragraphs………………………………..1180 2.3: Conclusions………………………………………1180 2.4: Spelling and Punctuation……………………….1182 2.4: Sentences and Sentence Structure……………..1184 2.4: Subject-Verb Agreement and Tense……………1186 2.4: Capital Letters…………………………………..1187 2.4: Strategies for Writing Essays…………………...1189 2.5: Word Choice……………………………………..1190 Quick Tips for Success: Language Arts, Writing Test1193Part 2, Lessons 1-5 Suggested Resources…1196 二．ESL Resources

Combining Sentences………………………………..1197 Conjunctions and Coordination…………………….1197 Subordination, Exercises…………………………….1199 Discourse Connectors………………………………..1203 Prepositions…………………………………………..1209 Prepositions of Direction – To……………………….1212

Prepositions of Direction – Onto……………………1218 Prepositions of Direction – Into……………………..1221 Prepositions of Spatial Relationship – A……………1224 Prepositions of Spatial Relationship – B…………....1226 Prepositions of Spatial Relationship - F-O…………1227 Prepositions of Spatial Relationship - T-W…………1229 Pronouns……………………………………………...1233 Pronouns – Clarity…………………………………...1234 Pronouns - Issues of Gender………………………...1236 Punctuation…………………………………………..1238 Punctuation – Commas……………………………...1239 Punctuation - Quotation Marks and Apostrophes…1242 Punctuation - Semicolons, Colons, and Parentheses1244Punctuation - Hyphens and

Dashes………………………………………………...1245 Paraphrasing and Summary………………………...1249 Paraphrasing…………………………………………1250 Summarizing…………………………………………1252

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/a36x.html