2012高考英语高频考点 - 答题技巧 - 图文

2012高考英语语法单选超级归纳

一、冠词

冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法 1 2 3 4 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 表示“每一”相当于every，one 表示“相同”相当于the same A plane is a machine that can fly. A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。 We study eight hours a day. We are nearly of an age. — Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith? 5 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 —Sorry, wrong number. There isn't______ Mr. Smith here. A. 不填 B. a C. the D. one That boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷锋） 6 7 8 用于固定词组中 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time This room is rather a big one. She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. success(抽象名词)→a success(具体化) 成功的人或事 a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或9 用于抽象名词具体化的名词前 事 a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的事 a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识 II. 定冠词的用法 In many places in China, ___ bicycle is still ___ popular 1 表示某一类人或物 means of transportation. A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the 2 3 4 5 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 用于演奏乐器 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean Would you mind opening the door? play the violin, play the guitar the reach, the living, the wounded —Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please? 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”（对比上文的不定冠词用法5） —Sorry, we don’t have ____ Johnson here in the village. A. the; the / 7 8 9 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children. B. the; a C. /; the D. the; 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China. in the 1990’s(二十世纪九十年代) I hired the car by the hour. He patted me on the shoulder. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 11 用于表示度量单位的名词前 12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词 III. 不用冠词（又名零冠词）的用法 1 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every2 3 4 5

Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 等限制 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 表示球类，棋类等运动的名词前 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? March, Sunday, National Day, spring Lincoln was made President of America. He likes playing football/chess. 1

We went right round to the west coast by ______ sea instead of 6 与by连用表示交通方式的名词前 driving across ______ continent. A. the; the 7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 B.不填；the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night Horses are useful animals. 二、名词和主谓一致 普通名词 可数名词 不可数名词 物质名词 8 表示泛指的复数名词前 I. 名词的种类

专有名词 国名地名人名，团体机构名称 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 特别注意名词类别的相互转换 个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换

意 义 花儿 开花 青春 年轻人 成功 成功的事 物质名词与个体名词的相互转换 例 句 ①She held some flowers in her hand. ②The trees are now in flower ①Youth is beautiful. ②He is a youth of twenty ①They have achieved remarkable success in their work. ②—How about the Christmas evening party? —I should say it was a success. 例 句 ①Iron is a kind of metal. ②Please lend me your iron. ①He broke a piece of glass. ②He broke a glass. ①I bought a chicken this morning ②Please help yourself to some chicken 名词性质 个体名词 抽象名词 抽象名词 个体名词 抽象名词 个体名词 意 义 铁 熨斗 玻璃 玻璃杯 小鸡 鸡肉 名词性质 物质名词 个体名词 物质名词 个体名词 个体名词 物质名词 抽象名词与个体名词的转换 ①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please. —Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful A.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a ②They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名词） 具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：haveA.a B.an C./ D.the 等）连 ③Could we have word before you go to the meeting? 话（个体名词） 用，表示某一次短暂的动作 A.a B.an C./ D.the 类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发) /make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声) /give a try ①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today. A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, the a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况) give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识) have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识) ②If there were no examination, we should have______at school. A.the happiest time B.a more happier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time ③ is money. A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times ①Oh, John. _____you gave me! 抽象名词转换为普通名词A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise 可用来表示“一次、一阵、C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise 一种”具体的行为、事件、②She looked up when I shouted. 现象或结 果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰 A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise 其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise ③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it. A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusual

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表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示 其中的一部分

II. 名词的数

规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法书）。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表

规 则 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 2 单复数相同 3 只有复数形式 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员） 例 词 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents people, police, cattle, staff audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) 加-s 7 表示“某国人” 单复数同形 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women 将主体名词变为复数 8 合成名词 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 将两部分变为复数 情 况 Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese Englishmen, Frenchwomen sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches women singers, men servants 举 例 His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy. 以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词 用复数形式。 语 法 一 致 原 则 Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. What he said is very important for us all. 由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。 what I bought were three English books. What I say and do is (are) helpful for you. Lucy and Lily are twins The writer and artist has come. 由连接词and或both?and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物 时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。. Every student and every teach is in the classroom. Many a boy and many a girl likes it. No boy and no girl likes it. Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today? Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter 若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。 None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America. Those who want to go please write their names on the 在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语blackboard. 时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。 He is one of my friends who are working hard. He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard. It is I who am going to the cinema tonight. It is we who are going to the cinema tonight. The police are looking for the lost child. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单The cattle are eating grass in the field. His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) 6 复数形式表示特别含义 III. 主谓一致 规则 在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致 数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复His family are watching TV.（他的家人） 数形式 Class four is on the third floor.（四班） Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生）

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There are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 50 percent of the students in our class are girls. 此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或数），但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数定（用单数）。 要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。 A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples. The number of pages in this book is three hundred. 由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures. Such is the result. Such are the facts. Between the two hills stands a monument. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致 逻 辑 意 义 一 致 原 则 Which is your bag? Which are your bags? Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，pen? 也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。 All can be done has been done. All is going well. All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing. Thirty minutes is enough for the work.. Twenty pounds is too dear. 如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式 Forty kilos of water are used every day. The United States is smaller than China. “The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book. One and a half apples is left on the table. 表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。 若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。 表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数年。 的名词， 实际意义为单数名词， I don’t think physics is easy to study. 它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作My glasses are broken. 主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair The pair of shoes under the bed is his. of 等量词修饰时（clothes被a suit of 修饰）谓语动 词用单数。 “定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。 当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but The old are taken good care of there. The beautiful gives pleasure to all. Either the teacher or the students are our friends. 就 近 /远 一 致 原 则 Neither he nor they are wholly right. also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持Neither they nor he is wholly right. 一致,即就近一致。 Is neither he nor they wholly right? there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主There are two chairs and a desk in the room. 语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠There is a desk and two chairs in the room. 近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。 Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to 主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as China. A woman with a baby was on the bus. well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， She, like you and Tom, is very tall. 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。 The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese. No one except my teachers knows anything about it.

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三、代词

I. 代词可以分为以下八大类 主格 1 人称代词 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 2 3 4 5 6 反身代词 指示代词 疑问代词 关系代词/连接代词 不定代词 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them my, your, his, her, its, our, their mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves this, that, these, those, such, some who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever that, which, who, whom, whose, as one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either each other,one another 区 别 例 句 ①We’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found ___ we like yet. A.one B.ones C.it D.them one可以泛指人或者事（东西），②Cars do cause us some health problems — in fact far more serious 其复数为ones _______ than mobile phones do. some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等 some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个 one, some， any和it one指同类中的一个，it指代同一种类的东西。此外it还可以作形式主语、形式宾语和用于强调句型中。 A.one B.ones C.it D.those —Your coffee smells great! —It’s from Mexico．Would you like ________? A.it B.some C.this D.1ittle ①I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. ②—Which of the three ways shall I take to the village? —________way as you please. A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Either —There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ? —No, I’d rather buy in the bookstore. A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;it ①There’s ________cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get ________. A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any C.a little,some D.a little,any ②We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for ________. A.none B.either C.any D.each ③He doesn’t have _________ furniture in his room --just an old desk. A. any B. many C. some D. much ①Each student has a pocket dictionary. Each (of us) has a dictionary. = We each have a dictionary. ②Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. ①There is no water in the bottle. ②How much water is there in the bottle? None. ③None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 相互代词 7 II. 不定代词用法注意点 类 别 some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句 each和every each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上 no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以 other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他 词连用，如：the other day, every none和no other和another A. another B. the other C. neither D. each week, someother reason, no ②Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others other ①Both sides have accused of breaking the contract. 5

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