2008年联合国译员招聘考试初试题及参考译文

2008年联合国译员招聘考试初试题及参考译文

北京外国语大学高级翻译学院 李长栓

按：此为2008年联合国译员招聘考试初试题及参考译文（部分）。此译文并非联合国提供，仅供参考。

Topic 1: Distributive justice

话题1：分配公平

How can the distribution of social goods in a society be just? Utopian visionaries throughout history have given answers to this question and, to the extent to which these answers varied, have set off ideological controversies as well as wars. Questions that need to be settled by dogma or force, however, are liable to have no answers at all. Presumably it is this insight that has led many sober-minded students in the fields of sociology, economics and political science to abandon the question of how distributive justice can be realized, replacing it with the question of why the belief in distributive justice is illusory.

一个社会如何分配社会产品才算公平？不同历史时期的空想家们给出了各种答案，甚至由于见解的不同，引发了意识形态斗争，直至兵

戎相见。然而，需要诉诸教条或武力的问题，往往根本就不存在答案。大概正是因为意识到了这一点，很多冷静的社会学、经济学和政治学的研究者纷纷放弃如何实现分配公平的问题，转而思考为何关于分配公平的信念仅是一种幻想。

Posed from this perspective the question gains complexity as well as openness. There may be many answers. None of these answers can claim to be the ultimate one but, summed, they may contribute to our understanding of the forces inhibiting or facilitating distributive social justice.

从这个角度看，分配公平的问题显得更加复杂和捉摸不定。这个问题的答案可能有多种。哪个答案都不能自诩为最终答案。但是，把所有答案综合起来看，或许有助于我们理解妨碍或推动社会分配公平的因素。

I attempt to address one of the many aspects of the illusion of distributive justice, focusing on the conceptual distinction between realizing vs. perceiving distributive justice. Distributive social justice is liable to be 'illusory' on both accounts. It can be illusory because, contrary to the beliefs we may have, it may be impossible for the distribution of

social goods to be just regardless of what we do. For instance, the 'impossibility theorem', according to which collective social welfare functions cannot be determined, is directed towards the destruction of this type of illusion. Distributive justice, however, can also be illusory because the perception we have of it does not mirror reality adequately.

分配公平在很多方面具有虚幻性，我将重点讨论其中之一，即分配公平的客观实现与分配公平的主观感受两个概念的区别。在这两个层面，社会分配公平都可能是“幻想”。这是因为（这可能与我们的想法相反），无论我们如何努力，或许都不可能实现社会产品的公平分配。比如，阿罗（Arrow）的“难能定理”（根据该定理，集体社会福利函数无法确定）即旨在摧毁此类幻想。另一方面，分配公平具有虚幻性是因为我们对分配公平的主观感受并没有恰当地反映客观现实。[1]

There is a certain causal relationship between the perceptual illusion and the illusory feasibility of distributive justice. Because if we perceive social distributions as just, even though this is not what they are, then nobody will attempt to strive for change. Thus we are left with

distributions that are unjust for ever. That is, 'false' perceptions of distributive justice have social consequences that render the realization of distributive justice impossible. (330 words)

主观感受的虚幻性与分配公平的虚幻可行性之间存在着一定的因果关系。因为如果我们感到社会分配是公平的（虽然事实并非如此），就不会有人去尝试改变现状。这样一来，分配便永远处于不公之中。换言之，关于分配公平的“虚假”感受会带来社会后果，那就是让分配公平的目标永远无法实现。

说明：这篇最主要的问题是理解。在不查资料的情况下，很难准确把握原文的意思，找到适当的翻译方法。所以，考试需要一定的运气。碰到自己懂的，就能翻好；碰到不懂的，肯定无法译好。考不好并不意味着做不好翻译。因为做翻译就是一个查资料的过程。在实际翻译过程中，如果不懂，肯定要查清楚的。相反，一个人考得很好，那也可能是运气。如果不懂得查资料，即使侥幸通过考试，将来遇到困难的内容，还是翻译不好。

我在翻译的时候，进行了仔细调查。这篇短文的出处是http://www.jstor.org/pss/522527。这是在完成翻译初稿之后发现的。在发现出处之前，就已经加入了“阿罗”的名字。因为从其他资

料看到那个理论是他的理论。后来看到出处里面本来就有Arrow，让我更加感到自己翻译时加入这个人的名字是十分正确的。

Topic 2: Global Warming

话题2 全球变暖

We are now faced with a momentous challenge: global warming. The steady deterioration of the very climate of our very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. is losing. The U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world's greenhouse gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn't intend to do a whole lot about it. Although 174 nations ratified the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away from them. While even developing China has boosted its mileage standards to 35 m.p.g., the U.S. remains the land of the Hummer.

现在我们正面临一项巨大的挑战：全球变暖。地球气候持续恶化，正在演变成一场最紧要的战争，而从任何一个标准来看，美国都在节节败退。美国每年排放的温室气体占全球总量的近25%，并固执地声明它不打算采取大规模的减排措施。虽然有174个国家为降低碳排放水平已经批准了并不完美的京都议定书，可美国却不肯批准。就连发展中的中国也已将燃油经济标准提高到了每加仑35英里，而美国仍是悍马汽车的天下。

The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, there's far less consensus on how to fix it. Industry offers its plans, which too often would fix little. Environmentalists offer theirs, which too often amount to naive wish lists that could cripple America's growth. But what would an aggressive, ambitious, effective

plan look like—one that would leave us both environmentally safe and economically sound? 最大的困难在于，如果说绝大多数人日益认同气候变化是个全球紧急事件，那么关于解决之道的共识则寥寥无几。工业界提出自己的方案，可惜这些方案通常解决不了什么问题。环保主义者也献策，可惜他们的计策往往过于天真，真要照办的话，就会严重阻碍美国的发展。但是一个大胆、宏伟、有效的方案到底是什么样的呢？如何才能让我们同时拥有安全的环境和良好的经济增长？

Halting climate change will be far harder than even that2. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 50 years. And yet by devising a coherent strategy that mixes short-term solutions with farsighted goals, combines government activism with private-sector enterprise and blends pragmatism with ambition, the U.S. can, without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of our way of life for future generations. Money will get us part of the way there, but what's needed most is will. (287 words)

阻止气候变化比以上[2]做法要困难得多。较为保守的一个方案呼吁，在未来50年减少250亿吨碳排放。然而，只要制定一致的战略，将短期措施和长远目标结合起来，将政府推动和民间努力结合起来，将务实精神和雄心壮志结合起来，美国就能既不严重损害经济，又帮助遏制气候变化的最坏影响，并保证后代享受我们今天的生活方式。要实现这个目标，金钱将助我们一臂之力，不过最需要的是意愿。

奥巴马严厉批评英国石油公司高管 Obama attack on BP's Hayward spurs further share price falls

英国《金融时报》 记者 联合报道 字号 背景 收藏 电邮 打印 评论[8条] 中文

BP's share price fell sharply again yesterday, down almost 38 per cent since the start of the Gulf of Mexico oil crisis 50 days ago, after President Barack Obama

launched a scathing attack on the company's chief executive saying he wanted to know “whose ass to kick”.

The shares of one of the

biggest companies listed on the London market fell more than 30p to 397.90p at one point before recovering slightly to close at

408.9p.

At a shareholders' meeting in

London on Monday, BP management

英国石油(BP)股价昨日再

度急剧下跌，自50天前墨西哥湾漏油事件爆发以来，该股已经累计下跌近38%。此前美国总统巴拉克?奥巴马

(Barack Obama)对英国石油首席执行官进行了严厉抨击，说自己想知道“该把谁狠揍一

顿”。

伦敦市场市值最大的股票

之一昨日盘中一度下跌逾30便士，至397.90便士，随后小幅回升，收于408.9便士。 周一在伦敦召开的股东会

议上，英国石油管理层就应对

was grilled about the progress of 措施的进展以及围堵油井的relief operations and the success 成功受到百般拷问，但是据出of capping the well, but there was 席者称，要求首席执行官唐熙no strong call for Tony Hayward, 华(Tony Hayward)辞职的呼声

chief executive, to quit, according to people present. “Throwing Hayward out now

won't get Obama off the company's back or make a jot of difference to public opinion of BP,” one person who attended the meeting

said.

In an interview with NBC aired yesterday, Mr Obama criticised

comments by Mr Hayward, including an assessment made early in the crisis that suggested there would be only a modest environmental impact from the crippled Macondo

well.

The US president – who made

并不高。

“现在赶走唐熙华并不能

让奥巴马不再找英国石油的麻烦，或是让公众对英国石油的看法大为改观，”一位出席者表示。

在昨天接受NBC采访时，奥巴马对唐熙华的言论进行

了批评，包括后者在事故发生后不久做出的评估，称陷入瘫痪的Macondo油井只会造成不太严重的环境影响。

美国总统上周第三次前往his third trip to assess the damage to the Louisiana coast

事发地点，评估漏油事件对路易斯安那州海岸造成的危害。

last week – said if he were in 他表示如果自己执掌英国石charge of BP, the chief executive 油，首席执行官“在发表上述“wouldn't be working for me after any of those statements”.

His personal attack on Mr Hayward came amid White House

任何言论之后就会被扫地出

门了”。 就在美国总统对唐熙华个人进行攻击的同时，白宫也正

efforts to address criticism that 在努力应付批评，即自4月20it has not been forceful enough 日“深水地平线”(Deepwater since the Deepwater Horizon oil Horizon)钻井平台爆炸以来，

rig exploded on April 20.

2010年07月14日 06:08 AM

白宫方面表现得不够有力。

中国对美国贸易顺差创年内新高

CHINA EXPORTS EXTEND US TRADE GAP

英国《金融时报》 艾伦?拉贝波特 纽约, 艾伦?贝蒂 伦敦报道

字号 背景

收藏 电邮 打印 评论[23条] 中文

A surge in imports from China 在来自中国进口激增的推动pushed the US trade gap sharply higher 下，美国5月份的贸易逆差大幅扩in May, adding to a stream of weak data 大。已因经济和就业市场低迷而承for the Obama administration already 压的奥巴马(Obama)政府，又迎来了under pressure over the economy and 一连串疲弱数据中的最新一个。

stagnant jobs market. The trade deficit grew by 4.8 per cent to $42.3bn, according to commerce department figures, the highest since 美国商务部的数据显示，美国5月份的贸易逆差扩大4.8%，至423亿美元。这是2008年11月以来最November 2008 and at odds with the consensus of economists, who forecast

the gap would shrink in May.

Imports from China, which is the country's most politically sensitive trading partner, rose by nearly 12 per cent. That inflated the US trade gap with China by more than 15 per cent to $22.3bn, the biggest since last

October. Last week, official Chinese

figures showed exports from China had surged 44 per cent year-on-year in June, lifting its monthly trade surplus to $20bn. Such imbalances infuriate US political leaders, despite China's decision last month to end its near-two-year peg to the dollar. Michael Feroli, an economist at JPMorgan Chase, said the surge in imports of Chinese goods in May could be temporary, as Chinese exporters rushed shipments ahead of a reduction in export tax rebates that takes effect

on July 15.

But the overall trend of a resurgent trade deficit will concern the administration, which has focused on lifting exports to create jobs at home.

大规模的月度贸易逆差。该结果与经济学家们的共识相左——经济学家们曾预测，5月份的贸易逆差将

收窄。

美国从中国进口增加近12%，对华贸易逆差由此扩大逾15%，至223亿美元——这一规模是去年10月以来最大的。中国是美国最具政治敏感性的贸易伙伴。 上周，中国官方数字显示，中国6月份的出口额同比飙升44%，月度贸易顺差由此扩大至200亿美元。尽管中国上月决定终止实施近两年之久的人民币盯住美元政策，但中美间的这种不平衡仍令美国政

界领袖们感到愤怒。 摩根大通(JPMorgan Chase)经济学家迈克尔?费罗利(Michael Feroli)表示，5月份美国从中国进口的激增可能是暂时现象，它是由中国出口商纷纷赶在出口退税下调于7月15日生效前发货导致的。

不过，美国贸易逆差再度扩大

的总体趋势仍会让奥巴马政府感到不安。奥巴马政府已集中精力扩大出口，力图在国内创造就业机会。

Mr Obama, after largely letting trade policy languish during the first 18 months of his administration, recently announced a drive to double exports within five years and promised

progress on three long-stalled

bilateral trade deals. But few economists think the plan will have much impact. The proposal involves limited concrete actions beyond some bureaucratic reshuffling, a commitment to redouble efforts on marketing and a proposal to increase the activity of the Ex-Im Bank, the US

official export credit agency. The persistent US trade gap had narrowed in the initial months of the recession from late 2008, but analysts said yesterday the swelling shortfall could knock a percentage point from gross domestic product in the second quarter. Although exports have been growing in recent months as world trade continues to recover from a plunge last year, the strong dollar and the lack of domestic demand in the rest of the world mean the contribution of net trade to economic growth is likely to be negative over the next two years. “Less domestic production,

because of increased imports and less demand for higher-priced US exports,

means less job creation in the manufacturing sector, a higher unemployment rate, and less income growth domestically,” said Stuart Hoffman, chief economist at PNC.

2010年06月10日 06:22 AM

在上任后的头18个月里，奥巴马对美国贸易政策基本上采取听任态度。但他近期宣布了一项在五年内推动美国出口翻番的计划，还承诺要在三项长期陷于停顿的双边贸

易协议上取得进展。 然而，几乎没有经济学家认为上述计划会产生很大影响。该计划包括一些官僚重组、一项加大营销努力的承诺以及一项加大美国进出口银行(Ex-Im Bank)活跃度的方案，除此之外仅涉及有限的具体行动。美国进出口银行是美国官方出

口信贷机构。 美国持续多年的贸易逆差曾在始于2008年底的本次衰退的头几个月里收窄，而分析师们昨日表示，不断膨胀的贸易逆差可能会使美国二季度国内生产总值(GDP)减少一个百分点。尽管近几个月来，随着全球贸易从去年的骤降中持续复苏，美国的出口一直在增长，但强势美元和世界其它地区国内需求的不足意味着，未来两年里，美国净贸易额对经济增长的贡献很可能为

负值。

PNC首席经济学家斯图尔特?霍夫曼(Stuart Hoffman)表示：“由于美国进口增加以及外国对价格较高的美国出口商品的需求减少，美国的国内生产在萎缩，这将导致美国制造业创造的就业机会减少、失业率升高和国内收入增长下降。”

联合国通过对伊朗制裁新决议

US blames Europe for Turkish stance on Iran vote

英国《金融时报》 记者 联合报道

字号 背景

收藏 电邮 打印 评论[14条] 中文

The US yesterday blamed Europe for alienating Turkey from the west after it became one

美国昨日指责欧洲让土耳其与西方疏远。此前，在联合国安理会(UN Security

of only two members of the United Council)有关对伊朗实施更多Nations Security Council to vote 制裁的投票表决中，土耳其投against imposing more sanctions

on Iran.

The sanctions resolution,

这份新制裁决议以12票赞

了反对票。

passed by 12 votes to two with one 成、2票反对、1票弃权获得通

abstention, establishes a partial arms embargo, an inspection regime for Iranian ships and takes steps against

companies linked to the Revolutionary Guard Corps.

过。决议提出对伊朗实施部分武器禁运、建立对伊朗船舶的检查机制、并对与伊朗伊斯兰革命卫队(Revolutionary Guard Corps)有关联的公司实

施制裁。

The sanctions, which also aim to restrict Iran's missile

该决议还力求限制伊朗的导弹项目。联合国安理会之所

programme, were imposed because 以对伊实施新制裁，是因为伊of Tehran's continued enrichment 朗无视早前的决议，继续进行of uranium in defiance of earlier 铀浓缩活动。伊朗还将被禁止resolutions. Iran will also be prohibited from mining uranium

in other countries. But the US and its allies also

renewed their offer to negotiate with Iran, underlining the Obama administration's hope that a balance of pressure and engagement could still convince Tehran to rein in its nuclear

ambitions.

Turkey and Brazil, both temporary members of the Security Council, opposed the

sanctions, while determined US diplomacy won over Russia and 在其它国家开采铀矿。

但美国及其盟友还重申了与伊朗谈判的提议，这突显出奥巴马(Obama)政府希望，施压与接触并举，仍有望说服伊朗

遏制自己的核野心。

安理会临时成员国土耳其与巴西投了反对票；而美国决心坚定的外交政策赢得了俄罗斯与中国的支持——这两个在安理会拥有否决权的国家此前

China, two veto-wielding members of the body that had previously been reluctant to pressure Iran.

Robert Gates, US defence secretary, suggested the

不愿意对伊朗施压。

美国防部长罗伯特?盖茨(Robert Gates)暗示，欧盟

European Union's reluctance to (EU)不愿意接受土耳其加入，admit Turkey as a member could be 可能会推动该国与西方疏远。 pushing the country away from the

west.

“If there's anything to the notion that Turkey is moving

他表示：“如果说土耳其正向东转这种说法有任何真实

eastwards, it is in no small part 成分的话，那么这在相当大程because it was pushed – and it 度上是因为有人在把它往那边was pushed by some in Europe

推——欧洲一些国家拒绝给予

refusing to give Turkey the kind 土耳其所寻求的与西方的有机of organic link to the west that

Turkey sought,” he said.

2010年07月19日 05:55 AM 联系。”

市场猜测日元升值可能引发日本当局干预 YEN'S SURGE PUTS INVESTORS ON ALERT FOR INTERVENTION 英国《金融时报》 彼得?加海姆 报道 字号背景收藏 电邮 打印 评论 中文

The yen's surge to its highest level of the year against the

日元兑美元汇率飙升至今年以来最高水平，这使得投资

dollar has put investors on alert 者开始警惕，日本当局本周有

for possible currency intervention by the Japanese

authorities this week. If Japan acts to shield its

如果日本采取行动保护其可能进行汇率干预。

stock markets and exporters from 股市与出口商免受日元不断升the rising yen, it will be the 值的影响，这将是该国政府自first time Tokyo has intervened 2004年4月以来首次入市干in the foreign exchange markets

since April 2004. Last week, the yen rose 2.5 per cent to a high of Y86.36

上周，日元兑美元汇率上涨2.5%，至1美元兑86.36日

预。

against the dollar, its strongest level since December.

The dollar dropped as fears

元的高点，是自去年12月份以

来的最高水平。 美元之所以下跌，是因为

over the pace of the US economic 围绕美国经济复苏速度的担recovery sent US Treasury yields to record lows and prompted speculation that the Federal Reserve would be forced into another round of “quantitative

easing”.

Concerns over the US economy also propelled the euro up

through $1.30 against the dollar for the first time in two months.

Traders said the yen's break upwards through its December

high could open the way for the currency to test the 14-year peak of Y84.80 it hit against the

dollar last November.

忧，导致美国国债收益率跌至创纪录的低点，同时引发了有关美联储(Fed)将被迫实施又一轮“定量宽松”货币政策的

猜测。

围绕美国经济的担忧，也推动欧元兑美元汇率两个月来首次突破1欧元兑1.30美元的水平。

交易员表示，在突破去年12月的高点之后，日元有可能

试探去年11月份创下的1美元兑84.80日元的14年高点。 Once the yen had scaled that 他们表示，一旦日元突破

peak, they said, the way was open 该高点，日元将试探其于1995for the currency to test the record high of Y79.70 it hit against the dollar in 1995.

Simon Derrick, head of

currency strategy at BNY Mellon, said it was unlikely that the Japanese authorities would allow the situation to go that far,

however.

“I think if the dollar goes

below Y85 against the yen, Japan will intervene,” he said.

Mr Derrick noted that verbal

intervention from officials had done little to stem the rise. Last week, Masaaki Shirakawa, governor of the Bank of Japan,

年创下的1美元兑79.70日元

的创纪录峰值水平。

但纽约梅隆银行(BNY Mellon)外汇策略部门主管西蒙?德里克(Simon Derrick)表示，日本当局不太可能会允许形势发展到那一步。

他表示：“我认为，如果美元兑日元跌至1美元兑85日元，日本当局将会入市干

预。”

德里克指出，官员的口头

干预对抑制日元的上涨几乎没有作用。

上周，日本央行(BoJ)行长白川方明(Masaaki

said the appreciation of the yen Shirakawa)表示，日元上涨损

hurt exports, while the

害了出口，而与之相关的股市

associated stock price falls had 下跌，对资本支出和消费者支a negative impact on capital expenditure and consumer

spending.

Mr Shirakawa said he was

白川方明表示，他将继续出都造成了消极的影响。

continuing to watch currency and “谨慎”关注汇率与股票价格

stock price movements

“carefully”.

2010年07月21日 06:18 AM 的波动。

BP拟剥离其越南和巴基斯坦天然气资产 BP TO OFF-LOAD ASIA GAS ASSETS 英国《金融时报》 卡萝拉?霍约斯 伦敦报道 字号背景收藏 电邮 打印 评论 中文

BP yesterday said it would 英国石油(BP)昨日表示，

sell most of its assets in Vietnam and Pakistan as it accelerates its divestments of

将出售其在越南与巴基斯坦的大部分资产。该公司正加速剥离价值高达200亿美元的资

up to $20bn worth of assets in an 产，以试图缓解外界对其在墨attempt to allay concerns over its financial health following the Gulf of Mexico oil spill.

BP has told staff and government officials in both

countries that it intends to sell all its assets except its Castrol

lubricants business. In Pakistan, where it produces 173m cubic feet of

natural gas a day, BP intends to sell onshore and offshore oil and gasfields, some of which are already producing, and others where BP holds the right to

explore.

In Vietnam, where BP produces

西哥湾漏油事件发生后财务健康状况的担忧。

BP已经告诉上述两国的员工与政府官员，它打算出售除

嘉实多(Castrol)润滑油业务以外的所有资产。

在巴基斯坦，BP打算出售其陆地和海上油气田，这些油

气田部分已经投产，其它则由BP掌握勘探权。BP在该国的天然气日产量为1.73亿立方英

尺。

在越南，BP打算出售其Lan 63m cubic feet of gas a day, the Tay和Lan Do气田，以及相关company wants to sell its Lan Tay 的Nam Con Son输气管道与Phu and Lan Do fields and the related My 3管道。BP在该国的天然气Nam Con Son pipeline and Phu My 日产量为6300万立方英尺。在3 pipeline. In total, the sales 这两国出售的资产加起来，占from both countries represent 2.7 per cent of BP's natural gas production of 8.5bn cubic feet

per day.

Jason Kenney, analyst at ING,

values the assets at a total of $1.7bn and noted that BP had enough flexibility in its portfolio to sell peripheral assets worth as much as

$45bn-$50bn.

“This is an opportunity to

clear out the closet. BP can get to $10bn quite easily,” he said, noting that the company was merely accelerating the

到BP 85亿立方英尺天然气日

产量的2.7%。

荷兰国际集团(ING)分析师詹森·肯尼(Jason Kenney)认为，这些资产的总估价为17亿美元，并指出，BP的资产组合有足够的灵活性，足以让它出售价值高达450亿至500亿

美元的非核心资产。 他表示：“这是一个清理

衣柜的机会。BP可以相当容易地筹到100亿美元。”他指出，BP仅仅是在加速剥离其本来打算在未来3到5年剥离的非

divestments of non-core assets it would have otherwise sold over the next three to five years. BP is also working on selling

核心资产。

BP还在忙着向美国独立油

$12bn of its US assets to Apache, the US oil and gas independent, and has held talks on selling its

60 per cent stake in Pan American Energy of Argentina, worth about $9bn, as well as fields in Colombia and Venezuela. In spite of political

opposition by some US lawmakers, BP is desperate to maintain its position in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico, one of its most important regions.

Nevertheless, it has discussed selling its minority stakes in the Mars field to Royal Dutch Shell, the project's operator.

气公司阿帕奇(Apache)出售120亿美元的美国资产，并就出售阿根廷Pan American

Energy价值约90亿美元的60%股权，以及哥伦比亚与委内瑞拉油气田进行了谈判。

尽管美国一些立法者在政治上反对，但BP仍竭力维持其在墨西哥湾深水海域（其最重要的地区之一）的地位。不过，它已经就出售Mars油田少数

股权给项目运营商荷兰皇家壳

牌(Royal Dutch Shell)进行了讨论。

2010年07月22日 06:18 AM 美国扩大对朝鲜制裁 US WIDENS N KOREA SANCTIONS 英国《金融时报》 杰夫·代尔 北京, 克里斯蒂安·奥利弗 首尔报道 字号 背景 收藏 电邮 打印 评论[12条] 中文

The US announced yesterday 美国昨日宣布扩大对朝鲜

that it would widen sanctions on 制裁，将更多个人和公司纳入North Korea to more individuals 制裁范围，此举是美国在韩国and companies, in its latest

一艘军舰今年早些时候被击

gesture of solidarity with South 沉一事上，展现与韩国团结的Korea over the sinking of one of its warships earlier this year.

Speaking in Seoul, Hillary

美国国务卿希拉里·克林

最新姿态。

Clinton, the US secretary of 顿(Hillary Clinton)在首尔

state, said Washington had done 发表讲话时表示，华盛顿方面“intensive research” on the new 已对新的制裁目标进行了“密targets for sanctions and warned 集研究”，并警告，若平壤方of serious consequences if there 面发动任何新的攻击，将会产

were any new attacks by

Pyongyang.

The sanctions announcement

comes ahead of a combined US and South Korean naval exercise that starts this weekend. Designed as an act of deterrence against North Korea, it has turned into something of a battle of wills

with China.

The initiatives are part of a

combined response to the sinking of the Cheonan warship in March, killing 46 sailors, which Washington and Seoul blame on

North Korea. Pyongyang has denied 生严重后果。

美国宣布扩大对朝制裁之

际，美韩两军正准备在本周末举行海上联合演习。演习的本意是威慑朝鲜，但实际上已变得有点像是与中国的意气之

争。

今年3月，韩国“天安”舰沉没，46名水兵丧生，美韩方面将此归咎于朝鲜。上述举

措便属于美韩对这一事件作出的联合回应。平壤方面已否

认与此事有关，而联合国安理

involvement and the United Nations Security Council has avoided directly blaming North Korea for the attack, partly as a 会也已避免将攻击事件上直接归咎于朝鲜——这在一定程度上是中国影响所致。

result of Chinese influence.

“We are aiming very specifically, after much

intensive research built on what was done before but not limited to that, to target the leadership, to target their assets,” Mrs Clinton told reporters in Seoul.

The US would also launch “new efforts with key governments to

stop DPRK [North Korean] trading companies engaged in illicit activities from operating in those countries and banks in

those countries from facilitating illicit

transactions,” she said. The US “我们的矛头非常有针对性，我们进行了大量密集研

究，以过去完成的工作为基础（但不限于此），以求瞄准领导层，瞄准他们的资产，”希拉里在首尔对记者表示。

希拉里说，美国还将“与各关键国家的政府一起发起新的努力，制止从事非法活动的朝鲜贸易公司在这些国家经营，制止这些国家的银行为非法交易提供便利”。美国还将寻求扩大对参与核武扩散的朝鲜官员的旅行限制。希拉

里并未点明具体的机构或国

may also look to expand travel 家。朝鲜最富有的盟友是中国restrictions on North Korean

officials involved in proliferation. Mrs Clinton named 和伊朗。

no specific institutions or countries. North Korea's richest allies are China and Iran. The sanctions are reminiscent

of the freezing of $24m of North Korean assets in Banco Delta Asia, a Macao bank, in 2005. One banker with experience in

North Korea thought it unlikely that the US could exert much

leverage. “Most of the financing is done with China and I do not think they are too vulnerable to

the US,” he said. The joint naval exercise will calm nerves in Seoul, where continued postponement of the

这些制裁让人联想起2005

年冻结朝鲜放在澳门汇业银行(BDA)的2400万美元资产之

举。

一名曾与朝鲜打交道的银

行家认为，美国不太可能发挥很大的影响力。“大部分融资

是与中国方面完成的，我不认为这些活动容易受到美国的

打击，”他表示。

联合海上军演将安抚首尔方面的神经，演习一再推迟曾令韩国某些人士质疑美方是

exercise raised questions about 否在中国压力之下举棋不定。

whether Washington was vacillating under pressure from

China.

In an article in the People's Daily last week, Major General

Luo Yan said that the entry of a US aircraft carrier into the Yellow Sea between Korea and China would present a potential threat to “the heartland of

Beijing and Tianjin”. Quoting from Mao Zedong, he

added: “China will never allow others to keep snoring beside our

beds.”

However, there were some signs that the US has made

concessions to China, given that the exercise this weekend will take place off the eastern side of

在《人民日报》上周的一篇文章中，中国少将罗援指

出，美国航空母舰进入朝鲜半岛与中国之间的黄海，将对“京津塘心脏地带”构成潜在

威胁。

罗援还援引毛泽东的话补充说：“卧榻之畔，岂容他人鼾声四起。”

不过，有一些迹象显示，美国已对中国作出了让步。本

周末的演习将在朝鲜半岛以东举行。

the Korean peninsula. Admiral Robert Willard, commander of the US Pacific

美国太平洋司令部司令罗伯特·威拉德 (Robert

Command, said that future drills Willard)上将表示，未来的操would take place in the Yellow Sea, off Korea's west coast. Some domestic critics claim

演将在朝鲜半岛以西的黄海

进行。

美国国内的一些批评人士

that the US was establishing a 称，美国正在确立一个危险的dangerous precedent by letting 先例，让中国决定哪些类型的China dictate what sort of naval 海军舰艇能够在某些国际水vessels can operate in certain

international waters.

域行动。

漏油事故损失可使BP少缴税100亿美元 SPILL LIABILITIES TO CUT BP'S TAX BILL BY $10BN OVER NEXT FOUR YEARS

英国《金融时报》 艾德?克鲁克斯 伦敦报道

字号 背景 收藏 电邮 打印 评论[1条] 中文

BP is forecast to pay about 未来4年，随着英国石油

$10bn less tax over the next four (BP)承担墨西哥湾大规模石years as it meets the costs of its 油泄漏所造成的成本，预计该huge oil spill in the Gulf of

Mexico, cutting the revenues of the US and Britain that receive hundreds of millions of dollars from the company each year.

Money spent plugging the well, cleaning up the oil and

compensating people who have lost out because of the spill, can be written off against tax, the company believes, reducing the

net cost to BP. Of its principal expected

liabilities, only the fines that might be imposed by the US authorities would definitely not

be tax-deductible.

公司的税赋将减少约100亿美

元，这将减少美英两国政府的财政收入，通常两国每年都会从该公司获得数亿美元税收。 英国石油认为，封堵油井、清理漏油以及赔偿由于漏油

而遭受损失的人员的支出可以抵税，这将减少该公司的净损失。

在英国石油主要预期赔偿

责任中，只有美国政府可能收取的罚款肯定不能抵税。

The company yesterday 英国石油昨日重申，借助

reiterated the possibility that 正在安装于井口的截油罩，到by the end of the week its leaking 本周末有望关闭正在泄漏的Macondo well could be shut off, or Macondo油井，或者捕获所有all the oil could be captured, using the new cap now being fitted

to the well head. The suggestion sent BP's

shares soaring, closing 9.11 per cent higher in London, but the company still faces huge and

uncertain liabilities, estimated by analysts at about $50bn. If BP manages to seal the

leaking Macondo well as planned by August, analysts have

estimated that its total spending in the Gulf region could be about

$30bn.

That would represent about

$10bn of clean-up costs and $20bn 漏油。

此言促使英国石油股价飙

升，在伦敦市场收涨9.11%，但该公司仍面临着巨额且不确定的赔偿责任，分析师预测

这一数字在500亿美元左右。 分析师估计，如果英国石

油能够按计划在8月份成功封

堵Macondo油井，该公司在墨

西哥湾的总支出可能在300亿美元左右。

其中包括100亿美元左右

的清理成本，以及上个月与美

compensation for losses suffered 国政府达成的200亿美元赔偿by fishing, tourist and other industries covered by the fund agreed with the US administration

last month.

With a tax rate on profits of

通常情况下，英国石油的基金（用于赔偿渔业、旅游业以及其它行业的损失）。

33 per cent in a typical year, 利润税率为33%，据此计算，that would cut BP's tax bill by

about $10bn.

2010年07月23日 06:05 AM 这将令该公司的税赋减少约

100亿美元。

特里谢呼吁收紧财政政策 TRICHET CALLS FOR GLOBAL TIGHTENING 英国《金融时报》 克里斯?贾尔斯 伦敦报道 字号 背景 收藏 电邮 打印 评论[2条] 中文

Public spending cuts and tax increases should be imposed

欧洲央行(ECB)行长让-克洛德?特里谢(Jean-Claude

immediately across the Trichet)表示，工业化国家必

industrialised world as evidence 须立刻削减公共开支、增加税of a healthy European recovery

收。目前有越来越多证据证

mounts, according to Jean-Claude 明，欧洲经济正实现健康复

Trichet, president of the European Central Bank. In a strident article for the Financial Times, Mr Trichet

argues that policymakers who want to prolong the stimulus are mistaken and that cutting -borrowing would have “very limited” effects on growth. The view from Europe's senior

economic policymaker contrasts with continued US demands for

fiscal tightening to be delayed at least until 2011 and suggests there is still little agreement over the best way to foster a

strong global recovery.

苏。

在为英国《金融时报》撰写的一篇尖锐的文章中，特里

谢指出，希望延续经济刺激计划的政策制定者犯了个错误，削减信贷对经济增长的效应

将“非常有限”。

这位欧洲资深经济政策制定者的观点，与美国要求将财政紧缩政策至少延期至2011

年执行的观点形成了对比，表明在促进全球经济强劲复苏的最佳方法上，大西洋两岸仍然缺乏共识。

“We have to avoid an asymmetry between bold, if

“我们必须避免政策不对称的现象，一边是尽管合理但

justified, loosening and unduly 大胆的宽松政策，一边是过于hesitant retrenchment,” Mr Trichet says in his article.

Firing a shot at the US administration and the International Monetary Fund, Mr Trichet criticises last year's global push for budgetary

stimulus. “With the benefit of

hindsight, we see how unfortunate was the oversimplified message of fiscal stimulus given to all

industrial economies under the motto: ‘stimulate', ‘activate',

‘spend'.” The US view in favour of continued short-term stimulus was repeated by Ben Bernanke,

犹豫不决的紧缩政策，”特里

谢在文章中表示。 特里谢对去年全球推动的预算刺激措施提出了批评，这无疑是在针对奥巴马政府及国际货币组织(IMF)。

“事后看来，我们可以看出，财政刺激措施以‘刺激'、‘激活'、‘消费'为座右铭，向工业化经济体传递了一个

过于简单化的信息，这是多么不幸的一件事。”

美联储(Fed)主席本?伯南克(Ben Bernanke)昨日重申了美国偏向于继续采取短期刺

chairman of the Federal Reserve, 激措施的立场。在向国会作证yesterday. Giving evidence to

时，伯南克表示支持在美国启

Congress, Mr Bernanke supported 动一套“管控良好”的长期赤fiscal efforts to boost demand 字缩减计划之前，以财政手段before the US embarked on a “well 提振需求。

controlled” longer-term deficit

reduction plan. The differences over the

timing of budget cuts reflects in part the different fortunes of

the economies on either side of the Atlantic. US data yesterday were mixed, with existing home sales falling less than had been expected but initial jobless claims higher than forecast.

After his remarks on

Wednesday that US prospects were “unusually uncertain”, Mr

Bernanke made clear that the Fed was considering setting

在预算缩减措施实施时机

问题上的分歧，在一定程度上反映了大西洋两岸经济体的

不同命运。美国昨日发布的经济数据好坏参半，现房销售的下降少于预期，但初次申领失业金的人数高于预期。

伯南克曾于周三表示，美国的经济前景“非常不确定”，昨日他又明确表示，美联储正

在考虑设定若干前提条件，只

有这些条件得到满足时才会

conditions to be met before it would consider raising interest

rates.

2010年08月05日 06:22 AM

考虑加息。

美国增加长期国债比重引发担忧 US move to long-term debt sparks concerns

英国《金融时报》 迈克尔?麦肯兹 纽约报道

字号 背景

收藏 电邮 打印 评论 中文

A split is emerging among 在美国国债市场上，对于

investors and dealers in the US 美国财政部应如何满足其创纪government bond market over how 录的借款需求，投资者和交易the US Treasury should finance 员的意见正分成两派。30年期its record borrowing needs with 国债发行的规模正引起争执。 the scale of 30-year debt sales

causing friction. At a time of record debt

在美欧各国政府以创纪录

issuance by governments in the US 规模发行债券之际，迫切需要

and Europe, there is an acute 维持债券投资者的信心。美国

need to maintain the confidence 未清偿债券的平均期限为58of bond investors. In the US, the 个月，维持在1980年以来的平

average maturity of its outstanding debt is 58 months and 均水平，但明显短于英国等其

它国家。

in line with the average since 1980. But it is much lower than

countries such as the UK. The US Treasury is seeking to

extend the life of its debt in order to lessen any future

refinancing problems. Recently, it has cut the size of short-term debt sales, while maintaining

those of 30-year bonds. This issue, which has

energised traders and investors in the bond market, sparked a

“lively debate” according to the minutes of this week's meeting of the Treasury

为缓解未来再融资问题，美国财政部正寻求延长债券期限。该机构近期削减了短期债

券的发行规模，而30年期债券的发行规模则保持不变。

这一问题已在债券市场引发交易员和投资者热议。根据财政部借款顾问委员会(TBAC)

本周会议纪要，各方就这一问题展开了“激烈辩论”。TBAC由投资基金、银行和美国财政

Borrowing Advisory Committee, which consists of senior representatives from investment 部的高级代表组成。

funds and banks and the US

Treasury.

Some members of the TBAC, which includes representatives from JPMorgan, Goldman Sachs, RBS, Pimco, BlackRock, Moore Capital Management and Soros

Fund Management, said the size of 10- and 30-year Treasury sales “should be cut slightly”.

One member highlighted recent

dislocations in the bond market between 10- and 30-year yields, which reflect in part investor 其中，摩根大通

(JPMorgan)、高盛(Goldman Sachs)、苏格兰皇家银行(RBS)、太平洋投资管理公司

(Pimco)、贝莱德

(BlackRock)、摩尔资本管理(Moore Capital Management)和索罗斯基金管理(Soros Fund Management)等公司派出的代表提出，“应略微缩减”10年期和30年期国债的发行

规模。

一位委员着重指出，近期

10年期和30年期国债收益率之间出现脱节，一定程度上是因为投资者对庞大的债券发行

concerns about hefty debt sales. 规模感到担心。本周，30年期This week the yield for 30-year 国债收益率比10年期国债高bonds rose to a record level of 出114个基点，创历史最高水114 basis points above that of

the 10-year note. Others in the TBAC, however

said small cuts in long-term debt sales would not have much “substantive purpose”. One member argued that cutting

long-term debt sales might not be wise at this juncture as there was no consensus about lowering future government spending.

平。

其他委员则表示，小幅削

减长期债券发行规模不会有多

大“实质作用”。一位委员认为，在这种时节，削减长期债券发行规模可能不明智，因为

大家并未就减少未来政府支出形成共识。

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