浅谈动词不定式的句法功能与用法

浅谈动词不定式的句法功能与用法我们知道，英语中非谓语动词指的是动词不定式，动词的-ing形式和动词的-ed形式。动词不定式（the infinitive）一般由“to+动词原形”构成。它在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用，同时也保留着动词的一些特征，可以有自己的宾语或状语。动词不定式在句中通常可作 主语、表语、宾语、定语和补助语，有时还可有自己的逻辑主语，即for sb. to do.
1.      动词不定式作主语。
 不定式短语可以直接在句首作 主语，表示比较具体的意义，经常和特定的动作和执行者联系起来；谓语动词用单数。如:Not to smoke will do you a lot of good. 不吸烟对你有很大好处。有时为保持句子平衡，常用it 作形式主语，不定式作真正的主语放在后面，注意：若有不定式作表语，作主语的不定式不能用it作形式主语, 如:To see is to believe。眼见为实。另外，为强调不定式所表示动作的执行者，可以在不定式的前面加for sb.构成不定式的复合结构；在表示人物性格，特性等的形容词后面用介词of.如：It is difficult for Marty Fielding to know what the future holds.对马蒂.菲尔丁来说很难知道未来是什么样的。   To look after my pets properly takes a lot of time. 正确地照看我的宠物花费许多时间。( 选修7 Unit 1).
2.      动词不定式作表语。
（1）.放在be 动词后起解释说明的作用。如例句：Now his ambition is to become an actor. 现在他的雄心是当一名演员。(选修7 Unit 1).  Its purpose is to involve in physical exercise and athletic competition.其（运动主题公园的）目的是让游客参与身体锻炼和体育比赛。 (必修4Unit5)
(2). 位于 seem ， appear， prove.， remain等系动词后构成系表结构，说明主语的状况或内容。如：I seem to have forgotten so many things now that Christmas is here.由于圣诞节到了，我似乎已忘记如此多的事情。
注意：当主语部分有动词do时，作表语的不定式可省略to.如: All she could do was go back home.她所能做的就是回家。
3. 动词不定式作宾语。
（1）放在某些动词后。如 hope ，promise, learn ,agree, manage,   start等，这类动词需要记住。 课本例句： He hopes to become a teacher. 他希望成为一名教师。（选修7 Unit 1).
 （2）若作宾语的不定式后面有宾语补足语时常用这种句型：主语+v.+ it+ adj./ n .+  to do  sth.  It是形式宾语，to do为真正的宾语。此类动词有，think, find, make, believe, consider, feel   等。课本例句：Does this disability make it difficult for them to do some things? 这残疾使得对他们来说做些事情困难吗？ ( 选修7 Unit 1).
  （3）动词不定式和疑问词连用构成动词不定式短语作动词（know, show, tell，,understand）等的宾语。如课本例句：Unfortunately , the doctor does not    know how to make me better.不幸运的是，医生不知道怎样使我变好点。 7 Unit 1( 选修).
注意:当but, except, besides等后面带不定式时，如果其前面有动词do，其后常省to， 即“前有do，后省to”。例如：
He can do nothing but put off his wedding. = He has no choice but to put off his wedding,
除了延迟婚期他别无选择。
4. 动词不定式作定语。
不定式作定语必须放在被修饰词后，且不定式常和它修饰的词之间有动宾关系，主谓关系或同位关系。在主谓关系中，不定式所修饰的名词或代词前面常有only, first, last, next, 序数词，形容词最高级等修饰。若不定式是不及物动词，后面必须加上必要的介词。动词不定式作定语从时间来说，表示将来意义。如：
    I am always the first person to get to the office. 我总是第一个到办公室的人。(主谓关系) （北师book1Unit3）.
Here is some paper for you to write on.这有些纸供你书写。 (动宾关系)  (选修7 Unit 1).
Last month I was lucky enough to have a chance to make a trip into space with my friend Li Yanping  ,an astronomer.(同位关系)
上个月，我有幸得到一个机会同我的朋友李彦平一起去太空旅行，他是一个宇航员。
 Give them encouragement to live as rich and full a life as you do (同位关系)
给他们鼓励，让他们和你一样过一个富裕而充实的生活。(选修7 Unit 1).
5. 动词不定式作状语。
动词不定式作状语修饰动词。不定式可作目的状语，结果状语，原因状语，和方式状语等。如：
She is proud to have taken part in competition.她参加了比赛感到很自豪。 (原因状语) (选修7 Unit 1).
He used dictation to give his answers into a special machine.他用听写把他的答案输进一台特别的机器。(目的状语) (选修7 Unit 1).
Sometimes ,  I was  too weak to go to school so my education suffered.有时候我身体太虚荣了而不能上学因此我的功课变差了。 (结果状语) (选修7 Unit 1).
Mike raised his hands as if to take off his hat迈克举起手好像要取掉帽子。 (方式状语)
注意：在强调目的状语时，不定式前可加上in order 或so as，即我们所说的“    in order to/so as to ”词组。有时候为了突出目的，还可将这个词组置于句首 ，但so as to一般不用于句首。例如：
In order to persuade people to do something, advertisements often appeal to our hopes and dreams or our emotions.为了规劝人们去做某事，广告常常激起人们的希望，梦想和情感。（选修9Unit5）.
在so as …to , enough to do sth., only to do sth, too….to 等结构中，不定式表示结果。例如：
Will you be so kind as to open the window? 劳驾你打开窗户好吗？
He arrived at the airport only to find the plane had already taken off.他到达机场却发现飞机已经起飞了。
在too…to结构中，当 too后面是 glad, pleased, willing, ready, eager等形容词时，不定式表示肯定。
She was too happy to meet her friend in the street.在街上遇到朋友，她太高兴了。
He is too eager to see you at once.他渴望马上见到你。
6. 动词不定式作补语。
常见的接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：advise, allow, ask ,beg, cause, command, direct, enable , encourage, except,  forbid, force, instruct, invite, invite, oblige, order, permit, persuade, press, recommend, remind, request, teach, teach, tell, train, urge, want, warn, 等。例如：
I was interested in astronomy and he asked me to give a presentation to the class.
我对天文学很感兴趣，他叫我对全班作口头陈述。
有些感官动词和使役动词接不定式作宾语补足语时，通常不带to.下面的口诀可以帮助大家记住这些动词：“四看（see, watch, notice, observe） 三使役(let, make, have) 二听(hear, listen to) 一感觉(feel).”例如：
Instead they made me wait while they checked everyone’s air ticket.他们在检查所有人的机票同时让我等着。（选修7Unit5）
感官动词和使役动词make用于被动语态时，作主语补足语的不定式要带to.例如：Tom doesn’t have to be made to learn. He always works hard.不必强迫汤姆学习，他一直很用功。另外，help后的动词不定式作宾补时可以带to，也可以不带。
动词不定式可作宾语补足语和主语补足语。如课本例句：
In many ways my disability has helped me grow stronger psychologically.
在许多方面，我的残疾帮助在在心理上变得更加坚强。 (选修7 Unit 1)
He is known to have spent eighteen years fighting slaves.
人们知道他花费了18年与奴隶作斗争。
The doctor had her assistant pick up some hot dogs for the meeting.
医生让她助手为会议筹集些热狗。
7.动词不定式作独立成分.
独立成分独立于句子之外，表示说话者的语气，态度等。常用于独立成分的动词不定式有 to tell the truth说实话， to be honest老实说, to be frank with you 坦诚地说, to begin with首先, to put it briefly简言之等 。例如：
To tell the truth, we don’t want to go with you.说实话，我们不想跟你去。
To be frank with you, you are wrong.坦白说，你错了。
练习题：
一，单项选择。
1. Can you give me a chair _____?
Sorry, Jack has taken away my chairs _____________it.
A .to sit; repairing  B. to sit; to repair  C. to sit on ;repairing D. to sit on; to repair
2. I was made ____tow hours for an appointment.
A. wait            B. waiting           C. to wait    D. waited
3. The hare arrived at the tree exhausted, only ____that the tortoise had already been there.
A. finding         B. to  find        C. find          D. to be found
4. We   were   astonished ___________the temple still in its original condition.
 A.   finding      B. to find          C. to be  found  D. find 
5. It is stupid ____to trust her so much.
A. of him        B.  for him        C. with him     D.  to him
6._________with ,  the course is of great importance.
 A. Begin           B. Beginning     C. To begin with    D. Begun
7. I haven’t decided whether _____________abroad for further study.
A. to go           B. going          C. go         D. went
8.  __Did the book give the information you needed?
   __ Yes. But ______________it, I had to read the entire book.
 A. find             B.  finding       C. to find      D. to be found
9. I feel greatly honored _______________to  their wedding.
 A.  to welcome      B. welcoming    C. welcomed   D. to be welcomed
10. The party __________tomorrow will be grand.
A. held            B. to be held     C. being  held    D. be held
二，完成句子。
. 11. Her   wish   is ___________________________________(admit).
她的愿望是被重点大学录取。
12. He warned his son _______________________________(drive).
他警告他儿子不能酒后驾驶。
13. She is said_______________________________________ (live) in the city for six years.
据说她住在该城市六年了。
14. The boy _________________________________________when his mother came in (pretend).
当母亲进来时，小男孩假装在读书。
15 .  _____________ is  to  believe  (see) .
   _________________is  believing . ( see)
眼见为实。
参考答案：
1-5  CCBBA    6-10 CACDB
                                                     
11. to  be admitted to a key university.
12. not to drive after drinking
13. to have been living
14 .  pretended  to be reading
15. To  see  .  Seeing.

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