1998年考研英语真题及详解

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10.对工业革命的正确评价(1998年)难度:0.47

Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the2man. But they insisted that its3results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the4of the English population. 5contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a6agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.

This view,7, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists8history and economics, have9two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was10by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.

1. [A] admitted[B] believed[C] claimed[D] predicted 2. [A] plain[B] average[D] normal

3. [A] momentary[B] prompt[C] instant[D] immediate 4. [A] bulk[B] host[C] gross[D] magnitude 5. [A] On[B] With[C] For[D] By

6. [A] broadly[B] thoroughly[C] generally[D] completely 7. [A] however[B] meanwhile[C] therefore[D] moreover 8. [A] at[B] in[C] about[D] for

9. [A] manifested[B] approved[C] shown[D] speculated 10. [A] noted[B] impressed [C] labeled[D] marked

一、文章总体分析

本文在关于工业革命对英国人民生活的影响问题上提出了两种对立的观点。第一段讲述了第一种观点,是大部分历史学家的看法,即工业革命的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。第二段讲述的是另一种人普遍持有的观点,即工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困,反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。 二、试题具体解析

1.\\[A\\] admitted承认\\[B\\] believed相信,认为\\[C\\] claimed声称\\[D\\] predicted预言 \\[答案\\] A

\\[解析\\] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义 + 动词词义辨析。难度:0.54

文章开篇指出:Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution,接着第二句又谈到,in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living。显然,后一句是对前一句的让步。第三句又以But开头,暗示与第二句有转折关系。因此可以肯定,这里要表达的意思是历史学家不得不承认既成事实。

四个选项中,首先排除predicted,因为句子时态是过去时,表明“提高人们的生活水平”已经是事实,不存在“预测”了;其次believed和claimed都是表达人们肯定态度的词语,它们和首句所表达的含义自相矛盾;因此只有admitted可以承接上下文,表示一种让步,意为“直到最近,大多数的历史学家对工业革命仍持强烈的批评态度。尽管他们承认从长远角度来看,工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。”

2.\\[A\\] plain(man)衣着朴素或相貌平平的人\\[B\\] average(man)平民,普通人 \\[C\\] mean平均的,吝啬的,卑鄙的\\[D\\] normal(man)正常人 \\[答案\\] B

\\[解析\\] 本题考核的知识点是:形容词词义辨析。难度:0.53

本题要求考生判断工业革命提高了什么人的生活水平。四个选项中,首先排除mean,它意

为“平均的”时一般不能直接作定语修饰人,如:the mean temperature(平均气温),a mean motive(卑鄙的动机)而a mean man(自私的、刻薄的人);A选项强调的衣着和相貌与上下文没有关系;从文意来看,这里只是泛泛谈到工业革命对一般人的影响,并无正常和不正常人的区分,因此,D项也不正确;只有average man符合语意,意为:工业化提高了普通老百姓的生活水平。

3.\\[A\\] momentary瞬间的, 刹那间的\\[B\\] prompt敏捷的,迅速的,即时的 \\[C\\] instant直接的,立即的\\[D\\] immediate迅速的,直接的 \\[答案\\] D

\\[解析\\] 本题考核的知识点是:形容词词义辨析。难度:0.22

空格处的形容词修饰results。从下文来看,考生需判断from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery 是怎样一种后果。四个选项中,momentary强调相当短促的一段时间,如:momentary joy(瞬息的喜悦);prompt强调速度很快,如:Prompt payment of bills greatly helps our company.(迅速付款帮了我们公司大忙);instant通常指不需要花很多时间就可以完成的,如:instant noodles(方便面)。根据下文可知,这种结果持续了一百年,因此表示短暂时间的A、B、C这三个选项都应加以排除。只有immediate除了表示“立刻的”,还有“直接的”之意,如:the immediate cause of death(死亡的直接原因),它和results搭配,意为“(工业革命的)直接结果”,符合文意。此外,它与上句中时间状语in the long run形成对照。 4.\\[A\\] bulk(of)\\[B\\] host(of)\\[C\\] gross(of)\\[D\\] magnitude(of) \\[答案\\] A

\\[解析\\] 本题考核的知识点是:修饰名词的前置短语。难度:0.28

从结构上看,空格所在名词组成the4of短语,并修饰不可数名词population。首先排除host和gross,host组成的短语只能是a host of 或hosts of,意为“许多”,如:a host of students(许多学生);gross作名词时,可表示“一罗(12打,144个)”,但只和具体数字而不和定冠词搭配,如:two grosses of bananas(两罗香蕉),它也可表示“总收入”,如:gross for the year(年收入),但我们不能说“对于英国人口总收入的广泛贫困”;magnitude意为“巨大”,如:The magnitude of the flood was impossible to comprehend.(这场水灾之大是无法想像的),但放入文中,表示“对于英国人口的巨大的广泛贫困”也不符合语意。正确选项是bulk,the bulk of是固定搭配,意为“大多数,大部分”,相当于“the majority of”,在文中,the bulk of English population意为“大多数英国人”。 5.\\[A\\] On\\[B\\] With\\[C\\] For\\[D\\] By \\[答案\\] D

\\[解析\\] 本题考核的知识点是:习惯搭配。难度:0.48

contrast的常用短语是by contrast 和in contrast,选项中其它介词都不和contrast搭配。By contrast意为“对比起来,与之相比”,强调与另一事物进行比较,存在反差。它可单独使用,也可在后面接比较对象,从文意上讲,文中空格前提到,1750和1850年间英国人民普遍贫穷和苦难(widespread poverty and misery),空格后则提到1650到1750间英国的繁荣富足(great abundance and prosperity),两者刚好形成鲜明的对比。因此,选项D正确。 知识点补充:by contrast表示“对比之下”,可以和“with”连用,也可以单独使用,例如:His brother is very silent. By contrast, he is very outspoken.(他弟弟非常安静,相比之下,他非常健谈);By contrast with his brother, he is very outspoken.(和弟弟相比,他非常健谈)。 in contrast必须与with或to连用,如:Her affected manner is in striking contrast with her sisters spontaneous gait.(她矫揉造作的样子和她妹妹天生的乐观形成了鲜明的对比)。 6.\\[A\\] broadly大体上,概括地,广泛地\\[答案\\] D

\\[解析\\] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义 + 副词词义辨析。难度:0.40

从结构上来说,所填选项用来修饰形容词agricultural。四个选项中,先排除A、C选项,它们一般不修饰形容词,而修饰动词。如:The question must be considered broadly.(这个问题必须被广泛地考虑);The plan has been generally accepted.(这项计划被人们普遍接受)。thoroughly强调程度彻底;completely强调范围的广泛性。根据常识或上文的提示可知,工业革命发生在1750年~1850年间,1750年以前,英国还没有工业革命的迹象。也就是说,那时的英国还是一个纯粹的完完全全的农业国。这里主要强调的是广度不是深度,因此D是正确答案。

7.\\[A\\] however然而,表转折关系\\[B\\] meanwhile同时,表时间关系 \\[C\\] therefore因此,所以,表因果关系\\[D\\] moreover而且,表递进关系 \\[答案\\] A

\\[解析\\] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。难度:0.89

两个逗号间显然要填入一个逻辑词。考生关键要判断空格所在句子This view,7, is generally thought to be wrong 和上文之间的关系。从上下文来看,句中的this view指的是上段历史学家们的观点,即大多数历史学家对工业革命仍持批判态度。而这句话指出这种观点被普遍认为是错误的,接着下文又介绍了一种完全相反的观点。因此空格处应是一种表转折关系的逻辑词,答案只能选however。

8.\\[A\\] at\\[B\\] in\\[C\\] about\\[D\\] for \\[答案\\] B

\\[解析\\] 本题考核的知识点是:习惯搭配。难度:0.74

本题考查哪个介词与名词specialist搭配,表示“某方面的专家”。能表达这个含义的介词只有in,如:a specialist in linguistics(语言学专家)。类似的用法还有specialize in(擅长于,专攻)和expert in(?的专家),如:He specializes in math.(他专攻数学);expert in teaching small children(幼儿教育专家)。

9.\\[A\\] manifested表现,证明\\[B\\] approved同意,批准,赞同 \\[C\\] shown指出,显示,说明\\[D\\] speculated推测, 思索 \\[答案\\] C

\\[解析\\] 本题考核的知识点是:动词词义辨析。难度:0.39

本题要求考生判断“历史和经济学方面的专家”对两件事情作了什么动作。首先,需要知道这两件事是什么。从下文可知,一是1650年~1750年有显著的贫困(great poverty),二是工业革命当然没有加重这种贫困,而是使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。其中,第一件是客观事实,第二件是一种观点。接着,由上文可知,专家做这个动作的目的是为了证明“历史学家对工业革命持批判态度的观点是错误的”。 四个选项中,approve一般指“赞成,通过”,如:Congress approved the budget.(国会批准了国家预算),显然我们不能说专家赞成“显著的贫困”这个事实;speculate是一个不及物动词,一般与on搭配,如:Ive been speculating on my future.(我一直在思索我的未来),因此也可排出;余下两个选项,manifest可译为“证明”,show意为“指出,表明”,由于文中并未论述专家如何证明这两件事情,而只是把这些专家的观点和历史家的观点作了比较,因此have shown two things为正确答案,即:指出了两件事。

10.\\[A\\] (was)noted(for/as)因?而著名\\[B\\] (was)impressed(by)被?留下深刻印象 \\[C\\] (was)labeled as被视为?,被称作? \\[D\\] (was)marked(by)具有?的特征 \\[答案\\] D

\\[解析\\] 本题考核的知识点是:动词词义和用法辨析。难度:0.41

本题要求填入一个动词的过去分词与其前后的period 和by great poverty搭配,由上下文语义可知great poverty是the period 的一个特征。首先A、C选项在与表特征的词搭配时不能

用by,如This country is noted for its china.(这个国家以瓷器而闻名);He was labeled as a communist.(他被称作是共产主义者)。B、D两项虽然都能与by搭配,但B选项的主语一般是人,如I am deeply impressed by his words.(我被他的话深深地打动了),而不能是the period。只有D选项marked放入文中符合逻辑,表示“该阶段以显著的贫困为特征”。 三、全文翻译

直到最近,大多数的历史学家对工业革命仍然颇有微词。尽管他们承认从长远角度讲,工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。然而他们坚持认为,工业革命在1750和1850年间引起的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。相比之下,他们把在此之前从1650到1750的一百年看成是一个繁荣富足的时期。尽管那个时候英国还是一个完全意义上的农业国家。

然而,人们通常认为这种观点是错误的。历史和经济学专家已指出两件事情:一是1650至1750年间以显著的贫困为特征;二是工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困,反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。

9.盲目建造大坝的危害(1998年 Text 1)难度:0.63

Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankinds long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. (1)But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.

The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesnt help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypts leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkeys bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.

But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left—all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.

(3)And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.

Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the goahead to the even more wrongheaded Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say (2)the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.

Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the costs and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You dont need a dam to be saved.

在重大技术所创造的东西中很少能像大型水坝这样激起人们想象力的。(佳句①)可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布才使得人们治理江河、供我驱策的理想如此令人痴迷。(长难句①)但让人着迷有时也就使人盲目。(佳句②)有几个巨型大坝项目就有弊大于利的危险。(佳句③)

建造大坝的教训是:大的未必总是美的。(佳句④)但这个教训也无法阻止修建高大雄伟的大坝已成为那些力争得到自我肯定的国家和人民的伟大成就的象征。(长难句②)埃及由于建

造了阿斯旺大坝而巩固了在阿拉伯世界的领导地位。土耳其在力图跻身第一世界的努力中也包括修建阿塔特克大坝。

但大坝不会像预期的那样产生效果。(佳句⑤)以阿斯旺大坝为例,它阻止了尼罗河洪水泛滥,但也使埃及失去了洪水冲击过后留下的肥沃土壤,换回来的却是一个疾病滋生的水库。现在这个水库积满了淤泥,几乎不能发电了。(长难句③)

不过,控制水的神话还在继续。本周,在文明的欧洲腹地,斯洛伐克人和匈牙利人就为了多瑙河上的一处水坝引起争端,差点动用了军队。(长难句④)这个大型工程可能会出现大坝所有的常见问题。但斯洛伐克正在要求脱离捷克而独立,现在它们需要建一个大坝来证明自己的实力。 与此同时,世界银行已经贷款给印度来建造问题更多的纳尔马达大坝。尽管世界银行的顾问指出,该大坝将给平民带来苦难,而且会破坏那里的环境,但世界银行依然一意孤行。大坝只会给有权有势者带来利益,而且这种利益也远远得不到保障。 对于水坝的影响作用、水坝控制水流的成本和收益进行恰当而科学的研究能够有助于解决这些冲突。(长难句⑤)水力发电,治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水坝也是可能的。但当你相信神话时就很难做到合理或科学。现在是世界吸取阿斯旺大坝教训的时候了。(长难句⑥)我们未必要通过大坝来拯救自己 一、文章结构总体分析

这是一篇批评盲目建造水坝的文章,文章开宗明义,进而使用了大量例子证明作者的观点,挖掘了这种盲目性的内在原因,最后进行了总结,是一篇典型的总—分—总结构的文章。 第一段:段首几句话为引子,引出全文主题句(最后一句):几个大坝工程带来的害处可能大于益处。 第二至第五段:通过大量举例说明人们想通过大坝控制水的神话依然存在。人们建造大坝来显示成就、证明实力,但其效果并没有人们预先设想的好,因为大坝带来的并不一定是利益。 第六段:呼吁人们应该吸取历史教训,不要盲目建大坝。 二、试题具体分析

1.The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that.1.第一段第三句的隐含意义是。\\[A\\] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality\\[A\\] 人们如果无视现实就会感到快乐

\\[B\\] the blind could be happier than the sighted\\[B\\] 盲人比有眼睛的人更幸福\\[C\\] overexcited people tend to neglect vital things

\\[C\\] 过于兴奋的人容易忽视极为重要的事情\\[D\\] fascination makes people lose their eyesight\\[D\\] 兴奋使人丧失视力\\[答案\\] C

\\[分析\\] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。难度:0.77

第一段前两句谈到人们热衷建坝的事实以及热衷的自然原因,第四句却提出“有些大坝弊大于利”的观点。作者前后态度不一致,变化突然,由此推知第三句应该在态度上与前面相比有所转折。C选项是原句的释义,它引出了作者对建坝行为的批评,为正确答案。此外,理解这句话的关键是理解blind一词,句中取的是其引申义“盲目的”,而B选项和D选项都取其本义“盲人,瞎”,因而理解上有了偏差。A选项与文意不符。 技巧:考生可以根据句子和段落前后的并列、转折等关系去解题。 2.paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to.

2.第五段的词语“the powerless”很可能是指。\\[A\\] areas short of electricity\\[A\\] 缺电的地区\\[B\\] dams without power stations\\[B\\] 没有建发电站的大坝\\[C\\] poor countries around India\\[C\\] 印度周边的穷国\\[D\\] common people in the Narmada Dam area\\[D\\] 纳尔马达河大坝周围的平民百姓\\[答案\\] D

\\[分析\\] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。难度:0.29

用意相悖。D选项与第二段第五句提到的“(统计数据)不是经济复苏的确凿证据”的事实相反。

4.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?4.下面哪个说法在文中没有被提及?\\[A\\] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.\\[A\\] 激进的改革对于生产力的增长必不可少。\\[B\\] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.\\[B\\] 新的企业组织方法可能有助于提高生产力。\\[C\\] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain longterm profitability.\\[C\\] 降低成本并不一定能带来长期利润。\\[D\\] The consultants are a bunch of goodfornothings.\\[D\\] 顾问是一群无用之辈。\\[答案\\] A \\[分析\\] 本题考核的知识点是:综合细节题。难度:0.51

B选项在第三段第二句中提及,即企业的新组织方法是提高生产力的一种途径(one contribution)。C选项在第五段中提及,作者引用比尔的话说明一些公司用机械的方式进行重组,虽然降低了成本,却牺牲了长期的利润。D选项在文章最后一句提及:“重组顾问们所做的工作大多被视为垃圾—‘典型的劳而无获’”。只有A选项在文中未提及。 三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析 长难句分析:

①What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.

句子主语是what引导的主语从句,谓语是is,后面是whether引导的表语从句。在这个从句中,主干是the productivity revolution is for real,其中主语the productivity revolution后又接了一个that引导的定语从句。

②The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. 该句的主语是The trouble,谓语是系表结构,第一个表语是that引导的从句:从句中的主语是acceleration,表语是due to...形容词短语,介词to后的名词the usual rebound又由that引导的定语从句(that occurs at this point in a business cycle)修饰。第二个表语由and so连接,与前面表语是并列加因果的关系。due to...意为“由?引起的”。 如:The teams success was largely due to her efforts.

③ There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics. 句子主干是There is... a “disjunction” between the... anecdote that... and the picture... 。谓语和表语间是人名及其职位做插入成分。anecdote后带有一个that引导的定语从句(that points to a leap in productivity),名词picture后是过去分词reflected by the statistics做后置定语。 ④ New ways of organizing the workplace—all that reengineering and downsizing—are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.

该句的主干是New ways... are only one contribution... ;破折号之间的内容是对主语的解释。在economy之后接了一个which引导的非限定性定语从句。such as之后列举了三方面的原因说明前面的factors。

⑤ Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity:switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.

该句的主干是... the changes... are intended to... and this need not always mean increasing productivity: ...。连词Moreover,表明是递进关系。主干部分意思比较明确,and后的指示代

词this指前面句子所有的内容。需要注意的是,冒号前后是相关的两件事情。前面是“这并不意味着提高生产力”,冒号后的内容起解释的作用,即“另外两个方面也同等重要”。 佳句赏析:

① Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? 英语中有一句谚语No pains, no gains不劳则无获。作者在这里改变了它的形式,赋予了新的含义,即pain without gain劳而不获,在文中它用来表达美国当今一种吃力不讨好的情形。用法诙谐幽默,且其含义深刻。

② He dismisses a lot of the work of reengineering consultants as mere rubbish—“the worst sort of ambulancechasing”.

句中短语dismisses sb./sth. (as sth.)相当于consider sb./sth. not worth talking about(对某人某事物不予理睬或不屑一提)。这里,罗森席恩认为顾问们所做的工作不屑一提,还打了一个比方去形容其工作的无效性,称之为the worst sort of ambulancechasing, ambulancechasing意思是“怂恿事故受伤者起诉”,这里指于事无补,即本来是想帮忙,然而可能什么也帮不了。

例句补充:She was dismissed as a dreamer.(大家认为她喜欢作白日梦,对她不屑一顾。) 四、核心词汇与超纲词汇

(1) acceleration(n.)加速(度);accelerate(v.)加速,促进 (2) blunt(a.)直率的,钝的;(v.)(使)钝,(使)迟钝 (3) disjunction(n.) 分离,分裂 (4) revenue(n.) 财政收入,税收 (5) preside(v.)(over,at)主持 (6) rebound(v.)跳回;回生;(n.)跳回,弹回;回生,回复

(7) restructuring(n.)重建,改组,调整;restructure(v.)重建,改组,调整;re前缀,表示“再”,“又”,“重新”,“反复”;如:reappear(v.)再次眼出现;reconstruction(n.)重建;retell(v.)复述;reunite(v.)使重聚

(8) revival(n.)苏醒,复苏,复活;复兴,再流行;revive(v.)恢复;使复苏 (9) speculative(a.)思索的,推测的;不确定的,冒险的;纯理论的;speculate(v.)(about,on)推测,推断;投机

(10) statistics(n.)统计(学);statistical(a.)统计的,统计学的 五、全文翻译

人们说,不劳不获。但是,如果付出了却没有收获会怎样呢?(佳句①)在美国,无论你走到哪里都会听到企业复苏的故事。但难以确定的是商业人士自认为领导的这场生产力革命是否确有其事。(长难句①)somewhat decade previous conclusive

官方的统计数据却有些让人沮丧。这些数据表明,如果把制造业和服务业合起来算,1987年以来生产力平均增长1.2%,这比上一个十年的平均增长速度略快。自1991年来,生产力每年约增长2%。这比1978至1987年的平均增长速度高两倍多。问题在于,近年发生的生产力快速增长现象部分是由于商业周期到了这时候通常会出现的反弹造成的,因而它不是经济复苏已经是潜在趋势的确凿证据。(长难句②)正如财政部长罗伯特·鲁宾所说的,大量有关生产力飞跃(leap)增长的商业传奇(anecdote)与统计数据所反映的情况之间存在着“出入”(disjunction)。(长难句③)

这其中的一些原因很容易解释。企业(organizing the workplace)重组的新方法——所有那些重新规划(reengineer)和缩小规模的做法——只能对一个经济的整体生产力做出一方面的贡献,而生产力的发展还受到许多其它因素的驱动,如设备机械上的联合投资、新技术、以及教育和培训上的投资。(长难句④)另外,公司大部分的改革是为了赢利,而达到赢利的目的不

一定非要提高生产力:转入新的市场或改善产品质量也会有同样的功效matter just as much。(长难句⑤) (business restructuring) 其他两种解释带有很大的猜测性speculative。一种解释认为,近年来的一些企业重组也许进行得并不恰当(ineptly)。另一种解释则认为,即使有成效,效果也没能象人们所设想的那样广泛。 much less widely 哈佛学者,快速发展的面包咖啡连锁店Au Bon Pain的前任总裁executive莱昂纳多·施莱辛格说,“重新规划”大多是粗糙的。他认为在很多情况下,企业收益revenue的损失超出了成本reductions in cost的降低。他的同事colleague迈克·比尔说,太多的公司采用了机械的mechanistic方式进行重组,没有充分sufficient考虑长期赢利能力就削减chopping out成本。BBDD的艾尔·罗森夏恩更是直言不讳blunter。他把重组dismiss顾问所做的许多工作视为垃圾——“典型的劳而无获”。(佳句②)the worst sort of ambulance chasing consultants 10.“反科学”标签的滥用(1998年 Text 3)难度:0.47

(1)Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileos 17thcentury trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blakes harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. (1)(2)The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.

Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics—but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “antiscience” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The DemonHaunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.

Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “the Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis)information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.

Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned sciences objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.

A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience (3)tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.

Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. (3)But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.

The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.

Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. (3)“The term‘antiscience’ can lump together too many, quite different things, ” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and AntiScience. (3)“They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”

一、文章结构总体分析

这是一篇批评滥贴“反科学”标签的文章,作者从自然科学和人文科学的分歧入手,转而提到“反科学”这一现象,最后提出科学界把很多学科归为“反科学”的做法。文章主要使用了例证、引证和说理三种论证手段。文章是总—分—总结构,但是段落较多,有些意群被分割,理解上有一定困难。

第一段:前两句为引子,引出最后一句,即本世纪自然科学和人文科学之间的分裂更深了。 第二至三段:通过例证法说明自然科学和人文科学之间的分歧,即科学界开始通过著书和集会抨击“反科学”势力。 第四至七段:“反科学”这一标签被贴在了不同群体上。但将环保主义者也归为“反科学”则是不恰当的。

第八段:使用引证法指出被“反科学”涵盖的各种不同的东西的共同点。二、试题具体分析 1.The word “schism” (line 3,paragraph1) in the context probably means .1.根据上下文推测第一段第三行出现的“schism”的含义是。\\[A\\] confrontation\\[A\\] 对抗、冲突\\[B\\] dissatisfaction\\[B\\] 不满\\[C\\] separation\\[C\\] 分裂、分歧\\[D\\] contempt\\[D\\] 蔑视\\[答案\\] C \\[分析\\] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。难度:0.53

第一段第一句指出,一直以来自然科学和文化其他方面的关系都很紧张;第二句举例之后,第三句提到,本世纪自然科学与人文科学之间的schism更深了。显然,第一句和第三句在内容上相呼应。Long和in this century,other aspects of culture和humanities相互对应。由此可推知,schism指的就是uneasy relationship。自然科学和文化其他方面(人文科学)都属于文化的范畴,因此它们之间的“紧张关系”应是学科之间的“对抗、分歧”。A选项和谓语deepen不搭配,只有裂痕才能“加深”,而对抗只能“加强”。B、D选项多指人的态度,明显不符文意。因此C选项正确。

超纲词补充:schism:strong disagreement wihin an organization that makes its members divide into separate groups(主要指宗教团体和社会团体发生的)分裂。

2.Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to.2.第二、三段的写作目的是。\\[A\\] discuss the cause of the decline of sciences power\\[A\\] 讨论科学影响力下降的原因\\[B\\] show the authors sympathy with scientists\\[B\\] 表示作者对科学家的同情\\[C\\] explain the way in which science develops\\[C\\] 说明科学发展的方式\\[D\\] exemplify the division of science and the humanities\\[D\\] 例证说明自然科学和人文学科的分歧\\[答案\\] D \\[分析\\] 本题考核的知识点是:写作目的题。难度:0.64 文章第一段提出了全文的主旨:自然科学和人文学科之间的分裂在加深。第二段指出科学家通过著书来抨击“反科学”势力,并列出了代表性人物及作品。第三段谈到科学的捍卫者在集会上表示了他们的担忧,并提到了两次具体的集会。由此可知,第二段和第三段是第一段的顺接和延伸,D选项是其写作目的。第二段虽然提到“以前,科学界如此之强大...但现在不同了。由于科研经费减少...”,但A选项不是两段主要涉及的内容,当然也不是写作目的。B和C选项文中均未涉及。

3.Which of the following is true according to the passage?3.根据文章下面哪个说法是正确的?\\[A\\] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.\\[A\\] 环境保护者在一篇文章里被指责为反科学者。\\[B\\] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of antiscience.\\[B\\] 政治家不容易被贴上反科学的标签。\\[C\\] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as antiscience.\\[C\\] “更有见识的人”倾向于给别人贴上反科学的标签。\\[D\\] Tagging environmentalists as “antiscience” is justifiable.\\[D\\] 把环境保护者冠以“反科学”的称谓是有道理的。\\[答案\\] A

\\[分析\\] 本题考核的知识点是:综合细节题。难度:0.32

A选项与第六段末句提到的“去年五月《美国新闻与世界报道》在一篇文章中似乎暗示环境保护者是反科学的”内容相符。因此是正确答案。

B选项与第五段提到的“从官方人士到共和党人都被贴上反科学标签”的内容相悖。C选项中more enlightened只在文末出现,指那些被“反科学”标签激怒或威胁,自以为比别人更有见识的人,而不是给别人贴标签的人。D选项与第七段第二句“这并不意味着,对不加控制的工业发展表示担忧的环境主义者也是反科学的”相悖。

4.The authors attitude toward the issue of “science vs. antiscience” is.4.作者对科学与反科学的争论所持的态度是。\\[A\\] impartial\\[A\\] 公平的,不偏不倚的\\[B\\] subjective\\[B\\] 主观的\\[C\\] biased\\[C\\] 有偏向的\\[D\\] puzzling\\[D\\] 令人困惑的\\[答案\\] A \\[分析\\] 本题考核的知识点是:作者态度题。难度:0.38 从文章结构看,作者首先提出自然科学和人文学科之间的分歧越来越大并举例说明。然后作者谈到“反科学”这一词语适用的对象。作者只是客观地叙述自然科学和人文学科之间的论战,而并未评价孰好孰坏,态度不偏不倚。因而A选项表述了作者的态度。

技巧:①当涉及到某一事物的好坏时,作者无论赞成或反对态度,在文中都会有明确表示,因此带有中立感情色彩的词通常不入选。而在评判某一事物或观点时,作者态度必须客观或支持或反对,或肯定或否定。 ②表漠不关心的词汇不入选。

③区分作者态度和文中其他人的态度,考生应保持旁观者的立场。 ④通过文章中的褒贬词汇来判断。 三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析 长难句分析

①Think of Galileos 17th century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blakes harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. 这是一个类似祈使句的无主语句。think of后有两个宾语,即think of Galileos trial和think of poet William Blakes remarks;for his rebelling belief解释的是原因,而before the Catholic Church表示的是地点。

②Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis)information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.

句子主干是Defenders... have also voiced their concerns at meetings...。后面的such as是举例说明meetings;引号里是两个会议的名称,其中在第一个引号后用过去分词短语held...修饰引号中的内容;第二个引号后用which引导的非限定性定语从句补充说明该会议召开的时间和地点。

③A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.

句子主干是A survey... reveals that...,谓语后是that引导的宾语从句,其主干是the... tag has been attached to many other groups...;逗号后面是from...to...的结构连接两个并列名词authorities和Republicans,举例说明other groups,在这两个名词后又分别使用了who引导的定语从句进行修饰。

④Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia.

该句主干是Few would dispute that...,宾语是that引导的从句,其中whose引导的定语从句修饰从句的宾语Unabomber(指近些年来美国一系列针对工商业的科学和研究从业人员的邮

件炸弹事件的制造者);在这个定语从句的主语manifesto和谓语scorns之间又有一个过去分词的插入成分published in 1995修饰主语。utopia音译为“乌托邦”,指想象中的一种完美的地方或状态。

⑤But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.

该句主干是that does not mean...,宾语是一个省略了关系代词的从句,其主干是:environmentalists are antiscience,逗号后是关系代词as引导的非限定性定语从句,其中as指代前面整个定语从句的内容。该从句在含义上有轻微转折。原句相当于:that does not mean environmentalists... are antiscience, (but) an essay... seemed to suggest they are. 类似的句子还有:He didnt have any hope of success, as she thought.(他没有任何成功的希望,而她却认为他有),其中as she thought相当于(but) she thought he did。 Concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth 作定语修饰 environmentalists可译为“对不加控制的工业发展表示担忧的环保者”。

⑥The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.

句子的主语Paul Ehrlich,主语的同位语a pioneer of environmental studies和谓语argues成了类似插入语的成分,插在宾语从句中主语The... enemies和谓语are those...之间;在those之后是who引导的定语从句,该从句中的谓语是question,宾语是the evidence,宾语之后是supporting 这一现在分词短语对其进行修饰。 佳句赏析

①Antiscience clearly means different things to different people.

...means different things to different people这个结构相当于中文的“仁者见仁、智者见智”。此句简单易懂而意义深刻。 四、核心词汇和超纲词汇

(1) trial(n.)审讯;实验,考验;on trial在试用中、在受审中;trial by fire考验、测试某人(尤指在压力下正常行动)的能力

(2) harsh(a.)粗糙的;严厉的,苛刻的;刺耳的 (3) humanity(n.)人类,人性,人情;(pl.)人文科学 (4) afford(v.)(sth./to do sth.)负担得起,买得起,花得起(时间);供给,给予 (5) ignore(v.)不理,不顾,忽视; ignorance(n.)无知, 不知;ignorant(n.)(of)无知的;不知道

(6) voice(v.)表达,吐露,如:~ opinions/feelings/a grievance(发表看法/表达出情绪/表达悲哀);注意英文中有很多词语既可做名词也可做动词,如:mouth beautiful words(说漂亮话);light the candles(点燃蜡烛);Hand me your keys(把你的那些钥匙递给我)。 (7) sociologist(n.)社会学家;socio前缀,表示“社会的”;如:sociogroup社会群体;sociolinguistics 社会语言学

(8) academic(a.)学院的,学术的;(n.)大学教师,学术界人士,学者academy (n)学院 (9) objectivity(n.)客观性;objective(n.)目标,目的;(a.)客观的,真实的 反义词subjectivity(n)主观性,subjective 主观的。

(10) contradict(v.)反驳,同?矛盾;contra“反对,相反,相对”,如:contramissile反导弹导弹,dict“说,言”。

(11) smallpox(n.)\\[医\\]天花;pox(n.)\\[医\\]发疹的疾病, 痘, 疹, 瘟疫;cowpox(n.)牛痘;chicken pox水痘;goatpox羊痘;horsepox马痘,马天花

(12) manifesto(n.)宣言,声明;manifest:(v.)表明,证明;(a.)明白的,明了的

(13) scorn(n./v.)轻蔑,蔑视,不屑做,嘲弄的对象,be a/the scorn to 是?的嘲笑对象, 遭到?的鄙视

(14) depletion(n.)耗尽,枯竭;deplete(v.)耗尽, 使衰竭 (15) epithet(n.)别称,绰号;表述词语

(16) lump sth. together意思是“把?归并在一起”。 五、全文翻译

科学与文化其他方面的关系一直都很紧张。想想看,17世纪伽利略为他叛逆性的信仰而遭受天主教会的审判,还有诗人威廉·布莱克对艾萨克·牛顿的机械论世界观所发表的尖锐批判。(长难句①)本世纪,(自然)科学与人文科学之间如果说有什么的话,那就是分裂更深了。 以前,科学界如此之强大以至于可以对批评者置之不理——但现在不同了。由于科研基金减少,科学家开始在几本著作中抨击“反科学”势力,特别是弗吉尼亚大学生物学家保罗·R·格罗斯和拉特格斯大学的数学家诺曼·莱维特合著的《高级迷信》及康奈尔大学的卡尔·萨根著的《鬼怪出没的世界》。

科学的捍卫者们也在一些会议上表示了他们的担忧。比如,1995年在纽约举行的“远离科学和理性”会议,以及去年6月在布法罗附近召开的“(伪)信息时代的科学”会议。(长难句②)

显然,反科学对不同的人有不同的含义。(佳句)格罗斯和莱维特主要挑那些质疑科学客观性的社会学家、哲学家和其他学者的毛病。而萨根则更关注那些相信鬼怪、上帝造物论和其他违背科学世界观的现象的人。

1996年对新闻报道的调查表明,反科学的标签也贴在了许多其他群体上,从提倡消灭最后残存的天花病毒库的官方人士到倡议削减基础研究基金的共和党人。(长难句③) 将该词用在在美国制造一连串类似炸弹爆炸事件的人身上,也不会引起多大争议,他在1995年公开发表蔑视科学、渴望回到前技术时代的理想社会的声明。(长难句④)当然,这并不意味着,对不加控制的工业发展表示担忧的环保主义者也是反科学的,而去年5月份刊登在《美国新闻和世界报导》的一篇文章却似乎暗示是这么回事。(长难句⑤)

环保主义者必定会对这些批评做出反应。作为环境研究的先驱者,斯坦福大学的保罗·埃利希认为,科学的真正的敌人是那些对全球变暖、臭氧层稀薄和其他由于工业增长带来的后果的证据提出质疑的人。(长难句⑥)

的确,一些观察者担心反科学这个称号面临失去意义的危险。“‘反科学’一词可以涵盖很多截然不同的东西”,哈佛大学的哲学家杰拉尔德·霍尔顿在其1993年的著作《科学与反科学》中写道:“它们惟一的共同之处就是会激怒或威胁那些自以为比别人更有见识的人。” 15.美国人口的增长、分布和迁移(1998年 Text 4)难度:0.49

Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.

This development—and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead—has enthroned the South as Americas most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nations head counting.

(1)Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people—numerically the thirdlargest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years. (1)Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.

Three sunbelt states—Florida, Texas and California—together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th—with Cleveland and Washington, D. C, dropping out of the top 10.

Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too—and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterdays “baby boom” generation reached its childbearing years. (2)(4)Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—

■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate—37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.

■(3)Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people—about 9 per square mile.

The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates. (2)Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.

In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose—and still are choosing—somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State. As a result, Californias growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18. 5 percent—little more than twothirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states. 一、文章结构总体分析

本章主要介绍了美国1980年人口普查所反映的人口增长、分布和迁移特点及其原因。 第一至五段:给出人口普查的结果,包括净增长数量、总人口增长率及人口的分布特点:南部成为人口最稠密的地区。

第六至十一段:分析人口向南部和西部迁移的原因,特别是新出现的因素:人们开始寻求更广阔的生活空间。 二、试题具体分析

1.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s.1.根据1980年美国人口普查提供的复杂的人口增长情况,可以看出20世纪70年代的美国。\\[A\\] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history\\[A\\] 经历了历史上最低的人口净增长

\\[B\\] witnessed a southwestern shift of population\\[B\\] 经历了人口向西南地区的迁移\\[C\\] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth\\[C\\] 经历了一段空前的人口增长期 \\[D\\] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War Ⅱ\\[D\\] 终止了自二战以来的迁移模式 \\[答案\\] B

\\[分析\\] 本题考核的知识点是:具体细节题。难度:0.26 文章第三段指出:“20世纪70年代,美国人口总共增长了2 320万——从数字上看,这是有历史记载以来10年期间内人口增长的第三高”,A选项中lowest和C选项中unparalleled都与文意不符。文章第四段谈到人口普查显示出“第二次世界大战以来,美国人不断移居西部

和南部,现在这种趋势依然存在”。由此得出B选项是正确答案,而D选项与该段内容正好相反。

2.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that.2.这次人口普查不同于以前的人口流动研究是因为。 \\[A\\] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution\\[A\\] 它强调了气候对人口分布的影响

\\[B\\] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants\\[B\\] 它强调了不断的移民潮的影响

\\[C\\] it reveals the Americans new pursuit of spacious living\\[C\\] 它显示了美国人对宽敞的生活空间的新追求\\[D\\] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterdays “baby boom”\\[D\\] 它详尽地阐述了昔日“生育高峰”的滞后影响\\[答案\\] C \\[分析\\]本题考核的知识点是:具体细节题。难度:0.47 第七段指出:“人口学家发现,向南部和西部地区的不断迁移还伴随着一种相关却又较新的现象:越来越多的美国人显然不再仅仅寻找有更多工作机会的地方,也在寻找人口稀少的地方”。第九段也指出:“没有哪次调查比1980年美国人口普查更能突出显示出美国人迁往最西部是为了寻找更广阔的生存空间”。综合这两处,C选项正是这次人口普查显示出来的新特点。A、B、和D选项都在第六段有所述及,但作者并未强调它们是新特点,也未作详尽地阐述。

3.We can see from the available statistics that. 3.根据可得到的数据,我们可以看出。\\[A\\] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US\\[A\\] 加州曾经是全美国人口最稀少的地区\\[B\\] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West\\[B\\] 人口增长率排名前十位的州都位于西部地区\\[C\\] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration\\[C\\] 气候条件好的城市无一例外地都从人口迁移中受益\\[D\\] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population\\[D\\] 在所有州中,亚利桑那州的人口增长率排名第二\\[答案\\] D \\[分析\\]本题考核的知识点是:综合细节题。难度:0.51 第七段指出,在所有州中,内华达州和亚利桑那州人口增长速度最快,分别为63.5%和53.1%,因而亚利桑那州排在第二位。D选项为正确答案。

文章分别在第五段、第九段、第十段和最后第一段提到加州,但是都没有涉及人口是否稀少的问题,因此A选项不正确。B选项与第七段“除了佛罗里达州(位于东部和南部)和得克萨斯州(位于中部)以外,人口增长率最高的十个州都在美国西部”不符。第十段提到,人们选择气候较冷的地区,为的是躲开“黄金州”(加利福尼亚)的烟雾等问题,可见C选项与文意不符。

技巧:细节题中,定位非常重要。考生应该学会通过大写字母、时间、人名、地名等迅速定位。如本题四个选项都谈到了州或城市,而文中是从第七段开始介绍各州和城市的。因而我们应该从第七段开始定位。 4.The word “demographers” (line 1, paragraph 7) most probably means.4.单词“demographers”(第七段第一行)的含义可能是。 \\[A\\] people in favor of the trend of democracy\\[A\\] 赞成民主倾向的人\\[B\\] advocates of migration between states\\[B\\] 主张州与州之间迁移的人\\[C\\] scientists engaged in the study of population\\[C\\] 从事人口研究的科学家\\[D\\] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life\\[D\\] 坚持旧生活模式的保守分子\\[答案\\] C \\[分析\\] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。难度:0.73

第七段首句出现的“demographers”与第六段首句出现的census officials(人口普查官员)相呼应。而且该词上下文的内容都与人口有关,从而可知C选项是正确含义,其他三个选项都没有提到中心词“人口”,因此干扰性很小。同时,也可以运用构词法的知识,“demo”

=“people”,“graph”= “write”,er指人,因而猜出它指“记录人口方面数据的人”。 三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析 长难句分析

①Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.

该句是个倒装句。正常的结构应该是The picture of... is emerging from the 1980 census,因为修饰主语的成分太长,造成倒装。分词developing修饰nation,做定语。as引导的是一个伴随性状语。

知识点补充:emerge意为“(从水中)出来,露出;使(事实、意见等)暴露、知悉”。如:There is no new evidence emerged during the enquiry.(调查中未发现新的证据。)

②Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too—and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterdays “baby boom” generation reached its childbearing years.

这是由两个分句组成的并列句,由破折号连接。其中第二个分句so did bigger crops of babies属于语法倒装,so用来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况,即重复前面分句的谓语played a role,意为“也如此”。as引导了一个原因状语从句。baby boom指美国二战结束后的“育婴高峰”期。

③Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.

当句首是否定副词(如:本句句首的nowhere)或含有否定词的词语时,一般要部分倒装。该句中含有Nowhere... more... than的否定形式的比较级结构,含义上相当于最高级,即1980 census statistics dramatize most the American search for spacious living in the Far West.类似的用法又如:Nowhere is the effect of government policy more apparent than in agriculture.(政府的政策对农业的影响最为显著)

知识点补充:dramatize意为“使?戏剧化,夸张”。 佳句赏析

①This development—and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years aheadhas enthroned the South as Americas most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nations head counting.

句子主干是This development... has enthroned the South as... region...。enthrone本义是“(国王、女王或主教)登基、就任”。该句里作者采用enthrone的这个含义,诙谐地暗示这种情况的出现很不容易,难得一见。head counting和census一样都指“人口普查”,但是比census更加形象化。

②Often they chose—and still are choosing—somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State. smog, crime, plagues of urbanization形象贴切地说明了城市的弊端。plagues本指“瘟疫”,这里指的是都市固有的弊病。 四、核心词汇与超纲词汇

(1) census(n.)人口普查(调查) (2) standstill(n.)停止;停滞

(3) numerically(adv.)数字地,数值地 (4) migrate(v.)移居(国外),迁移;候鸟迁徙

(5) immigrate(v.)从外国移入,作为移民定居 ~ into (6) emigrate(v.)移居外国或外地 ~ from...to... (7) prevail(v.)(over,against)取胜,占优势;流行,盛行

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