动词

5. 动词

1） 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。

2） 根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词（Notional Verb）、系动词（Link Verb）、助动词（Auxiliary Verb）、情态动词（Modal Verb）。 说明：有些情况下，有些动词是兼类词，例如：

We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。 （having是实义动词。） He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。 （has是助动词。）

3） 动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词（Transitive Verb）、不及物动词（Intransitive Verb），缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。

说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如： She can dance and sing.

她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。） She can sing many English songs.

她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）

4） 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词（Finite Verb）、非限定动词（Non-finite Verb）例如： She sings very well.

她唱得很好。（sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。） She wants to learn English well.

她想学好英语。（to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。

说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式（Infinitive）、动名词（Gerund）、分词（Participle）。 5) 根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是：单字词（One-Word Verb）、短语动词（Phrasal Verb）、动词短语（Verbal Phrase）例如：

The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains是单字动词。） Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。（look up是短语动词。） The young ought to take care of the old.

年轻人应照料老人。（take care of是动词短语。）

6）动词有五种形态，分别是：原形（Original Form）、第三人称单数形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、过去分词（Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）

5.1 系动词

系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 说明：

有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如： He fell ill yesterday.

他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。） He fell off the ladder.

他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。 1）状态系动词

用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：

He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。） 2）持续系动词

用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。 3）表像系动词

用来表示\看起来像\这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He looks tired. 他看起来很累。

He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。 4）感官系动词

感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。

This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 5）变化系动词

这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如：

He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。

She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。 6）终止系动词

表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达\证实\，\变成\之意，例如： The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。

His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）

5.2 什么是助动词

1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。

助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如： He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。

（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义) 2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来： a. 表示时态，例如：

He is singing. 他在唱歌。 He has got married. 他已结婚。 b. 表示语态，例如：

He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句，例如：

Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗？

Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？ d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如： I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气，例如：

Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。 He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。

3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would

5.3 助动词be的用法

1） be +现在分词，构成进行时态，例如： They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。

English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。 2) be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，例如：

The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。 English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。 3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容： a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如：

He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。 We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。 说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。 b. 表示命令，例如：

You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。

He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。 c. 征求意见，例如：

How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他？ Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢？ d. 表示相约、商定，例如：

We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。

5.4 助动词have的用法

1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例如： He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。

By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。 2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时，例如： I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。

3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例如： English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。

5.5 助动词do 的用法 1） 构成一般疑问句，例如：

Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗？ Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗？ 2） do + not 构成否定句，例如：

I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。 He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。

In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。 3) 构成否定祈使句，例如： Don't go there. 不要去那里。

Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。 说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。 4） 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如：

Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。 I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。 I do miss you. 我确实想你。 5） 用于倒装句，例如：

Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。

Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。

说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。 6） 用作代动词，例如：

---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗？

---- Yes, I do. --是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.） He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车，对吧？

5.6 助动词shall和will的用法

shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如： I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。 He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。 说明：

在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:

He shall come. 他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）

He will come. 他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）

5.7 助动词should,would的用法

1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例如： I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。 比较：

\ I asked.

\我下周干什么？\我问道。（可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。）

2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称，例如： He said he would come. 他说他要来。 比较：

\他说：\我要去那儿。\ 变成间接引语，就成了： He said he would come.

原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。

5.8 短语动词

动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词（Phrasal Verb）。例如： Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。（turn off是短语动词） 短语动词的构成基本有下列几种： 1） 动词+副词，如：black out； 2） 动词+介词，如：look into；

3） 动词+副词+介词，如：look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词（Particle）。

5.9 非谓语动词

在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。 1）不定式

时态\\语态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 2）动名词

时态\\语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 3）分词

时态\\语态 主动 被动 一般式 doing being done

完成式 having done having been done 否定形式： not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分词

6. 动名词

6.1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语 1）作主语

Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。 2）作宾语

a. 动词后加动名词doing作宾语 V. + doing sth

admit 承认appreciate 感激,赞赏avoid 避免complete 完成consider 认为delay 耽误deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受enjoy 喜欢escape 逃脱prevent阻止 fancy 想象finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意miss 想

念 postpone 推迟practise 训练recall 回忆resent 讨厌resist 抵抗 resume 继续risk 冒险 suggest 建议face 面对 include 包括stand 忍受understand 理解forgive 宽恕 keep 继续 举例：

(1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? (2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. b. 词组后接doing

admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to busy look forward to(to为介词）

no good, no use, It's worth…, as well as, can't help, It's no use /good be tired of be fond of be capable of be afraid of be proud of think of / about hold off put off keep on insist on count on / upon set about be successful in good at take up give up burst out prevent … from… 3）作表语

Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.

6.2 worth 的用法

worth，worthy，worth-while都为adj. 意为\值得\。

1. worth： be worth + n. 当名词为金钱时，表示\ 值得……\ be worth doing sth. \某事值得被做\

The question is not worth discussing again and again.

2. worthy：be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示\值得……\ be worthy to be done \某事值得被做\

The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again. 3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth \值得做某事\ worth while： It is worth while doing sth It is worth while sb to do sth. 典型例题

It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again. A.worth B.worthy C.worth-while D.worth while

答案C. 由worth的用法可知，此句只适合词组be worth-while to do sth.。因此选C。

7. 动词不定式 7.1 不定式作宾语 1) 动词+ 不定式

afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choosedare

demand

desire

determine

expect

elect

endeavor

fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake 举例：

The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。

I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。 2）动词+不定式 ； 动词+宾语+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish… I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。

I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。

comehopeprepare

3） 动词+疑问词+ to

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。

注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。 The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

7.2 不定式作补语

1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)

advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn 例句：

a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 b. We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 Find 的特殊用法：

Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。 I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn.

I found that to learn English is important. 典型例题:

The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying

答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。

2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。

Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess,

judge,

imagine,

know,

prove,

see(理解), show,

suppose, take(以为), understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。 典型例题

Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented

答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。

3) to be +形容词

Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean… The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思。 4) there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。 注意 ： 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。 Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。

7.3 不定式主语

1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了

easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。

2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。

Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的) 例句:

It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。 注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型 2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。

3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型 (对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。 (错)It is to believe to see.

7.4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.

1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：

It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。

2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。

It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。

for 与of 的辨别方法：

用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：

You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。

He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)

7.5 不定式作表语

不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如： My work is to clean the room every day. His dream is to be a doctor

7.6 不定式作定语

不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如： I have a lot of work to do. So he made some candles to give light.

7.7 不定式作状语 1）目的状语

To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。 2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。 What have I said to make you angry. He searched the room only to find nothing. 3) 表原因

I'm glad to see you. 典型例题

The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on

答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于\形容词+动词不定式\结构的末尾

7.8 用作介词的to

to 有两种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：

admit to承认， confess to承认，

be accustomed to 习惯于， be used to 习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望， pay attention to 注意

7.9 省to 的动词不定式

1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)： 2） 使役动词 let, have, make：

3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。 注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.

The boss made them work the whole night. =They were made to work the whole night.

4） would rather，had better： 5） Why… / why not…：

6） help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：

7） but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。 8） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：

9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be： He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。 举例：

He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out.

比较： He wants to do nothing but go out.

He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 典型例题

1) ---- I usually go there by train. ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?

A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。 2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning

答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略

7.10 动词不定式的否定式

Tell him not to shut the window…

She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。 典型例题

1）Tell him ___ the window.

A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut

答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth. 2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen

答案：A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。 3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive

答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never. 4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to

答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。 5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation. A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat

D. not eating

答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。

7.11 不定式的特殊句型too…to… 1）too…to 太…以至于… He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。 ---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?

---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。

2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为\不太\。 It's never too late to mend. (谚语) 改过不嫌晚。

3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。 I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家

7.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to

1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。

Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。 2) so kind as to ---劳驾

Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。

7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not

\动词原形\表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：\为什么不……?\ \干吗不……?\ 例如：

Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?

7.14 不定式的时态和语态

时态\\语态 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing

完成式 to have done to have been done 完成进行式 to have been doing

1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。

He seems to know this.

I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。 2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。

I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seems to have caught a cold.

3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 He seems to be eating something. 4) 完成进行时：

She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.

7.15 动名词与不定式 1） 动名词与不定式的区别：

动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。 3） 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组： 1 stop to do stop doing 2 forget to do forget doing

3 remember to do remember doing 4 regret to do regret doing

5 cease to do cease doing 6 try to do try doing

7 go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing 9 interested to do interested doing 10 mean to do mean doing 11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing

8. 特殊词精讲

8.1 stop doing/to do

stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。 stop doing 停止做某事。

They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。 I must stop smoking.. 我必须戒烟了。 典型例题

She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest

答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择\停下来去做另一件事\。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。

8.2 forget doing/to do

forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做) forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)

The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作) He forgot turning the light off.

他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作) Don't forget to come tomorrow.

别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做) 典型例题

---- The light in the office is still on.

---- Oh，I forgot___.

A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off

答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth. 而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。

8.3 remember doing/to do

remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做) remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做) Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。

Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?

8.4 regret doing/to do

regret to do 对要做的事遗憾。 (未做) regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 (已做) I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。 I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。 典型例题

---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. ---Well, now I regret ___ that.

A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done

答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。

8.5 cease doing/to do

cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。 cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。 That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个部门已不复存在。

The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。

8.6 try doing/to do

try to do 努力，企图做某事。 try doing 试验，试着做某事。 You must try to be more careful.

你可要多加小心。

I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。

8.7 go on doing/to do

go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。 go on doing 继续做原来做的事。

After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。

Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习

8.8 be afraid doing/to do

be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为\怕\；

be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为\生怕，恐怕\。

She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。 She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。

She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。

8.9 be interested doing/to do

interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。 interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。

I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解)

I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法)

8.10 mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想 mean doing 意味着

I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。

To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 赠加工资意味着增加购买力。

8.11 begin(start) doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth.

1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.

How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？

2) begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry。 我开始生起气来。

3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。 I begin to understand the truth。 我开始明白真相。 4) 物作主语时 It began to melt.

8.12 感官动词 + doing/to do

感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday.

昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调\我看见了\这个事实)

I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调\我见他正干活\这个动作） 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。 典型例题

1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow

答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play

答案A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。

﹡9. 分词 9.1 分词作定语 分词前置

We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日 He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人

分词后置 (i分词词组；ii 个别分词如given, left； iii 修饰不定代词 something等) There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里 This is the question given. 这是所给的问题 There is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西 过去分词作定语

与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa. 典型例题

1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written

答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句 which is written

2）What's the language ____ in Germany?

A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。

spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：

What's the language (which is) spoken in German?

9.2 分词作状语

As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call. -> Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了电话。

If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better. -> Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 假如多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。 典型例题

1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.

A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed

答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by（被…跟随）。本题可改为： With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army. 2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed

答案B. 由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。 3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases. A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat

答案C. 本题要选一分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated，… 注意： 选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。

(Being ) used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。 Using the book, I find it useful.

在使用的过程中， 我发现这本书很有用。

9.3 连词+分词(短语)

有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个，如： While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. waiting 和saw 的主语相同

9.4 分词作补语

通常在感官动词和使役动词之后，如： I found my car missing. 我发现我的车不见了。 I'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。

9.5 分词作表语

现在分词： 表示主动，正在进行 过去分词： 表示被动，已经完成

She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。 He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。

9.6 分词作插入语

其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。 generally speaking 一般说来 talking of (speaking of) 说道 strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从…判断 all things considered 从整体来看

taking all things into consideration 全面看来

Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。

Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 (speaking 并不是dogs 的动作)

9.7 分词的时态 1）与主语动词同时，

Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。 Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。 典型例题

The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing

答案B. 此处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。 只能在B，C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。 2）先于主动词

While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。 分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having done。 Having finished his homework, he went out. =As he had finished his homework, he went out. 做完作业后，他出去了。 典型例题

___ a reply, he decided to write again.

A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received

答案C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词，故选C。该句可理解为：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.

9.8 分词的语态

1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，例如：

He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…) 他就是给你钱的那个人。

He is the man stopped by the car. ( = who was stopped by…) 他就是那个被车拦住的人。

2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生 gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned 例: a well-read person. 一个读过许多书的人 a much-travelled may 一个去过许多地方的人 a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴

﹡10. 独立主格 10.1 独立主格

（一）： 独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词； 名词(代词)+形容词； 名词(代词)+副词； 名词(代词)+不定式；

名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 （二） 独立主格结构的特点：

1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例：

The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。

The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。

The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。

He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆

10.2 With的复合结构作独立主格

表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise. 典型例题

The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied

答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词\手\与分词\绑\是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D. 注意:

1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：

当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制

A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。

2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 典型例题：

Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.

A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting

答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。

如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。

11. 动词的时态 11.1 一般现在时的用法

1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。 时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表示格言或警句中。

Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.. 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I don't want so much.

Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now.

第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。

11.2 一般过去时的用法

1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。

时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 Where did you go just now?

2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street.

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 3）句型：

It is time for sb. to do sth \到……时间了\ \该……了\ It is time sb. did sth. \时间已迟了\ \早该……了\ It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事' I'd rather you came tomorrow.

4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。 I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较：

一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。 Christine was an invalid all her life. (含义：她已不在人间。)

Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含义：她现在还活着)

Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去) 注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。 Did you want anything else? I wondered if you could help me. 2）情态动词 could, would. Could you lend me your bike?

11.3 used to / be used to

used to + do：\过去常常\表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。 Mother used not to be so forgetful. Scarf used to take a walk. (过去常常散步)

be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或\习惯于\，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。 He is used to a vegetarian diet.

Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步) 典型例题

---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it. ---- It's 69568442.

A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't

答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看 出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。

11.4 一般将来时

1) shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。

will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。 Which paragraph shall I read first. Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。 What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 计划，安排要发生的事。

The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有迹象要发生的事

Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing.

注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

11.5 be going to / will

用于条件句时， be going to 表将来 will 表意愿

If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.

Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 11.6 be to和be going to

be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。

I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排) I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)

11.7 一般现在时表将来

1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 3）在时间或条件句中。

When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week.

Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.

11.8 用现在进行时表示将来

意为：\意图\、\打算\、\安排\、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。 I'm leaving tomorrow.

Are you staying here till next week?

11.9 现在完成时

现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状 态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去 但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或 状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。

11.10 比较过去时与现在完成时

1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。

2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语:

yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语 共同的时间状语:

this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately 现在完成时的时间状语

for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 不确定的时间状语

3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.

过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。 举例：

I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了。） I have seen this film.

（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了。） Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。） She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴黎回来了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。

He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)

He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)

He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)

I have finished my homework now.

---Will somebody go and get Dr. White? ---He's already been sent for.

句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

11.11 用于现在完成时的句型

1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。

This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 典型例题

(1) ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.

A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming

答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。 (2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.

A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come

答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 （错）I have received his letter for a month. （对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

11.12 比较since和for

Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。 I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born..

My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl. My brother has been in the Youth League for two years. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.

注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)

I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。)

小窍门： 当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。

1) (对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.

= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2) (错) Harry has got married for six years.

= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.

显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.

11.13 since的四种用法

1) since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段时间+ ago

I have been here since five months ago. 3) since +从句

Great changes have taken place since you left.

Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句

It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.

11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词 1) 用于完成时的区别

延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。 He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历) 2) 用于till / until从句的差异

延续动词用于肯定句，表示\做……直到……\ 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示\到……，才……\ He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。

He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。 典型例题

1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet

答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。 2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.

---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be

答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。

﹡11.15 过去完成时 1） 概念：表示过去的过去

----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时 现在

2） 用法

a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. b. 状语从句

在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.

c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示\原本…，未能…\

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before.

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 典型例题

The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.

A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left

答案D. \把书忘在办公室\发生在\去取书\这一过去的动作之前，因此\忘了书\这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在\同学们正忙于……\这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此 前一句应用过去进行时。

注意： had no … when 还没等…… 就…… had no sooner… than 刚…… 就…… He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.

11.16 用一般过去时代替完成时

1) 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。 When she saw the mouse，she screamed. My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.

2 ) 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。 When I heard the news, I was very excited.

3) 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492

﹡11.17 将来完成时

1) 构成will / be going to do sth. 2) 概念

a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。

b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。 They will have been married for 20 years by then. You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.

11.18 现在进行时

现在进行时的基本用法：

a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。

We are waiting for you.

b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel. (说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。) She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.

c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。 The leaves are turning red. It's getting warmer and warmer.

d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。

You are always changing your mind. 典型例题

My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.

A. has lost, don't find

B. is missing, don't find

C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.

答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。

11.19 不用进行时的动词 1) 事实状态的动词

have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue I have two brothers.

This house belongs to my sister. 2) 心理状态的动词

Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate I need your help. He loves her very much. 3 ) 瞬间动词

accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse. I accept your advice. 4) 系动词

seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn You seem a little tired.

﹡11.20 过去进行时

1） 概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。

2） 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。 3) 常用的时间状语

this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. It was raining when they left the station.

When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 典型例题

1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes

答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同 时，when表时间的同时性，\玛丽在做衣服时\提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。 2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.

read； was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell

答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为\当……之时\。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 \在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。\句中的 fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。

﹡11.21 将来进行时

1) 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。 She'll be coming soon.

I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.

注意：将来进行时不用于表示\意志\，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her. 2）常用的时间状语

Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.

11.22 一般现在时代替将来时

时间状语从句，条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时

When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately

He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。 典型例题

(1）He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment. A. had not given; had not succeeded B. would not give; succeed C. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed.

答案B. 在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。 (2) 表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。

The museum opens at ten tomorrow. 博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)

11.23 一般现在时代替过去时 1 )\书上说\，\报纸上说\等。

The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。 2) 叙述往事，使其生动。

Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.

11.24 一般现在时代替完成时

1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：

hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember. I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.

I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.

2) 句型 \… since…\代替\… since …\ 3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met.

11.25 一般现在时代替进行时

1) 句型：Here comes… ； There goes… Look, here comes Mr. Li.

11.26 现在进行时代替将来时

1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。

Are you staying with us this weekend? 这周和我们一起度周末吗? We are leaving soon. 我们马上就走。

2) 渐变动词，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。 He is dying.

11.27 时态一致

1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时。 At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. He told me last week that he is eighteen.

2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。 He thought that I need not tell you the truth.

11.28 时态与时间状语 时间状语

一般现在时 every …, sometimes, at …, on Sunday,

一般过去时 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now 一般将来时 next…, tomorrow, in+时间,

现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently 过去完成时 before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as 过去进行时

this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening…when, while 将来进行时

soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening

12. 动词的语态

语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。

主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。

1）若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态 时，该不定式前要加\。此类动词为感官动词。 feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch The teacher made me go out of the classroom. --> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher). We saw him play football on the playground. --> He was seen to play football on the playground. 2）情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。

Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.

12.1 let 的用法

1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。 They let the strange go.---> The strange was let go.

2） 若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。 The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.

----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.

12.2 短语动词的被动语态

短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。

This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown. My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. Such a thing has never been heard of before..

12.3 表示\据说\或\相信\的词组

believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand It is said that… 据说 It is reported that… 据报道 It is believed that… 大家相信 It is hoped that… 大家希望 It is well known that… 众所周知 It is thought that… 大家认为

It is suggested that… 据建议 It is taken granted that… 被视为当然 It has been decided that… 大家决定 It must be remember that…务必记住的是 It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.

12.4 不用被动语态的情况

1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：

appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place. After the fire, very little remained of my house.

比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。 (错) The price has been risen. (对) The price has risen.

(错) The accident was happened last week. (对) The accident happened last week.

(错) The price has raised. (对) The price has been raised.

(错) Please seat. (对) Please be seated.

要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往

往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。 2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：

fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to This key just fits the lock.

Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 3) 系动词无被动语态：

appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn It sounds good.

4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态： die, death, dream, live, life

She dreamed a bad dream last night. 5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。 (对) She likes to swim. (错) To swim is liked by her.

12.5 主动形式表示被动意义

1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive… The book sells well. 这本书销路好。 This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。 2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build I was to blame for the accident. Much work remains.

3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。 The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。 This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。

4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。

12.6 被动形式表示主动意义

be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。

注意： 表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。 He married a rich girl. He got married to a rich girl.

12.7 need/want/require/worth

注意：当 need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动。 Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。 The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。 The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。 典型例题

The library needs___, but it'll have to wait until Sunday.

A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned

答案A. need (实意) +n /to do，need (情态)+ do，当为被动语态时，还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法，选A。如有to be clean 则也为正确答案。

典：done，\不可能已经\。must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时)。

13. 句子的种类

（一）按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。 1） 陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。 Light travels faster than sound. 光比声速度快。 （说明事实） The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。 （说明看法）

2） 疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种： a. 一般疑问句（General Questions）： Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗？

b. 特殊疑问句（W Questions; H Questions）： Where do you live? 你住那儿？

How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事？ c. 选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）： Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡？ d. 反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）： He doesn't know her, does he? 他不认识她，对不对？

3） 祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令，例如： Sit down, please. 请坐。 Don't be nervous! 别紧张！

4） 感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，例如： What good news it is! 多好的消息啊！ （二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：

1） 简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句，例如： She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。 (主) (谓)

2） 并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接，例如：

The food was good, but he had little appetite. (主) (谓) (主)(谓) 食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。

3） 复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导，例如：

The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 主句 从句 我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。

（三）基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、

扩展、变化而来的： 1）主 + 动（SV）例如： I work. 我工作。 2）主 + 动 + 表（SVP）例如： John is busy. 约翰忙。 3）主 + 动 + 宾（SVO）例如： She studies English. 她学英语。 4）主 + 动 + 宾 + 补（SVOC）例如：

Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。 5）主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾（SVOiOd）例如：

My mother made me a new dress. 我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。

13.1 祈使句结构

祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。

1） 祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。

Take this seat. Do be careful. 否定结构： Don't move. Don't be late.

2） 第二种祈使句以let开头。 Let 的反意疑问句 a. Let's 包括说话者

Let's have another try，shall we / shan't we? = Shall we have another try? b. Let us 不包括说话者

Let us have another try，will you / won't you? = Will you please let us have another try? 否定结构：

Let's not talk of that matter. Let us not talk of that matter.

13.2 感叹句结构

感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜 悦、等感情。

what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种： 掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。

How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序 How+形容词或副词+ 陈述语序 What +名词+ 陈述语序 What+a+形容词+名词+ 陈述语序 What+ 形容词+复数名词+ 陈述语序 What+ 形容词+不可数名词+ 陈述语序 How clever a boy he is!

How lovely the baby is! What noise they are making! What a clever boy he is! What wonderful ideas (we have)! What cold weather it is! 感叹句的省略形式为： What a clever boy (he is)! 典型例题

1）___ food you've cooked!

A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice

答案D. 由于How 修饰形容词，副词；what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词，因此A，B 排除。C How + adj. 后面不能再加名词，因此只有D正确，其句型为What + adj. +n. (不可数) 2）___terrible weather we've been having these days! A. What B. What a C. How D. How a

答案A. weather为不可数名词，B，D排除。C为how + adj. 后面不应有名词。只有A，符合句型What +形容词+不可数名词。 3) --- _____ I had!

--- You really suffered a lot.

A. What a time B. What time C. How a time D. how time 答案A. 感叹句分两类： 1：What + n.+主谓部分

2：How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种，但省略了bad，相对于 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。

13.3 强调句结构

常考的强调句结构是it 引导的句子。

It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。 此结构强调的成分仅限于主语，宾语和状语。 It is from the sun that we get light and heat.

It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs. 典型例题

1） It was last night ___ I see the comet.

A. the time B. when C. that D. which

答案C. 强调句的结构是： It +be +强调部分 + that (who) + 主谓句。 强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 \，其余用that。 原句： My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.

强调主语： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening. 强调宾语： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.

强调时间： It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when) 强调地点： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening. 2）It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada. A. that B. when C. since D. as

答案C. 考点是连词用法。 本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that'，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本

句不是强调句。

It is /was +时间+ since… 其中is<---> has been was <---> had been.

13.4 用助动词进行强调

强调句还有一种类型，就是用助动词do (did，does) 强调谓语。 She does like this horse. 她的确喜欢这匹马。 Please do take care of yourself. 千万保重。

13.5 反意疑问句

1) 陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 aren't I. I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I?

2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。 I wish to have a word with you, may I?

3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。

The Swede made no answer, did he / she? Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?

4) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。 He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?

5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）。 We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?

6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。 He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he? 7) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you? You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?

8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。 He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he? 9) 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。 You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?

10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。 He must be a doctor, isn't he?

You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you? He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he? 11) 感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。 What colours, aren't they? What a smell, isn't it?

12) 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。 Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?

13) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。 Everything is ready, isn't it?

14) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况： a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。

Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he? b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：

He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he? He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?

c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。

I don't think he is bright, is he?

We believe she can do it better, can't she?

15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。

Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?) Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)

16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。 We need not do it again, need we ? He dare not say so, dare you? 当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。 She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?

17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。 Don't do that again, will you? Go with me, will you / won't you ? 注意： Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we? Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you? Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?

Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?

18) 陈述部分是\结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。 There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there? There will not be any trouble, will there?

19) 否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。 It is impossible, isn't it?

He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?

20) must在表\推测\时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。 He must be there now, isn't he?

It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it? 快速记忆表

陈述部分的谓语 疑问部分 I aren't I Wish may +主语 no,nothing,nobody,never, few, seldom, hardly, 肯定含义 rarely, little等否定

含义的词 ought to（肯定的） shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语 have to+v.(had to+v.) don't +主语(didn't +主语) used to didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语 had better + v. hadn't you would rather + v. wouldn't +主语

you'd like to + v. wouldn't +主语 must 根据实际情况而定

感叹句中 be +主语 Neither…nor,

either…or 连接的根 据其实际逻辑意义而定

并列主语 指示代词或不定代词

everything,that, 主语用it

nothing,this 并列复合句 谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定 定语从句,宾语从句的

主从复合句 根据主句的谓语而定 think,believe,expect,

suppose,imagine等引导 与宾语从句相对应的从句 everybody,anyone,

somebody,nobody,no one 复数they, 单数he 情态动词dare或need need (dare ) +主语

dare, need 为实义动词 do +主语 省去主语的祈使句 will you？ Let's 开头的祈使句 Shall we?

Let us 开头的祈使句 Will you? there be 相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词） 否定前缀不能视为否定词 仍用否定形式 must表\推测\ 根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句

﹡14. 倒装

14.1 倒装句之全部倒装

全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见的结构有：

1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter.

2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman.

注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 14.2 倒装句之部分倒装

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如

no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。 Never have I seen such a performance.

Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。 I have never seen such a performance.

The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep. 典型例题

1) Why can't I smoke here?

At no time___ in the meeting-room

A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit

答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time. 2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.

A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know

答案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个

改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。

14.3 以否定词开头作部分倒装

如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 典型例题

No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.

A. the game began B. has the game begun C. did the game begin D. had the game begun

答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及

not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。

注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。 Not only you but also I am fond of music.

14.4 so, neither, nor作部分倒装

表示\也\、\也不\的句子要部分倒装。 Tom can speak French. So can Jack. If you won't go, neither will I. 典型例题

---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother? ---I don't know, _____.

A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also

答案：B. nor为增补意思\也不关心\，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。

注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为\的确如此\。 Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. ---It's raining hard. ---So it is.

14.5 only在句首要倒装的情况

Only in this way, can you learn English well.

Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.

14.6 as, though 引导的倒装句

as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。 注意：

1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。

2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 注意:

让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。

14.7 其他部分倒装

1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中： May you all be happy.

3) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。 Were I you, I would try it again. 典型例题：

1） Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know 答案为D. 否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。 2） Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted. A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize 答案为B。

3) Do you know Tom bought a new car? I don't know, ___.

A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also

解析：答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示\也不\。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。

15. 主谓一致 主谓一致是指：

1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。

2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。 3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语， 一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。 There is much water in the thermos.

但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。 Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.

15.1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数 Reading and writing are very important.

注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。

The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 典型例题

The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is B. was C. are D. were

答案B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C.。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别， monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。

15.2 主谓一致中的靠近原则

1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。 There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..

There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.

2）当either… or… 与neither… nor， 连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。 Either you or she is to go.

Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

15.3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致

当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。

The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. He as well as I wants to go boating.

15.4 谓语需用单数

1） 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。 Each of us has a tape-recorder.

There is something wrong with my watch.

2） 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. <<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。

3） 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)

Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. Ten yuan is enough.

15.5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数

1）在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。 All is right. (一切顺利。) All are present. (所有人都到齐了。)

2） 集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如

family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。

His family isn't very large. 他家不是一个大家庭。 His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。

但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。 Are there any police around?

3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。 A number of +名词复数+复数动词。 The number of +名词复数+单数动词。 A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English.

15.6 与后接名词或代词保持一致

1） 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。 Most of his money is spent on books.

Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.

2） 在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。 Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。

More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。

17.5 否定转移

1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。 I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。 注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。

It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。

3) 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。

I don't remember having ever seen such a man.

我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having…)

It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street. 在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。 (anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。) 4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。

The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. (否定状语) 蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。

He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。

She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty. (否定状语many weeks) 她结婚还不到几个月，这个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。

19. 状语从句 19.1 地点状语从句

地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。 Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

19.2 方式状语从句

方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。

1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是\正如…\，\就像\，多用于正式文体，例如： Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。 As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。

Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。

19.3 原因状语从句

比较：because, since, as和for

1） because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 I didn't go, because I was afraid.

Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

2） 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today.

19.4 目的状语从句

表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导，例如：

You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

19.5 结果状语从句

结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。 比较：so和 such

其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。 so foolish such a fool so nice a flower such a nice flower so many / few flowers such nice flowers so much / little money. such rapid progress so many people such a lot of people

（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。） so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he can't go to school. He is such a young boy that he can't go to school

19.6 条件状语从句

连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.

if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。 unless = if not.

Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired. If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk. 典型例题

You will be late ___ you leave immediately. A. unless B. until C. if D. or

答案A。 句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late. B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late

19.7 让步状语从句 though, although

注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用 Although it's raining, they are still working in the field. 虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。 He is very old, but he still works very hard. 虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。

Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. 伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语） 典型例题

1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot. A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless

答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。 2) as, though 引导的倒装句

as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。 Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. = Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do. 注意： a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。

b. 句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. = Though he tries hard, he never seems…

虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。 3) ever if, even though. 即使

We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 4) whether…or- 不管……都 Whether you believe it or not, it is true.

5) \疑问词\或\疑问词+后缀ever\ No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however

注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 （错）No matter what you say is of no use now. （对）Whatever you say is of no use now.

你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句) （错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,

（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。

19.8 比较while, when, as

1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。

Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.

2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 3）从句表示\随时间推移\连词能用as，不用when 或while。 As the day went on, the weather got worse. 日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。

19.9 比较until和till

此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是\做某事直至某时\，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是\直至某时才做某事\。动词为延续性或非延续性都可 以。 正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。

肯定句：

I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。 Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。

（在肯定句中可用before代替 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.） 否定句：

She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6点才到。

Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。

I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后，我才会做。 1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。

Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。 2)Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。 ---Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候？ --- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。 注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。 (1）Not until …在句首，主句用倒装。

Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。

Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。 (2) It is not until… that…

19.10 表示\一…就…\的结构

hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than 和as soon as都可以表示\一…就…\的意思，例： I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain. I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. As soon as I got home, it began to rain.

注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构： Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 20. 连词

连词是一种虚词， 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：

and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, (and)then等等。

20.1 并列连词与并列结构 并列连词引导两个并列的句子。 1) and 与or 判断改错：

(错) They sat down and talk about something.

(错) They started to dance and sang.

(错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there. (对) They sat down and talked about something. (对) They started to dance and sing.

(对)I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there. 解析：

第一句： and 连接两个并列的谓语，所以 talk 应改为 talked。

第二句：and 连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to，因此sang 应改为 sing。 第三句：and 连接感观动词saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，因此whisper应改为whispering。 注意：and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（or也有此用法） Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance. = If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance. One more effort, and you'll succeed. = If you make one more effort, you'll succeed. 2) both …and 两者都

She plays (both) the piano and the guitar. 3) not only…but (also), as well as不但…而且） She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.

注意： not only… but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。 Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.

4) neithe…nor 意思为\既不……也不……\谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。 Neither you nor he is to blame.

20.2 比较and和or

1) 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。 2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点： There is no air or water in the moon. There is no air and no water on the moon.

在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。 典型例题

---I don't like chicken ___ fish.

---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much. A. and； and B. and； but C. or； but D. or；and 答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。 判断改错：

(错) We will die without air and water. (错) We can't live without air or water. (对) We will die without air or water. (对) We can't live without air and water.

20.3 表示选择的并列结构 1) or 意思为\否则\。

I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.

2) either…or 意思为\或者……或者……\。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。 Either you or I am right.

20.4 表示转折或对比

1) but表示转折，while表示对比。

Some people love cats, while others hate them. 典型例题

--- Would you like to come to dinner tonight? --- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy. A. and B. so C. as D. but

答案D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and， 结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。 2) not…but… 意思为\不是……而是……\ not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。

They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.

20.5 表原因关系 1) for 判断改错：

(错) For he is ill, he is absent today. (对) He is absent today, for he is ill.

for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。 2) so, therefore

He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game. 注意：

a. 两个并列连词不能连用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用。 You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.

He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game. b. although… yet…，但although不与 but连用。

(错) Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work.. (对) Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.

20.6 比较so和 such

其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副

词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much， little连用，形成固定搭配。 so + adj. such + a(n) + n. so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.) so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.) so + adj. + n. [不可数] such +n. [不可数]

so foolish such a fool so nice a flower such a nice flower so many/ few flowers such nice flowers so much/little money. such rapid progress

so many people such a lot of people

so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。 so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。

21. 情态动词

21.1 情态动词的语法特征

1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。 2） 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。 3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。 4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。

21.2 比较can 和be able to

1）can could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could),

只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。 They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。 2）只用be able to a. 位于助动词后。 b. 情态动词后。

c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。 d. 用于句首表示条件。

e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。 He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out. 注意：could不表示时态

1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。 --- Could I have the television on? --- Yes, you can. / No, you can't. 2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。 He couldn't be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人。

21.3 比较may和might

1） 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。 May God bless you! He might be at home.

注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。 2） 成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为\不妨\。 If that is the case, we may as well try. 典型例题

Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet. A. must B. may C. can D. will

答案B. 表可能性只能用may. 此句意可从后半句推出

21.4 比较have to和must

1) 两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。 My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)

He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）

2) have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。

He had to look after his sister yesterday.

3） 在否定结构中： don't have to 表示\不必\ mustn't 表示\禁止\，

You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。 You mustn't tell him about it. 你一定不要把这件事告诉他。

21.5 must表示推测

1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为\一定\。

2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。

You have worked hard all day.You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）

He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。 比较：

He must be staying there. 他现在肯定呆在那里。 He must stay there. 他必须呆在那。

3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。

I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。 4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。 ---Why didn't you answer my phone call?

---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it. 5) 否定推测用can't。

If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。

21.6 表示推测的用法

can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下： 1）情态动词+动词原形。

表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。 I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan. 2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。

表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。

At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. 这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。 3）情态动词+动词完成时。

表示对过去情况的推测。

We would have finished this work by the end of next December. 明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。 The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。 4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。 表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。 Your mother must have been looking for you. 你妈妈一定一直在找你。

5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。

Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning. 迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。 注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can, may。

21.7 情态动词+ have +过去分词

1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth 表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。 Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident. Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.

2) must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有\肯定\，\谅必\的意思。 ---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. ---She must have gone by bus.

3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth

本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示\不该做某事而做了\。 You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment. He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。） ought to 在语气上比should 要强。 4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事

I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot. 5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事

I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.

21.8 should 和ought to

should 和ought to 都为\应该\的意思，可用于各种人称。 ---Ought he to go? ---Yes. I think he ought to.

表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该）、had better最好）、must（必须）渐强。

21.9 had better表示\最好\

had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。 had better do sth had better not do sth

It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat. She'd better not play with the dog.

had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为\本来最好\。 You had better have come earlier.

21.10 would rather表示\宁愿\ would rather do would rather not do

would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。

还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示\宁愿\、\宁可\的意思。 If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.

I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home. 典型例题

----Shall we go skating or stay at home? ----Which ___ do?

A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather

答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为\宁愿\，本题为疑问句，would 提前，所以选B。

21.11 will和would 注意：

1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。 Would you like to go with me?

2）Will you…? Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。 Would you like some cake?

3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。 Won't you sit down?

21.12 情态动词的回答方式

问句 肯定回答 否定回答 Need you…? Yes, I must. No,I needn't Must you…? /don't have to. 典型例题

1）---Could I borrow your dictionary? ---Yes, of course, you____. A. might B. will C. can D. should

答案C.could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和 may来表达，不能用could或might。复习： will 与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用，用来提出劝告。 2）---Shall I tell John about it?

---No, you ___. I've told him already.

A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't

答案A。needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't 不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn't。

3）---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. ---______.

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