新标准大学英语综合教程4课后习题答案课文讲解翻译

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Handouts and Key to book4 unit1-4 Unit 1

Active reading (1)

Looking for a job after university? First, get off the sofa Background information

About the passage: This is an article by an Education Correspondent, Alexandra Blair, published in September 2008 in The Times, a long-established British quality newspaper. In Europe generally, and in Britain in particular, for a number of years there has been a rising number of students who go to university and therefore more new graduates seeking employment. However, for many graduates finding a job became harder in 2008–2009 because the economic downturn – then a recession – meant that many employers were reducing their workforce. After their final exams, some students rested in the summer before looking for jobs and then they found that it was difficult to find employment in their field or at the level they wanted. The article addresses the problems of such new graduates who might be stuck at home and advises their parents to be there for their children (ie to be available if their children want to talk about the problem or if they need help). The article recommends finding work in a bar or supermarket rather than sitting

unemployed at home since this is more likely to lead to better employment later. The style is partly of a report, but also of a humorous comment for light entertainment (seen in the jokey language and problem-solving advice to parents).

Why finding a job in 2008 is so difficult for university graduates?

Universities in Europe, particularly in Britain, have expanded greatly in the last fifteen years (over 45% of young adults now go on to higher education), so there are more graduates looking for jobs. This competitive situation became a lot worse in 2008 onwards with the credit crunch and economic depression, which meant

that there were fewer jobs available and a rise in unemployment. Thus new graduates have to be active to seek a job, they need to fill in many application forms and try to get job interviews: they won‘t find employment by lying on the sofa at home. Culture points

honours degree: Traditionally, in the British university system, BA and BSc honours degrees are awarded in different categories: a first class degree (written using Roman numbers as I), a second (divided into two subcategories, written as IIii and IIii, which are called ―a two one‖ and ―a two two‖), a third (written III) and a pass degree. Most people get a second. There are also ordinary degrees with more general courses of study without these categories.

Generation Y and Grunt: The main idea here is that there is a succession of different generations or cohorts of adults who come into the workforce in North America which are given different informal names to characterize them. First, ―Baby boomers‖ were born in the great increase (the boom) of births after World War II (1946–1960), followed by ―Generation X‖ people (born

1960–1980) who were said to bring new attitudes of being independent, informal, entrepreneurial, and expected to get skills and have a career before them. ―GenerationY‖ or the ―Millenial

Generation‖ (born 1980s and 1990s and becoming adult in the new millenium) are now making up an increasing percentage of the workforce; they are said to be spoilt by doting parents, to have structured lives, to be used to teamwork and diverse people in a multicultural society. In the passage, this generation is now becoming (morphing into) Generation Grunt, which is an ironic name referring to repetitive, low status, routine or mindless work – this may be the only work

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available to some graduates, who may have to take very ordinary jobs to get experience before they find something more suitable. ―Grunt‖ also refers to coarse behaviour or bad manners and to the deep sound that is made by a pig; when people ―grunt‖ they express disgust but do not communicate with words – this may be how the parents of new graduates think their children communicate with them!

A comprehensive refers to a British type of secondary school which became popular in the1960s. Before that there were academic ―grammar schools‖ and more general ―secondary modern‖ schools for those who did not pass the grammar school entrance tests, but the comprehensive schools were designed for all students in a social philosophy of bringing diverse students together whether they were academic or not. Those students who went to a comprehensive school probably felt that had to study particularly hard (I worked my backside off) to get to university, compared to those who went to grammar schools where all students were academic –comprehensive students felt they had to struggle to get to university.

Chicken suit This refers to a large yellow costume that someone wears which makes the person look like a giant chicken. Before he became a famous actor, Brad Pitt once dressed in such a

costume when he had a job advertising for a restaurant called El Pollo Loco (The Crazy Chicken‘ in Spanish) – the job meant that he had to walk around the streets like a chicken to attract customers to come to the restaurant. Language points

1 Those memories of forking out thousands of pounds a year so that he could eat well and go to the odd party, began to fade. Until now. (Para 1)

The parents paid a lot of money for their son‘s university fees and living expenses (so that he could eat well) and for occasional social events – at graduation these memories of money were mostly forgotten because the parents were proud. But now the parents are thinking of money again because the son doesn‘t have a job and doesn‘t seem to be actively seeking one.

2 This former scion of Generation Y has morphed overnight into a member of Generation Grunt. (Para 2)

The distinguished son of Generation X (of the parents‘ generation who worked hard, got jobs, and had good careers and expected their son to do the same) has changed into a member of Generation Grunt – he doesn‘t seem to communicate much, lies around and doesn‘t get a job (or can only do a low status routing job).

3 I passed the exams, but at the interviews they accused me of being ?too detached? and talking in language that was ?too technocratic?, which I didn?t think possible, but obviously it is. (Para 5)

He passed the entrance exams for a government post, but he was criticized in the selection

interviews: They said he was detached (not personally involved) and too technocratic (he used the language of a technical expert or high authority). As a new graduate he probably wanted to show his expertise in his language so he can‘t understand this criticism.

4 For the rest it is 9-to-5 “chilling” before heading to the pub. (Para 6)

The others who do not have a routine low status job (like stacking goods on a supermarket shelf) chill out all day (they spend their time casually relaxing – they don‘t look for work) and go to pub for a drink in the evening.

5 I went to a comprehensive and I worked my backside off to go to a good university …(Para 6)

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He went to a school for students of all abilities (not to a special school for academic students) and so he had to work very hard to enter a good university: Your backside means your bottom – the part of your body that you sit on – to work your backside off is informal and it means you work very hard indeed.

6 … but having worked full-time since leaving school herself, she and her husband find it tricky to advise him on how to proceed. (Para 7)

The mother has always had a full-time job (presumably the father is also working full-time), so she does not have relevant personal experience. For her, it is tricky to give advice (difficult to do). 7 Carry on life as normal and don?t allow them to abuse your bank account or sap your reserve of emotional energy. (Para 11)

The advice from Gael Lindenfield here is that parents should live as usual. They should neither let theirchildren spend the parents‘ money unnecessarily, nor let the problem take away all their energy and emotions. Sap their reserve means use up their store of emotional energy.

8 After that the son or daughter needs to be nudged firmly back into the saddle. (Para 12) Then the parents should gently push their children firmly so that they get back into control of their lives.

Reading and understanding

2 Choose the best answer to the questions. Teaching tips

Go over the correct answers with Ss and ask them to explain why the other answers are wrong (See below).

1 Why hasn‘t Jack Goodwin got a job yet? (a) He doesn‘t have a very good degree.

(No, he has a 2:1 which is considered a good degree. ) (b) He refuses to apply for jobs with low salaries.

(He feels he should get a better job after studying at university.) (c) It isn‘t easy to get a job in the current financial climate. (This may be true but the passage does not mention this.) (d) He prefers to stay at home and help his family.

(No, he doesn‘t seem to be helping his family: he watches TV and talks to friends.) 2 How does he spend a typical day? (a) Doing a temporary job.

(No, some of his friends are working in temporary jobs but he doesn‘t want to do this.) (b) Watching television. (He watches TV a lot.)

(c) Queuing up in the university careers service.

(No, he went there once but he didn‘t want to queue so he walked away.) (d) Preparing for the next job interview.

(No, he doesn‘t seem to be preparing for interviews.) 3 How do most of his friends spend the day?

(a) They do nothing all day and go to the pub in the evening.

(All except one of them do nothing except chill, then they go to the pub.) (b) They do outdoor activities such as sailing.

(No, none of them seem to do outdoor activities; there is no mention of sailing.)

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(c) They are forced to work by their parents.

(No, only one of them has been forced out to stack shelves by his parents; the others seem to be like Jack.)

(d) They do part-time jobs such as working in a bar.

(No, the text mentions bar work but none of Jack‘s friends seem to do this work.) 4 How are Jack‘s parents helping him? (a) By looking for jobs for him.

(No, Jack has tried to get a job himself; there‘s nothing here about his parents helping him look for a job.)

(b) By paying for a trip to South America.

(No, although he is going on a three-week trip to South America, the passage does not say that Jack‘s parents have paid for this.)

(c) By gradually making him more financially aware.

(The passage does not say so explicitly, but this is the implication about the cut-off point after the trip when he may be expected to pay rent and contribute to the household bills.) (d) By threatening to throw him out of the house.

(No, they haven‘t threatened to do this, but they definitely want him to work after he gets back from his trip.)

5 What does Gael Lindenfield say about Jack‘s parents? (a) They have not really understood Jack‘s problems.

(No, she doesn‘t say this; she says they must balance being positive with not making life too comfortable. This doesn‘t mean they haven‘t understood Jack‘s problems.) (b) They have made life too comfortable for Jack.

(No, she says they must balance comfort with being positive. This doesn‘t necessarily mean that they have already made life too comfortable for Jack.) (c) The approach they have chosen is the right one. (She says they have struck exactly the right note.) (d) They need help from a psychologist. (No, she doesn‘t say this.)

6 What do Whoopi Goldberg, Bruce Willis and Brad Pitt have in common? (a) They all did bar work before going to university.

(No, we don‘t know from the passage if any of them did this.) (b) They took part in protests against nuclear power plants. (No, we don‘t know is any of them did this)

(c) They learnt to act by dressing up as giant chickens. (No, only Brad Pitt did this.)

(d) They all did temporary jobs at one stage in their lives.

(This is right, although they all had completely different temporary jobs.) Dealing with unfamiliar words

3 Match the words in the box with their definitions.

1 to make progress by moving to the next stage in a series of actions or events (proceed) 2 the process of changing from one situation, form or state to another (transition)

3 not feeling involved with someone or something in a close or emotional way (detached)

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4 referring to something which will happen soon (upcoming) 5 to be sitting still in a position that is not upright (slump) 6 to return to a previous state or way of behaving (revert) 7 to say what happened (recount)

4 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 3.

It isn‘t easy to make the (1) transition from a busy university student to an unemployed young adult (2) slumped on a bar stool or half watching a mindless television show, wondering if and how their career is going to (3) proceed. Many people who have experienced a long period of inactivity like this, when (4) recounting how they felt at the time, refer to the same strange

psychological effect. As the days pass, they begin to feel (5) detached from any sense of pressure to go and look for a job, and tend to regard (6) upcoming interviews as if they were not very important. Typically, back at home after three or four years away, they (7) revert to old habits, start seeing old friends, and, in many cases, become dependent again on their parents.

5 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. You may need to make other changes.

1 I went to a mixed-ability secondary school just outside London. (comprehensive) 2 I got stopped by a policeman who asked to see my driving licence. (cop) 3 Have you seen this beautiful from the air view of Oxford? (aerial)

4 Isabel tightly her bag as she walked down the corridor towards the office. (clutched) 5 You should speak to Toby; he‘s an supporter of flexible working hours. (advocate)

6 I hurt my leg badly a couple of months ago, and it still hasn‘t got better completely. (healed) 6 Answer the questions about the words.

1 Is a dead-end job one with (a) exciting prospects, or (b) no future? 2 Is a tricky problem (a) difficult, or (b) easy to solve?

3 If an activity saps all your energy, do you feel (a) tired, or (b) more active than usual?

4 Does a pushy person try to (a) persuade you to do something you don‘t want to, or (b) help you by listening to what you have to say?

5 If you feel apathy, do you want to (a) change the world, or (b) stay at home and do nothing? 7 Answer the questions about the phrases.

1 Is fork out (a) a formal, or (b) an informal way of saying to pay for something?

2 If you are in the same boat as another person, are you (a) making the same journey together, or (b) in the same difficult or unpleasant situation?

3 If you feel you have come full circle, do you (a) feel you are back where you started, or (b) feel a sense of satisfaction because you have completed something?

4 If someone takes a soft line, do they deal with a person (a) in a kind and sympathetic way, or (b) in a lazy way without making a decision?

5 If you strike the right note about something, are you expressing yourself (a) well, or (b) badly? 6 If you do something by all means, do you (a) try your best to do it, or (b) not care about it? 7 If you nudge someone back into the saddle, are you encouraging them to (a) take responsibility again, or (b) take it easy?

8 If you talk through a problem with someone, do you (a) examine it carefully and sensitively, or (b) refer to it quickly and then change the subject?

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Rémy de Gourmont (1858–1915): a French writer of 50 books: essays, novels and poetry, with a strong interest in medieval Latin literature; as a critic he was admired by T. S. Eliot. He was a librarian at the National Library in Paris; later, a painful skin disease kept him largely at home. He was influential in the symbolist movement in literature. He claimed that a work of art exists only through the emotion it gives us.He asserted the need to get away from the unquestioning

acceptance of commonplace ideas and associations of ideas, and believed it was necessary for thought to proceed by imagery rather than by ideas.

Julius Caesar (110 BC–44 BC): a Roman statesman, known as a great military strategist. As a general he was famous for the conquest of Gaul (modern France and Belgium) which he added to the Roman Empire.He also made two expeditions to Britain, was governor of Spain and traveled in North Africa and Egypt. He was a good speaker and he wrote several books of commentaries and memoirs on Roman wars and military campaigns. Caesar‘s writing is often studied today by those who learn Latin.

The Julius Caesar of literature: this phrase compares Cendrars with Caesar: both were men of action, travelers, adventurers, explorers, who somehow found time to read a lot and write books. Language points

1 The fact, however, that in the past I did most of my work without the aid of library I look upon as an advantage rather than a disadvantage. (Para 1)

This is irony. Miller is writing about the importance of reading and about key books in his life, but there is a paradox: Only recently has he been able to get all the books he has wanted all his life (ie he now has money, as a best-selling writer, to buy books) and, as a writer, he wrote books without the help of a library. He says that not having books was an advantage. The explanation is probably that Miller‘s early writing was a mixture of autobiography and fiction, so he didn‘t need to read other books or refer to them to do his own writing. The irony is that he is saying this in a book about the books the influenced him.

2 A good book lives through the passionate recommendation of one reader to another. (Para 3)

Miller thinks that a good part of the ?life‘ of a book is how one reader recommends it to another with enthusiasm, ie books are about sharing experience, not just the author‘s experience in the book and the reader‘s experience of reading it, but also the experience of word-of-mouth or face-to-face

recommendation by other readers.

3 And the better the man the more easily will he part with his most cherished possessions. (Para 4)

This continues Miller‘s thought that books are for sharing. A good person will share things he or she loves. In this case, such a person will give or lend favourite books and such generosity makes friends:When you give books you get friendship.

4 If you are honest with yourself you will discover that your stature has increased from the mere effort of resisting your impulse. (Para 6)

Miller‘s argument here is that you should not read everything, but that you should choose very carefully and selectively. This means you should resist the temptation to read some things which are not really going to add to your knowledge or enjoyment (not every book will do this, only some). Here, he says that in this way, we grow (we ―increase our stature‖). That is, we grow by not reading many books.The implication is that if we choose the very best books and read these

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few really carefully we will get the best from them – and grow by such selection. Miller discusses 100 books which he things are such books. 5 All on the side, as it were. (Para 7)

Cendrars was a man of action who spent most of his time on travels and adventures. Surprisingly (you would think he did not have time), he read a lot in different languages and even wrote many books –this was in addition to his main activities.

6 For, if he is anything, Cendrars, he is a man of action, an adventurer and explorer, a man who has known how to “waste” his time royally. (Para 7)

Cendrars had a huge reputation as a man of action, travelling, having adventures and exploring different countries and yet he read a lot (he knew how to use the little time available to read). ―Waste‖ is in quotes to show irony (reading isn‘t a waste of time), that he reads in a royal manner (ie very thoroughly). The sentence structure here is quite French with the repetition of ―he‖. Reading and understanding

2 Choose the best answer to the questions.

1 What does Miller consider to have been an advantage during his writing career? (a) To have been able to read all the books he wanted. (b) To have grown up in a room full of books. (c) To have written without the aid of a library. (d) The fact that he never wanted to own any books.

2 What did three stars on a book mean in the public library in Miller‘s youth? (a) Young people weren‘t allowed to read them. (b) They were the most popular books in the library. (c) They were intended for children.

(d) They were more exciting than one-star books.

3 Why does Miller hope the star system still exists in public libraries? (a) It is an efficient system which works well.

(b) It discourages people from reading inappropriate books. (c) It makes people interested in reading.

(d) It makes it easier for people to recognize books. 4 Why do people lend books, in Miller‘s opinion? (a) Because they feel the need to share their feelings. (b) It‘s the best way to make a friend. (c) It‘s less risky than lending money.

(d) Because it‘s not possible to possess a book for ever.

5 According to Miller, what should you do when you find a book you want to read? (a) Pick it up and start reading.

(b) Ask a friend for advice about the book.

(c) Think about whether you really need to read it. (d) Only read it if it is original.

6 What does Miller especially admire about Blaise Cendrars? (a) He had a very adventurous life. (b) He was a great writer.

(c) He knew what to do with his time. (d) He read as well as wrote a lot.

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Dealing with unfamiliar words

3 Match the words in the box with their definitions.

1 the quality of being new, interesting, and different from anything that anyone has created before (originality)

2 the process of putting people or things into particular groups according to the features they have (classification)

3 to make an organized and determined attempt to deal with a problem (tackle) 4 to make something better or more enjoyable (enrich)

5 a difficulty or problem that prevents you from achieving something (obstacle) 6 to sink under water and die (drown) 7 not being used (idle)

8 a suggestion that someone or something is especially suitable or useful for a particular situation (recommendation)

9 to make a lot of effort to achieve something (strive)

4 Complete the conversation with the correct form of the words in Activity 3. Teaching tips

When Ss have completed the gaps with appropriate words, ask them to work in pairs to prepare a radio interview: Student A is the interviewer, Student B is Professor Ridgeway. Ss should read the dialogue

Unit 2 A good read 60

as naturally as possible, trying to make their reading sound interesting. Then choose a pair to role play their interview to the class. The class listens and afterwards gives a ―naturalness‖ score (1–10) and an ―interesting‖ score (1–10), according to the way the interview came across to the audience. A Professor Ridgeway, you‘ve just written a biography of the poet Shelley, who (1) drowned off the coast of Italy in 1822 in a sailing accident. As you remind us in the introduction, people‘s lives have been(2) enriched by poetry for thousands of years. What (3) recommendation could you make to a young

poet who is just beginning their career?

B That they should always (4) strive to be themselves, and not to worry about (5) originality. Once they‘ve found their own voice, it will be original in its own way, because everyone is unique.

A So you don‘t believe in the (6) classifications which label poets as ―romantic‖ or ―modernist‖ and so on?

B I do, but they have limited value.

A What do you think is the main (7) obstacle facing young poets today?

B I think it is to accept that you cannot be productive all the time. A poet‘s mind is never (8) idle and waiting for the right moment is part of the creative process. All other problems are relative, and can be(9) tackled when you get to them.

5 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the following words. You may need to make other changes.

1 I felt depressed and lacking in confidence after reading his criticism of my novel. (demoralized) 2 Henry Miller‘s The Books in My Life is about, as the name suggests, the story of his life. (autobiographical)

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Henry Miller‘s The Books in My Life is, as the name suggests, autobiographical.

3 Shakespeare had an extraordinary talent as a writer, which is without comparison in the history of English literature. (prodigious; unparalleled)

4 Some people look to a book for pleasure rather than for understanding. (enlightenment) 5 The experiment in banning alcohol drinks in the United States actually led to an increase in crime.(prohibiting)

6 I‘m not sure if it is to their advantage for readers to read this review before they start the book. (advantageous)

7 Miller‘s Tropic of Cancer was, without doubt, one of the most infamous novels of the 20th century.(indubitably)

6 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.

1 If someone makes a confession, do they tell you something (a) personal and secret, or (b) which everyone knows?

2 If someone whets your appetite for something, do they make you (a) desire for it, or (b) dislike it?

3 If you wade through piles of documents, do you (a) read or deal with them, or (b) just ignore them?

4 If you have to forego something, do you (a) finish it quickly, or (b) do without it?

5 Is someone who has business acumen (a) good at business, or (b) without any business skills? 6 Is a repetitive job one in which you do (a) different things, or (b) the same thing every day?

7 If you do something on the side, do you do it (a) in addition to a regular activity, or (b) where no one can see you do it? Reading and interpreting 7 Answer the questions.

1 What is the first struggle that he has with books?

Miller‘s first struggle is to obtain books and get his hands on them. 2 Why is it difficult to lay hands on them?

The books are not in the public library because someone has already borrowed them and Miller doesn‘t have the money to buy them.

3 What sort of books are prohibited for a young man?

Books which are considered to be immoral for a young person to read. 4 What is the best way to be introduced to a book?

Through the passionate recommendation of someone who has read the book. 5 What is an unused book lying on a shelf compared with?

It is compared with wasted ammunition. This means that it is useless. It is also compared to money because it should be in circulation.

6 Why does Miller suggest resisting your impulses and not opening a book as soon as you get it? He says you should think intensely about the title, author, and likely contents, imagining what you would have written yourself about it. Then you may decide you don‘t need to read it, or, if you do read it, you will read it with more interest and acumen.

Language in use

word formation: -ous

1 Write the adjectives which describe:

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1 a writer who has achieved fame (famous) 2 readers who show curiosity (curious) 3 someone who feels envy (envious)

4 a region which is full of mountains (mountainous) 5 a parcel which has a very large volume (voluminous) infinitive / gerund as the subject of a sentence

2 Complete the sentences using infinitive or gerund as the subject. Usually both forms are possible, but you should be able to justify your choice.

1 Getting up early in the morning gives me more time to organize the day. (To express an everyday activity)

2 To write a best-seller has always been my dream. (This is a bit more abstract or a far-away grand idea)

3 Forgetting to take back a library book may not seem serious, but it causes problems for other students.

(To express a normal activity for many people)

4 To spend a lot of time reading in one‘s childhood can bring rewards later in life. (Use the more abstract form for an important idea) 5 To be or not to be, that is the question.

(In Shakespeare this can be interpreted as a grand idea, so he uses the formal way; if you say, ?Being or not being…‘ is may be more immediate and seems normal – but in Hamlet the situation is not normal) such is / are …

3 Rewrite the sentences using such is / are …

1 Good writing is so powerful that the reader thinks the writer is speaking directly to them. The reader thinks the writer is speaking directly to them. Such is the power of good writing. 2 The novel Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is so charming that you can‘t put it down even for a moment.

You can‘t put Salmon Fishing in the Yemen down even for a moment. Such is the charm of the novel.

3 Travel is such a pleasure that you may end up living in another country. You may end up living in another country. Such is the pleasure of travel.

4 The sense of confusion in this film is so great that you may feel you want to leave before the end.

You may feel you want to leave before the end. Such is the sense of confusion in this film. 5 The difficulties of translation are so enormous that much of the meaning is lost. Much of the meaning is lost. Such is the enormity of the difficulties of translation. if / whether it be …

4 Rewrite the sentences using if / whether it be …

1 Is it the right time to start this kind of project? Ask yourself carefully.

Ask yourself carefully whether it be the right time to start this kind of project. 2 Is it the first edition of Dr Johnson‘s Dictionary? I very much doubt it. I very much doubt if this be the first edition of Dr Johnson‘s Dictionary. 3 Is it common knowledge that Arthur Miller thought like this? I‘m not sure. I am not sure if it be common knowledge that Arthur Miller thought like this.

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4 Is it necessary to produce any documents when making an application? Perhaps we should inquire.

Perhaps we should inquire whether it be necessary to produce any documents when making an application.

5 Is it the right way to tackle the problem? I doubt it. I doubt if it be the right way to tackle the problem. collocations

5 Read the explanations of the words. Answer the questions.

1 confront This word usually means to deal with a difficult situation.

(a) Which are the most important problems we have to confront in today‘s world?

This could be a long list! I‘d say: global warming, pollution, water shortages, extreme weather conditions, local military conflicts, poverty, famine and hunger, unemployment, to name only a few.

(b) Were you confronted by anyone asking for something on your way to class today?

Not today, but a few days ago I was confronted by someone asking for money – which I didn‘t like at all.

(c) What‘s the biggest crisis you‘ve ever been confronted with?

The problem that my grandfather is elderly and has Alzheimer‘s disease: He needs constant care because he forgets ordinary things. It is difficult for my parents and for me because we all take turns to look after him. I realized what this was really like when I had to look after him for a weekend when my parents were away, but I discovered I have a lot more patience now. So perhaps this crisis has helped us to develop some good qualities, although it is actually a very difficult time for all of us.

2 idle This word usually means not being used, lazy, or without any real reason or purpose. (a) If someone is idle by nature, what don‘t they like doing?

They don‘t like doing work or other things that they should do but which they don‘t like doing. (b) If machinery is idle, what isn‘t it doing? The machinery is not being used.

(c) If someone picks up a book out of idle curiosity, do they have a strong motivation to read it? Not really, they just have a slight curiosity to see what the book is, but they have no real interest. (d) If someone makes you an idle threat, do you take it seriously? No, you don‘t because you know that the threat has no real purpose.

3 tackle This word usually means to challenge someone or something, or to make an attempt to deal with a problem.

(a) What are the main issues the government needs to tackle in the near future?

Well. I suppose there are several issues which need to be tackled, including rising prices and employment in some places, or some social problems in a few areas. (b) How do you tackle someone about their ideas and opinions?

I am inclined to be direct and simply ask them about their opinions and ideas. I think they will tell me honestly if they believe I am really interested in what they think.

(c) If you tackle someone in a game of football, what have you managed to do?

You have managed to get the ball away from them so that your team can keep the ball for a moment.

4 withstand This word usually means to be strong enough not to be harmed or destroyed by

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something, or to be able to deal with a difficult situation. (a) What sort of defences can withstand a direct attack?

To withstand a direct attack you need strong defences which are well placed. (b) What sort of clothes allow you to withstand the cold in winter? To withstand the cold in winter, you need thick, warm clothes.

(c) Can you withstand the pressure of having to produce regular assignments on your course? Yes, I can. Actually, our teachers generally give us our assignments at intervals and we usually know well in advance what we should. So as long as you get on with the work (and don‘t leave it until the last minute!) the pressure is not too bad and we can manage. 6 Translate the paragraph into Chinese.

Indubitably the vast majority of books overlap one another. Few indeed are those which give the impression of originality, either in style or in content. Rare are the unique books – less than 50, perhaps,out of the whole storehouse of literature. In one of his recent autobiographical novels, Blaise Cendrars points out that Rémy de Gourmont, because of his knowledge and awareness of this repetitive quality in books, was able to select and read all that is worthwhile in the entire realm of literature. Cendrars himself – who would suspect it? – is a prodigious reader. He reads most authors in their original tongue.Not only that, but when he likes an author he reads every last book the man has written, as well as his letters and all the books that have been written about him. In our day his case is almost unparalleled, I imagine. For, not only has he read widely and deeply, but he has himself written a great many books. All on the side, as it were. For, if he is anything, Cendrars, he is a man of action, an adventurer and explorer,a man who has known how to ―waste‖ his time royally. He is, in a sense, the Julius Caesar of literature.

(几处倒装句应灵活处理,以体现原文语气。every last book the man has written 等于 all the books he has written。注意这段话的逻辑关系。If he is anything, he is a man of…一句中的 if 从句起强调作用,说明他不是一个书生或思想家,而是一个行动家。此处需灵活翻译。) 不容置疑的是,大多数书都互相重复,在文体或内容上让人感到具有独创性的书实在是少之又少。在整个文学库藏中,或许只有极少数作品——不到50本——是独具一格的。在最近出版的一部自传体小说中,布莱斯·桑德拉尔指出,雷米·德·古尔蒙之所以能够选择并通读文学领域中一切值得读的书籍,就是因为他知识渊博,了解书的这种重复性。没有人会怀疑桑德拉尔本人就是一个博览群书的人,他阅读了大部分独具个性的作家的作品。不仅如此,一旦他喜欢上一个作家,就会阅读这个人写的每一本书,包括他的书信以及所有有关他的书籍。我猜想,在当今世上,像他这样的情况是绝无仅有的,他不仅读得广,读得深,而且本人还著述颇丰。这一切似乎都是在业余时间完成的。因为从本质上讲,他是一个十足的行动家,一个四处跋涉的冒险家和探险家,一个懂得如何大量―浪费‖时间的人。从某种意义上说,他是文学届的凯撒大帝。

7 Translate the paragraphs into English.

1 张磊是在毕业工作后才开始意识到读书的乐趣的。反思自己的大学教育时,他感慨不已:他的一些同学都沉浸于从图书馆或书店找到的各种有趣的书籍,而他却只读了一些教科书,其中连一本真正能让他爱不释手、值得一读的书都没有。他可以说是被剥夺了通过书了解作家奇妙世界的特权。

It was not until after he had graduated from university and started to work that Zhang Lei became aware of the pleasure of reading. Reflecting on his undergraduate studies, he lamented that he, unlike his classmates who had immersed themselves in various interesting books they were able to lay hands on from the library or bookshop, had only read textbooks, none of which was really

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worthwhile, or could be read in one sitting. He was deprived of the privilege of gaining access to the writers‘ fantastic worlds through the windows their books have opened, so to speak.

2 如今,他嗜书如命,废寝忘食,好像要把大学期间没机会读的好书全都读一遍。到目前为止他已经利用业余时间读了几百本小说、传记和游记。他意识到书不仅能向他展示一个充满希望的前景,帮他消除现实生活中的压力和疲劳,而且能够帮他澄清一些误解,找到生活的真谛。(reflect on; in one sitting; lay hands on; immerse in; worthwhile; privilege; withstand; vista) Now he has become an avid and omnivorous reader. It is as if he wants to make up for those

marvelous books he hadn‘t had a chance to read in his university days. By now, in his spare time, he has read several hundreds of books, including novels, biographies and travel notes. He realizes that books can not only reveal to him the vista of a hopeful future and help him withstand stresses and strains, they can also help him clear up some misconceptions and discover the true meaning of life.

Translation of the passages

Active reading (1)危险!书可能会改变你的人生 刘易斯·卡罗尔书中的爱丽丝不小心掉到兔子洞里,在那里发现了一个神奇的仙境。当我们打开一本书时,我们也会像爱丽丝那样走进一个全新的世界。我们能从一个年长人的角度,或通过一个孩子的眼睛来观察生活;我们可以周游世界,遍访现实生活中从没想过要访问的国家和文化;我们可以体验未曾经历过的事情,这些事情有时令人不安,也许引人入胜;可能是不愉快的也可能是令人痛苦的,但无论如何都至少能把我们从现实世界中解放出来。 英国诗人威廉·考珀(1731–1800)说,―变化是生活的调味品,它让生活变得有滋有味。‖虽然他没有说在什么地方以及怎样才能找到变化,但我们知道他说得对。我们知道我们生活在一个充满变化与差异的世界里,我们知道人们的生活方式各不相同,人们过日子的方式不同,做不同工作,有不同信仰,持不同观点,有不同的风俗习惯,操不同语言。通常,我们不知道这些差异的大小,但一旦发生了不平常的事情并引起了我们的注意,这种变化或差异与其说是机会,毋宁说是威胁。

读书让我们能够安全地享受和庆贺这种变化与差异,为我们提供成长的机会。在家里安详平和的环境中与他人的生活互动,这是阅读小说才享有的特权。我们甚至感觉到——哪怕只是在那一瞬间——我们和异文化读者的共同点要多于我们和家门口随便碰到的一个人的共同点。我们学会把目光移出我们周围的环境,投向天边,去领略一下异域山水。

如果我们怀疑读书是否能给我们力量的话,我们就应该麻烦自己去一趟当地的图书馆或书店,或者,如果我们足够幸运的话,从家里的书架上取一本书来读一读。我们会惊奇于古今小说的标题所创造出来的壮观景象:约翰·斯坦贝克的《愤怒的葡萄》、约翰·欧文的《第四只手》、亚历山大·索尔仁尼琴的《癌症病房》、厄内斯特·海明威的《丧钟为谁而鸣》、格雷厄姆·格林的《哈瓦那特派员》、奥黛丽·尼芬格的《时间旅行者的妻子》、保罗·托迪的《到也门钓鲑鱼》。一旦开始阅读,我们就必须思考我们在书中读到的别样人生。

每一本书都有自己的语言、方言、词汇和语法。我们不见得总能理解其中的每一个字、句,但不管我们是痴迷其中,还是觉得被排除在外,我们的情感被调动起来了。尽管在地理上有一定的距离,但其他民族、其他文化未必就离我们那么遥远。在书里我们可能遇见生活在不同气候、有不同信仰、来自不同民族的人。即便是住在同一条街上的邻居,我们都有可能只在书上相识。

小时候,在我们刚刚能听讲的时候,书对我们的生活方式就产生了很大的影响。从父母给孩子读的睡前故事一直到成年后家中摆满书柜的客厅,书界定了我们的人生。英国作家E. M. 福斯特(1879–1970)暗示书对我们具有另一种更加神秘的支配力。他写道:―我认为能影响我们的书籍是那些我们已经准备要读的书,它们只是在我们已经选定的道路上走得比

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我们更远一些而已。‖ 合适的书好像自己就会在恰当的时候找到我们,出现在我们面前,而不是我们去寻找那本书。

美国修士、牧师及作家托马斯·默顿(1915–1968)曾经被记者一连串地问了7 个问题:说出你最近读完的3 本书;你正在读的3 本书;你打算要读的书;对你有影响的书,并解释为什么;一本每人都要读的书,并解释为什么。关于对他有影响的书,他列出了《威廉·布莱克诗集》、古希腊思想家和作家写的各种戏剧以及一些宗教作品。当被问及这些书为何会影响他时,他回答说:―这些书——还有其他类似的书籍——帮助我找到了人生的真谛,它们把我从生活的困惑和空虚中解脱出来。销售就是一切的文化培育了人的需求和被动,而那种生活就深陷其中。‖

那么,你又会如何回答这些问题呢? 1947 年,克里夫顿·费迪曼发明了―全垒打书籍‖这个词。当一个棒球手打出一个全垒打时,因为击球有力、打得远,他有时间跑完整个棒球场内的四个垒,不仅自己得分,而且帮其他各个垒的跑垒者得分,这是棒球赛里最有趣和最开心的事情。同样,一本―全垒打书籍‖指的不是儿童的第一次读书的经历,而是指他们第一次读到一本能给他们带来极大的愉悦和满足感的书、痴迷到手不释卷的经历。对世界上数以亿计的儿童来说,―全垒打书籍‖的最典型的例子就是《哈利波特》系列小说。 作为成年人,我们总在寻找自己的―全垒打书籍‖,不是第一次,而是一次又一次地寻找。所有一口气读完一本小说的人都会记得那种令人期待的愉悦和满足感,并会焦急、固执、有时甚至疯狂地寻求重复体验这种感觉。我们想周游另一世界、会见不同国家不同民族的人、经历别样人生并自我反省,我们无法遏制这样的渴求。 危险!书可能会改变你的人生。这就是读书的力量。 Active reading (2)它们是活生生的,它们在跟我说话

我坐在一间小屋子里,屋子的一面摆满了书。这是我头一次有闲功夫和一堆书这样的东西打交道。所有的书加起来最多不超过500 本,但大多数是我自己挑的。自打我开始写作生涯以来,我这是第一次坐拥我一直渴望拥有的这么多书籍。事实上,我过去的大多数工作都不依靠图书馆,我把这看成是优点,而不是缺点。

与读书产生联想的头一件事就是我为获取图书展开的斗争。请注意,不是拥有它们,而是要把它们搞到手。一旦对书产生了激情,我就要面对重重困难。公共图书馆里我要借的书总是被借出去了,当然,我又总是没钱买书。我那时只有十八、九岁,要想得到社区图书馆的批准借阅类似斯特林堡写的《痴人的忏悔》这样的―不道德‖的书是不可能的。在那个年代,年轻人禁读的书都根据官方认定的违背道德的程度被贴上了星星—一颗星、两颗星、三颗星。我猜想,这种做法至今依然存在。我也希望如此,因为我知道,没有任何别的方法比这种愚蠢的分类和禁止更能吊起读者的胃口。

是什么让一本书有了生命力?这个问题经常从我脑子里冒出来!我觉得答案很简单:一本书之所以有生命力,是因为读者满怀激情地推荐它。这是人的基本冲动,什么都阻挡不了。不管愤世嫉俗者和人类厌恶者持何种观点,我相信人们总是会尽力分享自己感触最深的经验。

书是人类最为珍爱的几样东西之一。人越好,就越愿意与他人分享自己的珍藏。躺在书架上无人翻阅的书就像是废弃的弹药。书和钱一样要流通起来,要最大限度地借书、借钱!尤其要多借书,因为书所代表的东西比钱要多得多。书不仅是朋友,它还可以帮你交朋友。当你在精神上、心灵上拥有一本书的时候,你的人生就变得丰富多彩。当你把书传给别人的时候,你的人生就倍加丰富。

说到这里,有一种抑制不住的冲动让我向大家提出一条无偿的忠告。那就是:尽量读得少而精,不是越多越好!哎,我也着实羡慕那些在书堆里埋头读书的人。我私下里也确实

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想尽力读完所有内心里一直想读的书。但是,我知道这并不重要,我知道我读过的书中只有不到十分之一是我需要读的。人生中最难办到的事情莫过于学会只做有益于自己的康乐、对自己的康乐至关重要的事情。

我是经过慎重考虑才提出这个宝贵的忠告的,有一个高招可以核实它的对错。当你碰到一本你想读或觉得该读的书的时候,先把书搁下,放几天再说。但你要使劲琢磨这本书,仔细琢磨书名和作者的名字,想想如果让你来写这本书,你会写些什么。认真地问自己是否有必要把这本书纳入自己的知识库或娱乐储备。尽力想象一下,放弃这份额外的乐趣或启迪对你将意味着什么?之后,如果你觉得你必须读这本书,那么观察一下你在―啃‖这本书的时候是否表现出非凡的洞察力。同时你也观察一下:即便这本书很诱人,它也许并没有给你带来什么新的东西。只要坦诚对己,你就会发现:只要抑制住自己的冲动,你的境界就提高了。

不容置疑的是,大多数书都互相重复,在文体或内容上让人感到具有独创性的书实在是少之又少。在整个文学库藏中,或许只有极少数作品——不到50 本——是独具一格的。在最近出版的一部自传体小说中,布莱斯·桑德拉尔指出,雷米·德·古尔蒙之所以能够选择并通读文学领域中一切值得读的书籍,就是因为他知识渊博,了解书的这种重复性。没有人会怀疑桑德拉尔本人就是一个博览群书的人,他阅读了大部分独具个性的作家的作品。不仅如此,一旦他喜欢上一个作家,就会阅读这个人写的每一本书,包括他的书信以及所有有关他的书籍。我猜想,在当今世上,像他这样的情况是绝无仅有的,他不仅读得广,读得深,而且本人还著述颇丰。这一切似乎都是在业余时间完成的。因为从本质上讲,他是一个十足的行动家,一个四处跋涉的冒险家和探险家,一个懂得如何大量―浪费‖时间的人。从某种意义上说,他是文学届的凯撒大帝。

Unit 3

Active reading (1)

Background information

Fashion is generally divided into subsectors: menswear, womenswear, sportswear and streetwear, hosiery

(socks, tights, stockings), formal wear and casual wear. Fashion and the choice of what clothes we buy and

wear is influenced by our beliefs, attitudes and personality. But this passage shows that the stock market can also be an influence. Culture points

The Californian gold rush (1848–1855) was a period of rapid migration of miners and other workers

into California following the dramatic discovery of gold in the Sierra Nevada. It led to the settlement of California.

Swinging London is a term that describes fashion and cultural trends in music and the media in mid-1960s

Britain, especially London. Icons of the time included the miniskirt, the mini car, the first supermodels like

Twiggy (who was famous for being very thin) and fashionable shopping streets for clothes (like Carnaby

Street and Kings Road in London).

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The hippie movement began in the early 1960s in California and spread internationally. Hippies had

a reputation for social rebellion (eg with drugs and sexual behaviour) and alternative lifestyles (eg in

communes). They tried to find a new way of life which valued peace, individuality, and religious and cultural

diversity. The movement influenced popular music, TV and film, literature and the arts. Hippie fashions

included long full skirts, bell-bottomed jeans, home-made and tie-dyed garments, the use of flower designs

(which represented peace and love), and influences from non-Western cultures in headscarves, headbands,

bracelets and long beaded necklaces.

The punk period features fashions that expressed anger against society and included brightly coloured hair,

ripped clothes and studded belts.

The New Romantics was a youth fashion movement, developed in 1960s in London. It is strongly associated

with music, which was inspired by historical periods, especially the English Romantic Movement. Fashions

had a dramatic, flamboyant look with luscious fabrics, loose shirts with frills and short shirt collars, unfolded,

with top buttons unfastened and using monotone colours.

Power dressing is a stylish and perhaps expensive way of dressing (usually for business, the professions

or politics) which is intended to give the impression that the person wearing the clothes is assertive and

competent, through the use of structured shapes, shoulder pads, smart fabrics, high heels and clean cut styling

in the form of work uniform. Whether wearing particular styles of clothing empowers the wearer or whether

newly-empowered people simply wear clothes that reflect their achievements is an open question. Miami Vice was a classic 1980s TV crime drama about two detectives who go undercover to fight drug

traffickers. The series – and the 2006 film – was noted for its strong use of music and visual effects; it has

been rebroadcast around the world. During the five years of making this TV series the producers explicitly

sought the advice of designers (eg Gianni Versace, Hugo Boss) in order to display the latest European

fashion trends, with the result that Miami Vice had a significant influence on 1980s men‘s fashion in the USA

and elsewhere, and even on the 2000s revival (it was called ―retro‖ or ―retrospective style‖). The clothing

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style of the TV detectives, Sonny Crockett and Rico Tubbs, had pastel coloured T-shirts and suits, no socks,

sunglasses, and an unshaven appearance of a small amount of beard stubble.

Heavy metal music is a kind of rock music that developed in the UK and USA in the late 1960s and early

1970s, characterized by loudness, speed, distorted amplified sounds and extended guitar solos. Converse is a company which has produced basketball shoes since 1917, especially the Chuck Taylor All Stars trainers (often abbreviated to ―Chucks‖ or ―Cons‖), named after the basketball player who contributed

to the design and was the company‘s best salesman.

Nike is a leading supplier of sportswear and equipment. This American company started making Nike shoes

in 1971. They are named after the Greek winged goddess of victory.

The stock market indexes show the performance of the stock market, typically reflecting the rise and fall of

the shares of large companies, eg the FTSE (also ―footsie‖) is an index of the top 100 companies listed on the

London stock exchange and the Nikkei 225 is an index of the stock market in Tokyo. Language points

1 No history of fashion in the years 1960 to 2010 can overlook or underestimate two constant factors: the ubiquitous jeans and ... (para 1)

The word ubiquitous means present everywhere. Thus the ubiquitous jeans means that jeans can be

found everywhere.

2 Exactly why women should want to expose more or less of their legs during periods of economic

boom and bust remains a mystery.

An economic boom is a sudden increase in trade, business activity and development in a particular area or region; an economic bust is a business failure or bankruptcy because of lack of money. The expression economic boom and bust describes cycles in which a boom period of growth, high production and rising prices is followed by economic decline, contraction and unemployment before a new cycle.

3 Whenever the economic outlook is unsettled ... (para 2)

The economic outlook is unsettled means the economy is unstable, that is, the economy has problems

and is likely to change suddenly, making people uncertain about what may happen in the future. 4 It was given greater respectability when the great French designer, Courrèges, developed it into

an item of high fashion. (para 4)

For a while the miniskirt was controversial and not respectable because it showed a large extent of the

wearer‘s legs, but when Courrèges developed it in Paris fashion shows, this gave approval and support,

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because the miniskirt could be considered an item of high fashion (having high status from a Paris fashion house).

5 ... but the predominant colours became olive green and oatmeal. (para 10)

Predominant colours refer to the most common colours or those which seem more important or powerful.

6 ... which were described by one commentator as “the prim and proper look is in …” (para 11)

A fashion is in when it is a new or current style, or out when it is out-of-date.

7 During the whole period, fashion styles have ranged widely, and have usually been sparked off by

a desire to identify people as belonging to a particular sub-culture. (para 14)

During the whole period, there has been a wide range of different fashion styles, which were usually

started by people‘s wish to show their identity in a way that would make them distinct from the reset of society.

Vocabulary support

The following are some terms related to clothing that appear in the passage. Understanding of these terms

may help with reading comprehension of the passage.

Hemline refers to the bottom edge of a dress or skirt. It shows the length of women‘s skirts and dresses – this

length changes according to fashion.

Denim is a thick cotton cloth that is usually blue and is used especially to make jeans. The name comes

from French De N?mes (―from Nimes‖, a city in the south France). Such cloth was made both in France and

England in the 17th century.

The word jeans comes from Genoa. Sailors from the 17th-century republic of Genoa worked in France and

wore trousers made of a mix of cotton, linen and / or wool which was made near Turin in Italy. Bleached

jeans were also fashionable. They had been the fashion of the 17th-century sailors, whose trousers lost their

colour when they were washed in sea water and were exposed to the sun. There are various different fits to

jeans which include baggy, boot-cut, flares, wide leg, twisted and skinny jeans.

Miniskirt is a very short skirt of mid-thigh length. A micro miniskirt is shorter, up to the upper thigh; a midi

is a skirt with a moderate length below the knee, perhaps mid-calf length; a maxi is an ankle-length skirt.

A pairs of tights is a piece of women‘s clothing that tightly covers the feet and legs up to the waist; stockings

only cover the feet and legs, and are held up with suspenders.

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Flare is a shape that becomes wider at one end. A flared ―bell-bottom‖ style refers to trousers with flared legs

– they get wider towards the foot and the end is even wider, like a bell.

A preppy style means wearing classic designer clothes with good fabrics to present a neat, smart, wellbalanced

appearance with bright colours and a clean look. A preppy lifestyle is happy, friendly and sociable,

with good manners. The word preppy is an abbreviation of preparatory, which refers to private or boarding

schools which are preparation for college, which reflects the style of a preppy look.

Chinos are trousers which are a type of light-weight cotton cloth made of chino cloth or twill, a typical form

of smart but casual dress.

A hood is part of a coat or jacket that covers your head; a hoodie (or hoody) is a jacket or sweat shirt with a hood.

Prim clothes are neat, sensible and proper, showing very little of your body. Prim and proper fashions are

careful, modest, formal and demure, a respectable style which wouldn‘t offend anyone. Lycra is a light cloth made from artificial fibers that stretches and keeps its shape. Loafers are low leather shoes that you slip on and off and do not need to tie. Reading and understanding

2 Choose the best answer to the questions.

1 What happened on the fashion scene in the 1950s? (a) Blue jeans arrived in Europe and Asia.

(This happened and they were worn in Europe and Asia ―with huge enthusiasm‖.) (b) American youth started wearing jeans. (c) The French started to manufacture jeans. (d) American women started to wear trousers.

2 What do women want to do during an economic boom? (a) Show less of their legs. (b) Show more of their legs.

(Yes, it seems there is a direct correlation: as the economy booms, hemlines rise.) (c) Buy short skirts. (d) Sell their shares.

3 What did the tights help to promote in the 1960s? (a) The French fashion industry. (b) Stockings. (c) The miniskirt.

(Yes, because without tights the tops of stockings would show since miniskirts had much higher hemlines.)

(d) The Beatles.

4 What was popular in the mid-1980s? (a) Clean shaven faces.

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(b) Long hair.

(c) Denim jeans and jackets.

(Yes, the passage says ―denim remained popular ... heavy metal music fans wore ... jeans and denim jackets.)

(d) Short skirts.

5 What was fashionable in the 1990s? (a) Designer jeans.

(b) Dyed hair and trainers.

(Yes, both of these are specifically mentioned for the 1990s.) (c) Tight jeans and short hair. (d) Clothes with bright colours.

6 What happened in the fall of 2007? (a) Hemlines anticipated a global crisis.

(Yes, this is what happened, which was unusual according to the previous correlation that hemlines

followed the economic situation rather than proceeding or anticipating it.) (b) Women‘s skirts got shorter.

(c) There was a crisis on the stock market. (d) Designers began to lose touch with reality.

3 Match the photos with the sentences from the passage. Photo 1 (a) Photo 2 (d) Photo 3 (g)

Photo 4 (b) Photo 5 (e) Photo 6 (f) Photo 7 (c) Photo 1: 1960s

Photo 4: mid-1960s and early 1970s Photo 3: 1970s, the period of punk Photo 2: mid-1980s Photo 5: late 1980s Photo 7: 1990s Photo 6: 2001

Dealing with unfamiliar words

4 Match the words in the box with their definitions. Teaching tips

Ask a pair of students to present the answers: student A reads the definition, B gives the answers. Ask

them to speak clearly and to show confidence. 1 able to be seen (visible)

2 to think or guess that something is smaller, less important etc than it really is (underestimate) 3 very brave and determined (courageous)

4 an urgent, difficult or dangerous situation (crisis)

5 the most common or greatest in number or amount (predominant)

6 new and different in a way that might offend or upset some people (daring) 5 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 4. Teaching tips

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