List of Tables v

ii Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements iv

Look-up Tables to Link 1991 Population Statistics to the 1998

Local Government Areas

Tom Wilson and Philip Rees

School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLeeds LS2 9JTUnited Kingdom

E-mail t.wilson@geog.leeds.ac.ukE-mail p.rees@geog.leeds.ac.uk

November 1998

ii Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements iv

ii

ii Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements iv

Contents

Abstract

AcknowledgementsList of TablesList of Figures1. Introduction2. General concepts3. The new geography

3.1. New structure3.2. Look-up tables3.3. Maps

4. Methods for extracting 1991 Census data

5. Methods for producing mid-1991 population estimates

5.1. Great Britain

5.1.1. The OPCS method of producing subnational estimates for mid-19915.1.2. The Estimating with Confidence project estimates5.1.3. The approach using the EwC estimates5.1.4. A worked example5.1.5. Approximations

5.1.6. The National Statistical Offices’ estimates5.2. Northern Ireland

5.2.1. The method used5.2.2. Approximations

6. Results

6.1. Total populations6.2. Age-sex structures7. SummaryReferences

Appendix 1. A look-up table of 1998 local authorities to 1991 Census areasAppendix 2. Local authority populations in 1991

Appendix 3. The fortran 90 code used to aggregate the EwC ED and OA mid-1991 estimates to 1998 local authorities

ivivvv1255692024242526263031323333363838384344464754

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Abstract

Between 1995 and 1998 the local authority structure and geography of the United Kingdom wassubstantially revised. The two-tier system of local government was abolished in Wales, Scotland,and in parts of non-metropolitan England, and replaced with a single-tier system. This involved thecreation of a new set of local authority area boundaries which in many places cut across those ofthe old districts. In addition, many of the local authorities unaffected by the reorganisationnonetheless had experienced small - though demographically significant - boundary changes sincethe last census. By the time the final phase of the reorganisation came into effect on 1st April 1998the local government map of the United Kingdom was very different from that of April 1991.There is a need therefore to provide demographic and other geographically based data for the newgeography for years prior to 1998. This paper aims to fill a part of this requirement by focusing ontwo important issues. First, it describes a look-up table detailing exactly how the 1998 localgovernment geography relates to 1991 Census areas, and second, it sets out methods for producing1991 Census data and mid-1991 population estimates (including single year age detail) for the newgeography. A selection of the results produced by the described methods is included in tables andpopulation pyramids.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the University of Leeds for the PhD scholarshipwhich funded the research reported in this paper. Information to create look-up tables was kindlysupplied by the Office for National Statistics, the General Register Office for Scotland and theNorthern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. The maps of England, Wales and Scotland wereproduced from data at UKBORDERS provided with the support of the Economic and SocialResearch Council and Joint Information Systems Committee of the Higher Education FundingCouncils (JISC) using boundary material which is copyright of the Crown, the Post Office and theED-LINE consortium. The 1991 Census statistics used in the research are Crown copyright; themid-1991 small area estimates are copyright of the Estimating with Confidence project. Both aremade available on the MIMAS service of Manchester Computing, University of Manchester by theCensus Dissemination Unit. The 1991 Census data were purchased for academic research purposesby the ESRC and JISC.

ii Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements iv

List of tables1Implementation dates of England’s unitary authorities and revisedcounties

2Types of look-up table for connecting 1991 and 1998 local governmentgeographies, and extracts of examples

3

An extract of an old to new look-up table for the UK, containing part of1991 North Yorkshire

List of Figures1Types of links between map entities2Formats of look-up tables

3aThe local government geography of England, 19913bThe local government geography of England, 19984aThe local government geography of Wales, 19914bThe local government geography of Wales, 19985aThe local government geography of Scotland, 19915bThe local government geography of Scotland, 19986aThe local government geography of Northern Ireland, 19916bThe local government geography of Northern Ireland, 1998

7An extract of a SASPAC gazetteer file of wards to unitary authoritiesin Wales

8A SASPAC command file for creating 1991 Census statistics (using agazetteer file)

9

A SASPAC command file for creating 1991 Census statistics for thenew local authorities in the region of Yorkshire and the Humber (usingthe new zone and using areas commands)

10The method of producing mid-1991 estimates for 1998 localauthorities in Great Britain

11The method of producing mid-1991 estimates for 1998 localauthorities in Northern Ireland

12Age-sex structures of selected local authorities12aAberdeenshire council area12bBelfast district council area12cConwy unitary authority12dDerry district council area

12eThe East Riding of Yorkshire unitary authority12f

Newham London borough

6

1011

2412131415161718192222

232834

393940414142

ii Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements iv

1. INTRODUCTION

The local government map of the United Kingdom in 1998 is significantly different from thatexisting at the time of the last census in 1991. This is due mainly to the major redrawing ofboundaries during the 1995-98 round of local government reorganisation in Great Britain, but italso results from a large number minor boundary changes since 1991, particularly in London. Thisnew geography has created the need to provide for the community of users and producers ofpopulation data new demographic statistics based on the 1998 boundaries for the period up to theirintroduction, and descriptions of suitable methods for preparing these statistics. Some new Censusand population estimates for the new areas have been published in summary format by the nationalstatistical offices (such as ONS, 1996a, ONS, 1996b, and GRO(S), 1996) but little age detail isincluded, and very little is said about methodology. This paper aims to fill a part of this gap bypresenting a look-up table of 1998 local authorities to 1991 census areas, and then using this look-up table, methods for producing geographically rebased 1991 Census data and mid-1991population estimates with single year age detail. In this paper, local authorities are taken to be theLondon Boroughs, metropolitan districts, counties and unitary authorities in England, unitaryauthorities in Wales, council areas in Scotland and district councils in Northern Ireland. Thedistricts of the remaining two-tier counties in England are not considered.

The plan of this paper is as follows. First, some general concepts about look-up tables and theirapplication to geography are explained. Second, the structure and geography of the new localauthority organisation of the United Kingdom is outlined. Third, the look-up tables are explainedand maps of the old and new geographies presented. The fourth and fifth sections of the paper dealrespectively with methods for extracting 1991 Census data, and methods for producing mid-1991population estimates for the new geography. Because of its different data situation, the procedurefor producing mid-1991 estimates for Northern Ireland is different from the rest of the UK and soit is considered in a separate subsection. The final section before the conclusion includes someselected highlights of the 1991 population statistics produced using the methods just explained.

ii Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements iv

2. GENERAL CONCEPTS

Before describing the details of the look-up tables which link 1991 and 1998 geographies, it isuseful to spell out the general character of these devices called look-up tables.

A look-up table is a data structure which links one set of entities to another set. The particularentities we are dealing with in this paper are discrete geographical areas. There are many types oflinks that can exist between the entities, and Figure 1 sets out some of these types which are usefulin handling geographical data.

Figure 1 Types of links between map entities

ii Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements iv

The simplest is a one to one link between the entities in the two sets (Figure 1a). An area in set Ais linked to one area only in set B, for example. An example of this relation is where the names ofareas are changed but their boundaries are not. The second type involves a one to manyrelationship (Figure 1b). A source area may be broken up in the target geography into severalsmaller areas, which do not violate the boundaries of the source area. A third type involves manyto one relationships (Figure 1c). Source areas have been amalgamated to form target areas. Thissituation is known as perfect aggregation and is often found as a hierarchy within a geographicalsystem defined at one point in time, but is rare between time points. The final type encompassesmany to many relationships. An area in the source geography falls into several in the targetgeography, and an area in the target geography receives contributions from several areas in thesource geography.

Figure 2 shows what needs to be done to derive look-up tables for converting statistics from asource to a target geography in the many to many situation. Some five different look-up tableformats can be conceived. The first, the intersection table (Figure 2a), is not useful because itwould result in double counting (or worse) of the statistics in set A. The second format is the bestfit table. This is a list of entities in set A once only, paired up with the entity in set B that they bestfit. Although this is crude, it is often used if information needed to apportion source areas is notavailable. It is much better to try to achieve an intersection list with weights attached thatapportion a source area across the relevant target areas. Figure 2c provides the example. Note thatthe weights must sum to 1 across intersections by source area. Weights should, where possible, bederived from statistics closely linked to those being converted from source to target geographysuch as total populations in the intersections. The bottom two tables in Figure 2 show the

target area is a list of the members of the source geography set which fall into the target area.Figure 2d is the membership list equivalent of the best fit look-up table (Figure 2b) while Figure 2eis the membership list equivalent of the weighted look-up table.

The experienced user of the census extraction package SASPAC (Small Area Statistics PACkage)will have recognised that the weighted look-up table (Figure 2c) corresponds with the gazetteer fileaggregation procedure while the weighted membership list table is implemented via thenew

zone and usingareas commands. As we discuss the look-up tables used to convert 1991

statistics to a 1998 geography base in the rest of the paper, we will identify the general type andformat to which it corresponds.

ii Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements iv

a) Intersection table

Set ASet BNorthWestNorthEastSouthWestSouthEast

b) Best fit table

Set ASet BNorthWestSouthEastc) Weighted table

Set ASet BWeightNorthWest0.6NorthEast0.4SouthWest0.5South

East

0.5

d) Best fit membership list

Set BSet AWestNorthEast

South

e) Weighted membership list

Set BSet A

West0.6 North, 0.5 SouthEast

0.4 North, 0.5 South

Figure 2 Formats of look-up tables

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3. THE NEW GEOGRAPHY

3.1 New structure

The latest round of local government reorganisation in Great Britain was initiated by the previousgovernment in the early 1990s with the aim of replacing the two-tier structure which existedoutside the English metropolitan areas with unitary authorities responsible for all councilfunctions. In Scotland and Wales the government’s proposals were subject to little consultationand became law in 1994 (after minor modifications) in the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Actand the Local Government (Wales) Act. This new structure and geography came into effect on 1stApril 1996. In Scotland the two-tier system of nine regions and 53 districts and three island areaswas replaced by 32 single-tier council areas; in Wales the eight counties and 37 districts werereplaced by 22 unitary authorities (Jackson and Lewis, 1996). In England, however, the processwas slower and more convoluted (see Chisholm, 1995 and Johnston and Pattie, 1996, for detaileddiscussions). The Local Government Act 1992 established a Local Government Commissionwhich was given the task of reviewing the local government structure and makingrecommendations for change to the Secretary of State for the Environment. Unfortunately for thegovernment the review process revealed much opposition to Commission’s draft recommendationsfor change, particularly amongst the County Councils (facing abolition) and, in many areas, thegeneral public. The final reports of the Commission to the Secretary of State thereforerecommended no change to the existing structure of local government for 18 counties. However,the new local government organisation failed to be finalised at this stage because despite theextensive consultation and review undertaken by the Commission, the Secretary of State decidednot to accept its recommendations for all parts of England, and instructed it to review the case forunitary authority status for several more large towns. This it did, recommending the addition ofeight more unitary authorities to the initial proposals. The final outcome for non-metropolitanEngland was eventually 46 unitary authorities and 34 two-tier counties (containing 239 districts).This contrasts with a pre-reorganisation structure of 39 counties (containing 296 districts). Thenew unitary authorities and revised counties were implemented in four phases on the 1st April ineach of the years 1995 to 1998. Table 1 lists the local authorities in each phase.

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Table 1 Implementation dates of England’s unitary authorities (UAs) and revised counties

Phase 1: Unitaryauthorities created on1st April 1995

Isle of Wight UA

Phase 3: Unitary authorities andPhase 4: Unitary authorities andPhase 2: Unitary authorities

and revised counties created onrevised counties created onrevised counties created on

1st April 19971st April 19961st April 1998

Bath and North East Somerset UABristol UA

East Riding of Yorkshire UAHartlepool UAKingston upon Hull UAMiddlesborough UANorth East Lincolnshire UANorth Lincolnshire UANorth Somerset UARedcar and Cleveland UASouth Gloucestershire UAStockton upon Tees UAYork UA and North Yorkshire

Portsmouth UA, Southampton UAand HampshireStoke-on-Trent UA andStaffordshire

Swindon UA and WiltshireBournemouth UA, Poole UA andDorset

Brighton & Hove UA and EastSussex

Bracknell Forest UABlackburn with Darwen UA,Blackpool UA and Lancashire

Darlington UA and County DurhamHalton UA, Warrington UA and

CheshireDerby UA and DerbyshireLeicester UA, Rutland UA, andLeicestershire

Luton UA and BedfordshireMilton Keynes UA andBuckinghamshire

Herefordshire UA andWorcestershireMedway UA and KentNottingham UA andNottinghamshirePeterborough UA andCambridgeshire

Plymouth UA, Torbay UA andDevonReading UASlough UA

Southend UA, Thurrock UA andEssex

West Berkshire UAWindsor & Maidenhead UAWokingham UATelford & Wrekin UA andShropshire

Source: DETR, 1998

ii Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements iv

3.2 Look-up tables

To create any statistics for the 1998 local authorities from the 1991 Census, or in fact for anydatasets based on 1991 Census geography, it is vital to know exactly how the 1991 Censusgeography relates to the 1998 local authority areas. Every 1991 enumeration district and outputarea must be accounted for in the 1998 areas. Thus, details were obtained from the Office forNational Statistics (ONS, 1998a), the General Register Office for Scotland (GRO(S), 1998a),MIMAS, 1996, and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (Hyvart, 1998)so that look-up tables could be created. As the look-up tables presented in this paper use the censusoffices’ codes to refer to the 1991 Census areas it is important to understand what the codes meanand how they vary between different levels of output geography and between the constituentcountries of the UK.

In England and Wales a county is represented by two numbers, a district within that county by twoletters, a ward within the district by a further two letters, and an enumeration district (ED) by twonumbers. For example, in 08DAGF4408DAGF44

is the county code for West Yorkshire,refers to the district of Leeds,

denotes University ward in the district of Leeds, and

refers to a particular ED in ward GF which contains part of the University of Leeds.

The county codes were not only assigned to the counties existing at the time of the 1991 Censusbut also to the former metropolitan counties (such as West Yorkshire). In addition, London wasdivided into two ‘counties’ - inner London (01) and outer London (02).

In Scotland the 1991 Census output geography was different. A region is represented by a twonumber code, a district within that region by a further two numbers, a postcode sector by twoletters, and an output area (OA) by two numbers or two numbers and one letter. For example, in6125AG02A6125AG02A

is the code for the Highland region,refers to the district of Ross and Cromarty,

refers to the postcode sector IV10 8 (where AG refers to the postcode sector), andrefers to a particular OA in IV10 8.

It is important to note that in Great Britain all the 1991 district codes are unique. Within the UnitedKingdom, however, they are not: 1991 district code 07, for example, could refer to either Stirlingor Belfast. Thus full codes are given in this paper. This practice also avoid potential confusion

ii Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements iv

between codes for Scottish districts and those for Scottish regions. Perhaps for the 2001 Censusthe census offices can agree on a geographical coding system that avoids these sorts of problems.In Northern Ireland counties were not used as Census output entities. There are just main threelevels of geography: district council areas, wards, and EDs. District council areas are denoted by atwo number code, wards within district council areas by another two numbers, and EDs by afurther two numbers. For example, in 222204222204

refers to Newry and Mourne district council area,refers to Rathfriland ward, andrefers to ED 04 in Rathfriland ward.

1991 Census to 1998 local authority look-up tables may have different formats depending on theuses to which they are put. A fundamental distinction can be made between those look-up tableswhich list the new areas in order and the old areas located within them (new to old, i.e targetgeography to source geography), and those look-up tables which list all the old areas in order andthen new area in which they are located (old to new, i.e. source geography to target geography). Anew to old look-up table is useful when constructing 1991 Census data for the new areas (as willbe explained in section 4), and is also helpful when examining how the new areas relate to the old.Conversely, an old to new look-up table is more useful when creating a gazetteer file (again,explained in section 4) or when creating digital maps of the new areas by aggregating wards orEDs.

The two types of new to old and old to new may be further divided according to the level ofgeography used for the old areas. Table 2 outlines various possible types of look-up table, andgives brief extracts. Four levels of geography are available for the old areas: counties/regions,districts, wards/postcode sectors and EDs/OAs, although only the last two categories are really ofany use. The mix type listed is actually a particular version of the EDs/OAs type, except thatwhere all the 1991 EDs/OAs of a ward/postcode sector or district are included in a new area thenthe code for the relevant higher level of geography is shown as a shorthand. Both theward/postcode sector and EDs/OAs types of look-up table contain weights, which are often set at1.0. As mentioned in section 3, however, it is sometimes necessary to use look-up tables withweights of less than 1.0. A user may require, for example, 1991 Census Local Base Statistics(LBS) for the 1998 areas. Because the LBS are available only down to the ward scale a look-uptable involving 1991 wards would have to be constructed, and for those wards spilt between 1998areas weights would be needed. The drawback of using weights, of course, is that they share out allthe population characteristics of the weighted area in accordance with that weight, thus making the

ii Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements iv

assumption that the area is spatially demographically homogenous. Thus the larger the weightedarea, the less reliable the results.

Appendix 1 contains a new to old look-up table for the United Kingdom and is the main look-uptable presented in this paper; in it the 1998 local authorities are listed in order.

Table 3 is an extract of an old to new type containing the same information; in this look-up tablethe 1991 Census EDs and OAs are in alphabetical and numerical order.

3.3 Maps

Maps of the 1991 and 1998 local government geographies for the four constituent countries of theUK are shown in Figures 3 to 6. These were produced in MapInfo using digitised boundary datafrom UKBORDERS (for Great Britain) and from the authors’ own digitisation (for NorthernIreland). The look-up table in table appendix 1 may prove a useful reference when comparing oldand new geographies.

ii Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements iv

Table 2 Types of look-up table for connecting 1991 and 1998 local government geographies, andextracts of examples

Type of look-up table

Level of geographyof old areasCounties/regionsDistricts

Wards/postcode sectors

...

PBFNPBFPPBFQPBFRPBFSPBFTPBFUPBFWPBFXPBFYPBFZPBGAPBGBPBGBPBGCPBGDPBGE......

PDFP02PDFP03PDFQ01PDFQ02PDFQ03PDFQ05PDFQ06PDFR01PDFR02PDFR03PDFR04PDFS01PDFS02PDFS03PDFS04PDFS05PDFS08...

Old to new

(i.e. source to target)

Old code Weight New code

possible, but not advised

New to old

(i.e. target to source)

New code Weight Old code

possible, but not advised

possible, but not advisedpossible, but not advised

EDs/OAs

...

1.00001.00001.00001.00001.00001.00001.00001.00001.00001.00001.00001.00000.56630.43371.00001.00001.0000......

1.00001.00001.00001.00001.00001.00001.00001.00001.00001.00001.00001.00001.00001.00001.00001.00001.0000......113113113149113149113149113113113149149113149113149......113113149113113149113113113113113149149149149149149...

Mix

...174174174174174174174174174174175175175175175175175......096096096096096096096096097097097097097097097097097......154155156157158159160161162163164...

possible, but not advised

......1.000051AU1.000051AW1.000051AX1.000051AY1.000051AZ0.454152AK0.123952AQ0.121352AW0.112452AZ1.000052BA1.000032AA1.000032AB1.000032AC1.000032AD1.000032AE1.000032AF1.000032AG............1.0000JYGH041.0000JYGH051.0000JYGH061.0000JYGJ011.0000JYGJ021.0000JYGJ031.0000JYGJ041.0000JYSS011.0000KCFA011.0000KCFA021.0000KCFA031.0000KCFA041.0000KCFA051.0000KCFA061.0000KCFA071.0000KCFA081.0000KCFA09.........

TN - TNFC17 + TJFE + TJFQ + TPFJ01SL + SN + SPSM

SY + SF - SHFT

SJ + SH - SHFA - SHFB - SHFC - SHFU- SHFX + SFFTSE + SG

SZ + TA + TBTE

SU + SSFL

TR + TS + TQFA + TQFC + TQFE +TQFL + TQFP + TQFU +TQFX + TQFZ+ TQGCSW...

ii Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements iv

Table 3 An extract of an old to new lookup table for the UK, containing part of 1991 NorthYorkshire

1991 Census 1998 areaED code numeric code

...

37PDFD0337PDFD0437PDFD0537PDFE0137PDFE0237PDFE0337PDFE0437PDFE0537PDFE0637PDFF0137PDFF0237PDFF0337PDFF0437PDFF0537PDFF0637PDFF0737PDFF0837PDFF0937PDFF1037PDFG0137PDFG0237PDFG0337PDFH0137PDFH0237PDFH0337PDFH0437PDFH0537PDFH0637PDFH0737PDFH0837PDFJ0137PDFJ0237PDFJ0337PDFJ0437PDFJ0537PDFK0137PDFK0237PDFK0337PDFK0437PDFK0537PDFL0137PDFL0237PDFL0337PDFL0437PDFL0537PDFL0637PDFL0737PDFL0837PDFL0937PDFM0137PDFM0237PDFM0337PDFM0437PDFM0537PDFM0637PDFM0737PDFN0137PDFN0237PDFN0337PDFN0437PDFN05

113113113149149149149149149113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113149149149149149149149149149149149149

1991 Census 1998 areaED code numeric code37PDFN0637PDFN0737PDFP0137PDFP0237PDFP0337PDFQ0137PDFQ0237PDFQ0337PDFQ0437PDFQ0537PDFQ0637PDFR0137PDFR0237PDFR0337PDFR0437PDFS0137PDFS0237PDFS0337PDFS0437PDFS0537PDFS0837PDFT0137PDFT0237PDFT0337PDFT0437PDFT0537PDFT0637PDFT0737PDFU0137PDFU0237PDFU0337PDFU0437PDFU0537PDFU0637PDFW0137PDFW0237PDFW0337PDFW0437PDFW0537PDFW0637PDFW0737PDFW0837PDFW0937PDFW1037PDFW1137PDFW1237PDFX0137PDFX0237PDFX0337PDFX0437PDFY0137PDFY0237PDFY0337PDFY0437PDFZ0137PDFZ0237PDFZ0337PDFZ0437PDFZ0537PDGA0137PDGA0237PDGA0337PDGA0437PDGA05

149149113113113149113113113149113113113113113149149149149149149113113113113113113113113113113113113113149149149149149149149149149149149149113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113

1991 Census 1998 areaED code numeric code37PDGA0637PDGB0137PDGB0237PDGB0337PDGB0437PDGB0537PDGB0637PDGB0737PDGB0837PDGB0937PDGC0137PDGC0237PDGC0337PDGC0437PDGC0537PDGD0137PDGD0237PDGD0337PDGD0437PDGD0537PDGD0637PDGE0137PDGE0237PDGE0337PDGE0437PDGE0537PDGE0637PDGE0737PDGE0837PDGE0937PDGE1037PDGE1137PDGE1237PDGE1337PDGF0137PDGF0237PDGF0337PDGF0437PDGG0137PDGG0237PDGG0337PDGG0437PDGG0537PDGG0637PDGG0737PDGH0137PDGH0237PDGH0337PDGH0437PDGH0537PDGH0637PDGJ0137PDGJ0237PDGJ0337PDGJ0437PDGJ0537PDGJ0637PDGJ0737PDGJ0837PDGJ0937PDGK0137PDGK0237PDGK0337PDGK04

113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113113

1991 Census 1998 areaED code numeric code37PDGK0537PDGL0137PDGL0237PDGL0337PDGL0437PDGL0537PDGM0137PDGM0237PDGM0337PDGM0437PDGM0537PDGM0637PDGM0737PDGM0837PDGM0937PDGM1037PDGM1137PDGM1237PDSS0137PEFA0137PEFA0237PEFA0337PEFA0437PEFA0537PEFA0637PEFA0737PEFA0837PEFA0937PEFA1037PEFA1137PEFA1237PEFA1337PEFB0137PEFB0237PEFB0337PEFB0437PEFB0537PEFB0637PEFB0737PEFB0837PEFB0937PEFB1037PEFB1137PEFB1237PEFB1337PEFC0137PEFC0237PEFC0337PEFC0437PEFC0537PEFC0637PEFC0737PEFC0837PEFC0937PEFC1037PEFC1137PEFC1237PEFC1337PEFC1437PEFC1537PEFC16

..

113149149149149149113113113113113113113113113113113113113149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149149

.

Note: 1991 codes: 37PD = Selby district; 37PE = York district. 1998 codes: 113 = North Yorkshire; 149 = York UA.

ii Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements iv

Note: The bold lines on the main map mark the boundaries of counties and former metropolitan counties; the thin linesmark districts. The larger scale maps name the metropolitan districts and London boroughs.

Acknowledgement: This map is based on data provided with the support of the ESRC and JISC and uses boundarymaterial which is copyright of the Crown and the ED-LINE consortium. The data was accessed at UKBORDERS.

ii Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements iv

Note: the main map shows counties, former metropolitan counties and unitary authorities. As before, the larger scalemaps name the metropolitan districts and London boroughs.

Acknowledgement: This map is based on data provided with the support of the ESRC and JISC and uses boundarymaterial which is copyright of the Crown and the ED-LINE consortium. The data was accessed at UKBORDERS.

ii Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements iv

Figure 4a The local government geography of Wales, 1991

Note: the bold lines mark county boundaries; the thin lines denote district boundaries.

Acknowledgement: This map is based on data provided with the support of the ESRC and JISC and uses boundary

material which is copyright of the Crown and the ED-LINE consortium. The data was accessed at UKBORDERS.

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