Internatinal business negotiation

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Negotiation:

the bargaining process in which two or more players confer with each other to resolve conflicts,coordinate relations ,meet each other 's needs and maintain self-interests.

Business negotiation:

a process of conferring in which the participants of business activities communicate,discuss and adjust their views,resolve conflicts,and finally reach an acceptable satisfying agreement in order to close a deal or

achieve a proposed financial goal.

International business negotiation:

the discussion process between different interest groups from different countries or regions to compete a cross-border transaction.

3.Horizontal negotiation:

the conferring process in which all the issues concerned are presented first and the discussed one by one,and an issue which can not be settled at once may be skipped and settled later until all the issues are settled properly.

4.vertical negotiation:

the conferring process in which all the issues to be discussed are listed according to their logical relations and then settled one by one in this logical order.

5.A simulated negotiation:

It refers to a "confederation"of ideas or opinions on negotiation

clauses.in which we choose some stuff good at reasoning and arguing to play the role of our counterparts and ask them to imitate the negotiation styles of our counterparts,start from the position and viewpoint of our counterparts and make various supposition and assumption in a

simulated way so as to obtain some experience with practice.

4.Atmosphere:

it refers to the climate and the surroundings that one or both parties

have created before the negotiation has begun,which can reflect the

frankness,national characteristics,cultural attributes,choice of styles and psychological implications.

5.Frank opening:

It is refers to the way in which we convey our opinions to the other party frankly so as to begin the negotiation in a constructive way.

6.Quotation:

It is a price given to the other party at which the quoter to close a

deal,It can be classified into two forms:oral quotations and written

quotations.

7.Midway price changes:

It is also known as a provisional shift of price.this is a tactic used in the process of making a quotation where the trend of quoted prices

suddenly changes to the opposite direction midway through the process.

8.differentiated quotations:

A way of pricing employed as a useful tool to induce more possible deals,This strategy allows a company to buy or sell the same product at different prices based on their grades,quantity,delivery

destination,shipment,method of payment and other related factors.

9.Impasse

During the negotiation process,the two parties strongly insist on their own profits and ignore whether the other party understand or accepts one's ideas or whether is harmful to another party or not,then it leads the negotiation in a dilemma .

10,Adjournment

A strategy to break an impasse by stopping the negotiation process for a period of time,which can be several minutes,several days,several weeks or even months and then restart it.

11.open-ended question

refers to questions that don't limited the answer and can't be answered with simple word"yes"or"no".

12.Body language :

also known as gesture or nonverbal language,as used in

negotiations,mainly consists of facial expressions (eye,brows ,and

mouth),limbs (arms and legs)language and other behaviors.

13,Etiquette:

The practices and forms prescribed by social convention or by authority. also known as the customs or rules governing behaviour regarded as

correct or acceptable in social or official life.

14,cultural taboos

a taboo is something forbidden by religious, law, morals or society and it is a common social phenomenon of every nation.

15.International negotiation style

The stable negotiating character derived from the background of nation,country ,culture,education and reserved by the group within the same area or nation.

1,characteristics of international business

(1) language barrier

(2) culture differences

(3) International laws and domestic laws are in force

(4) International political factors must be taken account

(5) The difficulty and the cost are greater than that of domestic

negotiations

2.Characteristic of an international business contract

1)It is an agreement between parties from different countries or regions

2) the laws of all the parties involved are binding

3)the international treaties and trade practices are binding

4)it is affected by international political relationships

3,Game principles of International Business

Negotiation

1.Equal and voluntary

2.credibility first

3.Mutual reciprocity and Mutual Benefit (互利互惠)

4.Maximizing commonalities and Minimizing Differences (求同存异)

5.Speak on the good ground (Using objective criteria)

6.separate the people from the problem

7.corporating principle

Chapter 3

4.Collecting Information

1). the Qualification and credit status of the partner company(The

history and status quo,Economic and political power,corporate

reputation,capital quality,operating capability产品质量,技术标准,产品的技术服务,商标及品牌,广告的宣传作用)

2).Negotiation representatives (The composition of the Negotiation

team,their Identity and status)

3).Market quotations (market prices,PLC,competitiveness)

4).Laws and cultures (环境资料,政冶法律文化,商业习惯,财稅金融情次)

谈判有关的环境因素:政治状况,宗教信仰,法律制度,商业习惯,社会习俗,财政金融状况,基础设施与后勤供应状况,气候状况

2.谈判信息的内容可以将其分为自然环境信息,社会环境信息,市场细分化信息,竞争对手信息,购买力及投向信息,产品信息,消费需求,消费心理信息

5.Forming of the negotiation team

1)the number of the team member of your counterpart

2)the complexity of the negotiation

3).The need for technical experts

4).the number of the associates in the project

6.The Staffing of the negotiation team

1)complementary knowledge (2)complementary character

3)clearly-defined roles

7.Structure

(1) leading personnel (2)Business personnel (3)professional and

technical personnel (4)Financial personnel (5)Legal personnel

(6)Interpreters (7)secretaries

谈判中翻译人员的作用:(选择题)

有助于他们理解书面文件的意义,口头表达的分寸乃至判断对方对已方意见的反应等等。

谈判人员利用翻译的时间,对谈判对手察言观色,缜密地思考下一步对策,在时间上减轻谈判人员的压力。

通过翻译进行谈判时,则可将原因推在翻译身上,万一受到对方的攻击,自已很容易避开。

翻译以对外商务谈判中是实际的核心人员

主谈人的主要任务是领导谈判班子的工作,其具体职责是(选择题) 1监督谈判程序,掌握谈判进程

2听取专业人员的说明、建议。协调谈判班子的意见

3决定谈判过程的重要事项,代表单位签约,汇报谈判工作

经济人员的职责:(选择题)

掌握该谈判项目总的财力情况

了解谈判对方在项目利益方面的期望值指数

分析、计算、修改谈判方案所带来的收益的变动

为主谈人员提供财力方面的意见、建议

在正式签约前提出对合同或协议的财务分析表

8.Process of the International Business negotiation Collecting Information -Planing for the International Business

negotiation(targets,agenda,site,issue,strategies )-Forming the negotiation team-simulated negotiations-negotiation opening -

Bargaining(Quotation,,Offer and counteroffer) -contract

国际 商务谈判阶段:开局阶段,报价阶段,磋商阶段,成交阶段

9.strategic approach in negotiation

1)collaborating(win-win)(合作)

2).compromising (split the difference and meet each other half way)(让步)

3)Accommodation (lose-win,maintain the interpersonal relationship at all cost)(调适,降低损失)

4)controlling (win-lose,决策紧急)

5)avoiding(lose-lose,成功率低)

mediation (调解) Arbitration(仲裁) litigation(诉讼)

10.The function of atmosphere

(1) positive and friendly

(2) tense and contradictory (存在隔阂)

(3) brief and straightforward (合作基础)

(4)sedate and reserved (实力相当)

(5) cold and perfunctory (实力悬殊)

(6) dilatory and protracted (multi-lateral,cultural difference)

High-spirit atmosphere (positive and enthusiastic)

Low-spirit atmosphere(serious,depressing and down cast)

Natural atmosphere(steady mood)

11.opening strategies

Resonant opening (一致式\共鸣式) Frank opening(坦诚式)

Evasive opening(保留式) Nitpicking opening(挑剔式)

offensive opening(进攻式)

Tactic

Tag-team tactic (车轮战术)The. Ultimatum (最后通牒) Fatiguing tactic(疲劳战术)Fatiguing tactic(疲劳战术)

12.Closed question(封闭式发问指在特定的领域中能带出特定的答复(如“是”或“否”)的问句。 )

1).selective questions 2).suggestive questions

3).clarifying questions 4)reference questions

Opened-ended questions 1)probing questions 2)conferring questions

3)proof-seeking questions 4)heuristic(启发式) questions 5)leading questions

澄清式发问:澄清式发问是针对对方的答复,重新提出问题以使对方进一步澄清或补充其原先答复的一种问句。

强调式发问旨在强调自己的观点和已方的立场。

探索式发问是针对对方答复,要求引申或举例说明,以便探索新问题、找出新方法的一种发问方式。

借助式发问是一种借助第三者的意见来影响或改变对方意见的发问方式。

强迫选择式发问旨在将已方的意见抛给对方,让对方在一个规定的范围内进行选择回答

13.Tactics of making concessions

1).keeping up until last concession (0-0-0-80)(敌弱我强)

2).concessions by equal margin (20-20-20-20)(无经验)

3).progressive increase in concessions (10-15-25-30)(谈判高手)

4).progressive decrease with a middle range (40-25-10-5)(降低风险) 5).progressive decrease with a larger range(50-20-8-2)(敌强我弱,求胜心强)

6).progressive decrease with a minor range(30-25-15-10)(合作为主) 7)Decreasing regressively and increasing at the end (45-30-(-5)-

10)(僵局处于不利的一方)

8).unstable concessions (55-3-20-2)(有经验)

9).showing one's hand at the beginning (80-0-0-0)(合作关系密切)

14.How to handle impasse

(1)keep it fluid (2)seek easy routes (4)shift the topic (5)Adjournment strategy

15.Identifying closing signals and selecting closing approaches

(1).By transaction terms and conditions (2).By negotiation strategies

(3).By closing signal (4).By negotiation time

16.Psychological qualities of the negotiator ......

(1)rationality(理智) (2)confidence(make decisions) and optimism

1. (3)consistency and patience (4)sincerity and have the courage to

endure equivocal things (5)have the spirit of competition

1.敏捷清晰的思维推理能力和较强的自控能力,要有长远的眼光

信息表达与传递的能力

坚强的毅力、百折不挠的精神及不达目的绝不罢休的自信心和决心。 敏锐的洞察力,高度的预见和应变能力

名词

Adjournment(休会)conciliation(协商)Mediation (调节)

Arbitration(仲载) 诉讼(Litigation)

Modification of the contract (合同修改)

Termination of the contract (合同解除)

Assignment of the contract (合同转让) Notarization of the contract (合同公证) Authentication of the contract (合同认证) Open

agenda(general rule agenda) [开放日程]

Restricted agenda(detailed rule agenda)【封闭日程】

Guaranty guarantee(留置担保) Mortgage guarantee (抵押担保)

Deposit guarantee(定金担保) Lien guarantee(贷款担保)

Penalty guarantee(赔偿担保) 个体谈判(one -to-one negotiation) 集体谈判(team negotiation) 横向谈判(horizontal negotiation) 纵向,垂直(vertical negotiation) 主场谈判(host-court negotiation) 客场谈判(Guest-Court negotiation)

交叉谈判(changing-court negotiation)

第三方谈判(third-place negotiation)

——美国商人的谈判礼仪及禁忌

1、不必要过多地握手与讲客套,称呼比较随意亲切,习惯保持

一定的身体距离。

2、时间观念很强,约会要事先约定,赴会要准时。

3、喜欢谈论政治和与商业有关的旅行、时尚方面的话题,不要

涉及个人问题。

4、美国商人在接受对方名片时往往并不回赠,通常是在认为有

必要进行联系时才回赠。

5、一般性款待在饭店举行,小费通常不包括在帐单里。

(二)加拿大商人的谈判风格、礼仪与禁忌

——加拿大商人的谈判风格

1、英裔商人谨慎、保守、注重信誉;喜欢设置关卡,一般不会轻易答应对方提出的条件和要求,因此和他们谈判不能急于求成,但一旦协议达成,他们会严格履约。

2、法裔商人和蔼可亲,平易近人,但涉及到谈判的实质性内容往往节奏较慢、难以捉摸。他们常常签约容易,但具体执行时问题较多, ——加拿大商人的谈判礼仪及禁忌

1、见面或分别时要行握手礼,对法语是母语的谈判者,要使用印有英、法两种文字的名片。

2、约会要事先约定并准时,就餐时要穿正装,一般进餐时双手要放在桌子上,私人约会要带鲜花或小礼品。

3、谈判要严格遵守时间,注重礼节,耐心温和,不可施加压力和操之过急。

4、对法裔谈判者在不弄清对方的意图与要求是切不要贸然承诺,

不要在谈判时被对方牵着鼻子走。要准备法文的谈判合同和材料。

5、加拿大企业的高层管理者对谈判影响较大,应将注意力集中在他们身上。因此合同条款必须订得详细、明了、准确方可签约。

(三)南美商人的谈判风格、礼仪与禁忌

1、富于男子汉风格、开朗豪爽、个人至上、不易妥协。

2、一般不喜欢同女性谈判者进行谈判。

3、注重感情,看重朋友。

4、享受生活,工作时间较短,度假神圣不可侵犯。

5、有些南美商人对信用证付款的观念淡薄,应注意寻找可靠的贸易伙伴。

6、在南美做生意寻找合格的代理商、建立代理商网络是至关重要的,否则将寸步难行。

7、认真了解客商所在国的外汇管制方面的法规、政策,不可轻易发货。

8、巴西人相对随意,阿根廷人相对正统,智利、哥伦比亚、巴拉圭人相对保守,秘鲁、厄瓜多尔人时间观念较为淡薄。

(一)英国商人的谈判风格、礼仪和禁忌

1、英国商人的谈判风格

(1)冷静持重,与对方保持一定距离,但容易相处,待人温和;

(2)精明灵活,善于应变,善解人意,但决不轻易让步;

(3)举止优雅,充满自信,尊重对手,看重对手的层级和地位;

(4)讲究程序,按部就班,严格遵守双方的规定,准备工作充分。

(5)较少在夏季和圣诞及元旦期间谈生意。有些商人常不能遵守交货时间,并经常做为对方索赔的交易条件。

2、英国商人的谈判礼仪和禁忌

(1)见面和告别时与男士握手,当女士先伸手时才能再握手;

(2)有很强的时间观念,约会要事先预约,赴约要准时,过早过晚都是不礼貌的。正式约会男士穿正装,女士穿裙装。男士忌讳带有条纹的领带;进餐时忌大声讲话;

(3)忌讳谈论皇家的家事,另外不要笼统地说英国人,而要具体地说英格兰人、苏格兰人和爱尔兰人。喜欢谈论艺术、历史、足球等体育运动话题

(二)德国商人的谈判风格、礼仪和禁忌

1、德国商人的谈判风格

(1)自信、保守、刻板、严谨,做事富有计划性。

(2)雷厉风行,注重工作效率,追求完美。谈判准备充分,工作细致,组织严密,制定谈判计划讲究逻辑性。

(3)对自己的产品极有信心。

(4)追求公正、合理的理性精神,崇尚契约,合同条款的每一个字都会仔细推敲。

(5)严格守时,忌讳晚上谈判。

2、德国商人的礼仪与禁忌

(1)重视礼节,无论谈判还是交往均讲究正式称呼、正式着装、正式程序;双方交谈时双手不要插在口袋里。

(2)就餐期间,要等最后一位客人用餐完毕并上过咖啡和白兰地后才能吸烟。

(3)谈判语气严肃,直抒胸臆,不会用玩笑方式打破沉默,讲究双方的距离感。

(三)法国人的谈判风格、礼仪和禁忌

1、法国人的谈判风格

(1)对自己悠久和灿烂的文化遗产十分自豪,是双方寒暄的最好话题。

(2)对自己的语言十分骄傲,习惯于用法语为谈判语言。

(3)富有人情味,重视人际关系,宴会中不得参杂交易成分。

(4)性格开朗,幽默诙谐,讲究穿戴。

(5)偏爱横向式谈判,即先达成原则协议,然后再确认具体细节。在谈判不同阶段,都要求有文字记录,如“备忘录”、“纪要”、“议定书”、“协定书”等。

(6)要严格区别各种不同文件的法律效力,对“达成的协议点”、

“分歧点”、“专论点”、“论及点”要有准确的定义,避免产生歧义。

(7)喜欢追求谈判结果,急于签约,但又常常要求修改合同。

(8)谈判思路灵活,手法多样,有时还常常介绍第三者出面介入谈判。

(9)对商品质量和外包装要求都很高。

(10)法国人时间观念较淡薄,正式宴请时身份越高,来得越晚,但法国人自己总有无数理由迟到但绝不原谅别人迟到。节假日期间勿谈工作。

2、法国人的谈判礼仪与禁忌

(1)见面时应主动握手,但不要主动向上级伸手,女士也一般不主动向男士伸手。

(2)就餐时保持双手而不是双肘放在桌子上,宴会结束时双方负责人应相互敬酒,受到款待后次日应电话或留言表示感谢。

(3)谈判时不能只谈问题,应适时穿插社会新闻、文化艺术等其它话题,活跃气氛,增进友谊。

(四)意大利商人的谈判风格

1、国家观念淡薄,故乡意识浓厚,重视人际关系。

2、重视个人作用,出面谈判者有较大的决定权。

3、时间观念不强,节奏较慢,有时不打招呼就擅自不赴约会。

4、善于社交,但情绪多变,喜欢争论,长于表达。

5、对合同条款的注重明显不如德国人,特别看重商品的价格,谈判时寸步不让,但对商品的质量、性能、交货日期等方面则比较灵活,不愿多花钱追求高品质。

6、追求时尚,注重着装,讲求品味,对谈判环境有较高的要求。

2、北欧人的谈判礼仪和禁忌

(1)讲究礼貌和礼仪。

(2)坦诚相待,保持理性,不能操之过急。

(3)社交场合严格守时,商业问题常常不守时,也不及时回复你的电报和信函,不要看作是严重的问题。

(4)不喜欢讨价还价,不愿争论细枝末节的问题,追求保住合同而不是更换方案。

(5)应注意表述的逻辑性、条理性,谈判前应作充分准备。

(6)代理商的地位很高。

(7)力戒铺张,视俭朴为美德,款待和私下聚会都十分简单。酒是相当昂贵的礼品。

十一)俄罗斯人的谈判风格、礼仪和禁忌

1、 俄罗斯人的谈判风格

(1)待人谦恭,但缺乏信任感。

(2)求成心切,对交易条件要求苛刻,缺乏灵活性。

(3)工作节奏较慢,谈判队伍庞大。

(4)看重价格,精于算计,常常欲擒故纵。

(5)情绪容易激动,举止随意。

2、俄罗斯人的谈判礼仪与禁忌

(1)要注意了解俄国内的各种法规政策的变化情况,与其合作要有强烈的风险意识。

(2)注意礼仪均衡,讲求实效。

(3)重视仪表、整洁,无论天气如何都要西装笔挺,鄙视不修边幅之人,而且不能将手插在口袋里或袖子里

(4)地位意识较强,称呼其要带头衔。

(5)对俄古老灿烂的文化遗产、杰出的体育成就有很强的自豪感。

(6)典型的款待使观看文艺表演或在酒店进餐,适当的礼物是必要的。

(7)对谈判的准备要充分,主谈人应对产品的技术性能有比较充分的了解。

1、日本商人的谈判风格

(1)重视个人关系,初次交往喜欢面谈,不喜欢书信。偏爱熟人介绍,并先行进行礼节性拜访,不能直接进行生意洽谈。

(2)喜欢深入探讨中国历史、哲学,如果有较好的儒家文化素养,会给谈判营造良好气氛。

(3)注重团队精神,讲究相互配合,谈判人员较多,并希望双方派员相等。

(4)等级观念严重,尊老倾向明显,不愿与年轻对手谈判。

5)女性一般不直接参与谈判。

(6)彬彬有礼,深藏不露,坚毅固执,决不轻易妥协。

(7)谈判态度圆滑,不直接表示相反意见,模棱两可,善打蘑菇战。

(8)长于以小利软化对方立场,以小恩小惠换取对方好感,以便获取大利。常常在谈判打折扣之前先行提价,在谈判中给自己留出降价的余地。

(9)刻苦耐劳,善于连续作战、废寝忘食。

(10)对合同文本的审查高度重视、仔细,履约信誉较好

2、日本商人的谈判礼仪和禁忌

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