常见翻译技巧指导
更新时间:2024-02-03 11:38:01 阅读量: 教育文库 文档下载
常见的翻译技巧
一、词义的多样性表达 1、一个单词多种表达
2、多个词表达一个意思,如表达“死”
除此之外,还有多个词翻译成一个意思(主要指英译汉),不再具体讲。 3、几个单词 二、增减词
增词:原文意思在,表达不清楚,英文中如果不增词,就表达不够完整 减词:原文中表达意思的词在,如果汉语中不把词减去的话,显得累赘 如色狼:wolf 不能说color wolf (一)添词例子: 确保正确,不是100%必须
添加解释说明性文字,添加必须性文字(重点)。
1、Mr. Edwards and Mr. Cheney offered a striking contrast in appearance as they sat side by side, with Mr. Cheney looking his 63 years and Mr. Edwards looking less than his 51.
来自《纽约时报》:爱得华兹先生与切尼先生并排就座时,外表殊为不同,切尼先生看上去与实际年龄63岁相仿,而爱得华兹先生看上去比实际年龄51岁年轻。 2、This great scientist was born in New England.
这位伟大的科学家出生于美国东北部的新英格兰。
3、Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for me, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers.” (high priest)
were to表示将来;Aaron是摩西的兄弟
正是这几句话,日后让整个世界在我面前如花展开,就像《圣经》中所说的“亚伦的杖开了花”。(来自美国的海伦凯勒) 4、三个臭皮匠,抵个诸葛亮 Two heads are better than one.
The wit of three cobblers surpasses that of Zhuge Liang, the master mind. (civic pride) 5、班门弄斧
to teach fish to swim; to teach the old granny to suck eggs
to show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter 阴: negative aspect of things
(二)减词例子: 减去解释说明性文字
减去原文有、不减难受的词,减去必须性,必须减。
1、According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years).
英国电信的未来学家Ian Pearson认为,这些成就预计将出现在新千年头几十年之中。 2、We take this opportunity to inform you that we are now in a position to make prompt shipment of the merchandise.
告诉你们,可以立即装船。
3、大会准备工作正在紧张有序地进行。
The preparations for the conference are underway in a busy but ordering manner. 4、失业问题一直是我们工作的中心。
The (issue of) unemployment has always been the centre/focus of our work. 三、汉语四字格的使用 只针对英译汉
1. Even the most beautiful became bent and toothless, their dark clothes smelling, as the mamma’s did, of smoke and manure.
即使绝色佳人也会弯腰驼背 、皓齿尽落,一身皂衣,如同奶妈的衣服一样,全是烟味,臭气熏人。
2. On this battle rests the fate of our nation. Let every man do his utmost. 民族命运决于此役,凡我士兵必须奋力抗敌。
3. Drew Pearson, a thirty-four-year-old reporter, described them as “ragged, weary, and apathetic,” with “no
hope on their faces.”
Drew Pearson,一位34岁的记者,表述他们时说,他们衣衫褴缕,疲惫不堪、冷漠无情,一脸绝望。 4. To Henry Kissinger, for whose wise counsel and dedicated services far beyond the call of duty I shall always remain grateful.
致Henry Kissinger,精于良言、鞠躬尽瘁、逾于所司,永至不忘。
5. a world of difference, take a risk in desperation, await with great anxiety, decline with all sorts
of excuses
天壤之别、铤而走险(孤注一掷)、翘首以待(望穿秋水)、百般推辞
四、词性的转换
(一) 一般情况下:汉语动词用的多,英语名词用的多,汉译英,动词转名词;英译汉,名词转动词
1. 绝对不允许违反这个原则。
Violation of the principle should never be allowed/tolerated. 2. 坚持一个中国的原则是实现和平统一的基础与前提。
Adherence to the “One-China” policy should serve as the basis and prerequisite for peaceful reunification.
3. Everyone was away on holiday. 每个人都出去度假。
4. He came to my home for help. 他到我家来请求帮助。
5. I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood. 我非常感谢我的父亲,因为在我还是小孩子的时候,他就不停的鼓励我。 (二)单词介绍:apathetic describe
1、“a”表示“无”如:: atheist 无神论者, amoral/immoral 无关道德的/没有道德的, atypical pneumonia 非典, SARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome, 严重的呼吸道传染综合症 2、“path”表示情感: sympathy 同情, antipathy 反感, empathy 可以将心比心的理解他人, pathology, 病理学
3、“scribe”表示写: prescribe 开处方, script 文字资料、脚本, scripture 宗教经典, scribble 乱涂乱划, postscript 附言(商业信函中禁用), inscribe 刻, inscription 碑铭, subscribe 订阅, manuscript 手稿, 五、表达法的正反转换
原文肯定,翻译后为“不+否定”,有意想不到的效果,如:语气缓和或汉语中没有此种表达方法
1. Wet paint. 油漆未干
2. Keep upright. (Handle with care.) 切勿倒置(小心轻放) 3. Admission by invitation only. 非请莫入
4. If it rains in Cleveland today, volunteers will stand in lines with umbrellas to keep voters dry. 如果今天克里弗兰下雨,志愿者将打着伞排着队,以免选民淋湿。
5. If any mater should be added after this contract comes into force, then such a matter shall be agreed upon by
both sides through friendly consultations and confirmed by means of exchanging official documents. 本合同生效后如有未尽事宜,须经双方友好协商同意,并交换正式文本以确认 注意:表达法的正反转换要根据具体情况,主要出于两点:1、 表达习惯;2、语气的缓和与加强 六、直译与意译 尽量用直译;
两种情况下不能用直译:1、比喻在一种语言中可以接受,而在另一种语言中不能接受 2、特别具有丰富文化内涵的词 第一种情况的例子
1、drink like a fish形容一个人喝水又多又急,中文形容“牛饮” 2、turn swords into ploughs 化干戈为玉帛 3、pull the chestnut out of the fire 火中取栗
4、天下没有不散的筵席 No feast lasts forever. The best of friends must part.
5、 五十步笑百步 The pot calls the kettle black.
The soldier who retreated fifty paces laughed at the one who had fallen back a hundred paces. 第二种情况的例子
1、You are a clever dog. 你真聪明(狗在汉语中有贬义)
2、Every dog has his day. 三十年河东、三十年河西;凡人皆有得意时 3、In a word, those nonverbal messages speak to hearts, not heads. 总而言之,这些非语言信息是诉之于情感、而非理智。(背景:美国总统大选时对着装等的评价) 七、句子的分与合 (一)合句例子:
1、深圳机场为了方便旅客,设置了四间更衣室。室内设备齐全。
For the convenience of the passengers, Shenzhen Airport has set aside four well-equipped changing rooms.
2、卢嘉川挨近她,情不自禁地握住了她的手。这女孩的热情、大胆和奔向革命的赤诚深深感动了他。
Lu Jiachuan, deeply moved by the girl’s passion, bravery/courage and revolutionary spirit, came up to her and couldn’t help/resist taking her hands.
3、道静气得浑身发抖。她二话没说,立刻向经理辞了职。
Trembling/quivering with anger, Daojing gave the manager immediate notice without saying anything. (注意:gave notice表示辞职,预留准备时间,gave a week’s notice) (二)分句例子:
1、本科生分为四年制和五年制两种,学生毕业考试及格并且通过论文后,即可获得学士学位。
The undergraduate program is either four years or five years. After passing the graduation examinations and defending successfully their graduation theses, the students will be conferred a bachelor’s degree. (conferred表示授予,汉语常用获得) 注意:Bachelor’s degree 学士学位
BA(Bachelor of Arts) 文科学士 BS (Bachelor of Sciences) 理科学士 Master ’s degree 硕士学位 Doctor’s degree 博士学位 Associate Bachelor’s degree 专科学位
Assistant professor 助理教授,不是助教之意 Teaching assistant 助教
2、深圳作为全国最早的特区,与内地经济往来极为密切,特别是在香港回归祖国以后,人员往来大为增加,深圳机场是全国十大机场之一。
As the Nation’s/China’s first SEZ, Shenzhen has established very close economic ties with the Nation’s inner parts. Especially after Hong Kong was returned to the motherland, the number of people arriving at and leaving Shenzhen has increased greatly. Shenzhen Airport is one of ten largest airports of the nation. 注意:1、“全国十大机场之一”可以翻成 is nation’s Top Ten airports. 2、“人员往来大为增加” 可以翻成 human exchange between Shenzhen and the inner parts of Nation, 但与前面有重复 八、成语的翻译
首先要弄懂中文意思,其次追求完美 (一) 套译
汉语中的成语,英语中有一个意思非常接近成语,直接套用 call a spade a spade 实话实说;实事求是
reap what one has sown 种瓜得瓜/作茧自缚(区别褒、贬义和感情色彩) kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 杀鸡取卵/涸泽而渔 castle in the air 海市蜃楼/空中楼阁 过河拆桥kick down the ladder
格格不入 like a square peg in a round hole (二)直译
在成语所包含的比喻和语言内涵被另一种文化完全接受的情况下,可以直译。 Trojan horse 特洛伊木马 表示从内部起爆 sour grapes 酸葡萄 表示得不到东西的心理
Sphinx’s riddle 斯芬克斯之谜,表示难解之谜 a Judas kiss 犹大之吻,表示叛变、背叛
(三)直译套译均可
鉴于有些成语有对应的,但有些人喜欢把意思直接译出来 to kill two birds with one stone 一石两鸟/一箭双雕 crocodile tears鳄鱼之泪/黄鼠狼给鸡拜年
声东击西 to shout in the east and strike in the west/to look one way and row another 掌上明珠 a pearl in the palm/ the apple of one’s eye
对牛弹琴 play a lute to the cow/ cast the pearls before swine (四)意译
有些比喻和文化内涵不能另一种语言作接受 in a pig’s whisper 低声的
make a monkey of somebody 嘲弄某人 the skeleton at the feast令人扫兴的人 a family skeleton 家丑
叶公好龙 professed love of what one really fears 毛遂自荐 volunteer one’s service 初出茅庐 at the start of one’s career
(五)特别容易弄错的成语 pull somebody’s leg 嘲弄某人
eat one’s words 认错,特别承认自己说错话 dog-eat-dog 残酷的,特别表示竞争 in the seventh heaven 极为开心
九、英语从句的汉译与句序的调整
英语翻译第一步要保证大的结构调整好,句序结构是基础。 1、状语从句调整:挑出主干部分
(1)、澳门,南海之滨一颗闪耀的明珠,以她的风采、沧桑和辉煌,更以1999年12月20日这个不同寻常的日子,吸引着全世界的目光。
A shining pearl on the coast of South China, Macao attracts the world’s attention for her charm, history of great events and glory, especially for the unusual date of December 20, 1999. South China Sea 表示中国南海,不是“南中国海” East China Sea 东海
(2)、This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to
immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.(横线表示状语)
通过支持某些与当前目标无关、但是在将来可能很重要的研究,一般情况下似乎可以有效的做到这一点。 immediate与in the future相对,表示当前 of possible=possibly mostly表示在一般情况下
(3)、For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. (横线表示状语)
例如,他们不能弥补明显的社会不公,因此也就不能说明,如果一个贫穷的年轻人在更为有利的环境下成长的话,他可能会有多大才干。
说明:1、underprivileged字面意思表示特权不足的(委婉语),翻译时an underprivileged youngster与he位置调换,英语提到人名出现在句子主干中,而汉语则出现在第一次提到的地方。
2、“ster”加在单词后面表示什么样的人,如:gang表示帮派,gangster表示匪帮; 3、gross形容不好的意思,表示昭然若揭,非常明显的
小贴士:(1)、翻译时遇到不认识的词,怎么办?
从词性上说,形容词、副词不认识,建议省略,错译原比漏译扎眼 名词、动词不认识,则难以处理,尽量通过上下文来推测该词的意思。 (2)、关于单词的见解
单词主要记general word,中高级口译不会考过于专业的东西,主要考常识性内容,不建议背专项单词。推荐用书《上海新东方学校中高级口译词汇必备》、《上海新东方学校中高级口译笔试备考精要》
(3)、记忆单词分长期记忆和短期记忆
通过记词根和大量阅读,能够帮助大家长期记忆 2、定语从句调整
英译汉时,定语无非前置和后置,变成形容词性词或单成一句。
(1)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. 两个从句:which和that引导
译文:社会科学是知识探索一个分支,它力求用理智的、有序的、系统的、冷静的方法研究人类和他们的种种行为,这种方式正是自然科学家用来研究自然现象的。 说明:1、译文中“正是”一词来源于“the same” 2、reason作为动词,表示推理
(2) “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”
两个定语从句:as we call it 放在先行词the scientific revolution之前翻译 that expanded?? 分译 contends:如果不认识,可以翻译成“说”,因为前后都有引号 译文:新学派的一位领导人认为:“简而言之,我们所谓的科技革命,在很大程度上是指一系列工具的改进、发明和使用,这些改进、发明和使用在各个方面都拓展了科学范围”。 “名词+介词+名词+定语从句”:定语从句99%用来修饰第一个名词” 注意: 1、定语从句的翻译方法
(1)合译:把定语从句放到被修饰词之前
(2)分译:定语从句单成一句,先行词重复一下 2、定语从句先行词判断方法(并非100%适用)
(1)、He opposed some proposals for opening the economy, like starting a stock market, that were embraced only after he lost power.
先找名词,再根据定语从句的谓语动词的单复数判断先行词的单复数,则先行词为“proposals” 译文:他反对某些开放经济的提议,如创建股票市场,这些提议只有在他下台之后,才被人们所接受。
(2)、It assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. 根据定语从句谓语动词单复数,易于判断which引导的从句用语修饰account,此处account表示讲述、评论。
译文:他假定人们对人权有一个统一的看法,而这种看法根本就不存在。
(3)、这所大学的任务是培养德智体全面发展,能熟练运用外语从事外事和文化交流工作的合格人才。
翻译时先找主干:这所大学的任务是培养人才(The university aims to turn out qualified graduates )。 译文:The university aims to turn out qualified graduates that are all-roundly/well developed in morality, intellect and physique, and that are able to use proficiently foreign
languages in foreign affairs and cultural exchanges.
翻译词要根据具体情况,如“文明”一词,文明小区“model”;讲文明“politesse, manners”; (4)汉语中的题型“??是??” 两种方法:“??,which??”或“it is??” 谋求和平与发展、加强对话与合作,是各国人民的普遍愿望。
It is the universal wish of all the nations to achieve peace and development and strengthen dialogues and cooperations.
巩固与东盟面向和平与繁荣的战略伙伴关系,推进互利互惠的全方位合作,是中国将长期坚持的基本外交政策。
China shall consolidate its strategic partnership with the ASEAN in the direction of peace and prosperity, and promote mutually benefiting cooperation in an all-round manner, which is China’s long-term and basic foreign policy.
正在阅读:
常见翻译技巧指导02-03
大学生朗诵比赛策划书模板04-19
湖南省湘阴县第一中学2015-2016学年高二语文上学期期中试题04-24
十五期间幼儿园全面建设情况总结 - 模板11-25
统计学模拟试题一11-10
(银监发104号)中国银监会关于印发商业银行业务连续性监管指引的通知01-20
关于时光优美散文03-21
湖北省黄冈中学2013年春季高一生物期末考试试题111-25
行政事业单位内部控制工作指引 - 图文04-16
- exercise2
- 铅锌矿详查地质设计 - 图文
- 厨余垃圾、餐厨垃圾堆肥系统设计方案
- 陈明珠开题报告
- 化工原理精选例题
- 政府形象宣传册营销案例
- 小学一至三年级语文阅读专项练习题
- 2014.民诉 期末考试 复习题
- 巅峰智业 - 做好顶层设计对建设城市的重要意义
- (三起)冀教版三年级英语上册Unit4 Lesson24练习题及答案
- 2017年实心轮胎现状及发展趋势分析(目录)
- 基于GIS的农用地定级技术研究定稿
- 2017-2022年中国医疗保健市场调查与市场前景预测报告(目录) - 图文
- 作业
- OFDM技术仿真(MATLAB代码) - 图文
- Android工程师笔试题及答案
- 生命密码联合密码
- 空间地上权若干法律问题探究
- 江苏学业水平测试《机械基础》模拟试题
- 选课走班实施方案
- 常见
- 翻译
- 指导
- 技巧