物理化学课后习题答案第九章
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物理化学习题解答(九)
1 (1) Pt︱H2(pH2)︱HCl(a)︱Cl2(pCl2)︱Pt 正极:Cl2(pCl2)+ 2e-→2Cl-(a) 负极:H2(pH2) –2e-→2H+(a)
电池反应:H2(pH2) + Cl2(pCl2)==2HCl(a) (2) Pt︱H2(pH2)︱H+(aH+)‖Ag+(aAg+)︱Ag(s) 正极:Ag+(aAg+)+ e-→Ag(s) 负极:H2(pH2) –2e-→2H+(aH+)
电池反应:H2(pH2) + Ag+(aAg+)==2H+(aH+)+ Ag(s)
(3) Ag(s)︱AgI(s)︱I-(aI-)‖Cl-(aCl-)︱AgCl(s)︱Ag(s) 正极:AgCl(s) + e-→Ag(s) + Cl-(aCl-) 负极:Ag(s) + I-(aI-)– e-→AgI(s)
电池反应:AgCl(s) + I-(aI-)==AgI(s) + Cl-(aCl-) (4) Pb(s)︱PbSO4(s)︱SO42-(aSO42-)‖Cu2+(aCu2+)︱Cu(s) 正极:Cu2+(aCu2+) + 2e-→Cu(s)
负极:Pb(s) + SO42-(aSO42-)–2e-→PbSO4(s) 电池反应:Pb(s) + Cu2+(aCu2+) + SO42-(aSO42-)==PbSO4(s) + Cu(s) (5) Pt︱H2(pH2)︱NaOH(a)︱HgO(s)︱Hg(l) 正极:HgO(s) + H2O (l)+ 2e-→Hg(l) + 2OH-(aOH-) 负极:H2(pH2)+ 2OH-(aOH-) –2e-→2H2O(l) 电池反应:HgO(s) + H2(pH2)==Hg(l)+H2O(l) (6) Pt︱H2(pH2)︱H+(aH+)︱Sb2O3(s)︱Sb(s)
正极:Sb2O3(s) + 6H+(aH+)+ 6e-→2Sb(s) + 3H2O(l) 负极:H2(pH2) –2e-→2H+(aH+) 电池反应:Sb2O3(s) + 3H2(pH2) ==2Sb(s) + 3H2O(l) (7) Pt︱Fe3+(a1),Fe2+(a2)‖Ag+(aAg+)︱Ag(s) 正极:Ag+(aAg+)+ e-→Ag(s) 负极:Fe2+(a2) – e-→ Fe3+(a1) 电池反应:Ag+(aAg+) + Fe2+( a2)==Fe3+( a1)+Ag(s) (8) Na(Hg)(aam)︱Na+(aNa+)‖OH-(aOH-)︱HgO(s)︱Hg(l) 正极:HgO(s) + H2O (l)+ 2e-→Hg(l) +2OH-(aOH-) 负极:2Na(Hg)(aam) –2e-→2Na+(aNa+) + 2Hg(l) 电池反应:2Na(Hg)(aam) + HgO (s) + H2O(l)==2 Na+(aNa+) + 2OH-(aOH-) + 3Hg(l) 2解: (1)
AgCl(s)==Ag+(aAg+) + Cl-(aCl-)
电池:Ag(s)︱Ag+(aAg+)‖Cl-(aCl-)︱AgCl(s)︱Ag(s) 正极:AgCl(s) + e-→Ag(s) + Cl-(aCl-) 负极:Ag(s)–e-→Ag+(aAg+) 电池反应:AgCl(s)==Ag+(aAg+) + Cl-(aCl-) (2)
AgCl(s) + I-(aI-) ==AgI(s) + Cl-(aCl-)
电池:Ag(s)︱AgI(s)︱I-(aI-)‖Cl-(aCl-)︱AgCl(s)︱Ag(s) 正极:AgCl(s) + e-→Ag(s) + Cl-(aCl-) 负极:Ag(s) + I-(aI-)– e-→AgI(s)
电池反应:AgCl(s) + I-(aI-) ==AgI(s) + Cl-(aCl-) (3) HgO(s) + H2(pH2)==Hg(l)+H2O(l)
电池:Pt(s)︱H2(pH2)︱NaOH(a)︱HgO(s)︱Hg(l) 正极:HgO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e-→Hg(l) + 2OH-(a) 负极:H2(g) + 2OH-(a) –2e-→2H2O(l) 电池反应:HgO(s) + H2(pH2)→Hg(l) + H2O(l) (4) Fe2+( aFe2+) + Ag+(aAg+)== Fe3+( aFe3+) + Ag(s) 电池:Pt(s)︱Fe3+( aFe3+),Fe2+( aFe2+)‖Ag+(aAg+)︱Ag(s) 正极:Ag+(aAg+)+ e-→Ag(s) 负极:Fe2+( aFe2+) – e-→ Fe3+( aFe3+)
电池反应:Fe2+( aFe2+)+Ag+(aAg+)== Fe3+( aFe3+) + Ag(s) (5) 2 H2(pH2) + O2(pO2)==2H2O(l)
电池:Pt︱H2(pH2)︱H+(aH+)︱O2(pO2)︱Pt(s) 正极:O2(pO2) + 4H+(aH+) + 4 e-→2H2O(l) 负极:2H2(pH2) – 4e-→4H+(aH+) 电池反应:2 H2(pH2) + O2(pO2)==2H2O(l) (6) Cl2(pCl2) + 2I-(aI-)==I2(s)+2Cl-(aCl-)
电池:Pt︱I2(s))︱I-(aI-)‖Cl-(aCl-)︱Cl2(pCl2)︱Pt 正极:Cl2(pCl2) + 2e-→2Cl-(aCl-) 负极:2I-(aI-)–2e-→ I2(s)
电池反应:Cl2(pCl2) + 2I-(aI-)==I2(s)+2Cl-(aCl-) (7) H2O(l)== H+(aH+) + OH-(aOH-)
电池:Pt(s)︱H2(pH2)︱H+(aH+)‖OH-(aOH-)︱H2(pH2)︱Pt(s) 正极:2H2O(l) + e-→2H2(pH2) + 2OH-(aOH-) 负极:H2(pH2)–2e-→ 2H+(aH+)
电池反应:H2O(l)== H+(aH+) + OH-(aOH-) (8) Mg(s) + 1/2O2(g) + H2O(l)== Mg(OH)2(s) 电池:Mg(s)︱Mg(OH)2(s)︱OH-(aOH-)︱O2(pO2)︱Pt(s) 正极:1/2O2(g) + H2O(l) + 2e-→ 2OH-(aOH-) 负极:Mg(s) + 2OH-(aOH-)– 2e-→Mg(OH)2(s) 电池反应:Mg(s) + 1/2O2(g) + H2O(l)== Mg(OH)2(s) (9) Pb(s) + HgO(s)==Hg(l) + PbO(s) 电池:Pb(s)︱PbO(s)︱OH-(aOH-)HgO(s)︱Hg(l) 正极:HgO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e-→ Hg(l) + 2OH-(aOH-) 负极:Pb(s) + 2OH-(aOH-) –2e-→PbO(s) + H2O(l) 电池反应:Pb(s) + HgO(s)==Hg(l) + PbO(s) (10) Sn2+(aSn2+) + Tl3+(aTl3+) == Sn4+(aSn4+) + Tl+(aTl+)
电池:Pt(s)︱Sn2+(aSn2+),Sn4+(aSn4+)‖Tl3+(aTl3+),Tl+(aTl+)︱Pt(s) 正极:Tl3+(aTl3+) + 2e-→ Tl+(aTl+) 负极:Sn2+(aSn2+) –2e-→Sn4+(aSn4+)
电池反应:Sn2+(aSn2+) + Tl3+(aTl3+) == Sn4+(aSn4+) + Tl+(aTl+) 15解:
Fe(s) + Cd2+(aq)==Cd(s)+Fe2+(aq)
E=E– RT/2F×ln{[ Fe2+]/[Cd2+]}
?
(1) E=φ?
cd2+/Cd –φ?Fe2+/Fe
- RT/2F×ln{[ Fe2+]/[Cd2+]}
=-0.40 + 0.44–0.0592/2lg{0.1/0.1}=0.04>0 反应能自发向右进行,故金属Fe首先被氧化。 (2) E=φ?
Cd2+/Cd
–φ?Fe2+/Fe
– RT/2F×ln{[ Fe2+]/[Cd2+]}
= –0.40 + 0.44–0.0592/2lg{0.1/0.0036}= –0.003<0
反应能自发向左进行,故金属Cd首先被氧化。
23.Pb(s)︱PbSO4(s)︱H2SO4(1.0mol.kg-1)︱PbO2(s)∣PbSO4(s)︱Pb(s)
正极:PbO2(s) + 4H+(m)+ SO42-(a SO42-) + 2e-→PbSO4(s)+2H2O(l)
4?
φφ2-+ PbO2/ PbSO4 = PbO2/ PbSO4+RT/2Fln a SO4 a H
负极:Pb(s)+SO42-(a SO42-) –2e-→ PbSO4(s)
φPbSO4/ Pb = φ?Pb2+/Pb+RT/2Fln{K?sp/ a SO42-}
电池反应:PbO2(s) + Pb(s)+ 2H2SO4(m)== 2PbSO4(s)+2H2O(l)
???
E=φPbO2/ PbSO4–φPbSO4/ Pb= φPbO2/ PbSO4–φPb2+/Pb –RT/2FlnKsp + RT/Fln a
H2SO4
E=E+ RT/Fln a H2SO4=2.041+ RT/Fln a H2SO4
E/V=1.91737+56.1×10-6(t/℃)+1.08×10-8(t/℃)2 E= 1.91737+56.1×10-6×25+1.08×10-8×252=1.91878V 1.919=2.041+ RT/Fln a H2SO4,ln a H2SO4= – 4.7511
?
ln a H2SO4= ln r±3mH+2mSO42-= – 4.7511
3lnr±+2lnmH++lnmSO42-= –4.7511 3lnr±+2ln2.0+ln1.0= –4.7511
lnr±= –2.0458,r±=0.129
24正极:I2(s) +2e-→2I-(a3) φI2/ I- =φ?I2/
I- +RT/Fln a3
负极:2S2O32-(a1) –2e-→S4O62-(a2) φS4O62-/ S2O32- =φ?
S4O62-/
S2O32- +RT/2Fln( a2/ a2)
电池反应:2S2O32-(a1) + I2(s)== S4O62-(a2) + 2I-(a3) △rH?
m=2{(2)–(1)+(3)}=2{28.786-46.735+3.431}= –
29.04kJ.mol-1
△rSm=2×105.9+146.0–116.7–2×33.47=174.16 J.K-1.mol-1 △rGm=△rHm–T△rSm= –29.04×103–298×174.16×10-3= –
80.94kJ.mol-1
?
?
?
?
E= –△rGm/nF=80.94×103/2/96484.5=0.419V E= φ?
?I2/
??
I- — φ?
SO2-/46
S2O32-=0.419V
φ?
S4O62-/ S2O32 =φ?
?I2/
I- — 0.419=0.535–0.419=0.116V ?
25Pt(s)︱H2(p)︱H2SO4(0.010mol.kg-1)︱O2 (p)︱Pt(s) 正极:O2 (p) + 4H+(aH+) + 4e-→2H2O(l) φO2/H2O= φ?
4
O2/H2O +RT/4Fln{(pO2/p)aH+} ?
?
?
负极:2H2(p) – 4e-→4H+(aH+) φ H+/H2 = φ?H+/H2
?
–RT/4Fln{(pH2/p)2/aH+4}
?
?
电池反应:O2 (p) + 2H2(p) == 2H2O(l)
E= φO2/H2O –φ H+/H2= φ?
?
O2/H2O –φ?H+/H2
+ RT/4Fln{(pO2/p) (pH2/p?
)2}
E=φO2/H2O –φH+/H2= φ?
O2/H2O –φ?
H+/H2
?
= E =1.227V
?
∵ 2H2O(g) ==O2 (g) + 2H2(g) Kp=9.7×10-81
Kp= ( pH2/p)(pO2/p)/( pH2O/p)2 =9.7×10-81
( pH2/p)2(pO2/p)/( 3.200/100)2 =9.7×10-81
( pH2/p)2(pO2/p)=( 3.200/100)2×9.7×10-81=9.933×10-84 ∴O2 (p) + 2H2(p) == 2H2O(l)
?
?
?
?
?
?
??
2
??
K=1/{( pH2/p)(pO2/p) }=1/9.933×10-84=1.0068×1083 E=RT/nFln K=8.314×298/4/96484.5×ln1.0068×1083
=6.4196×10-3×(6.7770×10-3+191.11456)=1.227V 26.Pb(s)︱PbCl2(s)︱HCl(0.010mol.kg-1)‖H2(10kPa)︱Pt(s) 正极:2H+(aH+) + 2e-→H2(10kPa)
φ H+/H2 = φ H+/H2 –RT/2Fln{(pH2/p)/aH+2}
?
?
?
?
??
2
?
负极:Pb(s) + 2Cl-( aCl-) –2 e-→PbCl2(s)
?
φPbCl2/Pb =φPb2+/Pb+RT/2Fln(Ksp/ aCl-2)
?
电池反应:2HCl(aHCl) + Pb(s) == H2(10kPa) + PbCl2(s)
?
E=φH+/H2–φPb2+/Pb=φ?
?
H+/H2 –φPb2+/Pb
–RT/2FlnK?sp
–RT/2Fln{(pH2/p)+RT/FlnaHCl mPbCl2=0.039 mol.kg-1
I =1/2×{0.039×22 +2×0.039×(–1)2}= 3×0.039mol.kg-1
lgr???Az?z?I??0.5092??13?0.039??0.3482 r±=0.706
Ksp=aa=a±=( r±m±/m)3=( r±3mPb2+ mCl-2)
Pb2+
Cl-?
2
3
?
= 0.7063×0.039×(2×0.039)2=8.35×10-5
mHCl=0.010 mol.kg-1
I =1/2×{0.01×12 +0.01×(–1)2}= 0.010mol.kg-1
lgr???Az?z?I??0.5091??10.01??0.0509 r±=0.950
?
E=φH+/H2–φPb2+/Pb=φ?
?
H+/H2 –φPb2+/Pb
–RT/2FlnK?sp
–RT/2Fln{(pH2/p)+RT/FlnaHCl = 0.126–0.012839×ln(8.35×10-5) –0.012839×ln0.1+0.025678×
ln(0.9502×0.012)
=0.126+0.12057+0.029562 –0.23914=0.037V 27.Cu(s)︱CuAc2(0.10mol.kg-1)∣AgAc(s)︱Ag(s) (1) 正极:AgAc(s) + e-→Ag(s) + Ac-( aAc-) φAg+/Ag = φ?Ag+/Ag
+RT/FlnKsp/ aAc-
?
负极:1/2Cu(s) – e-→1/2Cu2+( aCu2+) φCu2+/Cu = φ?
Cu2+/Cu
+RT/2Fln aCu2+
电池反应:2AgAc(s) + Cu(s)== 2Ag(s) + CuAc2(aq)
?
E= φAg+/Ag –φCu2+/cu= φ?
Cu2+/Cu +RT/FlnKAg+/Ag – φ?sp
–
RT/Fln( aAc- aCu2+1/2)
(2) △rGm= – nFE= – 2×96484.5×0.372= –71.784kJ.mol-1
E(T2)?E(T1)0.374?0.372?E ()p???2?10?4T2?T1308?298 ?T-4.-1 ?E△rSm=nF =()p2×96484.5×2×10=19.297Jmol
?T△rHm=△rGm+T△rSm= –71.784 + 298×19.297×10-3= –66.033
kJ.mol-1
?
(3) E=φAg+/Ag –φCu2+/cu= φAg+/Ag
?
– φ Cu2+/Cu +RT/FlnK?sp
–
RT/Fln( aAc-aCu2+1/2)
?
E=φAg+/Ag –φCu2+/cu= φ?
Cu2+/Cu +RT/FlnKAg+/Ag – φ?sp
–
RT/Fln( m1/2Ac-mCu2+)
0.372= φ?
Ag+/Ag
– φ?
Cu2+/Cu
+0.025678lnK?
sp
0.025678ln( 0.2×0.11/2)
0.372=0.799–0.337+0.025678lnK?
sp
– 0.025678ln0.20.01284ln0.1
lnK??
sp = – 6.2697,Ksp = 1.89×10-3
28.Hg2+2(aHg22+) + 2e-→Hg(l) φHg22+/Hg = φ?
Hg22+/Hg
+ RT/2FlnaHg22+
Hg-2SO4(s) + 2e→Hg(l) + SO2-4( aSO42-) φ?Hg2SO4/Hg =φ?Hg22+/Hg+ RT/2Fln( K?sp / aSO42-) φ??
Hg2SO4/Hg =φ?Hg22+/Hg+ RT/2Fln Ksp
=0.789 + 0.01284ln(8.2×10-7)=0.609V
29.Ag(s) + Fe3+( aFe3+)== Ag+( aAg+) + Fe2+( aFe3+) 电池:Ag(s)︱Ag+(aAg+)‖Fe3+( aFe3+),Fe2+( aFe2+)︱Pt(s) 正极:Fe3+( aFe3+) + e-→Fe2+( aFe2+) 负极:Ag(s)– e-→Ag+(aAg+)
电池反应:Ag(s) + Fe3+( aFe3+)== Ag+( aAg+) + Fe2+( aFe3+)
E?=RT/nFlnK?,K?=exp(nFE?
/RT )
––
E= φ?Fe3+/Fe2+ – φ?Ag+/Ag =0.771–0.799= –0.008
lnK=nFE/RT,lnK=1×96484.5×( –0.008)/(8.314×298)= –?
?
?
?
0.3115
K?
=0.73
(2) Hg2+2Cl2(s)== Hg2(aHg2+) + 2Cl-(aCl-)
电池:Hg(l)︱Hg2+2(aAg+)‖Cl-(aCl-)︱Hg2Cl2(s)︱Hg(l) 正极:Hg-2Cl2(s) + 2e→2Hg(l) + 2Cl-(aCl-) 负极:2Hg(l)–2e-→Hg2+(aHg22+)
电池反应:Hg2+2Cl2(s)== Hg2(aHg2+) + 2Cl-(aCl-)
E?=RT/nFlnK??
?
sp,Ksp=exp(nFE/RT )
E?
= φ??Hg2Cl2/Hg– φHg2+/Hg =0.268–0.793= –0.525
lnK?
=nFE?
/RT,lnK?
sp=2×96484.5×( –0.525)/(8.314×298)= 40.89
K?
-18
sp=1.74×10(3) HBr(a+HBr)==H(aH+)+Br-(aBr-)
电池:Pt(s)︱H?
2(p)‖HBr(aHBr)︱AgBr(s)︱Ag(s) 正极:AgBr(s) + e-→Ag(s) + Br-(aBr-) 负极:1/2H?
2(p) – e-→H+(aH+)
电池反应:AgBr(s) +1/2 H?
2(p)== Ag(s) +HBr(aHBr)
E=E?
– RT/F×ln a
HBr = E?
– RT/F×lnaHBr = E?– 2RT/F×lna±
–
= E?– 2RT/F×ln(r?
±m±/m) = E?
– 2RT/F×ln(0.01r±) (4)
2Ag2O(s)== 4Ag (s) + O2(pO2)
电池:Pt(s)︱O2(pO2)︱OH-(aOH-)︱Ag2O(s)︱Ag(s) 正极:2Ag2O(s) + 2H2O(l) + 4e-→4Ag(s) + 4OH-(aOH-) 负极:4OH-(aOH-) –4e-→O2(pO2) + 2H2O(l) 电池反应: 2Ag2O(s)== 4Ag (s) + O2(pO2)
E=E?
–RT/4F×ln( p?
O2/p] △rGm= –nFE
△rSm= nF (?E?T)p△rHm =△rGm+T△rSm= –nFE+nFT (?E?T)p△rGm=0 T=△rHm/△rSm (5)
H?
2(p) +1/2 O2(p?
)==H2O(l)
电池:Pt(s)︱H?
?
2(p)︱H+(aH+)︱O2(p)︱Pt(s) 正极: 1/2O?
2(p)+2H+(aH+) + 2e-→H2O(l) 负极:H2(p?
)–2e-→2H+(aH+)
电池反应: H?
2(p)+1/2 O2(p?
)==H2O(l)
△G?
?
m= –nFEE?
= φ?O2/H2O –φ?H+/H2 =1.229–0= 1.229
△G?
m= –nFE?
= –2×96484.5×1.229= –237158.9J.mol-1 = 237.16kJ.mol-1
–
(6) HA(aHA)== H+(aH+) + A-(aA-)
?
电池:Pt(s)︱H2(p)︱HA(aHA),NaA(aNaA ),NaCl(aNaCl )︱AgCl(s)︱Ag(s)
正极: Ag+(aq) + e-→Ag(s)
AgCl(s) ==Ag+(aAg+) +Cl-(aCl-) AgCl(s) + e-→Ag(s) + Cl-(aCl-)
φAg+/Ag = φ?Ag+/Ag + RT/FlnaAg+
φAg+/Ag = φ?Ag+/Ag ?
Ag+/Ag
+ RT/FlnKsp/aCl- = φ?
Ag+/Ag
?
φAgCl/Ag = φ+ RT/FlnKsp=0.2223V
?
φAg+/Ag =0.2223 –RT/FlnaCl- 负极: 1/2H2(pH2) –e- →H+(aH+)
HA(aHA)==H+(aH+)+A-( aA-)
1/2H2(pH2) + A-( aA-) –e-→HA(aHA) φH+/H2= φ?H+/H2 + RT/FlnaH+ φ?H+/H2
= RT/FlnKaaHA/aA-
?
?
电池反应:1/2H2(p) +AgCl(s) +A-( aA-)== Ag(s) + Cl-(aCl-) + HA(aHA)
E= E–RT/Fln(KaaCl-aHA /aA-)
E= φ?AgCl2Ag –φ?H+/H2 =0.2223–0=0.2223V E= 0.2223–RT/Fln(KaaCl-aHA /aA-)
30、298K时、测得如下电池的电动势E与HBr浓度的关系如表所示:
Pt(s)︱H2(p)︱HBr(m)∣AgBr(s)∣Ag(s)
m/(mol.kg-1)
?
?
?
??
0.01 0.02 0.05 0.10
E/V 试计算: (1) (2) 解:
0.3217 0.2786 0.2340 0.2005 电极Br( a-
Br-
?)∣AgBr(s)∣Ag(s)∣的标准电极电势
?
;
0.1 mol.kg-1的HBr溶液的离子平均活度因子r±。
正极:AgBr(s) + e-→Ag(s) + Br-(aBr-)
φ?AgBr/Ag=φ?Ag+/Ag+ RT/Fln K?
?
sp/ aBr- 负极:1/2H2(p) –e-→ H+(aq)
φH+/H2=φ?H+/H2+ RT/Fln aH+ 电池反应:AgBr(s) +1/2H2(p) == Ag(s) +HBr (aHBr)
?
E =φ?AgBr/Ag–φH+/H2 = φ? Ag+/Ag + RT/F{lnKsp – ln(aBr-aH+)} =φ
?
Ag+/Ag
?
+ RT/F{lnK ?
sp?
–2 lna±}
?
=φ?Ag+/Ag + RT/Fln{Ksp –2 lnr±m±/m} (1) 查表得Ksp,AgBr(s) ==5.0×10-13
?
φ?AgBr/Ag=φ
?
Ag+/Ag
+ RT/Fln Ksp ?
=0.7991+0.025678ln(5.0×10-13)=0.0718V
(2) E =φ?Ag+/Ag + RT/Fln{Ksp –2 lnr±mHBr/m}
0.2005=0.0718–2×0.025678lnr±–2×0.025678ln0.1
?
?
lnr±= –0.2034,r±=0.816
31、电池Pt(s)︱H2(p1)︱HCl(m)∣H2(p2)∣Pt(s)中,设氢气遵从的状态方程为pVm=RT+ap,式中a=1.48×10-5m3.mol-1,且与温度、压力无关。当氢气的压力p1=2000kPa,p2=100kPa时,
(1) (2) (3) (1)
写出电极反应和电池反应; 计算电池在298K时的电动势;
当电池放电时,是吸热还是放热?为什么/ 正极:2H+(aq) + 2e-→H2(p2)
负极:H2(p1) –2e-→2H+(aq) 电池反应:H2(p1)== H2(p2)
(2) E=RT/2F×ln{(f1/p)/ (f2/p)}= RT/2F×ln(f1/f2)
?u()T?Vm,Vm=RT/p+ a ?p?
?
u(T,p)=RTlnp+ap +I(T) 当p→0时,u(T,p)=RTlnp +I(T) 理想气体:u(T,p)= u(T) +RTln(p/ p),I(T)= u(T)–RTln ?
?
?
p u(T,p)= u(T) +RTln(p/ p)+ap u(T,p)= u(T) +RTln(f/ p) f=p 令ap=RTlnr,则:u(T,p)= u(T) +RTln(pr/p)= u(T) +RTln(f/ p)
f=pr=pexp(ap/RT) f1/f2= p1/p2exp(ap1/RT– ap2/RT)=2000/100exp{a(2000×103–
100×103)/RT}
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
E= RT/2F×ln(f1/f2)= RT/2F×{ln20 + a×19×105/RT}
= RT/2F ln20 + 1.48×19/2F
=0.03846 + 1.4572×10-4=0.0386V
(3) △Gm= –nFE= –2×96484.5×0.0386= –7.45kJ.mol-1
?V?S()T??()p = –R/p?T?p?R/pdp?–Rln(p2/p1)=8.314×ln20=24.91J.K-1.mol-1 △Sm=? p1p2△Hm=△Gm+T△Sm= –7.45×103+ 298×24.91= –27.86 J.mol-1
a)
We= = –RTln(Vm,2–a)/(Vm,1–??pdVm???dVmVm,1Vm,1Vm,2Vm,2RTVm?a= –RTln(p1/p2)= –8.314×298×ln20= –7.422kJ
Wf = –7.45kJ
32、在298k时,有电池Pt(s)︱H2(p)︱HI(m)︱AuI(s)︱Au(s),已知当HI 浓度m=1.0×10-4mol.kg-1时,E=0.97V,当m=3.0 mol.kg-1时,
?
E=0.41V;电极Au+∣Au(s)的标准电极电势φ?Au+/Au =1.68V。试求:
(1) (2) 解:
正极:AuI(s) + e-→Au(s) + I-(aI-) Au+(aAu+) + e-→Au(s)
AuI(s) == Au+(aAu+) + I-(aI-)
HI溶液浓度为3.0 mol.kg-1时的离子平均活度因子r±; AuI(s)的活度积常数Ksp。
?
φφ?
?
Au+/Au
=φ
?
?
Au+/Au
+ RT/Fln aAu+ ?
Au+/Au
?
=φ??
Au+/Au
+ RT/Fln (Ksp/aI-) 负极:1/2H2(p) – e-→H+(aH+)
φ
?
H+/H2
=φ
??
H+/H2
+ RT/Fln aH+
电池反应:1/2H2(p) + AuI(s)== Au(s) +H I(aHI)
?
E =φ Au+/Au–φ H+/H2 =φ?
?
??
Au+/Au
+ RT/Fln{K ?
sp – ln(aI-aH+)} =φ
??
Au+/Au
+ RT/Fln{K ?
sp ?
–2 lna±} –2 lnrm±/m}
±
?
=φ??
Au+/Au
+ RT/Fln{Ksp(1) m=1.0×10-4mol.kg-1,r±≈1(近似计算) 0.97=1.68 + 0.025678ln K ?
sp–2×0.025678ln( 1.0×1.0×10-4)
m=3.0mol.kg-1
0.41=1.68+ 0.025678ln K ?
sp–2×0.025678ln( r±×3.0)
0.56= –2×0.025678ln(1.0×1.0×10-4 /r±×3.0)
–10.9043= –lnr±+ ln(1.0×10-4/3)= –lnr±–10.309 lnr±=0.5953,r±=1.814
或者: I =1/2×{1.0×10-4×12 +1.0×10-4×(–1)2}= 1.0×10-4mol.kg-1
?4lgr??AzzI??0.5091??11.0?10??0.00509??? r±=0.994
0.97=1.68 + 0.025678ln K10-4)
?
sp–2×0.025678ln( 0.994×1.0×
m=3.0mol.kg-1
0.41=1.68 + 0.025678ln K ?
sp–2×0.025678ln r± 0.56= –2×0.025678ln(0.994×1.0×10-4 /r±×3.0)
–10.9043= –lnr±+ ln(0.994×10-4/3)= –lnr±–10.315
lnr±=0.5893,r±=1.803
(2) m=1.0×10-4mol.kg-1,r±≈1(近似计算) 0.97=1.68 + 0.025678ln K ?
sp–2×0.025678ln( 1.0×1.0×10-4)
ln K ?
sp = –46.071,K ?
sp = 9.81×10-21
或者: I =1/2×{1.0×10-4×12 +1.0×10-4×(–1)2}= 1.0×10-4mol.kg-1
lgr???Az?z?I??0.5091??11.0?10??0.00509 ?4r±=0.994
0.97=1.68 + 0.025678ln K10-4)
?
sp–2×0.025678ln( 0.994×1.0×
ln K ?
sp = –46.083,K ?
sp = 9.69×10-21
33、有电池Hg(l)︱硝酸亚汞(m1),HNO3(m)‖硝酸亚汞(m2),HNO3(m)︱Hg(l)。电池中HNO3的浓度均为m=0.1mol.kg-1,在291K时,维持
m2/m1=10的情况下,Ogg(奥格)对该电池进行了一系列测定,求得电
动势的平均值为0.029V。试根据这些数据确定亚汞离子在溶液中是以Hg22+还是以Hg+形式存在。 解:
Hg(l)︱Hg2(NO3)2(m1),HNO3(m)‖Hg2(NO3)2(m2),HNO3(m)︱Hg(l) 假定以Hg22+形式存在,则: 正极:Hg22+(m2)+ 2e-→2Hg(l)
φ Hg22+/Hg=φ?
Hg22+/Hg
+ RT/2Fln a2,Hg22+
负极:2Hg(l) –2e-→Hg22+(m1)
φHg22+/Hg=φ?
Hg22+/Hg
+ RT/2Fln a1,Hg22+ 电池反应:Hg22+(m2)== Hg22+(m1)
E=RT/2Fln{( a2,Hg22+)/( a1,Hg22+)}≈RT/2Fln{( m2,Hg22+)/( m1,Hg22+)}
=0.012538ln10=0.029V,与实验相符。 假定以Hg+形式存在,则: 正极:Hg+(m2)+ e-→Hg(l)
φ Hg+/Hg=φ?Hg+/Hg + RT/Fln a2,Hg+ 负极:Hg(l) –e-→Hg+(m1)
φHg+/Hg=φ?Hg+/Hg + RT/Fln a1,Hg+ 电池反应:Hg+(m2)== Hg+(m1)
E=RT/Fln{( a2,Hg+)/( a1,Hg+)}≈RT/Fln{( m2,Hg+)/( m1,Hg+)}
=0.025075ln10=0.0577V,与实验不符。 34、298时测定下述电池的电动势:
玻璃电极∣pH缓冲溶液∣饱和甘汞电极
当所用缓冲溶液的pH=4.00时,测得电池的电动势为0.1120V。若换用另一缓冲 溶液测电动势,得E=0.3865V。试求该缓冲溶液的pH。当电池中换用pH=2.50的缓冲溶液时,计算电池的电动势E。 解:
φ玻=φ?玻–0.05916pH
E= φ甘 –φ玻=φ甘– φ?玻–0.05916pH
0.1120=φ甘–φ?玻–0.05916×4.00 0.3865= φ甘– φ?玻–0.05916pH
0.3865-0.1120= –0.0516×(4.00–pH),pH=9.32 0.4985=2(φ甘–φ?玻)–0.05916×(4.00 + 9.32)
2( φ甘– φ?玻)=0.4985 + 0.05916×(4.00 + 9.32)=1.2865 ( φ甘–φ?玻)=0.6433V
E= φ甘–φ玻=φ甘 –φ玻–0.05916pH
=0.6433–0.05916×2.50=0.4954V
35、用电动势法测定丁酸的解离常数,在298K时安排如下电池: Pt(s)︱H2(p)︱HA(m1),NaA(m2),NaCl(m3)︱AgCl(s)︱Ag(s) 其中HA代表丁酸,NaA代表丁酸钠。实验数据如下:
m1/(mol.kg-1) m2/(mol.kg-1) m3/(mol.kg-1) 0.00717 0.01273 0.01515 试求反应HA解:
正极:Ag+(s) + e-→Ag(s) AgCl(s)==Ag+(aq)+Cl-(aq) AgCl(s) + e-→Ag(s) + Cl-(aq) φAgCl/Ag =φ φ?
AgCl/Ag
?Ag+/Ag ?
?
E/V 0.63387 0.61922 0.61501 0.00687 0.01220 0.01453 ?
0.00706 0.01254 0.01493 H+ + A-的平衡常数Ka。设活度因子均为1。
+ RT/FlnKsp/aCl-
?Ag+/Ag
?
= φAg+/Ag = φ+ RT/FlnKsp=0.2223V
?
φAgCl/Ag =φ?AgCl/Ag – RT/FlnaCl-
负极:1/2H2(p) –e- →H+(aq)
?
HA(aq)==H+(aq)+A-(aq)
φH+/H2= φ?H+/H2
+ RT/FlnaHAKa/aA-
?
?
电池反应:1/2H2(p) +AgCl(s) +A-(aq)== Ag(s) + Cl-(aq) + HA(aq)
???
φφφφE=AgCl/Ag –H+/H2=AgCl/Ag– H+/H2 –RT/FlnKaCl- aHAa/aA-
=0.2223–RT/Fln(KaaCl-aHA /aA-)=0.2223–RT/F{lnKa+ln(m3m1 /m2)} ??
E= 0.2223–RT/Fln(KaaHA /a)=0.2223–RT/F{lnKa+ln(m3m1 aCl-A-
??
/m2)}
0.63387=0.2223–8.314×298/96484.5{lnK0.00706/0.00687)}
–16.02784= lnKa –4.9246 lnKa = –11.1032 ,Ka = 1.51×10-5
0.61922=0.2223–8.314×298/96484.5{lnK0.01254/0.01220)}
–15.45732= lnKa –4.33631 lnKa = –11.1210 ,Ka = 1.48×10-5
0.61501=0.2223–8.314×298/96484.5{lnK0.01493/0.01453)}
–15.29337= lnKa –4.16260 lnKa = –11.1308 ,Ka = 1.47×10-5
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
a+ ln(0.00717×
a+ ln(0.01273×
a+ ln(0.01515×
Ka = 1.49×10-5
?
36、298K时,下述电池的实验数据如表所示:
Pt(s)︱H2(p) ︱Ba(OH)2(0.005mol.kg-1),BaCl2(m)︱AgCl(s)︱Ag(s) m/(mol.kg-1) 0.00500 1.04983 0.01166 1.02783 ?
?
0.01833 1.01597 0.02833 1.00444 E/V 试求298K时水的离子积常数Kw。设活度因子均为1。 解:
正极:Ag+(s) + e-→Ag(s) AgCl(s)==Ag+(aq)+Cl-(aq) AgCl(s) + e-→Ag(s) + Cl-(aq) φAgCl/Ag = φ? AgCl/Ag –RT/FlnaCl- 负极:1/2H2(p) –e- →H+(aq) H2O(l)== H+(aq)+ OH-(aq)
?
φH+/H2 = φ?H+/H2+RT/FlnaH+
φH+/H2 = φ?H+/H2+ RT/FlnKw/aOH-
电池反应:1/2H2(p) +AgCl(s) + OH-(aq)== Ag(s) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)
?
?
E= φAgCl/Ag –φ H+/H2=φ?AgCl/Ag–φ?H+/H2 –RT/FlnKw aCl-/aOH- = 0.2223–RT/F{lnKw +ln(mCl-/ mOH-)}
1.04983= 0.2223–0.025678{lnKw +ln(2×0.05000/0.01000)}
?
?
?
lnKw = –32.2272,Kw =1.01×10-14
1.02783= 0.2223–0.025678ln{Kw +ln(2×0.01166/0.01000)}
?
??
–31.3704= lnKw+ 0.8467
?
lnKw = –32.2171,Kw =1.02×10-14
1.01597= 0.2223–0.025678ln{Kw +ln(2×0.01833/0.01000)} –30.9086= lnKw +1.2991
?
?
??
lnKw = –32.2078,Kw =1.03×10-14
1.0044= 0.2223–0.025678ln{Kw +ln(2×0.02833/0.01000)} –30.4580= lnKw + 1.7345
?
?
??
lnKw = –32.1925,Kw =1.04×10-14 Kw =1.03×10-14
37、在298K时,有下列两个电池:
(1) Ag(s)︱AgCl(s)︱HCl乙醇溶液(m1)︱H2(p)︱Pt︱H2(p)︱HCl乙醇溶液(m2)︱AgCl(s)︱Ag(s)
(2) Ag(s)︱AgCl(s)︱HCl乙醇溶液(m1)︱HCl乙醇溶液(m2)︱AgCl(s)︱Ag(s)
已知HCl乙醇溶液的浓度分别为:m1=8.238×10-2mol.kg-1,m2=8.224×10-3mol.kg-1,两电池电动势分别为E1=0.0822V,E2=0.0577V。 试求: (1) (2) (3)
在两种HCl乙醇溶液中离子平均活度因子的比值r±,1/r±,2; H+在HCl乙醇溶液中的迁移数tu+;
?m?mH和Cl的无限稀释离子摩尔电导率 (H)和 (Cl?)的值。m
-3
.
2.
-1
+
-?
?
?
??
??+-?
已知 (HCl)=8.38×10Smmol。 解:
(1) 负极1:Ag(s) + Cl-(m1) -e-→AgCl(s)
?
正极1:H+(m1) + e-→1/2H2(p) 负极2:1/2H2(p) –e-→H+(m2)
正极2:AgCl(s) + e-→Ag(s) + Cl-(m2), 总电池反应:HCl乙醇溶液(m1)== HCl乙醇溶液(m2)
?
E1= –RT/nFln(aHCl,2/ aHCl,1)= –RT/nFln(a±,22/ a±,12)= –
2RT/nFln(a±,2/ a±,1)
= –2RT/nFln{(m±,2r±,2/( m±,1r±,1}
0.0822= –2×8.314×298/96484.5ln{(8.224×10-3 r±,2
)/( 8.238×10-2 r±,1)}
ln{(8.224×10-3 r±,2)/( 8.238×10-2 r±,1)}= –1.60056 (8.224×10-3 r±,2)/( 8.238×10-2 r±,1)=exp(–1.60056)=0.20178
r±,2/ r±,1=2.021, r±,1/ r±,2=0.494
(2)
正极:AgCl(s) + e-→Ag(s) + Cl-(m2)
负极:Ag(s) + Cl-(m1) –e-→AgCl(s), 电池反应:Cl-(m1)== Cl-(m2)
E2=(t+-t-)RT/Fln(m1/m2)
0.0577=(t+–t-)×8.314×298/96484.5ln(8.238×10-2/8.224×10-3)
t+ – t-=0.975 t++ t-=1 t+= 0.987
t-=0.013
(3)
??t?m,Cl??? H?tCl????m,H???m,Cl??m,H????m,Cl????32?1???m,H???m,Cl??m,HCl?8.38?10Smmol??m,H?
?????m,H??tH?(?m,H???m,Cl)= 0.987×8.38×10-3= 8.27×
10-3S.m2.mol-1
?????m,Cl??tCl?(?m,H???m,Cl)= 0.013×8.38×10-3= 1.089×
10-4S.m2.mol-1
38、已知298K时100kPa时,C(石墨)的标准摩尔燃烧焓为△cHm= -393.5kJ.mol-1。如将C(石墨)的燃烧反应安排成燃料电池
C(石墨,s)∣熔融氧化物∣O2(g)∣M(s)
则能量的利用率大大提高,也防止了热电厂用煤直接发电所造成的能源浪费和环境污染。试根据一些热力学数据计算该燃料电池的电动势。已知这些物质的标准摩尔熵为:
物质 Sm??
C(石墨) 5.74 CO2(g) 213.74 O2(g) 205.14 /(J.K-1.mol-1) 解:
C(石墨,s)+ O2(g) == CO2(g) △cSm=213.74-205.14-5.74=2.86 J.K-1.mol-1
?
△cHm= –393.5kJ.mol-1
△cGm=△cHm –T△cSm = –393.5×103-298×2.86= –394.35
?
?
?
?
×103J.mol-1
△cGm= –nFE?
?
?
?
E= –△cGm/nF=394.35×103/(4×96484.5)=1.022V
39、在298K时,下述电池的电动势E=0.1519V,
Ag(s)︱AgI(s)∣HI(a=1)∣H2(p)︱Pt(s)
并已知下列物质的标准摩尔生成焓:
物质 AgI(s) -61.84 Ag+ 105.58 I- -55.94 ?
△fHm?(kJ.mol-1) 试求:
(1)当电池可逆输出1mol电子的电荷量时,试计算Q、We(膨胀功)、
Wf(电功)和电池反应的△rUm,△rHm,△rSm,△rAm和△rGm的值各为多少?
(2) 如果让电池短路,不作电功,则在发生同样的反应时上述各函数的变量又为多少 ? 解: (1)
正极:H+(aH+) + e-→1/2H2(g,p)
?
负极:Ag(s) + I-(aI-) –e-→AgI(s)
电池反应:Ag(s) + HI(a=1) ==AgI(s) +1/2H2(g,p)
?
△rG?
m
(298)= –nFE?
= –1×96484.5×0.1519= –
14.655kJ.mol-1 △rHm(298)= △rHm(AgI,298)–△rHm(I-,298) –△rHm(H+,298) = –61.84+55.94= –5.9 kJ.mol-1
??
△rSm=(△rHm–△rGm)/T=(–5.9+14.655)/298=29.38 J.K-1.mol-1 Q=T△rSm=8.755 kJ.mol-1 Wf=-nFE= –14.655kJ.mol-1
We=-pV= –0.5×8.314×298= –1238.8J= –1.24kJ △rUm=△rHm–△(pV)= –5.9–1.24= –7.14 kJ.mol-1
△rAm=△rUm–T△rSm= –7.14–8.755= –15.895 kJ.mol-1
(2) △rGm(298)= –14.655kJ.mol-1 ??
?
?
?
?
??
???
△rHm(298)= –5.9 kJ.mol-1 △rUm= –7.14 kJ.mol-1 △rSm=29.38 J.K-1.mol-1 △rAm= –15.895 kJ.mol-1 Wf=0 We= –1.24kJ
Q= –5.9 kJ.mol-1
40、已知水的离子积常数Kw在293K和303K时分别Kw(293K)=0.67×10-14,Kw(303K)=1.45×10-14。试求:
(1)在298K和标准压力时,中和反应H+(aq)+OH-(aq)=H2O(l)的△rHm 值和△rSm 的值(设△rHm与温度的关系可以忽略)。
(2)298K时OH-的标准摩尔生成Gibbs自由能△rGm的值 。已知下述电池的标准电动势E =0.927;
Pt(s)︱H2(p)∣KOH(aq)∣HgO(s)︱Hg(l)
并已知反应Hg(l)+1/2O2(g,p
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
???
?
)==HgO(s)的△rG?
m
(298K)=
-58.5kJ.mol-1。 解:
(1) H+(aq)+OH-(aq)=H2O(l)
△rG?m
(293)= RTlnK?
w
(293K)=8.314×293ln0.67×10-14= –
79.5J.mol-1
△rGm(303)= RTlnKw(303K)= 8.314×303ln1.45×10-14= –80.3
J.mol-1 吉布斯-亥姆霍兹方程:
??
△rGm(T2)/T2=△rGm(T1)/T1+△rHm(1/T2–1/T1)
-80.271/303= –79.502/293+△rHm(1/303–1/293)
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???
△rHm = –57.0J.mol-1 –80.3/303=△rGm(298)/298–57.0×(1/303–1/298)
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△rGm(298)/298= –80.3/303 + 57.0×(1/303–1/298)= –
0.268
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△rGm(298)= –80.0J.mol-1 △rSm=(△rHm–△rGm)/T
△rSm(298)=(–57.0+80.0)/298=0.077 J.K-1.mol-1
(2) Pt(s)︱H2(p)∣KOH(aq)∣HgO(s)︱Hg(l)
正极:HgO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e-→Hg(l) + 2OH-(aq) 负极:H2(p) + 2OH- –2e-→2H2O(l)
电池反应:HgO(s) +H2(p) == Hg(l) + H2O(l)
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△Gm= –nFE= –2×96484.5×0.927= –178.9 kJ.mol-1
??
Hg(l)+1/2O2 (p) ==HgO(s) △rGm (298K)= –58.5kJ.mol-1 H2(p) +1/2O2(p) == H2O(l) △rGm (298K)= –178.9 –58.5= –237.4kJ.mol-1
H+(aq)+OH-(aq)=H2O(l) △rG0.08kJ.mol-1
H2(p) +1/2O2(p)= H+(aq)+OH-(aq) △rGm(298)= –237.4 +0.08= –273.3kJ.mol-1
∵△fGm(H+,298)= 0,∴△fGm(OH-,298)= –273.3kJ.mol-1
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?m
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(298)= –80 .0J.mol-1 = –
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