美国文学选读复习

History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠⅡ)

美国文学史及选读1、2

PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学(at the beginning of 17th century) Part Ⅱ The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学(by the mid-18th century)

1． Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence 独立宣言 (1776年 18世纪中后期)（仔细阅读知道意思）

Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography Thomas Paine: The American Crisis*

一、 Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790

Symbol of America in the Age of Enlightenment 殖民地时期作家。独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.

1． 其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power

of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic. 2． 他最好作品收录在《自传》“Autobiography”。

“对这个年青的国家来说，他的损失比其它任何人的都要大“his shadow lies heavier than any other man’s on this young nation.

二、 Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰弗逊（1743-1826）

1． 美国历史上最为广泛影响人物his thought and personality have influenced his countryman more deeply and remained more effectively

alive.同富兰克林一样具人道主义精神vigorous humanitarian sympathies.启蒙运动的产物a product of the Enlightenment.

2． 1776年同约翰·亚当斯、本杰明·富兰克林、罗杰·谢尔曼、罗伯特·R·利文斯顿一起起草《独立宣言》with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin,

Roger Sherman and Robert R Livingston, he drafted the Declaration of Independence.

3． 1790-1793任华盛顿内阁中第一任国务卿，as the first American secretary of state. 1800起担任两届美国总统。 4． 教材作品：《独立宣言》(1776年7月4日)：“The Declaration of Independence”。

三、 Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因（1737-1809）*

1． 1776-1783《美国危机》“American Crisis” signed “Common Sense” was a series of sixteen pamphlets. 2． 战争结束后perfecting the model of an iron bridge without piers。 (1791-1792)《人权》“Rights of Man”。

3． 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason”1794-1795, 他最后一部作品1797《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice”. 4． 教材作品：《美国危机》：“The American Crisis”.

四、 Philip Freneau 菲利浦·弗瑞诺（1752-1832）*

1． 革命战争后期最杰出作家perhaps the most outstanding writer of the Post-Revolutionary period “美国革命诗人”（the poet of the

Revolution）;“美国诗歌之父”（Father of American Poetry）.

2． 1770年第1部作品《想象的力量》（The Power of Fancy）.1775年因出版有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可as a satirist of the British. 3． 1776年出版《夜屋》（The House of Night）哥特式小说the Gothic mood. 4． 1781写下名诗《英国囚船》(The British Prison Ship) 5． 教材作品：《野忍冬花》： “The Wild Honey Suckle” 《印第安人的坟地》： “The Indian Burying Ground” 《致凯提·迪德》： “To a Caty-Did”

Part Ⅲ The Literature of Romanticism浪漫主义文学(1810-1860) 1.

浪漫主义共同点romantics shared certain general characteristics:他们都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观及直觉感觉，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.

3． 超验主义（1830s—the Civil War）：(1830-1850) 既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚

的个人表达，他们相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分

Transcendentalism: (1830-1850) Defined as the recognition in man of the capacity of acquiring knowledge transcending the reach of the five senses, or of knowing truth intuitively, or of reaching the divine without the need of an intercessor. It had some basic principles that were generally shared by its adherents. They believed that God is immanent in each person and in nature and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance and rejection of traditional authority.

1. Stress the power of intuition, believing that people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the five senses and from the inner world by intuition.

2. Place spirit (oversoul) first and matter second 3. Take nature as symbolic of spirit or God. Nature could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human mind. People should come close to nature for instructions

4. Stress the importance of the individual (the ideal kind of individual is self-reliant and unselfish (individuality). 5. Exalt feeling (subjectivity, imagination, heart thinking) over reason (rationalism, head thinking), individual expression over the

restraints of law and custom.

代表：Ralph Waldo Emerson：Nature, Self-reliance；Henry David Thoreau：Walden

As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. They believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”, an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.

4． Dark Romanticism 19 century America (often conflated with Gothicism or called American Romanticism) is a literary subgenre centered

on writers Edgar Allan Poe: The Raven(death, beauty), Nathaniel Hawthorne: The scarlet letter and Herman Melville: Moby Dick(dark, glooming, mysterious). As opposed to the perfectionist beliefs of Transcendentalism, the Dark Romantics emphasized human fallibility and proneness to sin and self-destruction, as well as the difficulties inherent in attempts at social reform. The Dark Romantics adapted images of anthropomorphized evil in the form of Satan, devils, ghosts, werewolves, vampires, and ghouls, as more telling guides to man's inherent nature.

5． American Renaissance (1836-1855): American Romanticism culminated达到顶峰 around the 1840s in what has come to be known as

“New England Transcendentalism” or “American Renaissance” 6． The differences of American Romanticism and British Romanticism.

The UK is one of the earliest countries of romantic literature. The British romanticism writers discontented in the development of the capitalist urban civilization, and they tended to be cynical and have the tendency of going back to nature and live in seclusion. In mid-to-late 18th century poet Robert burns (1759-1796) and William Blake (1757-1827) was a pioneer of the romantic literature. And the American romantic literature is influenced by western European romantic literature. In the early 19th century, (1810-1840) the American capitalism developed rapidly, which caused strong national consciousness and patriotic enthusiasm of Americans. They wanted to get rid of the bondage of British literature and American romanticism attaches great importance to the spirit of creation and the pursuit of free transcendentalism.

Although greatly influenced by their English counterparts， the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e，

1.The American national experience of \ They celebrated America's landscape with its virgin forests， meadows， groves， endless prairies， streams， and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw.

2.The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales， in Thoreau's Walden and， later， in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 3.With the growth of American national consciousness， American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency.

4.Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. 5.Besides， a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne， Melville and a host of lesser writers.

一、 Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859 1. 2.

他是美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，大众化风格was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism familiar style. 1819-1820他第一部《见闻札记》是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说，也是美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物，他把历史与传说当作娱乐形式来写，把大众化的散文引入美国his “Sketch Book” appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature to write good history and biography as literary entertainment. He introduced the familiar essay to America 3.

1809年以迪德里奇·尼克博克的名字出版《纽约外史》，轻松欢快的滑稽戏形式讲出了早期荷兰殖民者在美洲殖民时的真实历史成为了幽默作品中的经典“A History of New York” by Diedrich Knickerbocker a rollicking burlesque of a current serious history of the early Dutch settlers, has become a classic of humor.

14．教材作品：《作者自叙》：“The Author’s Account of Himself”; 《睡谷传奇》：“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.

二、 Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·阿伦·坡1809-1849 1. 2. 3. 4.

1833年，在一次小说比赛中他的《金瓶子城的方德先生》获奖he won a contest with his story “Ms. Found in a Bottle” . 发表了《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher”.

1840 年，第一部短篇小说集《述异集》his first collection of short stories “Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”. 教材作品：《给海伦》：“To Helen”

《乌鸦》：“ The Raven” 《安娜贝尔·李》“ Annabel Lee”

《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher”

三、 Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882

1． 他是把超验主义思想引入新英格兰的先驱，被看作是超验主义运动的领袖he was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New

England and was recognized throughout his life as the leader of the movement 爱默生首先强调的是个人主义、思想独立和自强 he believed above all in individualism, independence of mind and self-reliance他崇尚英勇，并不忌讳变化和有冲突的思想he admired courage, he was not afraid of changing or clashing ideas. 2． The Style of Emerson’s Essays

Emerson’s essays often have a casual style, for most of them were derived from his journals or lectures. They are usually characterized by a series of short, declarative sentences, which are not quite logically connected but will flower out into illustrative statements of truth and thoughts. Emerson’s philosophical discussion is sometimes difficult to understand but he uses comparisons and metaphors to make the general idea of his work clearly expressed.Well-read in the classics of Western European literature,Emerson often employed these literary sources to make and enrich his own points but never let them take the full reins of his discussion. In general, Emerson was showing to the world a distinctive American style.

3． 1836 年出版了第一本书《论自然》“Nature”, 1847年他的《诗集》问世. Many of his lectures were later distilled into his famous “Essays”.

Among his most important works are “Representative Men” and “English Traits” .His “Poems” appeared in 1847.

4． 人们认为他的诗作缺乏诗的形式，用语也太粗糙，但最后他的诗歌却受到了高度评价，他那样并不工整的韵律和动人的形象如艺

术品一样，非常适合现代读者的口味in his day, Emerson’s poems were criticized for their lack of form and polish. In recent years, hower, his poetry has received high praise. His harsh rhythms and striking images appeal to many modern readers as artful techniques. 5． 《美国学者》The American Scholar被称为“我们知识分子的独立宣言” “our intellectual Declaration of Independence” 6． 教材作品：《论自然》：“Nature”; 《论自助》：“Self-Reliance”

四、 Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864

1．《霍桑独特的才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质，最好的例证便是波士顿清教徒

引以自娱的《红字》，小说的每一个字，每一幅画面和每一个事件都能够达到了一个特定的效果，它讲述了关于罪的故事，罪对不同人的影响以及有些人获得拯救的故事Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. The finest example is the recreation of Puritan Boston, “The Scarlet Letter”. In this novel each word, image, and event works toward a single effect. It is a complex story of guilt, its effects upon various persons, and how deliverance is obtained for some of them.

1． 在他的短篇小说中，他通过活生生，极有象征意味的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题his ability to create vivid and symbolic

images that embody great moral questions appear strongly in his short stories。霍桑同埃德加·阿伦·坡并称为美国短篇小说现代艺术大师，他们都创作了独一无二的小说形式样Hawthorne shares with Edgar Allan Poe the distinction of advancing the art of the short story, giving to the form qualities that are uniquely American。

2． 他的作品还有：《伊桑·布兰德》、《小伙子布朗》、《海德格博士的体验》、《野心勃勃的客人》、《巨石脸》。“Ethan Brand”; “Young Goodman Brown”; “Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment”; “The Ambitious Guest”; “The Great Stone Face”. 3． 教材作品：《红字》：“The Scarlet Letter”

五、 James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀1789-1851*

1．美国第一位凭着胆识走上文坛的著名小说家the first important American novelist began his literary career on a dare.

2．1821年他第二部小说《间谍》获得极大的成功，是一部引人入胜的探险类故事，事件发生在美国独立战争期间“The Spy” was successful,

it was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War. 5．教材作品：《最后的莫希干人》：“The Last of the Mohicans”最后的莫西干人

六、 William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特1794-1878* 1. 2. 3.

1817年伟大史诗《死之思考》（希腊语），人们一致认为这是当时美国最杰出的一篇诗作the stately poem called ” Thanatopsis” (Greek, meaning “view of death”) introduced the best poet to appear in American up to that time.

《致水鸟》是其巅峰之作，“用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗”，“To a Waterfowl” is perhaps the peak of his work, “Most perfect brief poem in the language”.

当欧文用自己的作品预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌也达到了相当高的水平，他是第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家As Irving had shown that American prose had come of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention. He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet. 4.

七、 Henry David Thoreau亨利·戴维·梭罗1817-1862*

4． 他是爱默生最忠实的信徒，是他把爱默生的许多理论付诸了实践he was Emerson’s truest disciple, who put into practice many of

Emerson’s theories.

5． 1854年，梭罗根据他在沃尔登湖畔居住两年经历写出名作《沃尔登》“Walden”, the superb book came out of his two-year’s residence at

Walden Pond 在这部书中阐释了他去体验这种生活的原因，他认为一个一星期最好工作一天，而剩下的六天时间则用来思索，他也认为人类心灵的自助和独立最为重要，每个人都应该发现自己的生活方式he explained many of the beliefs that led him to try this kind of life. He thought it better for a man to work one day a week and the rest of the week could be devoted to thought. For Thoreau, as for Emerson, self-reliance and independence of mind ranked above all each should find out his own way of living. 6． 教材作品：《沃尔登 我生活的地方；我为何生活》：“Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For”

八、Herman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔1819-1891*

教材作品：《死之思考》：“Thanatopsis”

《致水鸟》：“To a Waterfowl”

1. 《白鲸》主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事，这本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰，这种写法强烈地

吸引了现在社会的读者 “Moby Dick”, a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. The book is steeped in symbolism, another strong appeal to readers of his century. 2. 教材作品：《白鲸》：“Moby Dick”

九、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882*

1．朗费罗去世后被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角，他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人，他的诗歌因高雅宜人，纯正有韵味而大受欢

迎after his death, he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s corner of Westminster Abbey. The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for which his poetry was popular during his lifetime. 2．教材作品：《人生礼赞》：“A Psalm of Life”; 《奴隶的梦》：“The Slave’s Dream”; 《逝去的青春》；“My Lost Youth”;

《海华沙之歌 海华沙的禁食》“The Song of Hiawatha Hiawatha’s Fasting”

PartⅣ The Literature Of Realism现实主义文学1860-一战前1914 1.

19世纪，美国现实主义文学：他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，他们声称平凡的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉they sought to portray American life as it really was, insisting that the ordinary and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote. 2.

美国新的现实主义即自然主义大师们不再崇尚过去粉饰太平的写作方法，他们设法尽力客观，真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活，他们强调世界的非道德性，他们认为，人们并没有意志的自由，他们的生活状况往往受到了生活的环境与自己的出身所局限；他们还认宗教上的“真理”是虚幻的，人类世俗的现实生活是痛苦的，死亡以后，一切又烟消云散了现实主义的分支

Naturalism: (in the late nineteenth century), American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classed who were dominated by their environment and heredity, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, that religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.代表：Jack London: The Call of the Wild, Martin Eden; Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie Free verse is rhymed or unrhymed poetry free from conventional rules of meter; instead, it uses the cadences(抑扬顿挫) of natural speech.Poets famous for their works composed in free verse include Walt Whitman, Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, Amy Lowell and Carl Sandburg. 一、Walt Whitman沃尔特?惠特曼1819-1892

1. 美国文学史上极其重要的、具有创新精神的作家之一，他的《草叶集》中系列诗歌是美国文学史上第一部真正的史诗one of the great innovators in American literature. In the cluster of poems he called “Leaves of Grass” he gave America its first genuine epic poem.他所创造的这种诗体叫做自由诗，在这种诗歌中，没有固定的节拍，也没有有规律的韵脚，惠特曼认为传统的格律诗不适合表达民主之声the poetic style he devised is now called free verse-that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. Whitman thought that the voice of democracy should not be haltered by traditional forms of verse.

2. 1855年出版《草叶集》第一部，其中的大部分作品表达的主题是人类与大自然。他给诗人重新进行了定义，他认为诗人是一个英雄，是一个救世主，还是先知，诗人通过对真理的表达来引导大众in his poetry, Whiman combined the ideal of the democratic common man and that of the rugged individual. He envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his expressions of the truth.

Special Features of his Poems 1. Poetic structures: 1.1 Lines: often long 1.2 Envelope structure 1.3 Unique verse unit:

? ?

No regular pattern Each verse unit is usu. an independent clause

《雾》：”Fog”

《冰冷的墓》”Cool Tombs” 《闪烁的深红》”Flash Crimson” 《人民，是的》”The People, Yes”

五、Wallace Stevens华莱士?斯蒂文斯1879-1955* 1.

他是一位极有天分的业余诗人，他不太注重自己在文坛上的荣誉和地位，他更关注自己作品本身的一种完美，他的作品的动机最初源于“秩序”的理念，他的“秩序”就是真理，就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序，是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权Wallace Stevens created his poetry as a gifted nonprofessional, less concerned about promoting his literary his literary reputation than about perfecting what he wrote. His work is primarily motivated by the belief that “ideas of order” that is, true ideas, correspond with an innate order in nature and the universe, and that it is the high privilege of individuals and mankind to discover this correspondence.

2. 1954年《诗歌选集》”Collected Poems”获得了国家图书奖及普利策奖he received the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize; 4.

教材作品：《彼得?昆士弹琴》:”Peter Quince at the Clavier” 《坛子的轶事》：”Anecdote of the Jar” 《冰淇淋皇帝》：”The Emperor of Ice-Cream”

六、Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯?斯特恩斯?爱略特1888-1965*

1948年诺贝尔奖（won the Nobel Prize in 1948）《四个四重奏》”Four Quartets” 1.

《荒原》是现代文学中的主要经典作品之一，讲述的主题就是第一次世界大战给人们的启示，荒原意味着西方文明的衰落，现代人在精神上和文化上的颓废，采用讽刺性对比，大量使用了文学引用，该作品中作者还创造了一种新的文学形式，即相关的主题在连续运动中构成交响效果 “The Waste Land”, one of the major works of modern literature. Its subject, the apparent failure of western civilization which World War I seemed to demonstrate, suggested the spiritual debility of the modern individual and his culture while in satirical counterpoint his Sweeney poems had symbolized the rising tide of anticultural infidelity and human baseness. It used abundant of literary reference. It also introduced a form-the orchestration of related themes in successive movements. 2.

教材作品：《J?阿尔弗雷德?普鲁弗洛克的情歌》”The Love Song of J?Alfred Prufrock” 《序曲》”Preludes”

《三贤哲的旅程》“Journey of the Magi”

《空心人 给老盖伊一文钱吧》“The Hollow Men A Penny for the Old Guy”

八、 F? Scott Fitzgerald F?司格特?菲茨杰拉德1896-1940

His works are the paradigmatic 典范的writings of the Jazz Age, a term he coined himself. 1.

1920年他第一本小说《人间天堂》”This Side of Paradise”取得名声后迎娶美人泽达won success, fame, and Zelda. 这本小说描写了美国“躁动青年”的放荡和随意生活，该作品在商业上立刻获得了极大的成功，泽达和菲茨杰拉德也决心过上他小说中描述的这种放荡无羁的生活，他们甚至有过之而无不及The book, with its portrayal of the casual dissipations of “flaming youth”, was an immediate commercial success, and Zelda and Scott Fitzgerald attempted to live up to-or even beyond-his fictional portraits of scandalous young men and women. 3.

1925年的《了不起的盖茨比》”The Great Gatsby”及1934年的《夜色温柔》“Tender Is the Night”，在这两部小说中，菲茨杰拉德提示了外表闪耀着天真的时代中的刺耳喧嚣。他运用生动优雅的散文，揭露了美国拜金主义的空虚，表现了美国人对爱情、豪华生活和各种欲望无止境的追求had revealed the stridency of an age of glittering innocence. In vivid and graceful prose he had, at the same time, portrayed the hollowness of the American worship of riches and the unending American dream of love, splendor, and fulfilled desires. 4.

九、 Ernest Hemingway厄恩斯特?海明威1899-1961

Iceberg theory：his famous writing theory. It means that a writer should not show the whole meaning to readers but leave ninety percent of the meaning for readers to dig in from the undercurrents 暗流of meaning. Just as Hemingway explains: the dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.

教材作品：《了不起的盖茨比》”The Great Gatsby”

Writing Style

Under the influence of Mark Twain and with the help of Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound, he developed a new colloquial style characterized by directness, simplicity and naturalness. His words are common and concrete and sentences are usually short and simple, sometimes ungrammatical. However, his works are by no means simple as they seem to be. They are highly suggestive and have layers of meaning. 1954年他因“现代叙述艺术的精湛技巧”而获得诺贝尔文学奖和普利策奖the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 and the Nobel Prize in 1954. 1. 2.

1926年《太阳照样升起》”The Sun Also Rises” 海明威逐渐成为了格特鲁特?斯泰因所说的“迷惘的一代”的代言人 Hemingway 对充斥于现代社会人们生活中的无聊、失败、死亡等，海明威有时做出的是消极评论，后来这种人生虚无主义的观点进行了修改，became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called “a lost generation”.

他反复运用坚定的语气声称，人凭借自己的勇气和方式，还是有可能过上美好生活的，在海明威看来，人类最伟大莫过于在压力之下显示自己的从容，或“最大限度地挖掘自己使自己成为一个纯粹的人” His works have sometimes been read as an essentially negative commentary on a modern world filled with sterility, failure, and death. Yet such a nihilistic vision is repeatedly modified by Hemingway’s affirmative assertion of the possibility of living with style and courage. To Hemingway, man’s greatest achievement is to show grace under pressure, or “purity of line through the maximum of exposure”. 3.

1929年《永别了，武器》”A Farewell to Arms” 1932年《死在午后》”Death in the Afternoon” In chapter sixteen of Death in the Afternoon he compares his theory about writing to an iceberg. 1940年《丧钟为谁而呜》”For Whom the Bell Tolls” 1952年《老人与海》”The Old Man and the Sea” (triumphant even in defeat)

In Our Time(1925) 《太阳照样升起》”The Sun Also Rises”

4.

九、John Steinbeck约翰?斯坦贝克1902-1968 1.

斯坦贝克对同时代社会问题的探讨，尤其是对无产农民的苦难的描写，于1940年获得普利策奖，1962年获得了诺贝尔文学奖 Steinbeck’s treatment of the social problems of his time, particularly the plight of the dispossessed farmer, earned him a Pulitzer Prize in 1940, and, in 1962, a Nobel Prize for literature. 2. 3.

他是二十世纪三十年代，美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家was the foremost novelist of the American Depression of the 1930s 由于他对人们苦难生活有着直接的接触，因此他的大部分作品表达的都是对那些移民工人和下层社会人们的同情，他的作品反映教材作品：《永别了，武器》”A Farewell to Arms”

的主要是体力劳动者的真实生活 His sympathy for the migrant workers and the down-trodden, so evident in his writing, was the result of firsthand knowledge of their struggles. His writing reflected his concern with the rituals of manual labor.

4. 1939年《愤怒的葡萄》“The Grapes of Wrath”, 作品讲述的是“奥克斯”人从一个长期遭受干旱和沙暴袭击的“沙尘谷”地区移民到加利福尼亚的一段故事，故事在移民的梦想破灭和悲惨的结局中结束，书中他肯定了普通老百姓为了生活与生命抗争的顽强品质 showed the migration of the “Okies” from the “Dust Bowls” to California, a migration that ended in broken dreams and misery but at the same time affirmed the ability of the common people to endure and prevail. 19441年《科特兹之海》”The Sea of Cortez” 5.

十、William Faulkner威廉?福克纳1897-1962 1950年获诺贝尔文学奖, 普利策奖小说奖 1.

1929年《喧嚣与骚动》”The Sound and the Fury” 1930年《在我弥留之际》”As I Lay Dying” 1932年《八月之光》”Light in August”

1936年《押沙龙，押沙龙》”Absalom, Absalom” 教材作品：《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》：“A Rose for Emily”

作者获奖

The Nobel Prize &The Pulitzer Prize: John Steinbeck约翰?斯坦贝克

教材作品：《愤怒的葡萄》”The Grapes of Wrath”

William Faulkner威廉?福克纳 Ernest Hemingway厄恩斯特?海明威

The Nobel Prize: Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯?斯特恩斯?爱略特 The Pulitzer Prize: Wallace Stevens华莱士?斯蒂文斯 Robert Frost罗伯特?弗洛斯特

Edwin Arlington Robison埃德温?阿林顿?罗宾逊

附：作者及作品（第一、二册）

一、殖民主义时期 The Literature of Colonial America 二、理性和革命时期文学 The Literature of Reason and Revolution

1。本杰明·富兰克林 Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》 “ The Autobiography ” 2。托马斯·佩因 Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》 “The American Crisis” 《常识》 “Common Sense” 《人权》 “Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》 “The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》 “Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊 Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)

※《独立宣言》 “The Declaration of Independence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺 Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》 “The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》 “The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》 “To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》 “The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》 “The House of Night” 《英国囚船》 “The British Prison Ship”

三、浪漫主义文学 The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文 Washington Irving (1783-1859)

※《作者自叙》 “The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》 “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》 “Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》 “Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》 “A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》 “Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》 “Tales of Traveller”

《查理二世》或《快乐君主》 “Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch”

《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》

“A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada”

《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》

”Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》 “Alhambra”

《西班牙征服传说》 “Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《海关大楼》 “The Custom House” 《福谷浪漫史》 “The Blithedale Romance” 《古夏青苔》 “Mosses From an Old Manse” 《宝石神像》 “The Marble Faun” 《伊桑·布兰德》 “Ethan Brand”

《小伙子布朗》 “Young Goodman Brown” 《海德格博士的体验》 “Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment” 《野心勃勃的客人》 “The Ambitious Guest” 《巨石脸》 “The Great Stone Face”

《草原游记》 “A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》 “Astoria”

《博纳维尔船长历险记》 “The Adventures of Captain Bonneville”

《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》 ”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》 “Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀 James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》 “The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》 “The Spy” 《领航者》 “The Pilot” 《美国海军》 “U.S. Navy”

《皮袜子故事集》 “Leather Stocking Tales”

包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》 ”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder”

《最后的莫希干人》 “The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》 “The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特 William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》 “Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》 “To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡 Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》 “To Helen” ※《乌鸦》 “The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》 “Annabel Lee”

※《鄂榭府崩溃记》 “The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》 “Ms. Found in a Bottle”

《述异集》 “Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》 “Nature” ※《论自助》 “Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》 “The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》 “The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》 “Essays”

《代表》 “Representative Men” 《英国人》 “English Traits” 《诗集》 “Poems”

6。亨利·戴维·梭罗 Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登 我生活的地方 我为何生活》

“Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For” 《平民反抗》 “Civil Disobedience” 7。纳撒尼尔·霍桑 Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) ※《红字》 “The Scarlet Letter”

《七尖角阁的房子》 “The House of the Seven Gables” 8。赫尔曼·麦尔维尔 Herman Melville (1819-1891) ※《白鲸》 “Moby Dick” 《班内托·西兰尼》 “Benito Cereno”

9。亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882)

※《人生礼赞》 “A Psalm of Life” ※《奴隶的梦》 “The Slave’s Dream” ※《逝去的青春》 “My Lost Youth” ※《海华沙之歌 海华沙的禁食》

“The Song of Hiawatha Hiawatha’s Fasting”

四、现实主义文学The Literature of Realism 1。沃尔特·惠特曼 Walt Whitman (1819-1892) ※《自己之歌》 “Song of Myself” ※《我坐在这儿眺望着》 “I Sit and Look Out”

※《敲呀！敲呀！鼓啊！》 “DRUM-TAPS Beat! Beat! Drums” 《草叶集》 “Leaves of Grass” 2。爱米丽·狄金森 Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)

※《我品味未经酿造的饮料》 ”I taste a liquor never brewed” ※《我意识到一场葬礼》 “I felt a Funeral, in my Brain” ※《鸟儿沿着小径过来》 “A Bird came down the Walk—“ ※《我为美而死》 “I died for Beauty-but was scarce” ※《听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声—我死时》 “I heard a Fly buzz—when I died—“

※《我不能等候死神》 “Because I could not stop for Death—“ 3。哈丽雅特·比彻·斯托 Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896) ※《汤姆叔叔的小屋》 “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” 4。马克·吐温 Mark Twain (1835-1910)

※《汤姆·索亚历险记》 ”The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” 《跳蛙》 “Jumping Frog” 《傻子国外旅行记》 “Innocents Abroad” 《艰苦岁月》 “Roughing It” 《镀金时代》 “The Gilded Age” 《密西西比河上的生活》 ”Life on the Mississippi” 《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》”Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” 《阶级的斗争》 “The War of the Classes” 《铁蹄》 “The Iron Heel” 《马丁·伊登》 “Martin Eden” 《革命》 “Revolution” 《生活的法则》 “The Law of Life” 《白牙》 “White Fong”

《傻瓜威尔逊》 “Pudd’nhead Wilson”

《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》”The Man that Corrupted Hadleybury” 《什么是人？》 “What is Man”

《神秘来客》 “The Mysterious Stranger” 5。欧·亨利 O· Henry (1862-1910)

※《警察与赞美诗》 “The Cop and the Anthem” 《四百万》 “The Four Million” 《旧知》 “Retrieved Reformation” 《麦珙的礼物》 “The Gift of the Magi” 《市政报告》 “A Municipal Report” 《没讲完的故事》 “An Unfinished Story” 《月亮女神》 “Phoebe”

《吝啬爱人》 “A Lickpenny Lover” 《装饰过的房间》 “The Furnished Room” 6。亨利·詹姆斯 Henry James (1843-1916) ※《一个贵妇人的画像》 ”The Portrait of A Lady” 7。杰克·伦敦 Jack London (1876-1916) ※《海狼》 “The Sea Wolf” ※《马丁·伊登》 “Martin Eden” 《狼子》 “The Son of the Wolf” 《荒野的呼唤》 “The Call of the Wild” 《深渊中的人们》 “The People of the Abyss” 《海狼》 “The Sea Wolf”

8。西奥多·德莱塞 Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945) ※《嘉莉妹妹》 “Sister Carrie”

五、二十世纪文学Twentieth—Century Literature 1。埃兹拉·庞德 Ezra Pound (1885-1972) ※《一台古钢琴》 “A Virginal”

※《再次致意》 “Salutation the Second” ※《合同》 “A Pact”

※《地铁站台》 “In a Station of the Metro”

※《长干行》 “The River-Merchant’s Wife:A Letter” 2。埃德温·阿林顿·罗宾逊Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869-1935) ※《山上的古屋》 “The House on the Hill” ※《理查·珂利》 “Richard Cory” ※《米尼弗·契维》 “Miniver Cheevy” 3。罗伯特·弗洛斯特 Robert Frost (1874-1963) ※《摘罢苹果》 “After Apple-Picking” ※《没有走的路》 “The Road Not Taken”

※《雪夜林边小立》 “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”※《部分》 “Departmental” ※《设计》 “Design”

※《大多数》 “The Most of It” 4。卡尔·桑德堡 Carl Sandburg (1878-1967) ※《芝加哥》 “Chicago” ※《港湾》 “The Harbor” ※《雾》 “Fog” ※《冰冷的墓》 “Cool Tombs” ※《闪烁的深红》 “Flash Crimson” ※《人民，是的》 “The People, Yes” 5。华莱士·斯蒂文斯 Wallace Stevens (1879-1955) ※《彼得·昆士弹琴》 “Peter Quince at the Clavier” ※《坛子的轶事》 “Anecdote of the Jar” ※《冰淇淋皇帝》 “The Emperor of Ice-Cream” 6。托马斯·斯特恩斯·爱略特 Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965) ※《J·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》 “The Love Song of J· Alfred Prufrock” ※《序曲》 “Preludes”

※《三贤哲的旅程》 “Journey of the Magi”

※《空心人 给老盖伊一文钱吧》”The Hollow Men A Penny for the Old Guy”

《诗集》 “Poems”

《荒原》 “The Waste Land”

7。F·司各特·菲茨杰拉德 F· Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) ※《了不起的盖茨比》 “The Great Gatsby” 《人间天堂》 “This Side of Paradise” 《漂亮的和该死的》 “The Beautiful and Damned” 《爵士时代故事集》 “Tales of the Jazz Age” 8。厄恩斯特·海明威 Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) ※《永别了，武器》 “A Farewell to Arms” 《太阳照样升起》 “The Sun Also Rises” 《丧钟为谁而鸣》 “For Whom the Bell Tolls” 《死在午后》 “Death in the Afternoon” 《老人与海》 “The Old Man and the Sea” 9。约翰·斯坦贝尔 John Steinbeck (1902-1968) ※《愤怒的葡萄》 “The Grapes of Wrath” 10。威廉·福克纳 William Faulkner (1897-1962) ※《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》“A Rose for Emily” 《喧嚣与骚动》 “The Sound and the Fury” 《在我弥留之际》 “As I Lay Dying” 《八月之光》 “Light in August”

《马蒂诺医生和其它故事选》 ”Doctor Martino and Others Stories”

《押沙龙，押沙龙》 “Absalom, Absalom” 《小乡村》 “The Hamlet” 《小镇》 “The Town”

Jerome David Salinger

The Catcher in the Rye 麦田里的守望者

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