Required Exercises in Modern linguistics_45442

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以下为我们所学课程需课后巩固的练习。请通知自己所在班级全体同学各章节结束后及时完成，若有问题及时收集以便交流和掌握。该练习上交至少五个章节。本次上交第一章练习。其它待定。

马老师 2014年3月6日

Required Exercises for Modern Linguistics

Chapter I Introduction

I. Multiple Choice

Directions: Choose the best answer and fill in the blank in each item below. 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human_______. A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Language is _________.

A. instinctive B. non-instinctive

C. natural D. genetically transmitted

3. A linguist regards the change in language and language in use as ________. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. Tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang

5. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is _________. A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative

6. ________is a grammatical description of a language specially designed as an aid to teaching

that language to native or foreign learners.

A. Descriptive linguistics B. Prescriptive linguistics C. Applied linguistics D. Theoretical linguistics

6. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feeling might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? A. interpersonal B. emotive

C. performative D. recreational

7. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speaker of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?

A. Transferability B. Duality

C. Displacement D.Arbitrariness

8. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of

language?

——A nice day, isn’t it?

——Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.

A. Emotive B. Phatic

C. Performative D. Interpersonal

9. Which branch of linguistics studies the similarities and differences among languages? A. Diachronic linguistics B. Synchronic linguistics

C. prescriptive linguistics D. Comparative linguistics

10. ________refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.

A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole

11. ________deals with language application to other fields, particularly education. A. Linguistic geography B. Sociolinguistics

B. Applied linguistics D. Comparative linguistics

Chapter II Phonology

II. Multiple Choice

Directions: Choose the best answer and fill in the blank in each item below. 21. Unlike animal communication systems, human language is ________.

A.stimulus free B.stimulus bound

C.under immediate stimulus control

D.Stimulus by some occurrence of communal interest. 22. *______ is one of the suprasegmental features.

A. stop B. Voicing C. Deletion D. Tone 23. Conventionally a _______is put in slashes.

A. allophone B. phone

C. phoneme D. morpheme

24.*Narrow transcription is the phonetic transcription with ______.

A. diacritics B. distinctive features C. voicing D. articulation

25. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as _______diphthongs.

A. wide B. closing C. narrow D. centering

26. Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?

A. geology B. Education & psycholinguistics C. physics D. Philosophy 27. Which is different from the others according to places of articulation?

A. [n] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p]

28. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating? A. Voiceless B. Voiced C. Glottal stop D. Consonant

29. Which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative? A. [f] B. [?] C. [z] D. [e]

30. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?

A. Acoustic phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics C. Auditory phonetics D. Neither of them 31. *_______ is not an English consonant.

A. Labio-dental plosive B. Alveolar nasal C. Velar stop D. Dental fricative 32. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _________.

A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. phones D. allophones

33. _________has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics.

A. Chomsky B. Saussure C. Bloomfield D. John Lyons 34. Which one is different from the others according to the manners of articulation?

A. [z] B. [w]

C. [s] D. [v]

35.Pitch variation is known as ______when its patterns are imposed on sentences.

A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice

36. Which of the following is the most important function of language?

A. interpersonal function B. per formative function C. informative function D. recreational function

37. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _____of the p phoneme.

A. analogues B.tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones

38. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as ________.

A. glottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula

39. The function of the sentence” Water boils at 100degree Centigrade” is ____________.

A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative

40. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels? A. [i:] B. [u] C. [e] D. [i]

Chapter III Morphology

I. Multiple Choice

Directions: Choose the best answer and fill in the blank in each item below. 21. *Compound words consist of ______ morphemes.

A. bound B. free C. both bound and free

22. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called _______ morpheme. A. inflectional B. free

C. bound D. derivational

23. In English –ise and –tion are called ________. A. prefixes B. suffixes

C. infixes D. free morphemes 24. The three sybtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and ______. A. derivational affix B. inflectional affix C. infix D. back-formation

25. _______is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by

subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.

A. Affixation B. Back-formation C. Insertion D. Addition 26. All of them are meaningful except for____________. A. lexeme B. phoneme C. morpheme D. allomorph

27.*______is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as masculine/feminine/neuter, animate/inanimate, etc. A. Case B. Gender C. Number D. Category 28. The stem of disagreements is __________.

A. agreement B. phoneme C. disagree D. disagreement

29. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “-ed” in the word “learned” is

known as a(n) ______.

A. derivational morpheme B. free morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D. free form

30. The words “take” and “table” are called ____ because they can occur unattached.

A. form words B. bound morphemes

C. free morphemes D. inflectional morphemes. 31. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by ________. A. blending B. clipping B. backformation D. acronym 32. The word TB is formed in the way of ___________. A. acronymy B. clipping C. initialism D. blending 33. *“Radar” is a/an _____.

A. acronym B. blending C. coinage D. clipping

34. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “-ed” in the word “learned” is

known as a( n )__________.

A. derivational morpheme B. free morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D. free form

35. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.

A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words

36. What the element “-es” indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element “-ed” past

tense, and “-ing” progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ______.

A. phonemes B.morphemes C. allophones D. phones 37. There are _______ morphemes in the word denationalization? A. three B. four C. five D. six

38. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of word-formation and ________. A. affixation B. etymology B. inflection D. root

39. *______is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as masculine/feminine/neuter, animate/inanimate, etc.

A. Case B. Gender C. Number D. Category 40. *The relation between words “rose” and “flower” is that of _____.

A. synonymy B. antonymy C. homonymy D. hyponymy

Chapter IV Syntax

I. Multiple Choice

Directions: Choose the best answer and fill in the blank in each item below.

22. *According to Standard Theory of Chomsky, ______ contain all the information necessary for

the semantic interpretation of sentences. A. deep structures B. surface structure C.transformational rules D. PS-roles

23. The phrase” on the shelf” belongs to _______ construction. A. endocentric B. exocentric C. subordinate D. coordinate 24.The head of the phrase” the city Rome” is ____.

A. the city B. Rome

C. city D. the city and Rome

25.*_____refers to the relations holding between elements replaceable with each other at

particular place in structure, or between one element present and the others absent. A.Syntagmatic relation B.Paradigmatic relation C. Co-occurrence relation

26. In a complete sentence, the incorporated, or subordinate clause is normally called

a(n)______clause.

A. finite B. non-finite C. embedded D. Matrix

27.*In English, theme and rheme are often expressed by______ and ______.

A. subject, object B. subject, predicate C. predicate, object D. object, predicate

28. The sentence” They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves” is a

_________sentence.

A. simple B. coordinate C. compound D. complex

29. *The _____construction is defined as a construction whose distribution is not functionally

equivalent to any of its constituents.

A. exocentric B.endocentric C. subordinate D. coordinate 30. _____is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentences structure of language. A. Morphology B. Syntax C. Semantics D. Pragmatics

31. The term____ is used in a narrow sense to conclude only reflexives like myself and reciprocals

like each other.

A. pronominal B. anaphor C. re-expression D. Binding

32. The phrase” my small child’s cot” is an ambiguous phrase, which can be revealed by _____

tree diagrams.

A. one B. two C. three D. four

33.In the phrase structure rule “S NP + VP”, the arrow can be read as____.

A. is equal to B. consists of C. has D. generates

34._____does not belong to the major syntactic categories. A. Auxiliary B. NP C. N D.PP

35. ____refers to construction where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another. A. Conjoining B.Embedding C. Concord D. Government 36. The criterion used in IC analysis is _____.

A. transformation B. conjoining C. grouping D. substitutability

37. In Halliday’s view, the _______function of language is realized as the transitivity system in

clauses as a representation of experience.

A. ideational B. interpersonal C. textual D. social

38.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly

termed the _____ structure.

A. phrase B.surface C. syntactic D.deep

39. ________is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic

constructions and in terms of certain category.

A. Concord B. Government B. Blinding D. C-command

Chapter V Semantics

II. Multiple Choices

Directions: Choose the best answer and fill in the blank in each item below. 17. Cold and hot are a pair of _______antonyms.

A. gradable B. complementary C. reversal D. converseness

18.*The sense relationship between “John plays the violin” and “John plays a musical instrument”

is ________.

A. hyponymy B. antonymy C. entailment D. synonymy 19. The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word is ________. A. interpreted through the mediation of concept. B. related to the thing it refers to

C. the idea associated with that word in the minds of speakers. D. the image it is represented in the mind.

20. ______in a person’s speech, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum from casual to formal according to the type of communicative context.

A. Stylistic variation B. Idealistic variation C. Social variation D. Regional variation 21. _______describes whether a proposition is true or false.

A. Truth B. Truth value C. Truth condition D. Falsehood 22. *“Semantics is the scientific study of meaning” is a ________.

A. synonymy B. polysemy C. antonymy D. tautology 23. *“Wide/narrow” is an example of ________.

A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C.converseness D. complementarity 24. Idioms are ______.

A. sentences B. naming units C. phrases D. communication 25. The particular words or constructions that produce presuppositions is called ____. A. presupposition condition B. truth condition C. presupposition trigger D. truth value 26. “Socrates is a man” is a case of _____.

A. two-place predicate B. one-place predicate C. Two- place argument D. one-place argument

27. Bull: [BBVINE][MALE][ADULT]is an example of __________. A. componential analysis B. prediction analysis C. compositionality D. selection restriction

28. “John hit Peter” and “Peter was hit by John” are the same___________. A. proposition B. sentence C. utterance D. Truth

29. Lexical ambiguity arises from polysemy or ___which can not be determined by the context. A. homonymy B.antonymy C. meronymy D. synonymy

30. When the truth of sentence (a) guarantees the truth of sentence (b), and the falsity of sentence(a) guarantees the falsity of sentence(a), we can say that________. A. sentence(a) presupposes sentence(b) B. sentence(a) entails sentence(b).

Chapter XII Neurolinguistic

II. Multiple Choice

Directions: Choose the best answer and fill in the blank in each item below.

14. Many aphasics do not show total language loss. Rather, different aspects of language are impaired. Aphasics in _______ area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.

A. Werniker’s B. visual C. motor D. Broca’s

15. What kind of patients cannot convert a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa? A. The linguistic deprivation B. Broca’s aphasics

C. Wernicke’s aphasics D. The damage on the angular gyrus

16. Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is known as the ___________ .

A. brain lateralization B. Linguistic lateralization C. right ear advantage D. cerebral plasticity

17. When we speak, words are sent to ______, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.

A. Broca’s area B. Wernicke’s area C. the angular gyrus D. motor area

18. _______is the mental functions under the control of the right hemisphere. A. Language and speech B. Calculation

C. Holistic reasoning D. Associative thought

19. When we listen, the word is heard and comprehended via ______area. A. Broca’s B. motor C. neurons D. Wernicke’s

20. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people?

A. Language and speech B. Visual and spatial skills C. Reading and writing D. Analytic reasoning

21. Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely,_____. A. Broca’s area, Wernickes’s area and angular gurus B. Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area and cerebral cortex C. Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area and neurons

D. Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area and Exner’s area

22. Which of the following choices is not the key biological basis for human language

acquisition?

A. Cerebral cortes B. Neruons

C. Eyes D. Angular gyrus

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