无老师Toefl词汇红宝书正式版

无老师Toefl 词汇红宝书——7天搞定托福单词无老师的Blog ：35ab9d00312b3169a451a4d8 留学英语最前线

无老师Toefl 词汇红宝书

——7天搞定托福单词

内容说明：

1本书完全免费放出，一共1600左右个单词均为100分必会单词！既然每个人在准备托福考试的时候都需要背单词，那么单词书就是一项基础性服务，基础性服务就应该免费！我们都需要空气，但是有人向我们收呼吸费么？电费和水费在欧洲很多国家也是不收的。中国大陆第一本全免费的托福单词书，无老师制造！

这里是全免费的单词书，同时也是最优秀的单词书！2本单词书是将所有托福真题文章的内容合并在一起，进行词频统计，统计结束时之后，无老师在将所有单词由高到低排列，保证我们先背出现次数多的，保证了大家最高的效率。为了提高新托福考试在这本单词书中的排位，本书在统计之前就已经将新托福的文章按照两次进行计算，保证考友们背的单词，是最鲜活的单词。

3这本《无老师Toefl 词汇红宝书》在单词统计结束之后，由无老师亲自筛选，将我们都很熟悉的单词比如说apple 、the 这样的单词全部去掉。这样极大的减少了考友们的需要背的单词的量。

4由于这本《无老师Toefl 词汇红宝书》的单词，是按照从高到低的次序来进行排列的，因此极大的满足了不同考友的个性化需要。如果你需要考到100分以上，那么你要把所有单词都背过，但是你如果仅需要考80分，那么出现频率为3次的单词你就可以不背，因为被考到的几率相对偏小。

5在同一出现频率上，《无老师Toefl 词汇红宝书》也是打破了以前的做法，现在是由Z-A 的排列方式。防止产生疲劳感。

因为我们发现将单词进行扩展是很简单的，但是难就难在把这个单词背下来，因

此把同词根的放到一起，保证了一个单词一旦背下来，那么相关的一系列的单词就迎刃而解。

7单词书为了保证原汁原味，将单词在托福考试之中最常出现的形式作为默认显示方式列出，（括号）之中的内容为单词的原型8托福考试要求最为贴近生活，国内考试的考试目的完全不同，因此国内考试会涉及到的很多意项，在托福考试当中不会考到。但是很多国内单词书，仅仅做了单词的罗列，根本没有列出考试之中常考什么，造成的结果就是我们经常有“这个单词背了，但是考试不考”的感觉。在这本书之中，无老师所进行的解释均为在托福考试之中的常考意项，这句话则充分的体现了“无老师了解托福界”这句话的本质。比如说since 这个单词，在托福考试之中最常见的是“因为”，parallel 这个单词有“相同，相似”的意项，这是在其他的托福单词书中都没有解决的问题，但是在本书之中一次性解决。

9本单词书之中所有的例句，均为托福考试真题中出现的原句，保证本书每一个细节都是最贴近托福考试的。

10某些单词虽然出现次数很多，但是由于要么是人名，要么是只在一篇文章之中出现，造成这部分单词其实也是无效的，无老师将这些单词全部挑出，放在了单词书的最后面。就是为了减少大家的工作量，节省背单词的时间。

11由于单词是从高到低的顺序排列的，我们不仅可以把它当成背单词用，也可以当成考前的冲刺单词书。“无老师Toefl 红宝书，一旦拥有，别无所求！”单词实例讲解：

390【单词在真题中出现次数】states 【真题常考形式】（state 【单词原型】[ste steIt

It ]【音标】）n.状况,状态v.陈述【单词释义】

56statements 【同词根单词】（statement statement[

[5steitmEnt ]）n.陈述【In fact,various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain.】【例句，默认为第一个单词的例句】

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List 1（第一天）

390states （state state[

[steIt ]）n.状况,状态v.陈述56statements （statement statement[

[5steitmEnt ]）n.陈述【In fact,various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain.】311form [fC:m ]

n.形状v.形成

5deformed （deform deform[

[di:5fC:m ]）v.使变形；变畸形3reform [ri5fC:m ]v.改造;改革n.改良

【Some mountains were formed as a result of these plates crashing into each other and forcing up the rock at the plate margins.】

281plants （plant plant[

[plB:nt ]）n.植物,工厂v.种植10plantation [plAn5teiFEn ]n.农园,大农场

3transplanted （transplant transplant[

[trAns5plB:nt ]）v.移居,迁移【Animal dung enriches the soil by providing nutrients for plant growth.】

275mentioned （mention mention[

[5menFEn ]）v.提到【For example,in 1875one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700species were found within an hour's walk,whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66,and the whole of Europe supported only 321.】

274century [5sentFuri ]n.世纪;百年

【Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat materials in new ways,the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains relatively constant.】274author [5C:WE ]

n.作者

11authority [C:5WCriti ]n.专家,威信

【The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.】248species[5spi:Fiz ]（单复数同型）n.种类;人类3subspecies ['s 's??b ?spi:spi:?

?i:z]n.亚种

【Some species of tuna have specialized grooves in their tongue.】

226art [B:t ]n.艺术

【Tunas,mackerels,and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form.Their bodies are sleek and compact.】

191produced （produce[prE5dju:s ]）v.生产n.产品69production [prE5dQkFEn ]n.生产53products （product[5prCdEkt ]）n.产品

25reproduction [7ri:prE5dQkFEn ]n.生殖；复制16reproduce [7ri:prE5dju:s ]v.繁殖；翻拍；复制10productivity [7prCdQk5tiviti ]n.生产力6productive [prE5dQktiv ]adj.多产的

6reproductive [5ri:prE5dQktiv ]adj.再生的;复制的

【Other mountains may be raised by earthquakes,which fracture the Earth's crust and can displace enough rock to produce block mountains.】167increase [in5kri:s ]v.增加【To increase the society’s prosperity 】

150cause [kC:z ]v.导致n.原因

【Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees,as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.】

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【It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500meters in the moist tropics.】131sentence [5sentEns ]v.宣判n.句子【Where would the sentence best fit?】

129population [7pCpju5leiFEn ]n.居民;人口

【Have populations that are unstable in response to climate conditions 】

124study [5stQdi ]v.研究n.研究

【It is conceivable that before going hunting the hunters would draw or study pictures of animals and imagine a successful hunt.】124fossils （fossil[5fCsl ]）n.化石

9fossilization

[fɑs?l?'ze??n ]

n.化石作用7fossilized （fossilize['fɑs?la?z ]）

v.使成化石

【Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.】

121theory [5WiEri ]n.理论,...论

11theorists （theorist[5WiErist ]）n.理论家

4theorized （theory[5WiEri ]）v.建立理论;理论化

【According to psychodynamic theory,the best ways to prevent harmful aggression may be to encourage less harmful aggression.】

121term [tE:m ]v.把...称为n.学期

【During Jackson's second term,his opponents had gradually come together to form the Whig party.】

40artistic [B:5tistik ]adj.艺术的;美术的

【For example,some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them,nevertheless,they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.】

117design [di5zain ]v.设计

6designers （designer[di5zainE ]）n.设计者

【Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes.】

113source [sC:s ]n.来源,根源

【This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate—that is,virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply—has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically.】

110environment [in5vaiErEnmEnt ]n.环境

7environmentalists （environmentalist[in7vaiErEn5mentlist ]）n.环境保护论者【Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness”of the environment,an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform.】

108period [5piEriEd ]n.时期

6periodic [piEri5Cdik ]adj.定期的

5periodically [9pIErI`CdIkLlI ]adv.周期性地;偶尔

【In the long run,electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity.】

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【Some theories of theater development focus on how theater was used by group leaders to group leaders govern other members of society.】

107activities （activity[Ak5tiviti ]）n.行动;活动

【There is little doubt,however,that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes.】

106mass [mAs ]n.块adj.大规模的

【The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass consumption until its technology evolved from the initial "peepshow"format to the point where images were projected on a screen in a darkened theater.】

105since [sins ]conj.因为,从...至今

【Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation,crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.】

105emotions （emotion[i5mEuFEn ]）n.情绪35emotional [i5mEuFEnl ]adj.情绪的

【In psychodynamic theory,the purging of strong emotions or the relieving of tensions.】105communities （community[kE5mju:niti ]）n.人群，很多个体的集合体，社区

【Each SMSA would contain at least one central city with 50,000inhabitants or more or two cities having shared boundaries and constituting,for general economic and social purposes,a single community with a combined population of at least 50,000,the smaller of which must have a population of at least 15,000.】

104organisms （organism[5C:^EnizEm ]）n.生物

5microorganisms （microorganism[maIkrEJ5C:^EnIz(E)m ]）n.微生物

organisms that compose the ecosystem.】

102process [prE5ses ]n.过程v.加工;处理,办理

【In fact,damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.】

101individual [7indi5vidjuEl ]n.人,个体adj.个别的4individualism [IndI5vIdjJElIz(E)m ]n.利己主义

【Because each individual is short-lived,the population of an opportunist species is likely to be adversely affected by drought,bad winters,or floods.】

101effect [i5fekt ]n.结果v.造成34effective [i5fektiv ]adj.有效的4effectiveness [i5fektivnis ]n.效力

【But for the black-tailed deer,human pressure has had just the opposite effect.】101culture [5kQltFE ]n.文化,耕种v.耕种

35cultural [5kQltFEr(E)l ]adj.有修养的;有文化的

【The arch was used was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains,but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures.】

99occur [E5kE:]v.发生,出现

8occurrences （occurrence[E5kQrEns ]）n.发生,事件【They occur at the end of a succession.】

99include [in5 klu:d ]v.包括;包含4inclusion [in5klu:VEn ]n.内含;内含物

【Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise,although these can be overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas.】

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98provide [prE5vaid ]v.提供

【The land under wind turbines can be used for grazing cattle and other purposes,and leasing land for wind turbines can provide extra income for farmers and ranchers.】98indicate [5indikeit ]v.指出

11indications indications(

(indication[7indi5keiFEn ])n.指出;迹象【To indicate that trance states were often associated with activities that took place inside caves 】

96sediment [5sedimEnt ]n.沉淀物,沉积10sedimentary [sedI5mentErI ]adj.沉积的7sedimentation

[sed sed··i ·men men··ta ta··tion ||?sed sed??men'te men'te??????n

n ]n.沉淀作用;沉降【Petroleum,consisting of crude oil and natural gas,seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment.】

96pressure [`preFE(r)]n.压v.对...施加压力;迫使

【Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures,which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.】

96particular [pE5tikjulE ]adj.特别的,独有的

【There is increasing evidence that the impacts of meteorites have had important effects on Earth,particularly in the field of biological evolution.】

95influence [5influEns ]v.影响n.影响5influential [7influ5enFEl ]adj.有影响的

【Impacts by meteorites represent one mechanism that could cause global catastrophes and seriously influence the evolution of life all over the planet.】【To contrast the relative sophistication of modern artists in solving problems related to

the laws of physics 】

94impact [5impAkt ]v.影响;撞击n.作用,冲击

【If an impact is large enough,it can disturb the environment of the entire Earth and cause an ecological catastrophe.】

93heat [hi:t ]v.把...加热;使激动n.热,高潮,热度

【Increase pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment turn the organic remains into petroleum.】

93objects （object[5CbdVikt ]）v.反对,抗议n.物体;目标3objective [Eb5dVektiv ]adj.客观的,外在的n.目的,实物【They engraved animal figures on the shafts of spears and other objects.】

90types （type[taip ]）n.类型v.作为代表,打字

【They may have used figurines to portray an ideal type or to express a desire for fertility.】

90power [5pauE ]n.势力;权力v.使...有力量,激励4hydropower [5haidrEupauE ]n.水力发出的电力

【In the future,wind power is likely to become a major source of the world’s energy supply.】

90major [5meidVE ]adj.主要的,大部份的n.主修12majority [mE5dVCriti ]n.多数,大多数

【The technology is in place for a major expansion of wind power worldwide.】90gas [^As ]n.气体

4gasoline [5^AsEli:n ]n.汽油

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【These periods are times when wind turbines are powered by hydrogen gas.】88cave [keiv ]n.洞穴v.挖洞5caverns （cavern[5kAvEn ]）n.巨穴

【Scholars have wondered about the meaning of the subjects,location,and overpainting of Lascaux cave images.】

87techniques （technique[tek5ni:k ]）n.技巧;技法【Artists developed special techniques for painting the walls.】

87structure [5strQktFE ]n.结构,构造v.建筑,组织15structural [5strQktFErEl ]adj.结构的,建筑的

【The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly,and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.】87rapid [5rApid ]adj.迅速的,急促的n.急流

【A very dehydrated person,on the other hand,cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session,because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication.】

86ocean [5EuFEn ]n.海洋

8oceanic [7EuFi5Anik ]adj.海洋的

3oceanographers （oceanographer[9EJFIE`nC^rEfE(r)]）n.海洋学者

【It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean.】

86ancient [5einFEnt ]adj.远古的,年老的

【To explain how ancient builders reduced the amount of time necessary to construct buildings from stone.】

12containers （container[kEn5teinE ]）n.容器;集装箱

【The situation is most critical in Texas,where the climate is driest,the greatest amount of water is being pumped,and the aquifer contains the least water.】

84glaciers （glacier[5^lAsjE ]）n.冰河

30glacial [5^leisjEl ]adj.冰的;冰河的6glaciation n.冰蚀

3interglacial n.两个冰河世纪之间的温暖时间段

【Sediments that hold water were spread by glaciers and are still spread by rivers and streams.】

82theater [5WIEtE(r)]n.剧场;电影院

【They produced and prerecorded the material that was shown in the theaters.】81conditions （condition[kEn5diFEn ]）n.情况;环境

【In some regions,the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions.】

81behavior [bi5heivjE ]n.行为,举止6behavioral [bI5heIvjEr(E)l ]adj.行为的

【When one animal attacks another,it engages in the most obvious example of aggressive behavior.】

80variety [vE5raiEti ]n.变化,多样性68various [5vZEriEs ]adj.各种的50vary [5vZEri ]v.改变,变更;变化

4variables （variable[5vZEriEbl ]）n.变数,可变物4invariably [In5veErIEb(E)lI ]adv.不变地,一定地

【Facial expressions and emotional states interact with each other through a variety of feedback mechanisms.】

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80nest [nest ]n.巢v.造巢

【Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water.】80characteristics （characteristic[7kAriktE5ristik ]）n.特性,特色adj.特有的30characterized （characterize[5kArIktEraIz ]）v.赋予特色

【The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form.】

79government [5^QvEnmEnt ]n.政府4governing （govern[5^QvEn ]）v.统治;决定

【In contrast to the Democrats,the Whigs favored government aid for education.】79energy [5enEdVi ]n.精力;精神

5energetic [7enE5dVetik ]adj.精力充沛的

【Growth,reproduction,and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy.】

78involve [in5vClv ]v.包括

5involvement [in5vClvmEnt ]n.包含

【Spillage from huge oil-carrying cargo ships,called tankers,involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989)can create oil slicks at sea.】78essential [i5senFEl ]adj.重要的,本质的14essentially [I5senFElI ]adv.实质上;本来

【Another opinion is that the paintings were directly related to hunting and were an essential part of a special preparation ceremony.】

77movement [5mu:vmEnt ]n.运动;运转

【A united,highly successful labor movement took shape.】

77evidence [5evidEns ]v.证明n.证据,迹象

【Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives.】

77european [7juErE5pi(:)En ]adj.欧洲的n.欧洲人

【Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore,a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands.】

76national [5nAFEnEl ]n.国民adj.国家的

【Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden,such as national parks or other public lands.】

76location [lEu5keiFEn ]n.位置

43located （locate[lEu5keit ]）v.找出,位于【Limiting drilling to accessible locations 】

76aggressive [E5^resiv ]adj.侵犯的,有进取精神的40aggression [E5^reFEn ]n.进攻;侵略4aggressiveness n.侵犯;进取

【When they are caused to frown,they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.】75upper [5QpE ]adj.上面的,上级的

【Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff upper lip”as a recommendation for handling stress.】

75atmosphere [5AtmEsfiE ]n.大气,气氛13atmospheric [7AtmEs5ferik ]adj.大气的

【The explosion lifted about 100trillion tons of dust into the atmosphere,as can be determined by measuring the thickness of the sediment layer formed when this dust settled to the surface.】

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74iron [5aiEn ]n.铁;熨斗adj.铁的

【Scientific analysis reveals that the colors were derived from ocher and other iron oxides ground into a fine powder.】

74facial [5feiFEl ]adj.脸的,脸部的

【A person's facial expression may reflect the person's emotional state.】

72clay [klei ]n.粘土

【The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces,sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration.】

71urban [5E:bEn ]adj.都市的4urbanization n.都市化

【Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas,respectively.】

71painting （paint[peint ]）n.画,绘画29painters （painter[5peintE ]）n.漆工29painted （paint[peint ]）v.油漆;画3overpainting n.(油画)复盖色，复绘

【In Southwest France in the 1940’s,playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto,a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals.】71economic [7i:kE5nCmik ]adj.经济上的;合算的62economy [i(:)5kCnEmi ]n.经济

11economically [i:kE5nRmIkElI ]adv.节俭地6economical [7i:kE5nCmikEl ]adj.节俭的

【To indicate that not all economic activity in the High Plains is dependent on irrigation 】

70popular [5pCpjulE ]adj.受欢迎的,流行的

【Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular,it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into being.】

68technology [tek5nClEdVi ]n.技术,工艺

24technological [7teknE5lCdVikEl ]adj.技术的,工艺的

【The development of projection technology made it possible to project images on a large screen.】

68layer [5leiE ]n.层;地层v.分层堆积

【The Earth's crust is thought to be divided into huge,movable segments,called plates,which float on a soft plastic layer of rock.】

68insects （insect[5insekt ]）n.昆虫

【Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for insects,flowers,or fruit,but small mammals are surpassed,in the competition for food,by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs.】68ability [E5biliti ]n.能力;才能

【Ekman argued that the ability to accurately recognize the emotional content of facial expressions was valuable for human beings.】

67generally [5dVenErEli ]adv.通常,普遍地,逐渐地;一般来说【Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra.】

67applied （apply[E5plai ]）vi.使用；适用于vt.使用12application [7Apli5keiFEn ]n.申请(表,书)

【To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations 】

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35transport [trAns5pC:t ]v.传送,运输【Transportation networks began to decline.】

66methods （method[5meWEd ]）n.方法；秩序

【The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time.】66manufacturing （manufacture[7mAnju5fAktFE ]）vt./n.(大量)制造3manufacturers （manufacturer[7mAnju5fAktFErE ]）n.制造商

【After 1815this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers.】66contributed （contribute[kEn5tribju:t ]）v.有助于12contributions （contribution[7kCntri5bju:FEn ]）n.贡献【Even living things contribute to the formation of landscapes.】

63quality [5kwCliti ]n.品质,特质

【They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.】63marine [mE5ri:n ]adj.海的;航海的;海产的6submarine [5sQbmEri:n ]n.海底生物

【Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud.】63mammals （mammal[5mAmEl ]）n.哺乳动物

【The canopy ,the upper level of the trees in the rain forest,holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size,which may include monkeys,cats,civets,and porcupines.】

61established （establish[is5tAbliF ]）v.建立,制定10establishment [is5tAbliFmEnt ]n.确立;设施

【Once an oak tree becomes established,it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought 60extinction [iks5tiNkFEn ]n.消失35extinct [iks5tiNkt ]adj.灭绝的

【This break in Earth's history is marked by a mass extinction,when as many as half the species on the planet became extinct.】

60complex [5kCmpleks ]adj.复杂的,合成的n.复合物,综合体9complexity [kEm5pleksiti ]n.复杂;复杂性

【Besides cave paintings,Upper Paleolithic people produced several other kinds of artwork,one of which has been thought to provide evidence of complex thought 。】60climate [5klaimit ]n.气候

17climatic [klai5mAtik ]adj.气候上的

【A fundamental difference between Whigs and Democrats involved the importance of the market in society.】

59relatively [5relEtIvlI ]adv.相当地;比较而言14relative [5relEtiv ]adj.相对的，有关系的

【To suggest that wind turbines result in relatively few bird deaths 】

59Jupiter [5dVu:pitE ]n.木星

【The world anxiously watched as,every few hours,a hurtling chunk of comet plunged into the atmosphere of Jupiter.】

58native [5neitiv ]adj.本国的；本地的；与生俱来的

【Many tribal hunters,including some Native Americans,camouflaged themselves by wearing animal heads and hides.】

58erosion [i5rEuVEn ]n.冲蚀,侵蚀32erode [i5rEud ]v.腐蚀；侵蚀

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erosion and the creation of gaps in the forest canopy.】58contrast [5kCntrAst ]n.对比;差异;对照,相反v.使对比,使对照

【To contrast them to desert mammals.】

58construction [kEn5strQkFEn ]n.建造，建造物21constructed （construct[kEn5strQkt ]）vt.建造8reconstruct [5ri:kEn5strQkt ]vt.重建6reconstruction [5ri:kEn5strQkFEn ]n.重建4constructive [kEn5strQktiv ] a.建设性的

【It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight.】

58architecture [5B:kitektFE ]n.建筑学

31architectural [7B:ki5tektFErEl ] a.建筑学的17architects （architect[5B:kitekt ]）n.建筑师

【To be architecture,a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements.】

57supply [sE5plaI ]vt.供给

【To help society members better understand the forces controlling their food supply 】57colonial [kE5lEJnjEl ] a.殖民地的39colonies （colony[5kDlEnI ]）n.殖民地

3colonized （colonize[5kDlEnaIz ]）vt.建立殖民地

3colonization [7kDlEnaI5zeIFEn ]n.殖民；殖民地化

【During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,almost nothing was written about the contributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly formed United States.】【In the tropics,the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out,they have less frost,and they have deeper soils.】

56meteorites （meteorite[5mi:tjEraIt ]）n.陨石

【Twice in the twentieth century,large meteorite objects are known to have collided with Earth.】

56factors （factor[5fAktE ]）n.因素

【Various environmental factors may play a role.】

56desert [dI5z\:t ]n.沙漠25desertification n.沙漠化

【Many factors have contributed to the great increase in desertification in recent decades.】

56appear [E5pIE ]vi.出现

32appearance [E5pIErEns ]n.出现17disappear [7dIsE5pIE ]vi.消失

【Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved in aggression.】56amount [E5maJnt ]n.数(量)vi.(to)合计

【There are adaptations that increase the amount of forward thrust as well as those that reduce drag.】

55summary [5sQmErI ]n.总结adj.摘要的3summarize [5sQmEraIz ]v.作总结,作概括【Calculating a numerical summary of each solution 】

55stored （store[stC:]）vt.贮藏n.商店7storefront n.店面

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55political [pE5lItIkEl ] a.政治的

16politicians （politician[pDlI5tIFEn ]）n.政治家

【The Democratic and Whig Parties developed in response to the needs of competing economic and political constituencies.】

55plates （plate[pleIt ]）n.盘子；平板3plateau [5plAtEJ ]n.高原

【By contrast,in the United States an estimated 97million birds are killed each year when they collide with buildings made of plate glass,57million are killed on highways each year;at least 3.8million die annually from pollution and poisoning;and millions of birds are electrocuted each year by transmission and distribution lines carrying power produced by nuclear and coal power plants.】

无老师的Blog ：35ab9d00312b3169a451a4d8 留学英语最前线55goods [^Jdz ]n.货物，商品

【This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.】

55exposed （expose[Iks5pEJz ]）vt.暴露

10exposition [7ekspE5zIFEn ]n.讲解；展览会3exposure [Iks5pEJVE ]n.暴露

【The exposed rocks are attacked by the various weather processes and gradually broken down into fragments,which are then carried away and later deposited as sediments.】55elements （element[5elImEnt ]）n.元素；组成成分

【It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides,where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch.】55complete [kEm5pli:t ]v.使齐全；完成adj.完整的32completely [kEm5pli:tlI ]adv.完整地;彻底地4complement [5kDmplImEnt ]n.补足物

【Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included,for the first time in an archaeocyte,a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes.】

55based （base[beIs ]）n.基vt.(on)建在…的基础上

【Unlike building materials,the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.】

55advantage [Ed5vB:ntIdV ]n.优势；好处9disadvantage [7dIsEd5vB:ntIdV ]n.不利(条件)4advantageous [7AdvEn5teIdVEs ] a.有利的

【Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places.】54rarely [5reElI ]ad.很少

【They contain remote areas where the winds rarely die down.】

54rate [reIt ]n.比率，率vt.评估vi.被评价

【Given the aquifer’s low recharge rate,its use for irrigation is causing water tables to drop and will eventually lead to its depletion.】

54protected （protect[prE5tekt ]）v.保护16protection [prE5tekFEn ]n.保护,保卫

【Excessive numbers of cattle and the need for firewood for fuel have reduced grasses and trees,leaving the land unprotected and vulnerable.】无老师的Blog ：35ab9d00312b3169a451a4d8 留学英语最前线54pheromones （pheromone ）n.外激素【The information contained in pheromones 】

54features （feature[5fi:tFE ]）n.特征,特色

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most important thing that mammals--whether marsupials,platypuses,spiny anteaters,or placental mammals --have in common.】

54expressions （expression[Iks5preFEn ]）n.表达,措辞52expressed （express[Iks5pres ]）n.快递v.表达;表示8expressive [Iks5presIv ]adj.表达的

【the differences between the written and oral modes of expression are not without consequences for an understanding of Native American literature.】无老师的Blog ：35ab9d00312b3169a451a4d8 留学英语最前线

54defined （define[dI5faIn ]）v.给（词语等）下定义；阐明（某事）17definition [7defI5nIFEn ]n.定义

【The theater,then,is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.】

53local [5lEJkEl ]n.当地居民,本地人adj.当地的;地方的7localized （localize[5lEJkElaIz ]）v.使局部化;使具地方色彩4locally [5lEJkElI ]adv.当地的;地方的

【National,regional,and local women’s organizations compiled accounts of their doings.】

53mark [mB:k ]v.做记号于;标明n.痕迹;污点;记号4markedly [mB:ktlI ]adv.显著地;明显地

【The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style,characterized by sinuous Lines,floral and vegetable motifs,and soft evanescent coloration.】

53ecosystems （ecosystem[i:kE5sIstEm ]）n.生态系统

【Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity,the number of species in a particular ecosystem,to the health of the Earth and human well-being.】

53crafts （craft[krB:ft ]）n.技艺,手艺10craftspeople n.艺术家

6handcrafted adj.手工制作的

3craftsmanship [5krɑ:ftsm :ftsm?

?n ]n.技能;技术【The earliest American folk art portraits come,not surprisingly,form New England-especially Connecticut and Massachusetts-for this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition.】

52experience [Iks5pIErIEns ]n.经验,经历v.经历;感受

【Even the most mundane beads may have traveled great distances and been exposed to many human experiences.】

51reflect [rI5flekt ]v.反射;反映

7reflection [rI5flekFEn ]n.反射;倒影

【Their products,primarily silver plates and bowls,reflected their exalted status and testified to their customers'prominence.】

无老师的Blog ：35ab9d00312b3169a451a4d8 留学英语最前线51origins （origin[5DrIdVIn ]）n.起源;起因

40original [E5rIdVEnEl ]n.原物,原作adj.最初的,独创的【They are of more recent origin than the Laetoli prints.】51literature [5lItErItFE ]n.文学;著作

【Archaeological literature is rich in descriptions of pot making.】

51instruments （instrument[5InstrJmEnt ]）n.乐器;器具7instrumental [7InstrJ5mentl ]adj.仪器的

【For a century and a half the piano has been one of the most popular solo instruments for Western music.】

51identified （identify[aI5dentIfaI ]）v.确认；识别

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【To identify a historically significant mountain range in the West 】

50substances （substance[5sQbstEns ]）n.物质,主旨

【Certain fungi and even some kinds of bacteria secrete substances known as antibiotics into their external environment.】

50role [rEJl ]n.角色;作用,任务play a XX role 起到了一个XX 样的作用【But times are changing;a new generation of foresters seems better prepared to Include in their management plans consideration of the vital ecological role alders,play.】无老师的Blog ：35ab9d00312b3169a451a4d8 留学英语最前线

55range [reIndV ]n.山脉,范围,行列v.排列,使并列,7ranged 6ranging

【Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore,a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands.】

50quantities （quantity[5kwDntItI ]）n.量,总数

【Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas,and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys,carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock debris.】

50primarily [5praImErIlI ]adv.首先;首要地;起初25primary [5praImErI ]n.首选adj.主要的,根本的

【In seeking to describe the origins of theater,one must rely primarily on speculation,since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw.】

50considered （consider[kEn5sIdE ]）v.考虑;认为23considerable [kEn5sIdErEbl ]adj.可观的，相当的4considerably [kEn5sIdErEbElI ]adv.相当地

【For example,some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them,nevertheless,they retained as parts of their oral artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.】

50aspect [5Aspekt ]n.方向，外观

【We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction,as well as its recovery.】

50approach [E5prEJtF ]n.方法,接近v .靠近;接近

【Approaching crafts from the point of view of function,we can divide them into simple categories:containers,shelters and supports.】

49pacific [pE5sIfIk ]adj.和解的;温和的Pacific n.太平洋adj.太平洋的

【The Native American peoples of the north Pacific Coast created a highly complex maritime culture as they invented modes of production unique to their special environment.】

49grasses （grass[^rB:s ]）n.草,草原v.使吃草,放牧

4grasshoppers （grasshopper[5^DB:shDpE(D)]）n.蚱蜢;轻型飞机3grassland [5^rB:slAnd ]n.牧草地;草原

【In the eastern parts of the United States,the preferred grass for forage was a cultivated plant.】

49carbon [5kB:bEn ]n.碳

8carbohydrates （carbohydrate[5kB:bEJ5haIdreIt ]）n.碳水化合物,醣6carbonate [5kB:bEneIt ]n.碳酸盐v.使变成碳酸盐3carboniferous adj.含碳或煤的

3carbonic [kB:5bDnIk ]adj.碳的;由碳得到的

【Many of the more important air pollutants,such as sulfur oxides,carbon monoxide,and nitrogen oxides,are found in nature.As the Earth developed,the concentrations of these pollutants were altered by various chemical reactions;they became components in

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48whigs n.辉格党（是英国历史上的一个政党）

【The Democratic and Whig Parties developed in response to the needs of competing economic and political constituencies.】

48predators （predator[5predEtE ]）n.掠夺者,食肉动物4predatory [5predEtErI ]adj.掠夺的,捕食生物的4predation n.动物的捕食行为

【First,the major predators of deer---wolves,cougar,and lynx--have been greatly reduced in numbers.】

48particles （particle[5pB:tIkl ]）n.粒子,极小量

【The mineral particles found in soil range in size from microscopic clay particles to large boulders.】

48forces （force[fC:s ]）n.力量,势力,武力v.强迫,推动40force 16forced

【Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power,women were not considered an important force in history.】

48advanced （advance[Ed5vB:ns ]）n.前进;增长;v.使向前移动;推进,adj.先行的

3advancement [Ed5vB:nsmEnt ]n.前进;促进;进展

【Some 800years ago,Alaska ’s Hubbard Glacier advanced toward the sea,retreated,and advanced again 500years later.】

47squares （square[skweE ]）n.广场;方形物

【Steam was accumulated in a large,double-acting vertical cylinder,but the steam reached only a few pounds of pressure per square inch.】

47rise [raIz ]n.上升,上涨,增加v.上升;上涨

【Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body,which would involve the expenditure of water and energy,desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height,and temperatures as high as 46degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles.】

47gradually [5^rAdjJElI ]adv.慢慢地；渐渐地

【Then as industrialization became increasingly complicated,the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way to a technology based on the systematic application of scientific knowledge and scientific methods.】47frequently [5fri:kwEntlI ]adv.频繁地,屡次地11frequent [5fri:kwEnt ]adj.时常发生的

【Some humans hunt more frequently than gray wolves.】

47diversity [daI5v\:sItI ]n.差异;多样性17diverse [daI5v\:s ]adj.不同的;变化多的5diversions （diversion[daI5v\:FEn ]）n.转移

【But on reflection it becomes clear that the more critically useful as well as the more frequently employed sense of the term concerns the artfulness of the verbal creation,not its mode of presentation.】

47democrats （democrat[5demEkrAt ]）n.民主主义者9democratic [7demE5krAtIk ]adj.民主的

【In contrast to the Democrats,the Whigs favored government aid for education.】无老师的Blog ：35ab9d00312b3169a451a4d8 留学英语最前线46style [staIl ]n.风格,作风v.称呼;设计5stylized （stylize ）v.使风格化3stylistic adj.格式上的

【The glass objects of this style were elegant in outline,although often deliberately

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46significant [sI^5nIfIkEnt ]adj.重要的

17significance [sI^5nIfIkEns ]n.重要性;意义

15significantly [sI^5nIfIkEntlI ]adv.意味深长地;值得注目地【The design of an object is considered more significant than its function.】

46projects （project[5prDdVekt ]）n.计划v.计划,投掷,突出31projection [prE5dVekFEn ]n.发射,突出部分,计划11projector [prE5dVektE ]n.放映机

【The development of projection technology made it possible to project images on a large screen.】

46preserved （preserve[prI5z\:v ]）v.保存,保藏17preservation [7prezE(:)5veIFEn ]n.保存,保护

【Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because,as marine animals,they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion.】

46grain [^reIn ]n.小颗粒；谷物v.使成粒状

【In agriculture,the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators,the cotton presses,the warehouses,and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them.】45whale [weIl ]n.鲸

【Beluga whale mothers,for example,nurse their calves for some twenty months,until they are about to give birth again and their young are able to find their own food.】45thus [TQs ]adv.如此,因此

【Inevitably,the practical functions that shelters arc designed to fulfill play a strong role in determining their appearance and thus,in part,their artistic character.】

45shape [FeIp ]n.外形,形态v.使成形;塑造37shapes

【Florida gars are sometimes confused with a similarly shaped but unrelated needlefish,which are marine but commonly enter freshwater.】无老师的Blog ：35ab9d00312b3169a451a4d8 留学英语最前线45relationship [rI5leIFEnFIp ]n.关系,关联16relationships

【Scientists have discovered that for the last 160,000years,at least,there has been a consistent relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and the average temperature of the planet.】

45lack [lAk ]n.欠缺;不足v.缺乏,不足12lacked 6lacks

【The biggest initial surprise was the almost total lack of detail,especially from far away.】

45galaxies （galaxy[5^AlEksI ]）n.星系；银河

【Astronomers have measured the abundance of helium throughout our galaxy and in other galaxies as well.】

45draw [drC:]n.平局；吸引人的事物v.取,画

【This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures,perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings.】

45discovered （discover[dIs5kQvE ]）v.发现;找到

【The best-known specimens are the remarkable tracks discovered at Lactoli,Tanzania,by Mary Leaky.】

45decades （decade[5dekeId ]）n.十年

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only in the past two decades.】

44labor [5leIbE ]n.劳工;劳动

3laborious [lE5bC:rIEs ]adj.费力的,吃力的3laborer [5leIbErE ]n.劳动者

【The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production:a wealth of iron ore near the surface,limestone for removing impurities from the iron,hardwood forests to supply the charcoal used for fuel,rushing water to power the bellows that pumped blasts of air into the furnace fires,and workers to supply the labor.】44function [5fQNkFEn ]n.功能v.活动;运行20functional [5fQNkFEnl ]adj.功能的；实用的4functionalism n.功能主义

【Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspectives on the function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself.】

44craters （crater[5kreItE ]）n.火山口

【Close observation of craters,combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight,led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer,or regolith,that overlies the solid rock of the Moon.】

43sculpture [5skQlptFE ]n.雕刻,雕刻品v.雕刻5sculptural [`skQlptFErEl ]adj.雕刻的;雕刻般的6sculptures

【Sculptures must,for example,be stable,which requires an understanding of the properties of mass,weight distribution,and stress.】

43rural [5rJEr(E)l ]adj.乡下的,乡村风味的

【Local studies indicate that nearly three -quarters of the population -in the North and South,in the emerging cities of the Northeast,and in the restless rural counties of the 43replaced （replace[rI(:)5pleIs ]）v.取代15replace

【To maintain the cave system,the elements of fire under ice must remain in equilibrium enough snow must fill the crater each year to replace that melted from below.】43held （hold[hEJld ]）v.认为；握着36hold

【And virtually all policy makers,whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not,recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy.】

43dioxide [daI5DksaId ]n.二氧化物

【We assume that volcanoes spewed out the same gasses then as they do today:mostly water vapor (about g0percent),carbon dioxide (about ten percent),and up to a few 10percent nitrogen.】

无老师的Blog ：35ab9d00312b3169a451a4d8 留学英语最前线43cetaceans （cetacean[sI5teIFjEn ]）n.鲸

【Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans.】

42organic [C:5^AnIk ]adj.器官的,组织的8organs （organ[5C:^En ]）n.器官

3organically [C:5^AnIklI ]adv.有机耕作地

【Petroleum,consisting of crude oil and natural gas,seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment.】

42remove [rI5mu:v ]v .去掉；移动6removing

4removal [rI5mu:vEl ]n.移动;搬迁

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and incubate them under laboratory conditions.】

42entire [In5taIE ]adj.全体的,全部的

【This new design concept,coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventions of the preceding decades,created an entirely new public taste which caused Art Nouveau types of glass to fall out of favor.】

42depended （depend[dI5pend ]）v.依靠；相信

11dependent [dI5pendEnt ]n.依赖他人者adj.依赖的,从属的3interdependence n.互相依赖

【Depending on how the tool is used,characteristic chippage patterns and microscopically distinguishable polishes develop near the edges.】

42currents （current[5kQrEnt ]）n.气流；倾向；电流adj.当前的;流行的【Still,their fossilization required a suite of factors:a slow rate of decay of soft tissues,little scavenging by other animals,a lack if swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones,and fairly rapid burial.】无老师的Blog ：35ab9d00312b3169a451a4d8 留学英语最前线42adapted （adapt[E5dApt ]）v.使适应；改写

21adaptations （adaptation[7AdAp5teIFEn ]）n.适应;改写本;改编3adaptive [E5dAptIv ]adj.适合的;适应的

3adaptability [EdAptE5bIlItI ]n.顺应性;适合性

【Keen observers and quick learners,they are astute about the intentions of other creatures,including researchers,and adapt at avoiding them.】

41steam [sti:m ]n.蒸气

7steamboats （steamboat[5sti:mbEJt ]）n.汽船,轮船

【In the steam-engine analogy,verbal aggression may vent some of the aggressive steam.】【A folk culture is small,isolated,cohesive,conservative,nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race,with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals.】

无老师的Blog ：35ab9d00312b3169a451a4d8 留学英语最前线41fibers （fiber[5faIbE ]）n.纤维

【Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay,glass,wood,fiber,and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function,which led to their being known as the "applied arts."】41feet [fi:t ]n.脚,英尺

【Today,well over a century later,there is still little direct evidence of what lies beneath our feet.】

41drilling （drill[drIl ]）n.钻,钻头v.钻;钻孔

【Thus drilling into the ice was tantamount to drilling back through time.】

41act [Akt ]n.法案v.扮演;举动像

【A survey is a study,generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire,that provides information concerning how people think and act.】

40wire [5waIE ]n.电线

【Photoflash is now generated electronically,but the earliest form,first used in 1864,was a paper bag containing magnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substance,such as potassium chlorate.】

40remains （remain[rI5meIn ]）v.剩下；保持不变

【After 1785,the production of children's books in the Untied States increased but remained largely reprints of British books,often those published by John Newbery,the first publisher to produce books aimed primarily at diverting a child audience.】

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11relation [rI5leIFEn ]n.关系

【The TVA is a unique institution in that it brings all the water-related functions of the federal government under a single body.】

40impulses （impulse[5ImpQls ]）n.冲动,刺激,脉冲

【Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.)】

40illustrate [5IlEstreIt ]v.举例说明,阐明

6illustrations （illustration[7IlEs5treIFEn ]）n.例证,插图

【Three of the answer choices below are used in the passage to illustrate constructive processes and two are used to illustrate destructive processes.】

40huge [hju:dV ]adj.巨大的

【For example,as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away,huge volumes of water flowed from them.】

40emphasize [5emfEsaIz ]v.强调

12emphasis [5emfEsIs ]n.对...的强调,加强

【Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group.】

39survive [sE5vaIv ]v .活下来,幸存30survival [sE5vaIvEl ]n.留住生命,生存

【In spite of problems with their condition,restoration,and preservation many panel paintings have survived,and today many of them are housed in museum collections.】39settlers （settler[5setlE ]）n.移民者11settle [5setl ]v.决定,安放

24settlement [5setlmEnt ]n.解决;殖民

39paleolithic [7pAlIEJ5lIWIk ]adj.旧石器时代的

【Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period,when the herds of game were decreasing.】

39interest [5IntrIst ]n.利息,嗜好v.使感兴趣

【The Democratic Party primarily represented the interests of the market,banks,and commerce.】

无老师的Blog ：35ab9d00312b3169a451a4d8 留学英语最前线39demonstrate [5demEnstreIt ]v.论证,证明

【This universality in the recognition of emotions was demonstrated by using rather simple methods.】

39artisans （artisan[B:tI5zAn; (?@) B:rtIzn ]）n.工匠;技工

【Unlike modern industrial potters,prehistoric artisans created each of their pieces individually,using the simplest technology but demonstrating remarkable skill in making and adorning their vessels.】

39affected （affect[E5fekt ]）v.影响

【As a consequence,historian David Donald has written,"Social atomization affected every segment of society,"and it seemed to many people that "all the recognized values of orderly civilization were gradually being eroded."】

38skeletons （skeleton[5skelItEn ]）n.骨骼,梗概adj.骨骼的;概略的

【The tiny,delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized.】

38plains （plain[pleIn ]）n.平原,草原adj.简单的

【The other species,the Columbian white-tailed deer,in earlier times was common in the open prairie country,it is now restricted to the low,marshy islands and flood plains

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38oxygen [5DksIdVEn ]n.氧

【The organic matter may partially decompose,using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment.】

38interior [In5tIErIE ]n.内部,内政adj.内的,内侧的

【Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body;a supporting skeleton or frame,an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces,equipment,similar to the body’s vital organs and systems.】38engines （engine[5endVIn ]）n.引擎18engineering n.工程

【To provide evidence that airplane engine have studied the design of fish bodies 】38electricity [Ilek5trIsItI ]n.电,电学,电流

15electrical [I5lektrIk(E)l ]adj.与电有关的,；用电的13electric [I5lektrIk ]adj.导电的,电动的

【In 1994there were nearly 20,000wind turbines worldwide,most grouped in clusters called wind farms that collectively produced 3,000megawatts of electricity.】38deposits （deposit[dI5pDzIt ]）n.存款,堆积物

3deposition [7depE5zIFEn, di:-]n.罢免;宣誓作证

【Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures,which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.】

38crows （crow[krEJ ]）n.乌鸦；欢呼声v.啼,报晓

【On the other hand,when it comes to substantive-particularly behavioral-information,crows are less well known than many comparably common species and,for that matter,not a few quite uncommon ones:the endangered California condor to cite one obvious 38continue [kEn5tInju:]v.继续,延长

15continuous [kEn5tInjJEs ]adj.连续的,连续不断的4continuum [kEn5tInjJEm ]n.连续3continuity [7kDntI5njJ(:)ItI ]n.连续性

【Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century,when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company,deer populations continued to fluctuate.】无老师的Blog ：35ab9d00312b3169a451a4d8 留学英语最前线38cells （cell[sel ]）n.单元,电池

6celled adj,含有某种或若干小细胞的

【Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell,with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower,or with efficient natural-gas-burning turbines.】

38attract [E5trAkt ]v.引起

24attractive [E5trAktIv ]adj.吸引人的6attraction [E5trAkFEn ]n.吸引

【Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.】

37private [5praIvIt ]adj.私人的,私立的

【Early cinema allowed individuals to use special machines to view films privately.】37physical [5fIzIkEl ]adj.身体的,自然的,物质的n.体格检查6physicists （physicist[5fIzIsIst ]）n.物理学者

【Sensitivity to physical laws is thus an important consideration for the maker of applied-art objects.】

37gathering （gather[5^ATE ]）v.使聚集

【Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification

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无老师的Blog ：35ab9d00312b3169a451a4d8 留学英语最前线37dyes （dye[daI ]）n.染料;染色v.染,染色

【Petrochemicals such as dyes,fertilizer,and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.】

37decline [dI5klaIn ]n.下降;衰退v.下降,下跌

【Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war,but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society.】

37consisting （consist[kEn5sIst ]）v.组成,构成15consistent [kEn5sIstEnt ]adj.一致的,并立的

【The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can,and water that cannot,drain away.】

36tunas [5tju:nEz ]n.金枪鱼

【Because they are always swimming,tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills.】

36responses （response[rIs5pDns ]）n.反应,响应

【The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses.】36specific [spI5sIfIk ]n.特性adj.特殊的,明确的3specifically [spI5sIfIkElI ]adv.特别地;具体地

【Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly,and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.】

36promote [prE5mEJt ]v.晋升;促进5promotion [prE5mEJFEn ]n.晋级,增进

【The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who energy.】

36audience [5C:djEns ]n.观众,听众

【They not only hide the real face of the mask wearer but they often evoke powerful emotions in the audience---anger,fear,sadness,joy.】

36acorns （acorn[5eIkC:n ]）n.橡树果

【Although oaks produce thousands of acorns,the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves,trunk,and roots.】

35traditional [trE5dIFEn(E)l ]adj.传统的28tradition [trE5dIFEn ]n.传统,惯例

【If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides,it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense.】

35stability [stE5bIlItI ]n.稳定,稳定性

【In the years following 1820,after several decades of relative stability,the economy entered a period of sustained and extremely rapid growth that continued to the end of the nineteenth century.】

35spot [spDt ]n.斑点,斑块v.点缀,认出

【The pale,smooth desert plain provides a perfect backdrop for spotting meteorites,which are usually dark brown of black.】

35sculptors （sculptor[`skQlptE(r)]）n.雕刻家

【He urged musicians to follow the example of the sculptors,painters,architects,and scholars who had rediscovered ancient art and literature.】35obtained （obtain[Eb5teIn ]）v.得到,获得

【Blues were obtained from indigo,which was widely.】

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35nitrogen [5naItrEdVEn ]n.氮

【The Earth's atmosphere,by comparison,is mainly nitrogen,with a fair amount 5of oxygen as well.】

35melting （melt[melt ]）v.融化;溶化

【The resulting internal heat keeps what would otherwise be ice melted almost to the surface.】

35landscape [5lAndskeIp ]n.风景,地容地貌

【Los Angeles was a decentralized metropolis,sprawling across the desert landscape over an area of 400square miles.】

35evolution [7i:vE5lu:FEn, 7evE-]n.进化,进展

16evolutionary [9i:vE`lU:FEnErI ]adj.发展的;渐进的

【They are an example of a common theme in evolution,the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason-in this case,for flight.】

35eventually [I5ventjJElI ]adv.最后;终于

【The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era,some 70million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur,and they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds.】35distinguished （distinguish[dIs5tIN^wIF ]）v.区别...；辨认出

【Still,the proclivity to play hot distinguished the jazz musician from other instrumentalists.】

35core [kC:]n.争论的核心,果心

【Their composition is thought to he similar to that of Earth's iron core and indeed they might have once made up the core of a large planetoid that disintegrated long ago.】

35composed （compose[kEm5pEJz ]）v.组成,作曲30composition [kDmpE5zIFEn ]n.写作;作品

16composers （composer[kDm5pEJzE ]）n.作曲家,设计者

【They are composed of iron and nickel along with sulfur,carbon,and traces of other elements.】

无老师的Blog ：35ab9d00312b3169a451a4d8 留学英语最前线34volcanic [vDl5kAnIk ]adj.火山的

10volcanoes （volcano[vDl5keInEJ ]）n.火山

【These hominids walked across a stretch of moist volcanic ash,which was subsequently turned to mud by rain,and which then set like concrete.】

34vast [vB:st ]adj.巨大的,非常的

【When heated,the mixture becomes soft and malleable and can be formed by various techniques into a vast array of shapes and sizes.】

34trail [treIl ]n.痕迹;足迹

【When a bloodhound trails a human being,what does it actually smell?The human body,which consists of about 60trillion living cells,sheds exposed skin at a rate of 50million cells a day.】

34renaissance [rE5neIsEns ]n.复活,文艺复兴

【The Harlem Renaissance,a movement of the 1920’s,marked the twentieth century's first period of intense activity by African Americans in the field of literature,art,and music in the United States.】

34religious [rI5lIdVEs ]adj.宗教性的9religion [rI5lIdVEn ]n.宗教;宗教团体

【The eighteenth century had seen a gradual shift away from the spiritual intensity of earlier American religious writings for children,toward a more generalized moralism.】无老师的Blog ：35ab9d00312b3169a451a4d8 留学英语最前线

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