自考词汇第三章练习题

第三章

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.

1. The is ' the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words' (Crystal 1985).

A. morph

B. allomorph

C. morpheme

D. allophone

2. Morphemes are units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as

A. concrete, allomorphs

B. abstract, morphs

C. abstract, lexemes

D. concrete, morphs

3. Most morphemes are realized by single morphs. Words of this kind are called words.

A. polysemous

B. monomorphemic

C. polymorphemic

D. stem

4. Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as

A. lexemes

B. headwords

C. allomorphs

D. phones

5. The popular method of classifying English morphemes is to group them into morphemes and morphemes.

A. derivational, inflectional

B. free, bound

C. free, inflectional

D. root, bound

6. Free morphemes are identical with words.

A. compound

B. root

C. converted

D. clipped

7. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in words.

A. root

B. inflectional

C. derived

D. compound

8. Morphemes which cannot occur as words are hound.

A. separate

B. compound

C. derived

D. converted

9. Free morphemes have meanings in themselves and can be used as grammatical units in sentences.

A. incomplete, independent

B. complete, free

C. complete, dependent

D. free, complete

10. Morphemes which are other morphemes are considered to be free.

A. different from

B. dependent on

C. related with

D. independent of

11. The minimal meaningful units of a language are known as

A. morphs

B. morphemes

C. allomorphs

D. lexemes

12. im-", "ir-", "il-" "in- "and are all of the , negative prefix.

A. morphs, morpheme

B. morphemes, morph

C. allomorphs, morphs

D. allomorphs, morpheme

13. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as

A. derivational morphemes

B. inflectional morphemes

C. bound roots

D. free roots

14. Derivational affixes can be further pided into and

A. bound roots and suffixes

B. prefixes and suffixes

C. bound roots and prefixes

D. inflectional affixes and prefixes

15. According to the functions of affixes, we put them into affixes and affixes.

A. inflectional, derivational

B. reflective, flexible

C. converted, bound

D. root, bound

16. affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.

A. Converted

B. Inflectional

C. Derivational

D. Bound

17. A is the form to which affixes of any kind can be added.

A. root

B. stem

C. lexeme

D. headword

18. The , whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.

A. stem

B. root

C. prefix

D. suffix

19. "-dict-" is a/an

A. free root

B. inflectional morpheme

C. bound root

D. derivational morpheme

20. In the word "contradict", "contra-" is a/an

A. bound root

B. inflectional morpheme

C. free root

D. derivational morpheme

21. In "tomatoes", "tomato" is a/an and "-es" is a/an

A. stem, suffix

B. root, prefix

C. bound root, prefix

D. stem, root

22. Bound morphemes include two types: and

A. prefix, suffix

B. bound root and prefix

C. bound root, affix

D. derivational morpheme and suffix

23. In "went" we find morphemes, and in "classroom s" root.

A. two, two

B. one, two

C. one, three

D. two, three

24. "predict" is made up of a/an _-- morpheme and a/an morpheme.

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A. prefix, bound

B. root, bound

C. inflectional, derivational

D. inflectional, root

25. "antecedent" is made up of

A. a prefix and a bound root

B. a bound root and a suffix

C. a prefix, a bound root and a suffix

D. a bound root, a free root and a suffix

26. Most do not change the word classes of the original words.

A. suffixes

B. prefixes

C. affixes

D. bound roots

27. In "clockwise", we can find

A. two free roots

B. a free root and a suffix

C. a prefix and a free root

D. a free root and a bound root

28. In English, inflectional affixes are and derivational affixes are both and

A. suffixes, prefixes, suffixes

B. infixes, suffixes, prefixes

C. prefixes, suffixes, prefixes

D. prefixes, infixes, prefixes

29. The morpheme "-s" in "desks" is called morpheme.

A. derivational

B. free

C. grammatical

D. inflectional

30. In English, bound roots are either or

A. Latin, French

B. Greek, Scandinavian

C. Latin, Greek

D. French, Greek

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.

1. Though borrowing has been playing an active role in the expansion of vocabulary as indicated, in modern times, however, vocabulary is largely enriched on a/an basis.

2. Before we actually deal with the means of word-formation, we need to analyze the structures of words and gain a working knowledge of the different word-forming elements which are to be used to create new words.

3. It seems to be generally agreed that a is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning.

4. The word " denaturalization" can be broken down into morphemes.

5. Suffixes usually change the word-class while do not usually change the world-class.

6. Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as

7."water" has morpheme(s).

8. The _ is the base form of a word that expresses its essential meaning.

9. An is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.

10. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationship are called affixes.

11. Free morphemes and free are identical.

12. The number of inflectional affixes is small and which makes English one of the easiest language to learn.

13. affixes can be further pided into prefixes and suffixes

14. The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is

15."-s", "-ed", "-er" and "-est" are all morphemes because they do not generate new words.

16. "er-", "im-", "ab-", and "-ly" are all morphemes because they generate new words.

17. usually do not change word-class of the stems but only modify their meanings.

18. Structurally speaking, a word is not the smallest unit because many words are and separable.

19. The root, whether free or bound, generally carries the component of meaning in a word.

20. roots in English are either Latin or Greek.

21 .A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further an-alysed total loss of identity.

22. A can include a root, although sometimes it can replace a root.

23. Most morphemes are realized by morphs.

24. A root is that part of a word form that remains when all and derivational affixes have been removed.

25. A stem is a form to which of any kind can be added.

26. "idealization" has morphemes.

27. "gone", "easier", "green houses" and "swimming" all contain a(n) morpheme.

28. Most inflectional morphemes are

29. morphemes are chiefly found in derived words.

30. Derivational affixes are added to other morphemes to create words.

III. Match the words in Column A with those in Column B according to (1)types of morphemes (2)language family

(3)modes of vocabulary development(4)classification of words and(5)sources of borrowing.

A B

1. man A. inflectional morpheme

2. Spanish B. bound root

3.-ed C. stem

4. sit-in D. derivational morpheme

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5. penicillin E. free morpheme

6. pork F. terminology

7. Prussian G. creation

8. -dict- H. denizen

9. pre- I. Baho-Slavic

10. national in international J. Italic

IV. Study the following words and expressions and identify (1)types of morphemes; (2)language family; (3)modes of vocabulary development;(4)classification of words and (5)sources of borrowing.

1.-s- in works ( )

2. anti- in antislavery ( )

3.liberate in proliferation ( )

4.-dict- in dictator ( )

5. Norwegian ( )

6. dumb( = stupid) ( )

7. surplus value ( )

8. have (auxiliary) ( )

9. pork (from pore) ( )

10.guess ( = think) ( )

V. Define the following terms.

1. root

2. stem

3. derivational morphemes/affixes

4. inflectional morphemes/affixes

5. bound root

6. affixes

7. bound morphemes 8 .free morphemes

9. allomorphs 10. morphs 11. morphemes

VI. Answer the following questions .Y our answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.

1. Why do we say that free morphemes and free roots are identical?

2. What are the differences between a bound morpheme and a bound root?

3. Are a root and a stem the same? Give your reasons.

4.According to the functions of affixes how many groups can you put them into? What are their characteristics?

VI. Analyze and comment on the followings. Write your answers in the space given.

1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words. Point out the types of morphemes.

prediction

strawberries

encouragement

2. Analyze the morphological structure of the following words in the light of free morphemes and bound morphemes,

then explain the differences between the two kinds of morphemes.

idealization

hand-made

luckily

参考答案

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.

1.C

2.B

3.B

4.C

5.B

6.B

7.C

8.A

9.B 10.D 11 .B 12.D 13 .B 14.B 15 .A

16.C 17 .B 18.B 19.C 20.D 21 .A 22.C 23.D 24.A 25.C 26. B 27. B 28.A 29. D 30. C

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.

1. internal

2. morphological

3. word

4. five

5. prefixes

6. morphs

7. one

8. root

9. allomorph 10. inflectional 11. roots 12. stable 13. Derivational 14. morpheme 15. inflectional 16. derivational 17. Prefixes 18. analyzable 19. main 20. Bound 21. without 22. stem 23. single 24. inflectional 25. affixes 26. three 27. inflectional 28. suffixes 29. Bound 30. new

III. Match the words in Column A with those in Column B according to (1) types of morphemes;(2)language family;(3)modes of vocabulary development (4)classification of words and (5)sources of borrowing.

1.E

2.J

3.A

4.G

5.F

6.H

7.1

8.B

9.D 10.C

IV. Study the following words and expressions and identify(1)types of morphemes; (2)language family; (3)modes of vocabulary development;(4)classification of words and @sources of borrowing.

1.bound morpheme/inflectional morpheme/suffix

2. bound morpheme/derivational morpheme/reflex

3. free morpheme/free root

4. bound root

5. Germanic/Scandinavian

6. semantic-loan

7. translation-loan 8. functional word 9. denizen 10. revival of archaic or obsolete words

V .Defame the following terms.

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1. A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further anal ysed without total loss of identity .The root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.

2. A stem may consist of a single root morpheme or two root morphemes or a root plus an affix. A stem is a form to which

affixes of any kind can be added.

3.Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Derivational affixes can be further pided into prefixes and suffixes.

4. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, and those added to stems to create new words are derivational.

5. A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning but cannot stand alone as a word.

6. Affixes are forms that are attached to stems to make new words or show grammatical meaning.

7.Bound morphemes are the morphemes that cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words.

8.Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with root words.

9. A single morpheme may be phonetically realized by two or more morphs. These alternative phonetic forms or variants are

allomorphs.

10.A morpheme must be realized as certain phonetic forms or variants in different phonetic environments. Each of the

phonetic forms or variants is a morph.

11. A morpheme is the minimal/smallest meaningful unit of a language

VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be and short. Write your answers in the space given below.

1. Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are consid6red to be free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences .They are identical Mth root words, as each of them consists of a single free root. Therefore, we might as well say that free morphemes are free roots.

2.Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. Bound morphemes include bound root and affix. Bound root is only one type of bound morpheme.

3. A root and a stem are not the same. A root is the basic form of word which cannot be further analysed. A stem may consist of a single root or two roots and a root plus an affix. Therefore, a stem can be a root or a form bigger than a root.

4. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two ups: inflectional and derivational affixes. Inflectional affixes are attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical morphemes. The number of inflectional affixes is small and stable. Derivational affixes are added to other morphemes to create new words. Derivational affixes can be further pided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes come before

the word and the suffixes after the word.

VI.Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given.

1. (1) Each of the three words consists of three morphemes : prediction (pre +dict + ion) ,strawberries(straw + berry + es),

encouragement(en + courage + ment).

(2)"pre-", "-ion", "-es en-" and "-ment" are bound morphemes as they cannot stand alone as words. "pre-", "-ion", "en-"

and "-ment" are derivational morphemes and "-es" is an inflectional morpheme, while "-dict-" is a bound root.

(3) "straw", "berry" and "courage" are all free morphemes as they can stand alone as words.

2. (1) Each of the three consists of three morphemes: idealization(ideal + ize + ation), hand-made (hand + make + d),

luckily(luck + y + ly).

(2) "ideal", "hand", "make" and "luck" are all free morphemes, and "-ize", "-ation", "-d", "-y" and "-ly" are all bound

morphemes. Of the bound morphemes, "-d" is an inflectional morpheme, and other four are derivational morphemes. (3) Free morphemes can exist themselves as words. They have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free

grammatical units in sentences. Bound morphemes cannot occur as separate words.

They must be bound to other morphemes, bound or free. Derivational affixes are used to create new words, but inflectional affixes are used to indicate grammatical meaning.

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